Replacement of pages beyond 524 to 540 (540

to 558 of pdf file)of Volume-1

IOC / DT relay-setting calculations and
TripTimeGap coordination for IOC & DT relays

2.0. Preamble:

An inverse over-current relay (IOC) is a relay, the operating time of which is

inversely proportional to the "plug-setting-multiple (PSM) or the current-setting-
multiple (CSM) which is the ratio of the fault current (or test current) to the current-
setting of the relay. For a given fault current or test current, the relationship between
the 3 parameters, (namely the operating time, the CSM (PSM) and TMS, (the time-
multiplier-setting), is governed by several equations for several inverse
characteristic slopes of time vs PSM curves (normal inverse, very inverse etc). Of
these only four equations are furnished in table 2.2.3.1 . As nearly 90% of the relays in the
factories, plants and substations are over-current relays, the subject deserves an in-depth
study.
A trip-time-gap( TTG ) is to be provided between the relay-operation times of
relays at successive relay-points (RPs) in a radial chain, so that only the relay
closest to the fault-point operates and trips the circuit breaker (CB ) nearest to the
faulted point. This spares the up-stream relays from operating and tripping unnecessarily
the up-stream CBs. This module discusses the inverse overcurrent (IOC )relay setting
calculations and provision of trip-time-gap(TTG ) settings and related concepts.

Abbreviations used and definitions of some terms:

CB : Circuit breaker
CT : Current transformer
IOC relay : Inverse over current relay, the operation-time of which is inversely
proportional to the fault current presented to the relay, as per the
equations tabulated in table 2.2.3.1 and further beyond
PSM/CSM : Plug Setting Multiple : or Current Setting Multiple is the current seen
by the relay, expressed as a multiple of its current setting or plug setting
IDMT relay : Inverse over current relay, which has a definite minimum operating
time usually beyond the PSM value of 20( when fault current
exceeds 20 times the current setting on the relay)
DT relay : Definite time relay, which operates at the definite time set on the relay,
when the current presented to the relay, exceeds the current set on the
relay; a definite time of operation can be selected and set within a
range available on the DT relay

Page 2 - 1
OC : over-current relay which can be either be an IOC or DT or an
instantaneous relay
PS : plug setting current of the relay in amperes
CS : current setting (another term for plug setting, when there is no plug,
and current is set on binaries or digitally)
EF : Earth-fault
SS / MSS : Sub-station / Main Sub Station
LCSS : Load-center sub-station
SLD : single-line-diagram
TMS : Time-Multiplier-Setting ; This is a time-multiplication factor. If time-
multiplier-dial is set at K , the operating time T1 of the IOC relay at
a TMS of 1.0 is to be multiplied by K to get the relay-operation-time
at a TMS of K. Relay-operating time at a TMS setting of K = K x
operating time at TMS of 1.0. TMS can be greater than 1.0 in static
versions
TDS : Time-dial setting ; term used in USA in lieu of TMS
TLS : Time-Lever Setting is a term, which was used in BRITAIN to denote
TMS
RP : Relaying point, which is sometimes housed in the CB-cubicle that
contains the CT which is connected to the relay , or in relay panels
away from the CB / CT.

Relay Operation-time ;
Relay-operation time is the time that elapses from the instant fault current is
presented to the IOC relay till the instant an output signal is issued. In some
cases this may not include the operation time of an integral output relay, as in the
case of static relays. But the operation-time of the integral output relay is negligible
compared to the operation-time of the IOC relay

Relay-reset time
Reset time is the time that elapses from the instant fault current drops below
resetting current (usually 95 % of current setting of the relay due to fault
being cleared by some other relay) till the instant pre-fault electrical and
mechanical conditions are restored within the relay-circuits. The reset time is
in the order of seconds for electro-mechanical relays ,where even after the
induction disc contact has opened, the disc has to travel all the way back to the
starting point ( back stop) for complete reset. For static relays reset is in the order
of tens of milli-seconds for static relays
DS : Downstream
DS-RP : Downstream relay point
US : Up-stream

Page 2 - 2
US-RP : Upstream relay point
TTG or CTI : trip-time-gap TTG, or CTI, the coordination- time-interval ( CTI is
the ANSI-IEEE-242 term) is the time gap deliberately arranged by
design between the relay-operation-times at two successive relay-
points, at specific fault currents. This means that the operation-time
of the relays is also chosen for several successive relay-points ( RPs)
in a row . Based on chosen operating times, the corresponding
multiplication factor (TMS ) is calculated to ensure this time-gap.
ICB : Incomer feeder or CB
BC : bus-coupler breaker

TFC-max : Maximum Through-Fault-Current through a transformer for a fault

on its secondary side terminals or on secondary bus. But unless
specified otherwise, TFC pertains to a fault on secondary terminals
(or secondary bus , if impedance of connection from terminal to
bus is negligible). TFC shall be computed taking in to account the
source impedance on the input side of the transformer . The currents
taken in to calculations are 3-phase short-circuit currents for industrial
plant systems as per ANSI-IEEE 141 (red book )

TFCDS : GRID or upstream HV side contribution through the transformer to

a ds-fault , which is further downstream of the secondary-side-bus
of the transformer . The total current through the DS-relay-point
includes the fault-current contributions of dynamic sources between the
transformer and faulted point on downstream-side of the transformer in
addition to contributions from sources on the upstream-side of the
transformer , vide fig 2.2.3.3 and fig 2.4.3 . Of these components only
the TFCds component ( the contribution of upstream sources
through transformer ) alone is to be taken in to account for
2
calculating the impact of let-through-I t units on the transformer.
But for TMS calculations, the total fault current through the ds-RP
is to be considered

S.C. or s.c short-circuit current ( either first-cycle or interruption duty fault-current)

MFC : maximum fault current ( 3-ph s.c current)

All other abbreviations are as indicated in the prefix to this book

2.1 The following three exercises on IOC-relay settings are worked out vide paras
below: the SLD is the same as in chp-6 on system stability studies

Page 2 - 3
A) Industrial Plant with captive power-generation SLD 2.7.1

a-1) Exercise 2.7.1 vide Para 2.7.1 / Table 2.7.1 . An industrial plant is fed power
by two Captive TG sets at CPP captive-power-plant, paralleled on common
HV island, which is not connected to grid

A radial feeder-chain of 8 RPs with static relays and with trip-time-gap ( TTG ) of
0.25 sec between successive RPs , except between the two pairs of relay points
RP-3 and RP-4 and again between RP-5 and RP-6 at the 2 ends of 2 cabled
feeders , is selected for relay setting and TTG -setting exercise

a-2) Exercise 2.7.2 with data /system same as in ex 2.7.1 above, excepting that
the TTG=0 also at RPs7 & 8 on either side of a distribution transformer down
the line , in case, the first-fault annunciation out of a group is available

a-3) Exercise 2.7.3 the power-grid of the EB-utility is paralleled with the TG-SETS at
the CPP-bus; thereafter the radial feed starts from CPP -bus with TTG /CTI=0
at 3 pairs of RPs either for RPs at the two ends of feeders or for RPs on
either side of a transformer as in para- a1 and a2) above

B) Industrial Plant fed by the GRID without Captive Power-generators SLD 2.9.1

b-1) exercise-2.9.1.1; the grid is feeding the plant with no site generators vide figure,
Para & table 2.9.1, under single end feed conditions for a lay-out different from
that of exercises 2.7.1 to 2.7.3 vide paras a-1 to a-3 above.

As there is no TG- set in this case, there is only a single main bus at MSS. This
exercise is for IOC relays where TMS can be set correct to 0.01 up to 1.0

b-2) Exercise & table 2.9.1.2 ; same as para b-1 above 2.9.1. ; but with relays where
the TMS is settable correct to 0.05 only and hence initially calculated values of
TMS are rounded upward correct to the nearest 0.05 value on the higher side

b-3) Ex-2.9.1.3 ; same data as in b.1 above but TMS were calculated at a fault-current of
10 times the current setting of the IOC-relay

b-4) EX-2.9.1.4 and table 2.9.1.4 The radial feeder with 6 relay points is same as
above in b-1 but with L &T .make Italian design IMP-30 relays where TMS can
exceed 1 and can be set up to 30

Page 2 - 4
2.2.1 The plug setting ( PS ) or the current setting ( CS ) of the relay and the plug-
setting multiple ( PSM ) or the current-setting multiple (CSM )

In the present-day relays, insertion of plugs in to current-taps has been

replaced by binary or digital dial settings. Hence the term current setting is more
apt than the term plug-setting

The current setting of the ioc-relay is the current, which if exceeded

by a pick-up margin, will cause the operation of the relay, resulting in an
output signal for tripping etc.

The IOC-relay is guaranteed to operate / pick up only when the current

presented to the relay exceeds the current setting on the relay by a margin ( pick-
,
up margin) which is as low as 1 to 5% for static relays.

a) The guaranteed pick-up current /pick-up margin of disc and static relays

The guaranteed current at which the relay definitely operates, is 130 % of

the plug setting / current setting , for induction type electro-mechanical
relays.

The induction disc would typically start moving between 103 and
105% of the current set on the relay

If the current is below 1.1 times the setting, it will not operate.

Between 1.1 and 1.3 times the current-setting it might operate.

At 130% and above, it will certainly operate ( disc-contact closing

current not more than 130 % of current setting is the usual wording in the
catalogue)

But static relays/ micro-processor relays generally operate with in 5% of

current setting ( pick up ratio = 1.05 or even less in some versions)

P.S. in secondary amperes x CT ratio = P.S. in terms of primary amps.

For example 3.75 A plug setting on a 5A relay connected to 200 / 5 CT amounts to a

setting of 3.75 x (200 / 5 ) = 150 A in primary terms. The 5-ampere electro-mech
IOC relays may have taps from 2.5 A to 10 A in steps of 1.25 A. Then a 6.25 A tap
amounts to 6.25 x 200 / 5 = 250 amps. The taps are graduated in amps

Page 2 - 5
 b) Plug-setting-multiple (PSM) or Current-setting multiple CSM

CSM or PSM is the fault current expressed as a ratio or multiple of current

setting of the relay in terms of CT secondary current

Fault current (or Test current) presented by CT to the relay

= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current setting or Plug setting amps set on the relay eq 2.2.1.b

Below the saturation limit of the CT, the value of PSM is the same whether it is
calculated in terms of primary or secondary current. If the fault current is 5000 A and
current setting on the relay is 500 amps, both in CT primary terms, then PSM or CSM =
5000 / 500 = 10.
But above CT saturation limit, the secondary current is smaller than the
proportionate value as per CT- ratio. Hence the PSM presented to the relay will be
lower than the PSM presented to the CT.

c) Operation-time of an IOC relay

Operation-time of an IOC relay is the time that elapses from the moment fault-
current is presented to the relay, till the moment the relay contacts make or close.

This would exclude the operation-time of any integral output relay provided within
the same casing of static relays. But the operation-time of the integral output relay is
negligible compared to the operation-time of the IOC relay

2.2.2.a) Time-Multiplier-Setting (TMS) / Time Multiplier / Time Dial Setting /

Time-Lever-Setting etc ;
All these terms denote the same multiplication factor. The ANSI-IEEE term for this
is Time-Dial- Setting ( TDS ) or simply time multiplier and the British term used to
be Time-Lever-Setting ,Time-Multiplier-Setting etc ;

This TMS is a multiplication factor , say, K , and it is to be applied to the operating

time of relay at a TMS of 1.0 to get the operation-time at a TMS of K.

TMSK = operating time at TMS of K at a given PSM or CSM EQ 2.2.2

Operating time at TMS of 1.0 at the same PSM or CSM
For a given PSM, when the time-multiplier dial is set at k, the operating time
is , k times the operating time of the relay at a TMS of 1.
If K= TMS =0.2, and if operating time at TMS factor of 1.0 is 3 seconds for a
given PSM , then operating time at TMS of 0.2 = 3 x 0.2 = 0.6 seconds
at the same PSM
Page 2 - 6
 TMS is only a multiplication factor and hence not settable directly in
seconds. The dial is generally provided with a range of 0 to 1.0 continuously adjustable on
a dial in electro-mechanical relays and 0.05 to 1.0 adjustable in steps of 0.05 in digital
relays. In ALSTOM / MCGG relay, TMS can be set in steps of 0.025. In L&T IM-P
relays, TMS is settable even beyond 1 up to 30.

In Siemens relays TMS ratio can be set correct to 0.01 up to 3.2 for IEC curves
and up to 15 in steps of 0.1 for ANSI / IEEE curves. In USA, the term time-dial-setting
(TDS) is still being used .

At the multiplication factor TMS of ,say, 0.2, the induction-disc contact has to
travel only 20% of the maximum-angular gap traversed at TMS of 1.0 and hence takes
only one-fifth of the time taken for the full travel of the disc.

2.2.2.b The term TMS is not applicable to definite time relays (DT-relays)

This term 'TMS' , which is a multiplication factor, is applicable only to IOC-relays and
not to definite-time relays(DT) , where the applicable term is 'time-setting' which is directly
set in seconds with no further multiplication by any factor.

The term TMS is therefore not applicable or relevant to DT relays , which

operate immediately when the fault current through the relay-point exceeds the
current setting.

An adjustable definite-time relay (DT relay) is often an instantaneous relay ,

provided with built-in timers for delaying the trip or signal output. These in-built timers,
can be adjusted at site.

2.2.2.c IOC-relay setting calculations

The purpose of relay-setting calculations is the calculation of the

value of TMS to be adopted for a relay-point RP for a chosen relay operating
time and for a chosen current setting , and for the calculated value of fault-
current through the RP , derived from a short-circuit analysis of the system

The desired operating time is to be pre-selected first and then the

corresponding TMS value is to be calculated and not vice versa.

Pre-selection of operating time is discussed in para / exercise / table2.7.1 &

2.9.1etc. In ANSI IEEE standards, the term TOC is used in lieu of the term IOC.

Page 2 - 7
fig 2.2.3. a) Simple Elementary Circuit of an IOC relay on one phase
The leading front edge P of the disc contact ,marked P , moves and contacts the
fixed contact first, energising only the aux-relay 51x, without energising the trip coil
52 TC, thus avoiding arcing. The n.o contact 51xa of d.c aux-relay 51x then closes
and energises 52 TC, which opens the CB . The n.o contact of 52-CB then interrupts
the trip circuit as soon as the CB is open. The 51 x then resets and de-energises
itself.

Fig 2.2.3. a) Simple Elementary Circuit of a IOC relay on one phase

Page 2 - 8
fig 2.2.3.b ; The two IOC + one EF electro-mechanical relay-scheme for a transformer
with 5 elements on HV side and 3 on secondary side. Other protections not shown

Fig 2.2.3.c; The IOC 3-phase relay scheme for the static IOC with integral DT relays

Page 2 - 9
 CAUTION; The arrangement inside the static relays is not exactly a series
connection as shown in fig 2.2.3.c. which is the electro-mechanical equivalent of the
static relays

PICTURE OF INDUCTION DISC AND INDUCTION CUP RELAYS

Page 2 - 10
2.2.3.b phase-IOC protection 51 in series with instantaneous 50 elements only in
two phases, omitting it in V-phase; the residual current of lu + l v + l w to get l ef..

The U-V ph-to-ph fault will operate both U & V phase relays fig 2.2.3.b.; same
applies to V-W fault. When the circuit breaker trips, the link mechanism opens the
auxiliary contacts 52-a of the circuit-breaker (one such 52-a is in the trip circuit) thus
interrupting the d.c-trip circuit at the 52-a contact instead of at the relay contact 51. Thus
the disc-contact neither makes nor breaks the trip-circuit containing the inductive
trip coil .The leading front edge P makes and breaks only the circuit of aux- dc- relay
51 x. The absence of relay in V phase will not affect clearance of U-V & V-W ph-to-ph
faults, as the relays on U or W-ph relays will clear these faults respectively.

The EF relay will operate even if there are no ph-to-ph relays as the Kirchoff
sum of the currents lu + l v + l w = l EF when an EF occurs on any phase or the
residual current is simply unbalance current due to unbalanced loading
The relay-reset
Meanwhile in the primary a.c. circuit, the flow of fault current is interrupted by the opening
of the CB. Therefore the current 'seen' by the CT and the relay drops down to zero
and hence the disc travels back to its normal position and resets. There is no
arcing at the disc contact 51 as the DC trip circuit is already interrupted by 52-a
contact of the CB. The reset time is one of the components of the trip-time gap
/coordination-time interval.

2.2.3.c The 3-phase IOC relay scheme with integral DT elements and EF relay

Fig 2.2.3.a) indicates only one CT and one relay on B phase. If the same
connection is repeated in other phases R and Y the result will be 3-phase overcurrent
protection without an earth-fault protection. To filter out the earth fault current, which is the
zero-sequence-current, we have to add lu + l v + l w to get l ef. Refer fig 2.2.3.b &c). The
circuit between star-point N1 of the CTs and star-point N2 of the relays is called the
residual circuit , as the residual current flows through this circuit and the earth fault relay is
in the residual circuit vide FIG 2.2.3.b&c.

Normally under healthy conditions lu + l v + l w = 0 or I unbalance. When an

earth fault occurs lu + l v + l w = IEF. Note that the secondary current developed by a
CT can flow only through the residual circuit and not through other CTs. EF-relay
settings should be higher than expected I unbalance , in the case of 415 v system

The omission of the residual circuit will cause saturation of CTs and hence
th
the residual circuit (4 wire) shall never be omitted inadvertently even if there is no
EF relay.

Page 2 - 11
The importance of residual circuit remaining connected between CT star-point N1
and relay star-point N-2, under all circumstances Refer fig 2.2.3.b&c
Even if there is no IOC relay in y-phase, the y-phase wiring must be completed
between N1 and N2.
If the y-phase CT is shorted and the wiring from y-ph CT to N-2 is deleted, then the
resultant of the R & B phase-currents will flow through the residual circuit and operate the
EF relay under healthy balanced conditions

2.2.3.1 The relationship of Operating Time with Time-Multiplier-Setting (TMS

and PSM (CSM)of an IOC relay

Operating time t for a TMS factor of 1.0 = / (PSM -1)

Operating time t for a TMS factor of k (set on the relay) = k x / (PSM -1)

hence Operating time t for a TMS factor(= k) = TMS x / (PSM -1). Eq 2231a

Here it is the TMS, which is to be calculated for a chosen & pre-selected

value of operating time t rather than vice versa. Hence the equation is re-
written with the parameter to be calculated , namely TMS , on the left hand side
and the chosen quantity, namely relay operating time, on the right hand side of the
equation. Hence the rearranged equation of a normal inverse IOC relay
characteristic is

TMS = (PSM -1) x t / eq 2.2.3.1.b
where t is the chosen operating time of the relay , and the multiplication factor
TMS has to be calculated corresponding to the chosen value of relay-operation
time t and the PSM ratio of fault current to current setting.
The factors and are constants ( shown in table 2.2.3.1 below ), which
determine the four different equations for 4 different characteristic slopes of
inversion in operating time.

Table 2.2.3.1 Equations for four of the widely used inverse characteristics

Type of characteristics
a) normal inverse 0.02 0.14
b) very inverse 1.0 13.5
c) extremely inverse 2.0 80
d) long time inverse 1.0 120
Short-circuit calculations are needed to find out the fault current through the CT at
relay-point , from which PSM (current setting multiple) is calculated on basis of current
setting, which is chosen to suit the feeder loading.

Page 2 - 12
 For example the operating time for a normally inverse relay for which =0.02 and
= 0.14 vide equation 2.2.3.1.a) above , (for a PSM of 10 and TMS of 1.0) will be
0.02
= 1x0.14 / (10 - 1) = 2.97 seconds. This is often referred to as a 3-seconds-relay

If the characteristic corresponding to equation (b) of Table 2.0.1 is adopted, then at

the TMS of 1 and PSM (or CSM )of 10 ,
1
then the operation-time = 1 x 13.5 / ( 10 1 ) =13.5 / 9 = 1.5 seconds
For curve (c), = 2 and = 80
2
t = 1 x 80 / (10 -1 )= 80 / 99 = 0.80 seconds at TMS of 1.0 and PSM of 10
The graphs for the 4 equations are also furnished in the next pages

2.2.3.2. Relationship between TMS , PSM, operation-time , and current grading

. It can be seen from the above equations that

For a given PSM the operating time is directly proportional to the

multiplication factor TMS.
But with TMS remaining constant, the operating time is inversely
proportional to PSM ( but not perfectly inverse because of ( PSM -1) factor

CURRENT- GRADING ; Raising the plug-setting current will lower the PSM
(CSM) for a given fault current and hence will increase the operating time for
a particular fault-current and TMS as per the relevant equation& vice versa
(reduce the op-time if current setting is lowered )

This practice of choosing a higher current setting for upstream RP is recommended

in para 5.7.2.1 of chp-5 of IEEE STD 141 /1993, to block the up-stream relay from
tripping ahead of down-stream relay and pre-empting it

An extract from para 5.7.2.1 of IEEE STD 141 / 1993 PAGE 252 reads as under;

QUOTE
The relay closer to the source should always have a pick-up current setting
that is higher than the relay nearer the load. If the pickup setting is lower, the
curves of the two relays will cross each other at some low value of fault
current and the line-side relay will trip first for all currents below that value
UNQUOTE
This raise in current-setting of the up-stream (US ) RP lowers the PSM and
hence increases the operation-time and thus achieves some trip-time-gap (TTG)
between the two RPs even if same TMS is set at both RPs. If this TTG is
insufficient, it has to be supplemented by raising the TMS value also.

Page 2 - 13
Page 2 - 14
Page 2 - 15
Page 2 - 16
2.2.3.3 what is meant by the term IOC relay setting ( calculation of TMS )

The main parameter to be calculated is the value of TMS ratio to be set on

TMS dial , given the fault-current and the desired time of operation of the relay.

The desired operation-time is pre-selected (chosen) on basis of trip-time-gap

( TTG), which is the difference in operation time of IOC relays at two successive
relay points (RP),

Let us consider a radial chain of 6 RPs ( n=6 ) for which operation-time is to be

chosen or pre-selected, starting from the tail-end RP ,for which operation-time of t
seconds is selected. Then pre-selection or choice for upstream-RPs is t + at RPn-1,
t+2 at RPn-2and so on till it attains t + (n1) at source RP-1) where = TTG
=0.25 or 0.2 for static relays and 0.35 for electromechanical relays vide table 2.5.1 /para
2.5.1 recommended by IEEE-242 / 2001

If RP-1 is on the higher voltage side of a transformer, then the relay-

operation-time of t + (n1) should be within 2 seconds with some margin as the
2
I t with-stand time of the transformer is only 2 seconds for a bolted-type-fault at its
secondary terminals with rated voltage applied to its primary terminals. This is
further discussed in para 2.4.3 /fig 2.4.3

It is to be noted that fault current thro the two relay-points may be different when
they see the common ds-fault . This is due to fault-current contributions by other sources
between the two points to a fault on the downstream side of the second point, as in the
case of an incomer feeder and og-feeder at a bus

The exercise IOC relay setting , comprises of choosing current-setting, and TTG
and then calculating the TMS-ratio; this setting procedure consists of three steps
described below

Step 1 ) Choosing the minimum current setting (PS or CS) of the relay at which it will
certainly operate. This should be fairly close to FLC of the protected equipment or
the continuous current carrying capacity of the feeder cable protected

Step 2 ) choosing the fault-current at which the TMS ratio is to be derived. This is
dealt with in greater detail in the subsequent para 2.6.0

This current at 0.5s after fault-occurrence is closer to the value of

actual fault-current interrupted by the CB due to trip-initiation by time
delayed relays, like IOC, DT relays etc

Page 2 - 17
 If this 0.5 second current is not available, then max-interruption duty fault
current(sym) through the RP may be considered. The interruption duty
current is the current between 5 to 8 cycles after occurrence of fault and
hence is closer to the value of fault current interrupted by the CB due to
initiation by instant-relays, distance relays, bus-zone relays etc than to the
value of current at the time of operation of IOC/ DT-relays.

This interruption duty current is calculated for sizing the CB to match or exceed
the fault current which is interrupted due to initiation of fast-acting relays
mentioned above .

If the fault currents entering a bus through all the connected feeders is 20 kA of
which 4 kA flows in to the bus through a particular feeder-CB, then 20 - 4= 16 kA
will be the fault current that will flow through that feeder-CB / RP for a fault
on the feeder at its OG terminals. . Refer para/ exercise 2.2.3.4 below
involving an error of 6 % in adopting 39.8 kA instead of 32.7 kA for TMS
calculations

FIG 2.2.3.3 Fault current through RP to be considered for TMS calculation

PARA / FIG 2.2.3.4. Calculation of the TMS values for chosen operating time of the
relays for
a) For fault-current through RP&CB ( correct procedure) vide exercise 2.2.3.4.a
b) For total fault current at associated bus (the less correct procedure) vide 2.2.3.4.b
c) And the error between the correct procedure and the less correct procedure
Page 2 - 18
 The total fault current at associated bus b-29 is obtained from s.c-analysis as
39.8 kA vide fig 2.2.3.4. But load-flow analysis indicates that the current thro
RP is only 32.7 kA and that three component-currents 32.7 kA, 5.1 kA and 2 kA
enter bus B-29, the three currents totalling 39.8 kA fault current entering the
bus

We will presently calculate TMS at the bus-fault level of 39.8 kA and use that
value of TMS to find out the effect of the lower actual current of 32.7 thro the RP
/ CB on the operating time

2.2.3.4.a.) Calculation vide a) above at 39.8 kA fault at the associated bus B-29
(CT-ratio 2500 /1)

At downstream relay-point-at bus B-29 in fig 2.2.3.4, total fault-current for fault on
bus b-29 is 39.8 kA at the associated bus as the current through the relay-point /
CB was not initially available before the S.C analysis was available

CT-ratio 2500 / 1 A; current setting of 2000 A primary is chosen to protect a ds

system. Hence PSM or CSM =39800 /2000 =19.9

The selected operating time for this RP is, say, 0.3s allowing a gap with ds-fuses c.
The basis of selecting operating time is explained later in table 2.7.onwards. The
equation of the op-characteristic of the relay (selected for normal inverse) is

TMS = (PSM -1) x t / where = 0.02 and = 0.14
where the required operating time t is chosen in this example as 0.3 ;

From the above data, the only unknown parameter TMS ratio can be calculated as
0.02
TMS = (19.9 -1) x 0.3 / 0.14 = 0.13

b) But what will be the operating time at the actual current of 32.7 kA thro the relay-
point (RP ) at the TMS calculated in step-a) above?.

Now we shall recalculate the operating time at the previously derived TMS ratio of
0.13 vide a.) above which was set on the relay for service. At the actual current of 32.7 kA
, the PSM- value is = 32700 / 2000 =16.35 instead of the previously adopted value of 19.9
in para a) above

Operating time at actual fault current of 32.7 kA thro CB at TMS of 0.13 will be

Operating time t = (TMS) / (PSM-1) = 0.13 x 0.14 / (16.350.02 1 )= 0.32s

Page 2 - 19
Page 2 - 20
FIG 2.2.3.4. fault current thro RP (rather than the total fault current at the associated
bus) is to be considered for TMS calculation

Page 2 - 21
 2.2.3.5 The combined IOC and DT (or definite-time relay element) which is often
an integral part of static type IOC relay; the coordination between IOC & DT
elements
A definite-time relay ( here-after called DT-relay) is an OC-relay, which
operates after a set-time delay, if the current seen by the relay exceeds the current setting
on the relay. This time delay is adjustable on the relay itself at site.

In present day static versions of combined IOC-cum-DT relay, three ranges of setting
are available in the relay in one casing ( one high set and two low-set options as below)
Refer to fig 2.4.2 & fig 2.2.3.c for combined IOC & DT relays in one casing

2.2.3.5.1 Transition from IOC range to DT-range in the low-current setting range,
if both IOC and DT modes are selected for simultaneous concurrent service

Refer to fig 2.2.3.c , and 2.4.2 / 2.2.3.5

In this low-current-range, the relay can be selected for either inverse mode (IOC
mode) or DT mode ( definite-time-mode) but in most relays, both cannot be selected at
the same time. If DT-mode is selected, then the inverse characteristics are cut out and
vice versa. But in some versions like tat of Siemens 7SJ600 v2, both can be selected
for simultaneous service concurrently

If IOC and DT are both selected simultaneously on the low-set facility, then IOC
will be pre-empted by the DT relay at currents above the chosen transition setting of
DT relay when it takes over from IOC and pre-empts it. For example consider the
chosen transition point setting of DT element , selected as 10 times the current
setting of IOC element

If the operation-time of IOC element , at 10 times its current setting (PSM = 10), is 0.8
seconds ( vide ordinate CA in fig above) at the TMS set on the element , then the DT
element, if set below 0.8 s (say, at 0.3s vide ordinate CB), will take over at this transition
point and pre-empt the IOC element by CA-CB = 0.8-0.3 = 0.5s at current exceeding 10
times the current setting.

Notes on Fig 2.2.3.5 transition point at which the DT relay takes over from IOC-relay
in the low-current setting range ( the graphs are based on r.m.s values of current)
A is the transition point on the IOC curve beyond which the DT-relay takes over from
IOC-relay at a current of OC
D is the lower transition point at a current of OE at which IOC-element re-takes over
from DT relay, if the IOC relay does not attain the definite minimum part of the IOC
relay (horizontal part) at current of OE generally beyond the PSM of 20
AD is the characteristic of the IOC-relay for the chosen current setting / PS

Page 2 - 22
 BD is the straight-line characteristic of the DT relay
OC The current setting of DT relay (current setting for transition from IOC to DT-
Control, where DT-relay pre-empts IOC element
CA operating time of IOC-relay at a current setting of OC (transition point current
setting) and for the TMS set on the relay
CB operating-time set on DT-relay at same current of OC
CE is the current range over which DT -relay acts earlier than IOC-relay
AB is the reduction in operating time at the point of change-over
OE preferably > 20 times current setting so that the IOC unit enters the definite
minimum part of the curve
Fig 2.2.3.5 transition point at which the DT relay takes over from IOC-relay in the low-
current setting range

conditions for the deployment of DT - relay vide fig 2.2.3.5

The value of the reduction in operating time at transition-point represented by AB
must be substantial. If the value of AB is very low then there is no point in
introducing DT-relay.
The DMT part of the IDMT / IOC relay beyond point D&E in fig 2.3.3.5should be
preferably be above the DT-line BD
The current range CE should also be substantial or greater than 20xcurrent setting of
IOC relay if condition-2 cannot be satisfied.

Hence at the transition point, if DT element is to take over from IOC element ,
the time set on DT element must be substantially lower than the IOC operation-time

Page 2 - 23
at transition point . Refer to fig 2.2.3.5 Beyond the point E on the current axis the IOC-
curve drops below the DT-line .Hence it is preferable to choose the time setting of DT
element in such a way that the DMT part (flat Definite-Minimum Part )of the IOC relay is
reached before current reaches OE (point-B) or that the intersection at point D ,either does
not take place or takes quite far off beyond OE

If this DT relay time setting is not chosen carefully ,the IOC-curve may drop below
the DT-line at higher currents beyond point D thus coming into picture again and taking
over again from DT-relay. If the value of the time-drop AB in fig is too low, then the
effective current-range of the DT-relay is restricted to o a small value of range BD or CE
represented along the X-axis in fig above If the time-reduction AB at the transition-
point while changing over from IOC to DT-relay, is not substantial, then DT- relay
2
serves no purpose, as the purpose is to achieve substantial reduction in the I T units
imposed on the system particularly on the transformer

2.2.3.6. Determination of the transition-point at which the DT relay takes over from
IOC relay; refer fig 223c, 2.4.2 and 2.2.3.5

The transition point current setting OC and time setting ( ordinate CB in fig 2.2.3.5)
2 2
is to be chosen on basis of I t capability of the transformer= (TFC-MAX ) x twst,
where twst = 2 seconds which is dealt with in subsequent paras 2.4 & 2.5.

Having both DT and IOC elements of the low-set range simultaneously in

service, is generally feasible only for RP on the up-streamside of the transformer.
This is also possible only with some relays where both low-set IOC and low-set DT relay
can be concurrently put in service. Here the low-set DT effects transition from IOC to DT
and high-set DT protects transformer from severe faults .the low-set DT-relay is set below
TFC and also below magnetising-in-rush. The high set DT-relay is set above both TFC and
magnetising-in-rush .

The use of DT relays at intermediate RPs poses many problems and it is better to
avoid it except possibly for the OG feeders at the main sub station bus ( mss bus ) going to
far-off load center stations. In this scenario a ds-fault shall not trip the incomer to MSS
shutting down the whole entire plant / project. It is safer to lose a load center LCSS rather
than the entire MSS to which all other LCSSs are connected

. The low-set element and high-set elements operate 2 different sets of

contacts for the 51 and 50 functions.
Whether the fault-current exceeds the current-setting of the DT -relay by 5 % or by
200%, the operating time of the DT-relay in seconds remains the same as set on the

Page 2 - 24
definite time relay, which excludes the operation-time of any integral out put relay , which
is negligible compared to the time setting of DT-relay

2.3.1. The trip-time-gap setting between relaying points ;TMS grading and current
grading by adjusting current setting
The operating time of the relay for a particular fault current can be raised or
lowered in direct proportion by respectively raising or lowering the TMS-factor, at the
same current-setting.

The operating time can also be adjusted by adjusting the plug-setting (current-
setting), which alters the PSM for a given test / fault current and hence alters
correspondingly the operating time as discussed in previous paras

An extract from para 5.7.2.1 of IEEE STD 141 / 1993 PAGE 252 reads as under;

Quote The relay closer to the source should always have a pick-up current setting
that is higher than the relay nearer the load. If the pickup setting is lower, the curves
of the two relays will cross each other at some low value of fault current and the line-
side relay will trip first for all currents below that value unquote

The time-gradation in operating time between several successive relaying points is

achieved by a combination of time-grading by TMS grading and current-grading by
adjusting plug-setting / current setting within feasible limits.

Please refer to trip-time-gap setting exercises 2.7 and 2.9. In these exercises
,care must be taken to ensure that this time-gaps should not add up to a required
operation time of more than 1.5 seconds for the IOC relay on the HV-side of a power
transformer which is a starting point of a radial feeder chain controlled by several
RPs downstream ( like the relay-point RP-1 in exercises 2.7 and 2.9 )

2.3.2 The setting ranges available in the electromechanical relays.

In a 5-A over-current relay of the older electro-mechanical versions, 7 settings were

normally available namely 2.5 A (50%), 3.75 A (75%), 5A (100%) 6.25A (125%), 7.5A
(150%), 8.75A (175%) and 10A (200%). Similarly in a 1A over-current relay, 7 settings
are available from 0.5A to 2A in steps of 0.25A. In static and digital relays, ranges from
50 to 240 % are available.
The normal setting range for electro-mechanical E/F relays is from 10% to 40% in steps
of 5% (0.5A to 2A in 7 steps for a 5A relay or from 20 to 80% in steps of 10%.( 1A to
4A in 7 steps).

Page 2 - 25
 The relay rating and the CT-secondary rating are to be matched ( both 5A or both
1A rated). The 0.5A-to-2A relays in steps 0.25A can be used either as an EF relay
associated with 5A-CTs (0.5 to 2A amounting to 10 to 40% of 5A) or as an over-current
relay associated with 1A-CTs (0.5 to 2A amounting to 50 to 200% of 1A).

Resetting time when fault is cleared by some other relay is in seconds for electro-
mechanical relays and in tens of milliseconds for static relays

TMS factor can be set up to 1.0 in most relays;

2.3.3 Typical setting range of a digital Earth fault and over-current relay (Inverse
and Definite time) with numerical display. Refer to block scheme 2.4.2 which
is electro mechanical equivalent of a static relay like Siemens relay 7SJ600v2

Dual range current-settings are available in the low-setting range and high-set range
on the same static relay. The lower setting-range I > is for clearing the less-severe
faults in greater time either as per inverse equations( low-set-IOC ) or as per
fixed- time set on the relay ( low-set DT element) .

The higher setting- range I > > has only the DT mode and no inverse mode. The
high set DT-element which has both I >> and I >>> (instantaneous) features
clears the more severe faults at shorter time as per chosen current and fixed-time
setting

The definite time relay operates instantaneously but the output signal is delivered with
a time delay set on static timers integrally built in to the DT-relay. I >>>
(instantaneous) feature delivers the output signal without time delay

Besides a choice of several equations are available in static relays for the IOC-
operation with adjustable TMS-ratio setting. Some of these equations are indicated in
para & table 2.2.3.1 .
TMS factor can be set up to 1.0 in most relays. In Siemens relays TMS can be set
up to 3.2 for IEC curves and up to 15 for ANSI / IEEE curves

Alstom's MCGG relay has a current setting range of 20 to 240%,(0.2 In to 2.4

In) while ABB's SPAJ-140 has a current-range of 50 to 250% (0.5 to 2.5 times rated
current) for IOC-element.

Low-setting-range I > phase over-current units are provided with inverse mode and
definite-time-mode (DT-mode)of operation .Either one of the two modes can be
selected for operation, but not both at the same time in many versions.

Page 2 - 26
 In some like Siemens relays both can be selected for concurrent simultaneous
service .In SIEMENS relay 7SJ 600v2 either inverse over-current IOC ( I > ) or
adjustable DT or both simultaneously can be selected for low-current-set-
operation I > . The overcurrent stage can be used as definite-time overcurrent
protection or inverse time overcurrent protection or both at the same time. the
selected overcurrent- time characteristic can be superimposed by a high-set
instantaneous or definite-time delayed stage A quote from the leaflet

Along with low set I > ,( selected for either IOC or DT mode or both modes
simultaneously ) , the high-set I >> and I >>> 50 can be selected for
concurrent service with low-set I >.

According to SIEMENS leaflet, the d.c-component can be filtered out and only the
symmetrical part of the current can be applied to the relay

The high-set-DT element I >> can be selected only for DT-operation. If the
high-set element operates first, it usually blocks the operation of low-set element I >
or can be selected for such blocking at site

In most versions, the low-set element I > and high set element I >>operate two
different sets of contacts.

Over-current relay can be selected for IOC operation while earth-fault relays are
selected for DT operation and vice-versa in some relays like the Siemens 7SJ
600V2 type. Both IOC and EF relays need not necessarily be selected for same
mode of operation

Similar features for earth-fault relays are ;

Low-set, non-directional earth-fault unit can be selected for either definite time or
inverse mode (IOC) but in some versions both can be made operational at the
same time , with different settings( transition settings vide para2.2.3.5)

The high-set, non-directional earth-fault unit can be selected only for either
instantaneous or definite time function, and it can operate in conjunction with low-
current-setting element of the same relay, which can be selected either for IOC- or
DT-mode operation or simultaneously for both IOC & DT modes in some versions

When the high-set over-current stage I>> starts, the operation of the low-set over-
current stage I> is blocked in some relays.
The same feature explained above is applicable to earth-fault relays also

Page 2 - 27
Page 2 - 28
 The low set element of the relay can be selected either for inverse operation or for
adjustable definite fixed time (DT - mode).
The high set element of the relay can operate only in definite time mode (D -mode). .
The high-set DT element ,when it operates, blocks the low-set-DT-element but not
vice-versa.
The normal inverse equation for IM 30 AP relay is

operating time t = TMS x (10 -1) / (PSM -1).
The factor- is eliminated in the above equation

It can be seen that whatever be the value of the value of t = TMS, if PSM =10 At a
PSM of 10 and TMS of 1.0 all the three curves intersect and pass through the 1-second
point as seen in the curves below.
As the multiplication factor TMS is to be worked out ,The equation can be rewritten

as TMS = t x ( PSM - 1) / (10 -1).
The operating time at PSM of 10 (and TMS of 1) = 1 seconds, whatever be the
selected value of . In other words whatever inverse equation is selected, the
operation-time is always 1 sec at PSM of 10 and TMS of 1.0
Hence all the 3 curves corresponding to 3 values of intersect at one point as can
be seen in the graph above

2.4.0: Some Key Points; Trip Time Gap (TTG) Setting starting from tail-end relay
point

If we start at a tail-end RP- of a plant distribution and start at a time setting of 0.4 sec for
the RP at the tail-end of a radial feeder and proceed up towards the supply-point and go on
adding a time gap of 0.35 s at each RP, it results in time settings (at chosen p.s and at
calculated fault currents) of 0.4s, .0.75. 1.1 s, 1.45, 1.8sec, and 2.15 sec for the first RP at
th
starting point or supply point which is only the 6 RP starting from tail-end.
2
But operation time of 2.15 second, exceeds the I t capability of the
transformer, which is only 2 seconds. Hence we have to reduce the time gap (TTG )
between relay points. If static relays are used we can reduce the trip-time-gap from
0.35 to 0.25 seconds saving 0.1 s per RP and saving 0.5 s for 5 RPs, thus reducing
the operating time at supply-point from 2.15sec ( at a gap of 0.35s), to a time of1.65s
(0.4 + 5x0.25 =1.65 s)

2.4.1 How to reduce the operating time;

We can adopt concepts outlined in para below

Page 2 - 29
2.4.1.1. No trip-time-gap between RPs at the two ends of a feeder with no
intermediate tap-off

If there is no tap-off of power between the two successive relay points, then trip-
time-gap can be sacrificed if necessary ( vide 15.7.2.r.1&2 of IEEE STD 242 / 2001)
page 626 quoted below as in the case of RP s on either side of transformer and RPs
at the two ends of a feeder as adopted in exercise 2.7 and 2.9

Quote from 15.7.2.r.1&2 of IEEE STD 242 / 2001) page 626;

when selectivity must be compromised, the sacrifice must be

made at the location in the system with the least economic consequences. This
location varies from system to system. Likely candidates include

1) Sacrificing coordination between transformers primary protection and its

secondary over-current protective devices. Loss of selectivity here is usually not
detrimental to system security

2) Sacrificing selectivity between a load protective device and the next upstream
protective device( typically a feeder over-current protective device and an MCC
main protective device) . the economic consequences of loss of selectivity here is
usually more acceptable than at locations other than described in this sub clause.

Unquote

Many designers do not provide a trip- time-gap ( TTG or CTI coordination -time
interval vide the extract from ANSI-IEEE in para 2.5.1) between the two RPs at the two
ends of the same feeder ,as in fig 2.9, RP-3 and RP-4, as the trip of two CB s has the
same effect on the system as the trip of any one of the 2 CBs.

Hence the trip-time chosen for upstream RP is the same as selected for
downstream RP, with no trip-time-gap ( TTG=0) , only if the rigorous provision of TTG
between each RP and the next one upstream, leads to the operation-time at the
starting point RP-1 at top, being higher than 2 seconds or very close to 2 seconds
with no margin of safety for the transformer withstand time for TFCmax .

This is an extreme measure to protect the transformer from excessive I2t energy
flowing thro the transformer

The reasoning is ; If both trip, fault is beyond downstream point; but if only
upstream point trips, fault is on the cable / feeder ( or the transformer ) between the two
points.

Page 2 - 30
 2.4.1.2 : Should there be a Trip-Time-Gap ( Coordination-Time-Interval) between
two successive RPs, if there is a transformer between the two .

Similarly as stated in previous para, some designers provide, no TTG

between the HV and LV side RPs of only distribution transformers. The reasoning
is;

Even if the fault is between HV side and LV side RPs , the LV-CBs also trip due to
the standard inter-tripping arrangement, which trips the LV-CB if HV CB is tripped either
manually or protectively. Thus selectivity is anyway lost, even if we provide a TTG . But if
both operate on protective relaying, then the fault is beyond the LV-RP of the feeder down-
stream. Once LV system power is lost, it does not matter if HV-CB also trips

With individual annunciation for all faults detected by HV and LV-RPs and by
mechanical protections like Bucholtz, thermal relays etc., it can be easily determined
whether it was merely a case of inter-tripping or a case of LV side trip, especially if first-
fault annunciation or event-sequence recording is available. If this reasoning is
accepted, then TTG can be reduced to zero between HV-RP and LV- RP of a distribution
transformer.

This can be applied as a last resort to the IOC relays on either side
transformers vide 15.7.2.r.1 of chp15 of ieee-242 / 2001 quoted in previous para, to
reduce the operating time of uppermost RP at supply-point to value below 2 sec with
some margin

2.4.1.3 IOC setting for transformer relay-points

We have to workout the ( TFCmax ) maximum through-fault-current through the

transformer, which shall exclude the contribution from downstream sources.

When there is a transformer between the two RPs, then the through-fault-current
for a fault at secondary side bus, which excludes the downstream contribution, shall be
the basis at which the TMS ratios of the two relays on either side are to be worked out vide
example 2.7.1 a & b.

TFC shall be derived only on basis of source impedance and transformer

impedance

But in exercise 2.9.1.1 ROW 6.1 COL 2 ( RP-1).the desired chosen value of IOC
operation time reaches 2.15 seconds for a current of TFCmax at transformer upstream
input side relay point RP-1.This is due to starting from tail-end RP-6 with 0.4 s and
going on adding TTG = =0.35s
= to each RP, till it reaches 0.4s + 5 x = 0.4+ 5 x 35
=2.15 seconds at supply-point RP-1 . This timing is not acceptable, as it is higher
Page 2 - 31
than the transformers TFC-withstand capability , which is only 2 seconds for a dead-
short-circuit on the secondary side with full voltage applied to primary of the
transformer.

Allowing a margin of say 0.5 seconds, the operation-time of a IOC relay on the
input side of a transformer , shall not exceed 1.5 seconds at a current of TFCmax. But higher
timings can be allowed for ds-tail end faults on secondary side as the throfault-current
thro transformer is lower than TFCmax . This is further dealt with in para 2.4.4 below

2.4.2. Protection Of The Transformer and the twin issues of charging in-rush and
I2t capability of the transformer; refer fig 2.4.2

A static relay on the upstream ( input ) side of the transformer, houses the
following features ( SIEMENS relay 7SJ 600v2 includes these features )

a) A high set DT-cum-instant 50 relay for clearing severe faults on the up-
stream side of the transformer which exceed TFCmax .
Both high-set DT ( I>>)and 50 instant( I>>>) must be set above the TFC-max
as well as above the magnetising-in-rush (by over-riding the magnetizing in-
rush by a 100-150 ms time-delay or by having a current-setting higher than the
magnetising in-rush which can vary between 600 to 1500 % depending on the
instant

Page 2 - 32
 of previous de-energisation in hysterisis loop,). But the low-set DT relay should
be set below both the charging-inrush as well as TFC max for transition from
IOC to low-set DT-operation

b) and having a dual function low-set relay with both IOC and DT elements
simultaneously functional as discussed in para 2.2.3.5 and 2.2.3.6. (fig2.4.2 )

As discussed in previous para 2.4.1 , trip-time-coordination exercise leads to the pre-

selected operating time reaching higher than 2 seconds for the transformerinput-side
51 IOC (as in exercise 2.9.1.1 ) at through-fault-current ( TFCmax ). This is not
acceptable as it is higher than transformers TFC withstand time of 2 seconds
for the TFC max

In such cases, on the up-stream input side, a low-set IOC-cum-DT relay at RP-1 has to
be provided and set for dual function . The low set DT element will ensure that the let-
2
through energy does not exceed the I t capability of the transformer.

The low-set DT element is set at a transition point for taking over from IOC-unit
and clearing TFCmax within 1.5 seconds. The low-set DT is not needed if pre-
selected operation-time for the RP is well below 2 s.

The IOC element is set as a back-up for 51 IOC at RP-2 on ds-side of the
transformer either with TTG or without TTG.

Both features a) and b) are available in a single static relay casing

2
2.4.3 Let-through energy capability or the I t CAPABILITY of the transformer for
ds-faults
Prior to 1985, the transformers short-circuit withstand limits were as below

The limits of transformerwithstand limits prior to 1985 ,were 2 seconds

for transformers of impedance within 4% , 3 sec for transformers of impedance
within 4 to5%, 4sec for transformers of impedance 5 to 7%, and 5 seconds for
transformers of impedance 7% and above

Now the above withstand time is 2 seconds irrespective of

transformer-impedance, as laid in ANSI-IEEE STD 242 / 2001 and 141 / 1993
and IEEE std c-57,09 /1985 for 3-phase dead-faults on output-terminals,
resulting in maximum value of TFC . But when fault occurs further downstream
beyond the secondary bus, at ,say, tail-end stations ,then the value of TFC comes
down and withstand time increases. The above referred standards furnish

Page 2 - 33
 characteristics for TFC vs withstand-time for various values of TFC , But at the
worst case of terminal fault , the withstand time is 2 seconds irrespective of
impedance of transformer
2 2
2.4.4.1 exercises ; I t CAPABILITY of the transformer should be I t units where t =2
and I = TFCmax when rated voltage is applied to primary terminals with
secondary terminals shorted ( bolted-type- fault at secondary terminals).
But what should be the transformer withstand time when a fault occurs on
the ds-side beyond the secondary bus or at tail-end of the systems

EXERCISE 2.4.4.1 The objective of this exercise is to check whether the lower
magnitude ds-faults will be cleared within the corresponding with-stand times of
2
TFCds ensuring that the transformer I t CAPABILITY of the transformer for ds-faults
is not exceeded by excessive TTG gap setting
As per IEC /BIS /IEEE standards, a transformer should withstand for 2 seconds, a
dead-short-circuit on its secondary / output terminals. In addition it is also to be checked
whether the relay at ds-RP will clear the ds-fault within the increased withstand time of the
transformer for a ds-fault, which will be greater than 2s due to reduction of TFC from
TFCmax to TFCds.

Page 2 - 34
 2
FIG 2.4.4.1 The I t w.s.t. of the transformer will be greater than 2s for ds-fault

Case-data; fig 2.4,3 ; The TFC-MAX contributed by HV system through the

transformer is 20 kA for a fault at the secondary side bushing. But for a downstream
fault further down below the RP , a 22.5 kA fault current flows through LV-
downstream-RP as in fig2.4.3 , out of which the TFC through the transformer is
only 16 kA (TFCds) , the remaining 6.5 kA being currents I1+ I2+ I3 from ds-sources
between the transformer and the ds-fault. as shown in fig above
This check is not required if the operation-time set at the ds-RP is lower than the 2
seconds
The chapter 15 ANSI-IEEE 242 of 2001 provides TFC vs withstand time curves for
various transformer impedances and for lower values of TFC when the fault is further
downstream away from the transformer , thereby including some ds-impedances . The
fault current at DS-RP contains a TFC component from sources on up-stream side of
the transformer as well as contributions from DS-sources

2 2
(TFC-MAX ) x tTFC-Max-wst = (TFCds) x With-stand-time twst-TFC-component- of
transformer for a ds-fault . This linearity is not accurate at values of current
below say 4 FLC.

Page 2 - 35
 The term twst-tfc-component indicates with-stand-time of the transformer for the
TFC contribution ( 16 kA )out of total fault current ( 22.5 kA )through ds-RP )
where tTFC-Max-wst = 2 sec at TFC-MAX for a secondary terminal fault whatever be
the impedance of the transformer

2 2
hence 20 x 2 = 16 x twst-tfc-component-
Hence the ttfc-comp-wst of transformer for a ds-fault for withstanding the 16 kA
TFC component of the total 22.5 kA fault current through DS-RP is;

2 2
Transformer-withstand time for the ds-fault = 2 x (TFC-MAX ) / (TFCds) sec
2 2
= 2 x 20 / 16 = 3.125 seconds

The value of TFC-MAX in fig 2.4.3 drops down from 20 kA to lower value of 16 kA
when the fault is on ds-side of RP, due to impedance of circuit between transformer and ds-
fault at RP .
Hence transformer-withstand-time increases from 2 second to 3.125 s due to
reduction of TFC-MAX of 20 kA to TFCds of 16 kA .. Remaining 6.5 kA is the
contribution of 6.6 kV & 0.415 kV system motors being currents I1+ I2+ I3 from ds-
sources

This time of 3.125 seconds is comfortably more than the operation-time of 1.1
chosen in exercise 2.9.1.1 for this RP-. This exercise was for checking the margin of
transformerwithstand capability for ds-faults. The result of 3.1.2.5 seconds cannot
be applied to set the DT relay on 132 kV side, which has to be necessarily set below
2s for the transformer terminal fault

. But the upstream 132 kV grid component /contribution through RP- must be
segregated from contributions from other ds-sources ,in this case 6.6 kV sources, for
checking the withstand time of the transformer for a fault on the bus controlled by RP-4 .
This segregation is not feasible in manual calculations for small systems, vide para 5.9 of
chapter-5 of this book. For bigger systems, only using software for s.c can do this
segregation. analysis. The component TFCds can be segregated from total ds- fault
current through ds-RP using matrix algebra based equations or super-position
theorem. . The source impedance must be taken in to account for calculating TFC and
source impedance should not be taken as zero

Calculating the transition setting of low-set DT relay above which the DT-
relay takes over from IOC relay

If 25 % time margin(0.5 s margin on 2-second capability means 1.5s ) and 50

2
% margin on I t withstand capability ( both thermal & mechanical) are both desired,

Page 2 - 36
 then the transition-setting from IOC to DT( set for 1.5 sec with 0.5s margin)
jurisdiction at 132 kV - RP-1 fig 2.9 ,shall be vide fig & para 2.2.3.5 ( as per eq 2.4.4
below).

( Itransition ) 2x t2 = 0.5 x t1 x(TFC max )2 where t2 = 1.5 & t1= 2 seconds

Hence Itransition = TFCmax x (2x0.5/1.5 ) = TFCmax x 0.82 =amps at

which DT element will take over and pre-empt IOC relay as an extreme measure if the
designer cannot save the time anywhere else
2
If only 35% margin on is desired on I t and 0.5 s margin in withstand
time is needed, then the transition point is;

( Itransition ) 2x t2 = 0.65 x 2 x(TFC max )2 where t2 = 1.5 Seconds

hence I transition = TFCmax x (2x0.65 /1.5)amps= TFCmax x 0.93
linearity of the above equation is not valid for lower values of TFC

2
2.4.4.2 Exercise ; I T CAPABILITY CHECK for the transformer for a downstream or
tail-end fault;
This check is not needed if operation-time at ds-RP is below 2 seconds ;

Let T1 be a transformer with 10 pc impedance on its MVA rating ;then

TFC maximum for a fault at output terminals = FLC x 100 /10 =10 FLC
2
let-through-constant K for this transformer = (TFC maximum) x t1 where with
stand time t1 =2 seconds for a current of TFC maximum .
2
hence K = (10 FLC) x 2 in let-thro-units
if the fault occurs downstream at tail-end where the 132 kV source
contribution is reduced to 6 FLC due to ds-impedance ,
2 2
then I t2 for tail end fault = I t1 for maximum through-fault at terminals.

Note; here 6 FLC is the up-stream source contribution to the ds / tail end fault
and NOT the total fault-current through ds / tail end point

2 2
hence K=(TFC maximum) x t1 = (6 FLC) x t2 where t2 is the withstand
time for ds-fault and t1= 2seconds for TFC for terminal fault
2 2
hence t2 = (10 FLC) x 2 / (6FLC) = 200 /36 = 5.55 seconds . This value of
5.55 seconds is only for checking transformer safety for a tail-end fault . But
the input-side DT relay has to be necessarily set below 2s with a safety
margin for LV terminal fault (for TFC maximum), which is the worst case .

For a secondary side bus fault this DT element may pre-empt the IOC the RP s
downstream that cannot be helped, if the normal TTG work out arrives at an operating time

Page 2 - 37
greater than 1.5 s at a current of TFC . In the interests of safety ,TTG co-ordination has
to be sacrificed vide para 2.4.1.1 for an extract from ANSI-IEEE STD 242 / 2001

The instantaneous 50 relay on EHV side is normally meant to perform the

single function of clearing EHV system faults , which can be higher in magnitude
than the TFC for ds-faults .

The TTG co-ordination works only up to the current setting of DT-relay,

above which the co-ordination is lost on the safer side, as the DT relay pre-empts
the IOC relays at the chosen point of transition on either side of the transformer

In fuse-protected transformers, occasionally the distribution transformers are

declared faulty by utilities junior staff , when the HV - horn-gap fuse blows out due to
selection of fuse rating just to match the FLC instead of withstanding the
magnetizing inrush for 100 to 150 ms.

The fuse rating for various MVA ratings of transformers is usually standardized by
the EBs to avoid such errors . The required fuse rating generally is not less than 2.5 FLC as
the fuse is to clear faults and not overloads

2.4.5. Overload Protection of Transformers.

The overload protection of the transformers cannot be ensured by IOC relay, which
is meant to clear faults rather than overloads. Severe external short-circuits are cleared by
the instantaneous relays (50), while the faults of lower magnitude are cleared by IOC (51)
relays which are back-up relays.

The winding-temperature indicator of the transformer is the exact overload-

protection to be depended upon rather than the IOC relay for overloads up to 1.25 FLC. If
this point is accepted then there is no need to match the IOC-current setting exactly with
the FLC of the transformer.

As per NEC-USA 450-3, the transformer-protection IOC-relays ( TOC as per

IEEE nomenclature) should NOT be set below 133% of the FLC of the transformer
(vide IEEE- 241 of 2001, para 15.7.2 m of CHP-15).

The dependence on winding temperature-trip is considered safe enough for

marginal overloads

Page 2 - 38
2.4.6 Star side earth-fault is seen as ph-to-ph fault on delta side.
The neutralizing ampere-turns between the two corresponding phase windings,
result in delta side current leave through two line leads. Hence the downstream
star side earth fault is seen on the HV delta winding as a ph-to-ph fault. The delta
side line-current will be 1 / 1.732 times the star side line current, when reduced to a p.u
value on a common MVA base.

The EF relays do not operate for ph-to-ph faults ; but ph-oc relays may operate
together with EF relays sometimes for an earth fault if the EF and OC relay settings
are incorrect and too close as is the experience in rural OH lines.

When a U- to- V phase fault develops, then the fault current flows thro' the CT
secondary on U and V phases in opposite directions with respect to the junctions N1 and
N2 and circulate between U and V-phase CTs without spilling into the residual circuit.
Therefore earth fault relay will not operate for phase-to-phase fault, as the secondary
current will not enter the residual circuit.

2.4.7 current setting for transformer RP

A setting of 1.1to 1.3 FLC may be chosen to permit short-time overloading of
transformers during large motor starts with a base-load on the transformer above 80 to 90
%. Vide chapter-4 vol-1 on HV- motor starts.

2.4.8 The transformer IOC-protection to over ride the starting inrush of a large
motor.

While the motor protection relay will override the starting inrush, the LV side transformer
breaker may trip, if a large motor is started on the transformer or if the TMS is not set
properly to allow marginal overloads for short times such as the motor-acceleration-time

If the transformer is already loaded substantially, then this may lead to overloading during
motor-acceleration.

To override trip during acceleration, the TMS-ratio is to be worked out vide para 4.4.0 /
4.4.1 page 103.of vol-1

2.5. Some key points on trip-time-gap-coordination

2.5.1 Trip-time gap of 0.25 seconds allowed between successive RPs vide tables
from ANSI-IEEE-std-241 / 2001

Page 2 - 39
An extract from ANSI / IEEE-242 of 2001 Table 15-1-CTI without field calibration
Sl.
Components Electromechanical Static
No.
1 Circuit breaker opening
0.08 s 0.08 s
time (5 cycles)
2 Relay over travel 0.10 s 0.00 s
3 Relay tolerance and
0.17 s 0.17 s
setting errors
4 Total CTI 0.35 s 0.25 s

Table 15-1-CTI with field calibration

Sl. No. Components Electromechanical Static
1 Circuit breaker opening
0.08 s 0.08 s
time (5 cycles)
2 Relay over travel 0.10 s 0.00 s
3 Relay tolerance and setting
0.12 s 0.12 s
errors
4 Total CTI 0.30 s 0.20 s
Table above applies if regular annual checking is done with an accurate international class
testing kit (this sentence is not part of IEEE-242)

2.5.2 The 0.5 s fault-current without dc-contributions can be the basis for TMS
calculations .
2.5.2.1 An extract from para 15.2.1 of IEEE-242 / 2001

QUOTE : The momentary currents are used to determine the maximum and
minimum currents to which instantaneous and direct-acting trip devices respond.
The maximum interrupting current is the value at which the circuit- protection
device coordination time interval ( CTI) is most often established. This practice
results in conservative CTIs for all values of short-circuit current. ---------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The 30 cycle fault currents ( no motor contribution) may be used to set the CTI for
time-over current protective devices in the system. By the time these protective
devices operate ,the motor contribution to the fault current will have decayed to zero
or to minimum levels. Many short-circuit programs also have the capability of
calculating the current flow to and from a bus . The actual fault current flowing
through the protective device should be used for co-ordination. Unquote ( the bold
lettering is by Your Author)

Page 2 - 40
2.5.2.2 The interruption-duty-current first-cycle current as calculated in S.C
Analysis and its relevance with respect to IOC relay settings and selection
of CB-ratings

The instantaneous relays are to be set on basis of first cycle currents, if the
operation-time is less than 20 ms

Fast-acting relays like 21-zone-1, , 87bz etc cause the CB-opening when
interruption cycle current is flowing, between 5 and 8 cycles after fault-occurrence,
as calculated in S.C-analysis. The CT-calculations like kpv requirements are to
be based on this current, though the 21 distance relay is set in terms of line
impedance seen by the relay through CT and PT

Time-delayed IOC or delayed-DT relays cause CB-tripping and fault-

interruption, when the fault current is closer to the reduced magnitude of 0.5
second-current than to interruption cycle current. But if operation-time
required of the IOC relay is 0.3s which is closer to interruption cycle than to
0.5s current, then interruption current can be the basis for TMS calculations

Short-circuit currents for time-delayed relaying devices:

An extract from ANSI-IEEE std 141 /1993
Quote
For the application of instantaneous relays, the value of the first-cycle
short-circuit current determined by the first-cycle network should be used. For an
application of time delay relays beyond six cycles, the equivalent system network
representation will include only generators and passive elements, such as
transformers and cables between the generators and the point of short circuit. The
generators are represented by transient impedance or a larger impedance related to
the magnitude of decaying generator short-circuit current at the specified calculation
time.
All motor contributions are omitted. Only the generators that contribute
short-circuit current through the relay under consideration to the short-circuit point
are considered for the relay application. The dc-component will have decayed to near
zero and is not considered. The short-circuit symmetrical r.m.s current is Epu / Xpu,
where Xpu is derived from the equivalent reactance network consisting of generators
and passive equipment (cables, transformers, etc.) in the short-circuit current paths
protected by the relays

UNQUOTE. (The italics and bold lettering are by the author)

Page 2 - 41
2.5.3 Actual fault current presented to the relay during fault (case-a) and 0.5 sec
current ( case-b) assumed for TMS calculations and for testing in lab / site
and the interruption cycle current ( case-c ) considered in earlier decades

It is seen in fig 2.5.3 that three currents can be presented to the relay as below;

case-a) The actual exponential curve AB seen by relay in real time during service

case-b.) the 0.5 second current CD calculated in s.c analysis, is applied to the relay as a
flat characteristic in TMS calculations from the instant of fault-occurrence, as if it is flat
without further decay, having reached the steady state, as if the relay was presented
with this from fault-occurrence time t = 0 till fault clearance. The same calculated
current CD is applied to the relay using a secondary injection kit

case-c) the calculated value of interruption duty current EF is applied to the relay in
calculation without exponential decay, as if it has a steady flat wave like EF as shown
in fig 2.5.3 & 2.5.3.2.

The case-a requires Mathematical calculation of PSM using the exponential equation of
curve AB instead of assuming flat line-characteristics for CD and EF. Hence this is a matter
for study for doctoral scholars and manufacturers researchers. This tool, which will be the
most accurate, is not available presently

Between case-b and case-c, the case-b results in error on safer side and case-c
results err on the wrong side. In the earlier decades, till some years back, the
procedure vide case-c was in use till it was replaced by 0.5 second current
application vide case-b

In real practice, if the relay is tested at site using a secondary injection kit capable of
applying suddenly a steady pre-adjusted current using an injection kit equivalent to
the CFB kit of Alstom (former EE-GEC KIT), there will be no discrepancy between the
calculated values of the operation timings and the timings obtained on the test,
because the calculation & testing is on basis of the same current either CD or EF in
figure 2.5.3 / 2.5.3.2 These fixed, steady, unvarying currents CD & EF are calculated by
the designer during s.c analysis and then used in TMS calculations and in tests as pre-
adjusted currents and suddenly injected in to relays to simulate the faults.

Discussion of the above points

Referring to fig/ graph 2.5.3 time-after-fault occurrence versus fault-

current presented to relay, the IOC relay is actually presented with a
decaying fault-current characteristic from time t = 0 like AB in fig 2.5.3, if the

Page 2 - 42
 CT core is not saturated during transient / sub transient stages of fault wave:
but IOC relays TMS settings are calculated by the designer as if a steady 0.5
second current like CD is presented to the relay right from the beginning of
fault-occurrence at time t = 0.
Both graphs AB & CD are in r.m.s. values ( not instantaneous values). Current
wave CD is not equivalent to current wave AB in any way. Hence the relay will
act in two different timings if presented with the two current-waves AB & CD
separately. Trip time for current characteristic will be less than that of current CD in
fig 2.5.3
As the assumed steady-state-current-characteristic line CD ( for calculations &
TESTING) lies below AB, the calculated operation time on basis of current curve
CD is higher than the actual operation time of the relay when presented with the
curve of reality AB
Because of higher value of current AB, the actual operation-time will be less than the
operation-time taken by relay for assumed equivalent current CD
The error is on the safer side as the actual operation time is lower and faster
than the calculated time. As the same current CD is presented to the relay by the
test-kit, the operation-time as tested in the field is also higher than actual time,
which is lower in real service, and hence the error is on the safer side. Both AB
& CD represent r.m.s. values

FIG 2.5.3 Presenting a decaying current as a steady current to the relay

Page 2 - 43
2.5.3.1 time vs current graph seen by relay in calculation , testing& in real service (
time is represented along X-axis). NOTE
AB is the actual decaying exponential current wave seen by the relay
CD is the 0.5 second current considered for TMS calculation and testing
; considered as if applied to the relay steadily without exponential decay from the
moment of fault-occurrence time to, as if there is no variation in PSM .
The error is on safer side
EF is the calculated interruption duty current r.m.s considered in the past years, as
if steadily applied to the relay without exponential decay from the moment of fault-
occurrence to till relay acts, as if there is no variation in PSM /csm during this
period of relay-operation ; the error is on the less safe side

Page 2 - 44
2.5.3.2 what happens when we use the interruption duty current for TMS
calculations, as if the decaying current wave AB is replaced by the fictitious non-
decaying straight line wave EF, the value of which is the interruption cycle current
as calculated in s.c analysis

As major part of the notional current-line EF lies above the decaying wave AB, the
wave EF will cause faster tripping and actual real current wave AB will cause slower
tripping, Actual trip-timings due to AB will be higher than the calculated & tested values for
the current-line EF which is the interruption-current.

This error is on the wrong side, on the unsafe side Hence the adoption of
0.5 second current( CD in fig 2.5.3) in time setting calculations, leads to error on
safer side ; but the adoption of interruption-cycle currents (line EF leads to error on
the wrong side

2.5.4 some additional points

In the event of conflict between the requirements of coordination and protection,
the requirements of protection shall precede and prevail over the requirements of
time-coordination. A trip out of step with the desired sequence, is less
damaging than failure to trip in time, due to large TMS settings arrived at by a
very strict adherence to time-gradation.

The bus-coupler should trip faster than either incomer for a fault on the outgoing
feeder in a 2 incomer + bus coupler feeding a number of out-going feeders.

This TFC through- fault current is the current at which time-coordination is to be

worked out for relaying points on either side of the transformer namely the
transformer breakers at RP -1, RP -2, RP -5 and RP -6 of exercise 2.9.1, & 2.9.2
and 4 out of 8 RPs in exercise 2.7.1 at RP-8 & 7. But if 0.3 s is the required
operation-time as in the case of RP-7, the interruption current can be the
basis as 0.3s is closer to interruption cycle than to 0.5 s current

The relays selected for successive RPs can have the same inverse characteristics
except in unavoidable cases, where special equipment need specific
characteristics.

For setting instantaneous relays, first cycle making currents are to be the
basis of settings ; for distance protection relays (21), setting is in secondary
ohms felt on CT-secondary side. For CT calculations connected with 21
relays interruption cycle fault currents are to be taken

Page 2 - 45
2.6.0 IOC relay setting and trip-time-gap gradation (TTG gradation) and the
steps to arrive at it.

The term IOC relay setting means choosing current--setting, TMS-ratio-setting, and trip-
time-gap; this setting procedure consists of three steps described below

Step A ) Choosing the minimum current setting (PS or CS) of the relay at which it will
certainly operate. This should be fairly close to FLC of the protected equipment or
the continuous current carrying capacity of the feeder cable protected

Step B) choosing the fault-current at which the TMS ratio is to be derived;

This fault-current shall be the lowest of following alternatives namely

b1) The max-fault-current RMS at 0.5s ( after fault-occurrence) through the

relay-point (devoid of down-stream source-contributions to the fault and
devoid of the d.c. component as per ANSI-IEEE std 241 / 2001.

If this is not available, then max-interruption duty fault current(sym) thro through
the RP may be considered though this is a less correct procedure but on safer side
similar to the explanation in para & figures 2.2.3.3/ 2.2.3.4 and 2.5.3 / 2.5.4. The
actual operation-time is less than the calculated time and hence the error is on
safer side.

b2 ) calculating the fault current through the CB at the transformer- RP vide

fig 2.2.3.3 &4

This can be done by using the through-fault-filter for a transformer RP, which can
be manually calculated .. Refer para 2.2.33 / FIG 2.2.3.4 for discussion

b.3) . But this segregation can be done manually for small systems vide exercise 5b.9 in
this book

The max-TFC (through-fault-current) at 0.5 s through the transformer (RMS), devoid

of down-stream (ds)-source-contributions is to be considered for the relay point
controlling a transformer CB The down-stream -contribution of induction motors decays
to nearly zero at the end of 0.5 sec, unless there are synchronous machines down-stream;

b.4 ) The current at which the CT core enters the saturation limit is to be
considered, if it is the lowest of several alternatives

Page 2 - 46
An extract from para 15.2.1IEEE standard -242 of 2001 suggests that the TTG (CTI) should
be set at 0.5 second current vide the extract below.

The 30-cycle fault currents (no motor contribution) may be used to set the CTI for
time over current protective devices in the system. By the time these protective
devices operate, the motor contribution to the fault current will have decayed to zero
or to minimal levels. Many short-circuit calculation programs also have the capability
of calculating the current flow to and from a bus. The actual fault current flowing
through the protective device should be used for coordination.

b.5 ) ANSI / IEEE-242 also permits calculation of TMS at the current setting of the
high-set instantaneous relay-50 at relaying point.

Above this high-set point, IOC-relay will be pre empted by the 50 instantaneous relay,
which takes over protection above the transition point, and hence TMS -coordination has to
be set only up to this point

Step-C) Calculating the time-multiplier-setting (TMS) at the chosen current setting vide
step-a above and at a particular fault current chosen out of the alternatives vide
step-b above

Step D) Adjustment of trip-time-gap of 0.35 for electro-mechanical relays and 0.25 or 0.2 s
for static relays between two successive RPs as per tables 2.7.0 and 2.9.0

step-E) The equation to be selected for the IOC operating characteristic ( normal
inverse, very inverse, extremely inverse etc)

The slope of the IOC curve is selected from the consideration for the type of
equipment to be protected. The problem of required operation-time at supply point
RP-1 exceeding1.5 or 2 seconds due to TTG setting cannot be solved by curve
selection, as the TTG between two successive RPs has to be the same 0.25 s
irrespective of the characteristic selected

step-F) The desired operating time required for the relay at the fault current; this is to
be selected intentionally / manually starting from tail-end and going up to supply
point RP-1. How this time is chosen is explained subsequently in table 2.7 and
2.8.6. To achieve this operating time, the required time-multiplier-setting TMS is to
be calculated

step-G) Minimum fault current(0.5s value) at the relay-point in the course of the 24-
hour day . It should also be checked that the relay would definitely operate if
the fault occurs at the lowest fault current level on the feeder during the

Page 2 - 47
 course of the 24-hour-day, due to fewer machines of the grid being in
service. This last-mentioned check is not necessary in a factory if there is local
generation. But in a grid fed factory this could change as the grid-fault levels are
lower during nighttimes when demand is lower and hence fewer generators will be
in service. The exercises 2.7 AND 2,9 provide detailed work-outs.

2.7.0 Exercise on captive power plant feeding radially an islanded industrial project

a) IOCrelay settings are worked out for a captive power plant feeding radially
an industrial plant from CPP to evacuation bus-bus vide sld-2.7

b) The feeders from evacuation bus are all radial in the three modes of
operation namely,
b-1 Exercise 2.7.1 & 2.7.2 ; both in common island mode

The 2 TG sets of the captive plant CPP feed the plant in common island in parallel
mode isolated from the grid. For ex 2.7.1 the operating conditions are as per
column-3.1 of table 2.7.0 .Static / digital relays; hence TTG =0.25 as per table 15 of
ANSI-IEEE 241 / 2000; * TTG = 0 between RPs at either end of the cabled feeders
between RP-3 and RP-4 (CPP to MSS) and again between RP-5 & 6 (MSS to LCSS
cabled feeder). For results refer col-3.1 of comparison tab 2.7.1 to 2.7.3

For ex 2.7.2 the operating conditions are as per column-3.2 of table 2.7.0 .
For this exercise refer col-3.2 of tab 2.7.0. In addition to above data, the TTG = 0 between
HV and LV sides (RP-8 & RP-7) of 6.6 / 0.415 kV transformer as reasoned in para 2.3.3, .
The results of case as per details of col-3.2 are shown in comparison table 2.7.1 to 2.7.3

b.2) Exercise 2.7.3 The CPP& GRID are paralleled on the CPP bus and jointly feed
the plant, radially as in ex-2.7.3. The operating conditions are as per col-4 of
table 2.7.0. From the CPP bus. the feed is again radial and relay setting
procedures are the same except that the enhanced fault currents have to be
taken in to account, though the current settings may not change.

b.3) Exercise 2.7.4 the grid feeds the plant with the TG-sets shut down exercise 2.7.4

c). The s.c-currents for the 3 modes to be worked out;

The fault-currents at which the TMS-ratio and time setting is to be calculated will be
different for the 3modes of operation
Hence s.c-calculation for fault currents thro each RP / CB must be made for the 3
modes and TMS / TTG values have to be calculated for each mode
Hence there will be 3 sets of relay settings for the 3 modes of operation

Page 2 - 48
The worked example of 2.7.1 is based on col-3.1 TTG timings
Note.1; In ex-2.7.1/ col 3.1 of tab2.7.0 Trip-time for all other OG-feeders fed off the
main SS evacuation -6.6 kV bus will have to be the same as that of RP-5 and will have
to be 0.85 seconds for col-3.1 /tab2.7.0 conditions except for thermal overload -relays of
HV motors
Note-2 ; At 6.6 kV bus of LCSS every OG feeder- RP shall have the same operation
time as RP-7 at its chosen fault current vide step-5 excepting HV motors.

Interruption Duty Current and 0.5 sec current at key buses vide SLD 2.7.1 / ex 2.7.1
3-phase fault currents: (pre-fault voltage = 100.00 % of the bus nominal voltage)
0.5SEC CURRENT*** INTERRUPTION DUTY
BUS-ID kV Symmetrical kA-r.m.s total-asymmetrical kA-
r.m.s
=====================================================================
B1(TG1) 11.000 10.808 kA rms 17.10 kA r.m.s
B2 (CPP BUS) 6.600 15.545 kA 32.76 kA
B4 (EVAC BUS-4 ) 6.600 15.414 30.98
B14 (EVAC BUS 14) 6.600 15.414 29.66
B6 (SS1 BUS) 6.600 14.484 26.55
*** 0.5 second current through RPs will be the same as the total 0.5sec current at the associated
buses as all other contributions from induction motors would have ceased by that time

EXERCISE 2.7.4. Hook-Up Feeder Relay Setting for two conditions

2.7.4.1 exercise 2.7.4.1 The island fed by grid ALONE

2.7.4.2 exercise 2.7.4.2 ; The hook up feeder relay settings for parallel operation
with grid. The TTG settings for RP s on the h.u feeder from HV side of 20 MVA
transformer up to 6.6 kV CPP BUS 12 are to be worked out for both island mode
(2.7.4.1) and parallel operation mode (2.7.4.2).

RP-A, RP-B, RP-C are the 6.6 kV feeder RPs on the hook-up feeder. RP-A is at
cpp-bus-12. RP-B is at hook-up bus 303; RP-C is the secondary side CB of the 20
MVA transformer connecting the transformer secondary to bus 303 ; RP-D is on the
110 kV side of the transformer. RP-D is a back up for the 87-differential relay of the
20 MVA transformer as well as for RP-C on the secondary side. But neither the CT-
ratio nor the current setting of RP-C and RP-D need be matched. The upstream side
RP should preferably have a higher current setting than the ds-relay as per IEEE std
quoted elsewhere

The SLD for the h.u feeder-TG set combination is furnished below
The answer to this exercise is at the end of the book
Page 2 - 49
Page 2 - 50
DATA FOR EXERCIESES 2.7.4.1 AND 2.7.4.2

RP CT 0.5s fault current same for both Current

ratio cases 2.7.4.1 & 2.7.4.2 setting for full
import
0.5 S Chosen Operation-time Same setting
current for both
case1 case-2 2741&2742
RP-A at b-12 2500 /1 12 kA 0.3 s 1.1 S 2500 A
primary
RP-B at 2500 /1 12 kA 0.3+01 1.1 s 2500 A
b-303 =0.4 s
RP-C /T2 CB 2500 / 12 kA 0.4 +0.25 1.35 s 2500 A
1* =0.65 s
RP-D ON 110 200 /1** 0.7 kA 0.65+0.25 1.35 125 A
kV SIDE =0.9 s +0.25=1.6s

*** These figures are the maximum fault currents through the H.U. feeder RP-s for a
fault immediately below the RP during import as the 6.6 kV cable resistances of HU
FEEDER have been neglected between RP-C and RP-A. . Fault current figures are
same for both CASES as no export is allowed.
Work out answers, adopting a normal IEC-curve for the relay (a=0.02 and b=0.14 )
and

equation TMS = (PSM -1) x t / eq 2.2.3.1.b Results at the end of the book

Page 2 - 51
RP-A, RP-B, RP-C, RP-D are relay-points on the hook-up feeder from 110-kv
bus to cpp-bus-12 via HOOK-UP BUS 303

Fig-2.7.1 SLD for ex 2.7.1 to 2.7.3 for Two TG sets in parallel feeding the
islanded plant radially from CPP through the evacuation bus
Page 2 - 52
Table 2.7.0 for selection of required operating time for the RPs for EX-2.7.1 to 2.7.3

Page 2 - 53
2.7.0 IOC / DT relay setting calculations vide para 2.6.0

The trip-timings required at various relaying points in a radial distribution as

in SLD 2.7 and timings chosen as per table 2.7.0 below, are chosen starting from the
bottom most point of the radial feeder

2.7.1 detailed work-out of TMS at the 8 relay points ( case of TG-sets feeding
islanded plant vide SLD 2.7.1

2.7.1.1 TMS at RP-8 PCC bus

The outgoing feeder at the PCC, will have a built-in-thermal release backed
by a direct acting or CT operated instantaneous release or electronic releases

Similarly the incomer-CB of the pcc-bus will also have thermal and S.C-
releases . The instantaneous release of pcc-incomer-CB can be set at 6 to 10 times
the IOC-setting of 2.5 kA. Hence the IOC-relay for the secondary side of the
distribution transformer discussed below is only a back up relay, which is very often
omitted.

But if an IOC relay is chosen for backup function for built-in electronic relays,
then the following calculations apply to RP 8

TFC through 1600 kVA transformer impedance

= FLC of tr x 100 / pc impedance of tr
= 37.31 kA but the 0.5 second current is 31.7 kA only, vide table 2.7.0.

But as the operating time required is only 0.35 second, which is lower than
0.5 second, the symmetrical interruption-cycle through-fault current, TFC of
37.31 kA is to be taken in to account ( correspondingly 2 kA on 6.6 kV side)
instead of 0.5s current; the current setting or plug-setting, is 2500A in
primary terms Hence PSM or CSM = 37.31 / 2.5 = 14.92
In the Equation furnished below for normal inverse relay -=0.02 and =0.14

TMS = (PSM 1) ( Operating time required ) x /

0,02
TMS = (PSM -1) x t / = 0.29 = ( 14.92 -1) x 0.35 / 0.14 = 0.139 or 0.14

2.7.1.2 ) TMS ratio at RP-7 on HV side of transformer

Relay setting on 6.6 kV side of 1.6 MVA transformers of all LCSS stations:
through fault current transformers at 2 kA / 31.7 kA vide para 2.7.1.1 above

Page 2 - 54

FLC =140 A: current-setting recommended 160 AMPS in CT primary terms (if
short-time O/L capability is needed) = 10 A: PSM=2000 / 160=12.5:

Operating time required = operating time at 415V incomer 0.35 + 0.25 = 0.6s.
vide col 3.1 of table 2.7.0

a
Hence using the same equation TMS =(PSM -1) x t /
0.02
(12.5 -1) x0.6 /0.14 =0.22
The Operating time at this TMS of 0.22 will be 0.6 sec at the maximum
through fault current of 2000 amps on 6.6 kV side.

2.7.1.3 Typical calculation for the relay at the incomer of SS1 (RP-6)
CT ratio 1200 / 5 Amps: largest motor 5000 kW slip ring
Maximum steady-state loading 800 amps. (Without 5000 kW motor, the base-
load is 350 amps) and the starting current of 5000 kW slip-ring-motor = 1000
amps.

Total current during starting = 1000 + 350 = 1350 amps. Hence current setting
recommended = 1500 amps.
Required operation-time vide col 3.1 / tab 2.7.0 =0.6 at RP7 +0.25 TTG = 0.85.
s

0.5 secfault current at SS1 = 14.5kA at which PSM = 14500/1500 = 9.66

a 0.02
TMS = (PSM -1) x t / = 0.85 x ( 9.66 -1 ) / 0.14 = 0.28.
This will ensure a tripping time of 0.85 sec at a fault current of 14.5 kA and a
current setting of 1500 amps.

What happens if we lower the current setting to 1000A, which is closer to the steady
state load of 800 amps

If the setting is adopted at 1000 A which is closer to the 800 A loading during steady
,post start state, then PSM = 14500 / 1000 = 14.5 for which

a 0.02
The corresponding TMS = (PSM -1) x t / = 0.85 x (14.5 -1) / 0.14 = 0.333 as
the operating time is to be kept at 0.85 for this RP at maximum 0.5 sec current of
14.5 kA . but what is its operating time at a total current of 1350 A of which 1000
A is the starting current
PSM corresponding to staring current including base load = 1350 / 1000=1.35

0.02
Hence relay operation-time t = TMS x 0.14 / (1.35 1) = 7.67 sec. This is the
operation time of the relay, if the rotor locks out or stalls. The RP at the incomer CB
of the local substation need not be set for locked rotor protection, which is the
Page 2 - 55
function of the motor protection relay on the motor feeder . Ignoring locked-rotor
withstand time, the trip time of 7.67s is acceptable if the motor acceleration time is
less than 7.67 second. The relay will not operate during acceleration.

If the motor acceleration time is more than 7.67 sec, the relay may operate if
there is stalling during acceleration. We have to check the time versus current
graph for the period of acceleration.

Since the starting current would have decayed considerably in the course of
7.67 s , the relay may not operate at all. If this graph is not available, then it is safer
to choose 1500 A setting so that the relay does not trip before motor accelerates
fully.

Can we have a setting of 1500 A for a feeder loaded normally at 800 A

The IOC relay of the incomer CB at SS-1 is only a back up for the outgoing feeder
and protects the upstream cable from downstream faults. Besides the upstream HV
cables sized for 800 A can easily stand 1500 A for several seconds or minutes higher
than 7.67s stand. Hence 1500 amps or 1200 amps setting is permissible
for a feeder with a normal loading of 800 A. The current setting on the
relay has to match the equipment rating should not be set to match
the demand on the feeder ,as it would restrict the full loading of the
feeder and downstream equipment

2.7.1.4 OG feeder through RP-5 from MSS to SS1 ; The data

 0.5 sec fault current at 401 is 15.41 kA (case-1 -SC-study common island).

 Current setting 1500 amps: Hence PSM = 15410/1500 = 10.27.

 Operating time required is the same 0.85 s as at the incomer to SS1 vide 2.7.1.3
above as no trip time interval is needed for the relaying points at either end of
the same feeder without an intermediate tap-off.

0.02
 TMS = (10.27 -1) x 0.85 / 0.14 = 0.29

2.7.1.4 a) Proposal of a DT-definite time relay for RP-5 set at 15 kA, at which the
dt relay will act faster and pre-empt the ioc- relay at RP-5 and even the ds-ioc to
ensure recovery of TG-sets

At this point a DT-definite-time relay set for 0.2 sec at 10 times the ioc-setting of 1.5
kA ( 10 x 1.5 = 15 kA ) is proposed as the ioc operating time of 0.85 sec will affect the

Page 2 - 56
transient stability of the two TG-sets. Only one load centre station out of a dozen is
lost, instead of losing both TG sets due to instability.

The TTG coordination of ioc relays is sacrificed for ensuring greater safety by the
action of an up stream dt-relay pre-empting a down-stream ioc relay

2.7.1.5 RP-4 at incomer CB of Evac-BUS- at MSS; data

It may be noted from SLD that the evacuation bus at MSS evacuates radially both
TG-power as well as grid power to the load-stations-stations, irrespective of mode of
operation, solo by CPP, or solo by GRID or by parallel operation of CPP & GRID.

Hence procedure is same but different fault-currents have to be calculated for each
mode and taken in to account at each RP

0.5 sec fault current =15410 A;

trip-time needed = 0.85 at MSS- ogf+ 0.25 =1.1s vide tab 2.7.0 col-3.1

Minimum current setting for relay operation recommended =3300A .The CT

ratio 3000 / 1 A; hence PSM at 0.5 sec= 15410 / 3300 = 4.67

0.02
TMS = ( 4.67 -1) x 1.1 / 0.14 = 0.25.

2.7.1.6 CPPto- Evac bus feeder through RP-3 at 6.6 kV CPP-bus

CT-ratio 3000 / 1 and current setting chosen is 3300 A;

Op-time required same as at other end evac- bus = 1.1 sec

Fault current at 0.5 sec through OG CB from CPP-bus =15545 A; PSM =

15545 / 3300 = 4.71

from this we get TMS =0.25 at which the relay will operate in 1.1 s for a fault-
current of 15545 A and at a current setting of 3300A

2.7.1.7 RP-2 at the Bus-coupler between CPP-buses for the 2 TG-sets and 502; the
bus-coupler should act faster than either incomer to the 2 buses

* CT ratio=3000/1, current-setting=3000A, PSM =15550/3000=5.18 ; required op-

time=1.1+0.25=1.35s from this data TMS ratio works out to 0.32

Page 2 - 57
2.7.1.8 Relay Point RP-1 on the incomer to CPP-bus

CT ratio 3000/1A; Fault current through CB at 0.5 s = 15545 (case-1 SC); The
current setting recommended 3600 A for current grading purposes as CPP-
bus has a Bus Zone relay protection and ds- faults are cleared by several relays
enroute. PSM = 15545 /3600 = 4.32

Operating time required = 1.35s at bus-coupler + 0.25 =1.6 sec as per table 2.7;
0.02
Hence TMS= 1.6x (4.32 -1) / 0.14 =0.34

Results of above calculations are tabulated in col 3.1 of combined Table-2.7.1.-

2.7.3, which contains the results of all the 3 exercises 2.7.1 to 2.7.3 in columns 3.1,
3.2 and col 4.2 respectively

The current settings, max-load-current on feeder , 0.5 sec fault-current, CT

ratio etc are furnished in table 2.7..1

Exercise 2.7.2: In this exercise all parameters are same as in ex 2.7.1 of CPP
feeding islanded plant above, but in addition the TTG =0 between the RPs 7 &8 on both
sides of the 6. / 0.415 kV transformer .Refer col.3.2 of combined table 2.7.1 / 2.7.2, / 2.7.3
for results of ex.2.7.2

Exercise 2.7.3: The power grid EB paralleled with the TG- sets at the CPP and
there after radial feeders emanate from CPP bus to feed the plant. The results are in
column 4.2 of comparison table for the 3 exercises 2.7.1 to 2.7.3

2.7.4. Is mal gradation of TTG quickly discovered?

In a cabled system without overhead lines, faults are so rare that mal-gradation of trip-time-
gaps are discovered only after a few years after commissioning unless the mal-gradation is
very acute. Greater concern is felt by some designers for TTG gradation than for faster
clearance by DT relays which involve an occasional out-of-turn-trip, a lesser evil

Page 2 - 58
Page 2 - 59
Page 2 - 60
Comparison of TMS settings required in relays with equation as per col-3 and TMS
settings required vide column 4 for L& T MAKE IMP relays for achieving. The
same Operation-timings as per column-1. this is based on exercises in para 2.9.1 in
subsequent paras
Selected Ex 2.9.1.2 Ex 2.9.1.4
Col-1
operation time
TMS calculated TMS calculated as per
for a trip-time
as per equation equation
interval of 0.35
seconds TMS= t x TMS= t x PSM
between the PSM
(10 -1)
several RPs
col-
Col-2 Col-3

RP-6 0.4 s 0.15 0.46

RP-5 0.4+0.35 =0.75 s 0.3 0.89

RP-4 0.75+ 0.35 =1.1 s 0.49 1.45

RP-3 1.1 + 0.1 =1.2 s 0.51 1.50

RP-2 1.2 + 0.35 = 1.55 0.49 1.46

s

RP-1 1.55 + 0.35 = 1.9s 0.60 1.79

2.8.1.1 Time coordination ( bus-MFC method-1): fault current-flow thro RPs not
available ; only total short-circuit current level at each of the buses
associated with RPs are available and taken as currents through RPs

Bus-MFC-METHOD-1; If the s,c-analysis has been done along without load-flow

analysis on software, then actual currents through two successive RPs are not available in
the output, when a fault is applied just beyond the downstream point. Only the total fault
current at each bus is available and taken as current through any of the RPs associated
with the bus . refer para 2.3.3.1.a / b for the extent of error involved in this approach

Time-setting or time-multiplier-setting at each RP- is decided on basis

of maximum fault current as seen at the associated bus of that RP for a fault at that
bus in short-circuit analysis, irrespective of the maximum fault currents seen at
upstream and downstream points. The time-setting or TMS at points RP-1, RP-2, RP-3
etc are worked out on basis of maximum fault currents seen at the associated buses of the
Page 2 - 61
RP points, namely Imf1, Imf2, Imf3 etc, irrespective of the maximum fault currents
calculated for other points.
The trip- time- gap between two successive RPs is referred to as CTI (certain-time
interval) in ANSI-IEEE standards. It can be seen from figure 2.9.2.2 that if 0.25 second TTG
(CTI ) is set at maximum fault currents for faults at respective associated buses, then the
actual TTG achieved at lower fault current is 0.25 s + an additional margin.

In the figure 2.8.1.1,ordinate DH6 is the TTG set as 0.25 seconds between the two
RPs 5 and 6. But when fault current magnitude is I MF6, the actual TTG obtained is DH6 +
m6 where m6 is the additional margin which is not desirable

Once the TTG (CTI ) is set at the maximum fault current, then the TTG will be
unavoidably larger than the set value, if the actual fault current through the RP is
lower than the maximum fault current at which TTG / TMS was calculated. This is
because the curves converge as the current increases and diverge as the current
decreases. This can be seen in figure 2..9.2.3 and 2.9.2.4.

2.8.1.2 ANSI-IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Current through RP( IEEE-method); IEEE METHOD: To eliminate this additional margin
of m6 the ANSI-IEEE recommended practice shown in figure 2.8.1.2 may be adopted. This
will ensure that at , the TTG is as set, with no redundant margin.
The procedure for obtaining the fault current through each RP is as below using a
composite software for analysis of s.c / load flow / transient stability studies

Apply the fault in the software simulation at the OG feeder-side terminal of the RP6
and note the currents IF6 through RP6 and IF5 through RP5

Choose the lower of the two values. In a radial feeder without bus-couplers, current
through RP6 will be lower than current through RP5. Hence workout the TMS of RP6
and RP5 at a current of IF6 as it is lower than IF5

Then apply a fault at og-feeder-side terminal of RP5 and note the fault currents through
RP4 and RP5 indicated by the software simulation. Now workout the TMS for RP4
alone at the revised value of IF5, which will be different than the earlier value of IF5,
mentioned above as the point of application of fault is different. In the same way
workout the TMS at RP3 at IF4 , TMS of RP2 at IF3 and TMS of RP1 at IF2

Wherever there is a transformer between 2 RPs, the TFC through the transformer will be
the basis of TMS calculation Gradation-Time generally increases above set values of TTG
or CTI when a lower fault-current flows through RP-1, RP-2, RP-3, RP-4 and RP-5 at TMS -
settings worked out at maximum fault levels or maximum through fault currents.
Page 2 - 62
TABLE 2.8.1.1 FAULT CURRENT AT WHICH TMS & TTG / CTI are to be
worked for a radial feeder with 6 RPs as in ex- 2.9
RP fault current at which TMS is to be worked

Bus-MFC-Method IEEE-Method 2 using software

2.8.1.1. Total Fault for fault-current flow through the
current at the RP, taking 2 RPs at a time vide
associated bus 2.8.1.2

RP-6 Imf6 Imf6

RP-5 Imf5 Imf6

RP-4 Imf4 Imf5

RP-3 Imf3 Imf4

RP-2 Imf2 Imf3

RP-1 Imf1 Imf2

m6-h6, m5-h5, m4-h4 are additional unwanted margins

Page 2 - 63
Fig 2.8.1.2 IEEE recommended practice of TTG gradation for IOCrelays

Even if the fault currents through RPs are not in ascending order as in fig 2.8.1.1,
the procedure holds good even if fault current through ds-RP is higher than that of
upstream RP

Page 2 - 64
Fig 2.8.1.3 ; fault current through ds-RP is higher than the fault current through us-
RP
Even then IEEE PROCEDURE OF taking 2 successive RPs at a time and working out
TMS for both RPs at lower of the two maximum fault currents through these two
points, still holds good

2.8.2.1: Trip-time-gap (TTG ) or certain--time-interval (CTI) is higher at lower fault

current than the TTG that was set at higher fault current.

But if MFC is higher through downstream RP than the MFC through US-RP ( which
happens when bus-coupler between 2 incomers is closed ), then TTG is lower than the
value set at MFC. It can be seen from figure 2.9.2.4, that AC is the actual TTG set at 0.35s,
but the TTG is reduced to AC CD = AD for a fault seen by both RPs. This problem is
less serious if IEEE procedure vide 2.8.1.2 OR 2.1.8.3 is followed

This happens when the bus coupler between two incomers are closed or when ds-sources
contribute large currents to the fault. Then at the DS-RP, the MFC is higher than the MFC
at the US-RPs.

Page 2 - 65
2.8.2.1 . Gradation time when mfc at DS-RP is higher if 2.8.1.1 is adopted ; but if
IEEE procedures vide 2.8.1.2 or 2.8.1.3 are followed this is less of a problem

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fig 2.8.2.2 gradation-time achieved when MFC is lower at ds- RP than that of the us-RP but if
IEEE procedures vide 2.8.1.2 or 2.8.1.3 are followed this is less of a problem

Page 2 - 66
2.8.3.1 EF settings from 1.6 MVA transformer upwards

2.8.3.1 There is no need for TTG coordination between EF-RELAYS OF 415 V system
with the EF-relays of 6.6 kV system

As the 1.6 MVA transformer is a Dy-Connected transformer ,the earth faults on 415 v
system are seen as ph-to-ph faults by the 6.6 kV delta-connected windings of the 1.6
MVA transformer . Hence the 6.6 kV RP will not see any EF- on the 415 system .
Hence the TTG coordination starts only from 6.6 kV RP of 1.6 MVA TR

2.8.3.2 The EF-levels are nearly same from CPP to transformer RP

Compared to the 3.81 ohm resistance of the 6.6 kV NGR, the 6.6 kV cable
resistances are negligible

Hence the EF-levels may be assumed to be the same everywhere in the 6.6
kV system at 1000 A ( 6.6 kV / 1.732) volts/ 3.81ohms=1000 A)

As the current available is too low for IOC-operation, we can skip IOC
operation and choose the DT-option. It is possible to select IOC mode for o/c relays and DT
mode for EF relays . Delayed EF-trips cannot destabilise TG sets due to the low EF-
levels

2.8.3.3 The current settings in primary amps and low-set DT> settings
recommended for EF- relays;

High-set EF-DT >> settings are not needed for the low fault level of 1000A
; DT > setting is needed only for 1.6 MVA tr EF-relay
Table2.8.3.3 for DT >EF-relay settings IOC BLOCKED FROM EF-RELAYING

EF-DT -current setting EF-DT-time

6.6 kV relaying point
I in CT primary amps setting
1 1.6 MVA TR-RP I > at 50 amps DT > 0.1 s
2 SS-INCOMERS I > at 100 Amps DT> 0.35 S
3 MSS-to-SS feeders I> at 100 A DT > 0.35 sec
4 Incomers to evac-bus
I> at 150 A DT > 0.6 sec
at mss-
5 Ogf at CPP BUSES to
I > at 150 A DT > 0.6 s
evac-buses at MSS
6 For BC between bus-
I> at 150 A DT > 0.85
b2 and b12 at CPP-
7 For incomers to CPP
BUSES. Bus-zone
I> at 200 amps DT 1.1 sec
protection is available
for this CPP bus

Page 2 - 67
Fig S.L.D 2.9.1 vide tables 2.9.0 / 2.9.1.1 / 2.9.1.2 / 2.9.1.3 / 2.9.1.4

Page 2 - 68
SOLUTION FOR EXERCISE 2.9.1.1 / 2.9.1.2. This sld-layout 2.9.1 is different from
that of exercises 2.7.1 to 2,7,3

Exercise 2.9.1 (Refer SLD 2.9.1) Grid Feeding The Plant ; No Captive Power;
Electromechanical / Electromagnetic Relays

2.9.1.1; Exercise.2.9.1.1 vide column-3.1 of table 2.9.

Plant is fed by grid. the results are tabulated in table 2.9.1.1 .also refer SLD
2.9.1
Electromechanical relays and TTG of 0.35 seconds everywhere excepting between
RP-4 & RP-3 where 0.1 TTG is adopted for first fault annunciation vide table 2.9. and
2.9.1.1; TMS rounded to 0.05 for relays where TMS can be set only in steps of 0.05 ;
due to rounding up TMS values the time settings of col 3.1 get raised proportionately

2.9.1.2 ; Exercise 2.9.1.2 vide col-3.2 of table 2.9.0 ; plant fed by grid same as ex-1.
SLD is the same as for ex-1, except for the following parameters

Electromech relays ;TTG =0.35s between all successive RPs including RP-3 and
RP-4 ; TMS ratio is correct to 0.01 and not rounded to next 0.05 ; hence the time
settings of col -3.2 of table 2.9.0 remain undisturbed ;

Exercise 2.9.1.3 ; All data same as exercise 2.9.1.1 except that the TMS ratios are
worked out at a fault-current of 10 times the current setting or plug-setting current.
Table 2.9.1.3 is a part of table 2.9.1.1 sharing common data

Exercise ;2.9.1.4 ; All data same as exercise 2.9.1.2 but TMS ratio is worked out for a
static relay selected for a different equation / characteristics, Refer comparison table
2.9.1.2 / 2.9.1.4 in page 60

Table 2.9. Selection of trip-timings for the relays at various points for 3 alternatives
outlined in paras above, vide table 2.9 below

a) selected Trip-time for all other OG-feeders off the main 6.6 kV bus at mss will have
to be same as that of RP-3 namely 1.8 0.35 = 1.45 seconds for col-3.1 conditions
except for thermal over-load -relays of HV motors

b) Similarly trip-time for all OG feeders at the bus fed by the incomer- CB of LCSS -4
will have to be same as that of RP-5 namely 0.75 seconds for col 3.1

Page 2 - 69
c) Similarly for col- 3.2 , once the trip time is chosen for the incoming CB and one
outgoing feeder CB at a bus , then for all other OG feeders at the same bus will
have to be the same except for motor feeders which have a thermal over current
protection backed by fault protection
d) Regarding DT /instantaneous releases of the CB s of 415 volt system, refer to
para 2.7.1.1 which is applicable to RP6 of ex 2.9 also

TABLE-2.9 RELAY OPERATING TIMES CHOSEN from which the TMS ratios
are calculated and derived
TTG 0.1s between RP-3&4; 0.35s for
other RPs. electro mech-relays used
Col-2
Col-1 Col 3.1 ; Col 3.2
exercise 2.9.1,1 EX 2.9.1.2& 2.9.1.3
TMS set correct to
TMS correct to 0.05
0.01
Trip -Time needed
1 at PCC incomer RP- 0.4 s 0.4s*
6
Trip-time needed at
6.6 kV side 0.4+0.35 =0.75 s 0.4*+.35= 0.75s
2
RP-5 of TR
Trip-time at RP-4
3 0.75+.35 =1.1 s 0.75+.35 =1.1 s
LCSS incomer
Trip time at MSS
4 1.1+0.1=1.2 s * 1.1+0.1=1.2 s *
OG feeder RP-3
Trip-time at MSS
5 1.2+0.35=1.55s 1.2+0.35=1.55s
incomer RP-2
Trip-time at EHV
6 side of power tr RP- 1.55+.35 = 1.9 s 1.55+.35 = 1.9 s**
1
** OPERATION-TIME should not exceed 2 seconds as the TFC-withstand capability is
2 seconds at TFCmax when the fault is on secondary terminals or bus.

* The TTG of 0.1 between RP-3 and RP-4 can help if there is first-fault-
annunciation feature out of a group of faults ;

2.9.1,1 exercise 2.9.1.1 ;

TMS can be set correct to 0.01. The results of this case vide row 7 of table
2.9.1.1 and also shown in col-5 of comparison table 2.9.1.2 / 2.9.1.4

Page 2 - 70
The step-by-step calculations for arriving at TMS values, are not provided here FOR
EXERCISE 2.9.1.1 as these are exactly similar to exercise 2.7 / table 2.7

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 2.9.1.2
All data same as ex 2.9.1.1 except that TMS has to be rounded to next higher
step of 0.05 for relays on which TMS can be set only in steps of 0.05

STEP-BY-STEP-calculations for exercise 2.9.1.2 are provided below as TMS

calculations are worked twice as the first value of TMS obtained has to be revised
and rounded correct to 0.05

Detailed calculations for column 3.2. case-2 of table 2.9. ; TMS rounded to 0.05. As
0.5 sec fault currents are not available, interruption duty sym currents are taken in to
account ; in the IOC- relay chosen,

It is to be noted that ex 2.7 and ex 2.9 cover two different plants and not the same
plant. Layout of Fig 2.7.1 has local captive generator ; in system 2.9 there is no local
generator

2.9.1.2 Detailed workout of ex2.9.1.2 refer fig 2.9 starting from tail-end 415 v system
RP at pcc incomer and working up to the supply-point RP on the 132 v side of the
transformer

a) Pcc-incomer RP 6; Relay point-6 (415V-bus) vide SLD / 2.9.1 (2500/5,

5P15CT, PS 100% at 2500A).
The incomer-CB of the pcc-bus will also have thermal and S.C-releases .
The instantaneous release of pcc-incomer-CB can be set at 10 times the IOC-setting
of 2.5 kA. Hence the IOC-relay discussed below is only a back up relay, which is
sometimes omitted for smaller transformers
But if an IOC relay is chosen, then the following calculations apply
The maximum through-fault current TFC through 1600kVA transformer of
impedance 6.25 %, = 1600 x 100/6.25 = 25600 kVA. ( 34130 amps)
Corresponding 6.6kV side current = 34.13 x 433/6600 = 2.24kA
Current settings in terms of CT primary=2500 amp and
The PSM at RP-6 at TFC = 34130 / 2500 = 13.6
The desired operating time at RP-6 is 0.4 second
Adopting a normal standard curve, the operating time of 0.4 at PSM of 13.6 needs
a TMS-ratio as calculated from the equation mentioned in step-4 for the standard inverse
curve where alpha = 0.02 and beta=0.14
TMS =( operation-time t ) x (psm -1) /

Page 2 - 71
 0.02
hence TMS =0.4x (13.6 -1) / 0.14 = 0.15

b) RP-5 ( 6.6kV side of 1600 kVA TR ) ps =150A, 200 / 5A,5P-30 CT, Fault-
level=20kA

The IOC-relay at RP-5 on the upstream side of transformer has to be coordinated

with RP-6 on the LV-side, neither at its maximum fault level, nor at its CT-saturation
level, but at the TFC as seen on 6.6 kV side of the transformer at rp-5 for a fault on
415V Bus, as this a backup for rp-6.

The downstream fault, if not cleared by rp-6, will have to be cleared by RP -5 in

0.40 + 0.35 = 0.75 second, assuming a discrimination / gradation time of 0.35 sec between
successive relaying points for electromechanical relays

- PSM at RP-5 at TFC of 2.24kA of 6.6kV system-current corresponding for a fault

on 415 V bus.
- =2240 / 150=14.9 ( as the plug setting is 150A in primary terms)
0.02
Hence TMS = ( Operating time required ) x (psm 1) /0.14
0.02
= 0.75 x (14.9 1) / 0.14 = 0.30

c) RP-4 ( 6.6 kV incomer to LCSS, 1000/5, 5P20- CT and ps =100% at 1000A)

Imax = 20kA but Ial is also at=1000 x ALF= 20kA.

Hence settings will be worked at 20kA for an operating time of0.75+0.35= 1.1s
P.S = 1000A, and PSM = 20000/1000 = 20
From above data, TMS works out to 0.48 as per equation
.
(in relays where TMS can be set only in steps of 0.05, this setting of 0.48 must
be rounded up to next higher step of 0.50). Due to rounding of TMS from 0 .48 to
0.50, the operation-time at RP-4 gets revised in direct proportion to TMS.
TRP4 = 1.1 x TMS2 / TMS 1 = 1.1x 0.5 / 0.48 = 1.15 seconds

d) RP-3 (1000/5 CT, 5P20 and PS = 1250A).

Maximum -fault current 22 kA, but IAL= 20 x 1000 = 20kA. Saturation limit is taken
as 20 x 1.2 =24 kA. Hence the lower of the 2 alternatives 22 kA is taken up for time
coordination /gradation. Hence PSM = 22000 / 1250 = 17.6.
As discussed earlier , there is no need to provide a time-gap between the
operation-time of RP-3 and RP-4, However a time gap 0.1 second is provided
for first fault-annunciation out of a group
There is current-grading(psm-grading) between rp-4 ( psm =20) and
rp-3 ( psm =17.6)

Page 2 - 72
 Required operating time at rp-3 = op- time at rp-4 of 1.15+ 0.1=1.25 s.
0.02
Required operating time = 1.25 = required TMS x 0.14 / (psm -1)

From which we get required TMS as 0.53. This has to be rounded up to the
next available setting on the higher side at 0.55. Hence the operation-time at
RP-3 increases proportionately from 1.25 to a higher value.
TRP-3 = 1.25 x TMS2 / TMS1 = 1.25 x 0.55 / 0.53 = 1.3 sec.

e) By similar working the TMS at RP-2 ( 6.6 kV side transformerCB, incomer to 6.6
kV main bus) at MSS, is rounded at 0.55 at TFC of 17.5 kA

f) similarly the TMS at RP-1 on 132 kV side of transformer works out to the rounded
value of 0.70 at TFC of 0.875 kA
The above results for data vide column 3.2 case-1 of table 2.9.0 are tabulated
in table 2.9.1.2 ROW-8

2.9.1.3 Would it help if time-discrimination /coordination is worked out at 10 times

the current setting at each location instead of at maximum-fault level /
maximum through fault current (case-B vide row 8.a to 8.e of table
2.9.1.3:TMS can be set in steps of 0.01

Setting TTG at 10 times the current setting of the IOC element.

An extract from chapter-14 of IEEE standard 242 of 1986 states in Para 14.2.2. is reproduced
here.

When coordinating inverse time over current relays, the time interval is usually 0.3 0.4 s.
This interval is measured between relays in series either at the instantaneous setting of the
load side feeder circuit breaker relay or the maximum short-circuit current, which can flow
through both devices simultaneously, whichever is the lower value of current.

On basis of this, TMS was calculated at the instantaneous setting current of 10

times the IOCcurrent setting , vide row 8 of common able 2.9.1.2 / 2.9.1.3. This
suggestion appears to have been withdrawn in the 2001 version chapter-15.

ANSI / IEEE-242 o permits calculation of TMS at the current setting of the high-set
instantaneous relay-50 at relaying point. Above this high-set point, IOC-relay will be
pre-empted by the 50 instantaneous relay which takes over protection above the
transition point and hence TMS -coordination has to be set only up to this point
Further beyond this point, current grading with adjustable definite time relays with its
inherent limitations can be adopted for segregating the high-set relays at the two points

Page 2 - 73
This exercise is taken up to see whether it would lead to better time-gradation if TMS-
settings are worked out at 10 times the current setting at each point instead of at maximum
fault currents or at through fault currents

a) at RP-6 the ratio TMS 6 required at PSM of 10 (10 x 2.5 = 25 kA ) to get operation-
time 0.4 seconds
0.02
TMS 6 = (PSM -1) x operation-time required / x 0.4 / 0.14 =0.15
b) Similarly TMS-at RP5 = 0.30
c) Similarly TMS at RP-4 , , RP 3, RP 2, RP 1 are worked out as 0..37,
0.40, 0.52, 0.64 respectively and the corresponding operation-times are 0.4 s,
0.75 s, 1.10 s, 1.2 s, 1.55 s, 1.9s respectively at the respective fault-currents of
the plug /current setting vide row-5 0f tab 2.7.1.1 common to the other 2 tables
2.9.1,2 and 2.9.1.3
The results are tabulated vide row 9.a to 9.d of table 2.9.1.3

The gradation time obtained at maximum fault currents (with the TMS derived
at 10x ps amps set in service ) will be lower than the Gradation- time TTG set
between relay-points at lower fault currents of at 10 x ps amps)

Refer to row 8.a to 8.d of combined table 2.9.1.1 / 2.9.1.3 for TMS ratios derived at
a fault current of 10 x current setting. When these TMS settings are in service, if more
severe faults ( >10x ps) occur, then the TTG values decrease below the values arranged at
10 x ps amps . A perusal of row 8..a to 8.d of tab 2.9.1.3 demonstrates this

Hence the need arises to study the tripping time, when a lower but same common
current is flowing through the successive relaying points. This is made possible by the
relay-coordination curves where all the' fault- current versus operating time' curves for all
relaying points are drawn on the same graph for easy visual inspection. The curve for
each relaying point must be on the basis of the particular TMS-ratio selected for that
point. vide ex2.10

2.9.1.4 The exercise is repeated using a relay with a different equation as in para
2.5.5 but data as per first 5 rows of data table 2.9.
eq operating time t = TMS x (10 -1) / (PSM -1).

Comparison of results of 2 of exercise 2.9.1.2 with that of 2.9.1.4 is provided

in page 60

Page 2 - 74
Page 2 - 75
Page 2 - 76
Page 2 - 77
Page 2 - 78
2.9.2; Comparison table for results of exercises 2.9.1.1 /2.9.1.2 / 2.9.1.3 / 2.9.1.4

The operating times in column-1 for the transformer RP are not admissible as the
timings are too close or above the permissible limit of 2 sec at current of TFC

Operating time at the set value of TMS for the 6 RPs of ex 2.9.1.1 to 2.9.1.3. refer to
respective tables for the currents at which the TMS is derived

Ex no RP1 RP2 RP3 RP4 RP5 RP6

t / TMS t / TMS t / TMS t / TMS t / TMS t / TMS

Ex-2.9.1.1 1.9s/0.6 1.55s/ 0.49 1.2s/0.51 1.1s/0.49 0.75s/0.3 0.4s/0.15

Ex-2.9.1.2 2.2s / 0.7 1.75s / 0.55 1.3s/0.55 1.15s/0.5 0.75s/0.3 0.4s/0,15

Ex-2.9.1.3 1.9s / 0.64 1.55s / 0.52 1.2s/0.4 1.1s/0.37 0.75/0.25 0.4s/ 0.13

Ex 2.9.1.4 1.9s/1.79 1.55 s /1,46 1.2s/1.50 1.1s/1,45 0.75/0.89 0.4s/0.46

Answer to exercise 2.9.1.4 is in page-60

2.9.3 draw backs of this type of TTG-co ordination

Consider 6 relaying points in a row, starting with relay-point RP-1 upstream at 132kV with
radial feed going downstream through CBs at RP-2, RP-3, RP-4, RP-5 all in 6.6kV system,
and RP-6 at 415V as in the above exercise 2.9.1. if the trip-time at RP-6 for through fault
current of 34.13 kA is set at 0.4 s, and TTG of 0.35 s is adopted, then we reach RP-1 the
upstream most point at 132 kV where the required trip-time at its through fault current of
875A, is 2.15 seconds and corresponding TMS setting is 0.7

This TMS -setting of 0.7 is not acceptable for a 5kA fault on 132 kV system. When a 5kA,
1143 MVA fault occurs on 132 kV terminal of the transformer / bus, it is seen at a psm of
5000/ 100A = 50. With the TMS setting at 0.7, the fault on 132 kV bus will be cleared in the
operating time of
0.02
=( 0.7 x 0.14 ) / (50 -1 ) = 1.19 seconds
which is high for a 5kA, 1143 MVA fault, from the system stability point of
view, though this current does not pass through the transformer . TFCmax on 132 kV
side through transformer is only 0.9 kA for a terminal 3-phase-short on 6.6 kV
secondary, which the transformer can withstand for 2 sec. Refer para 2.4.2 / 2.4.3

Hence IOC relays alone are not adequate for coping up with higher fault
currents and ioc -relays have to be supplemented with instantaneous or adjustable
definite time relays for fault-currents in excess of 6 to 10 times the current setting
depending on the equipment protected
Page 2 - 79
 The TMS-ratios were worked out, not for any common fault current passing thro' all
the points but for either the maximum fault current (at RP-3 and 4 )or for transformer-
through- fault current at RP-1& RP-2, and RP-5&6

This gradation is not at the same fault-current seen by all the relays but for different
maximum currents seen by the relays. This is the main source of unavoidable inaccuracy
which necessitates a TTG of 0.25 sec, though the CB fault-clearing time, overshoot of
upstream relay etc add up to less than o.1 second in many cases in this approach.

The solution can be

a) either to have instant-relays at RP-1 and RP-5 which are on HV side of
transformers vide ex-2.9.1.1 / 2.9.1.2

b) or to have adjustable DT relays at RP-3 with 0.5s setting at 10 times the

IOC -current setting at RP-3 so that at higher currents of 10 times the IOC
setting , the DT relay takes over the operation, pre empting the slow IOC
relay.

c) It is a lesser evil to lose a LCSS by an out-of-turn tripping, than subject the MSS to
a heavy fault, cleared in higher time due to rigid time-coordination adopted for
tripping-in-turn.

The down-stream faults are stopped at MSS- and prevented from causing further up-
stream trippings. One LCSS is sacrificed so that the MSS and the other LCSSs are
saved from cascade tripping

2.10.0 Relay Co-ordination (referred to as time-coordination, time-discrimination,

Time Grading, trip-time-gap etc)
The time-margin provided between the operation of one relay and the operation of
the next upstream relay, when the same fault-current passes through them, is referred to by
several names such as discrimination-time, gradation-time, coordination-time trip-time-
gap , trip-time-interval etc. All these terms denote the same time-interval

Refer to exercise vide para 2.9.1.1 and fig 2.9.1 for a detailed workout of time-
coordination between 6 relaying points located in 132, 6.6 kV, and 0.415kV systems with
two transformers (132 / 6.6 and 6.6 / 0.415 kV ) connecting the three systems.

The TMS ratio for these six IOC-relays on a radial feeder with single end feed,
should be so worked out and set, that in the event of a fault at any point, only the
nearest upstream breaker trips without the CBs further upstream tripping. For

Page 2 - 80
example, if RP-3 and RP-2 are not properly coordinated, RP-2 may trip along with RP-3 for
fault in one ss covered by RP-3 and shut down the whole plant unnecessarily, instead of
shutting down only one section covered by RP-3

For easier solution, the same type of gradient should be selected as far as
possible (the equations of the relays, as per table 2.0.1, may be the same. This may
not always be possible when the final point controls a thyristor bank, capacitor bank
etc requiring special characteristics.

In the case of inverse over current relays, a trip-time-interval of 0.2 to 0.35 seconds
is to be ensured in the operating times of IOC-relays at any two successive relaying points,
which see the same fault-current. The TTG will depend on type of relay, CB clearing time,
accuracy possible in relay settings ,TMS steps etc

This time-gap of 200 to 350 ms allows for the CB-opening and arc quenching
time of the downstream CB, the relay over-travel of the relay further up, safety
margin etc, so that only the nearest upstream CB trips and the next CB further up
does not trip .

Hence the time co-ordination between two successive relaying points is to be

achieved by altering the TMS ratio at the two relaying points. If the CT ratio or the current
setting at the two points differs, then a time discrimination by "Current Grading or CSM-
grading" is achieved even if the TMS setting is identical at the two points. This is so
because for a given fault current, the PSM or csm varies with the change in CT ratio or
current setting. Even if the plug setting remains the same for both relaying points, the
primary current setting differs because of the different CT-ratios.

However the time-gradation exercise is not worked out at the same common
current flowing through all RPs , but worked out at different maximum fault currents
or maximum through fault currents at different relay-points,

The main tool for time-gradation is TMS setting. Current-grading is only

incidental as current setting is intended mainly to match the FLC of the protected
equipment except for allowing short-time overloading of equipment if allowed as in the case
of the transformers

If the fault current is in excess of CT saturation level, the actual secondary current
will not be proportional to the primary current and it could be much lower than the
calculated converted value (primary current / CT ratio) , depending on the extent of
saturation.. Hence the actual ratio of IF / IS seen by the relay is lower than the

Page 2 - 81
calculated ratio of PSM. Hence the calculated operating time would be lower than the
actual operating time thus erring on the wrong side.

2.10.1 Steps for drawing the Relay coordination curves. Refer figure /2.10.1 and /
coordination-table 2.10.1.

a). Calculate the trip-time for 6 values of fault currents at a RP all at the same TMS
/PS selected for the particular RP as in table 2.10.1.

Fig 2.10.1 Time co-ordination curves for six RPs in exercise 2.9.1.1 radial feed from
grid. ( table 2.10.1)

b) For example if the fault level at the relaying point RP-4 is 20 kA and if the current
setting on the relay is 1000A ), then the six fault currents on the current vs trip-
time curve for RP-4, should be spaced between 2x 1000A=2 kA and 20kA and

Page 2 - 82
 tripping time is to be calculated for these 6 currents . Refer row-4 of table 2.1 for
RP-4. The trip-time should be calculated for 2kA, 6kA, 10kA, 14kA, 17kA, and
20kA all at the same TMS and plug / current-setting selected for RP-4 .The
time- curve for RP-4 is obtained by connecting all these points. Refer to the
coordination table 2.10.1

c) Similarly draw curves for RP-1, RP-2, RP-3 etc up to RP-6, the X-axis is graduated
in terms of equivalent 6.6 kV system amperes in the case of RP-1 in 132 kV system
and in the case of RP-6 in the 415 v system
.
d) For RP-1, the fault currents must be multiplied by 20 to arrive at equivalent
6.6 kV system currents. But the operating times are calculated for the actual
magnitude of currents at 132 kV

e) For RP-6, the currents on the operation-time curve should be converted to

equivalent 6.6 kV system currents. The curve has to be drawn calculating the trip-
time for 5kA, 10kA, 15kA , 20kA ,25kA and 30kA as per equation. These currents
of 415-v faults have to be converted to equivalent 6.6kV system currents. The first
point 5kA is converted to 5 x 0.415 / 6.6 = 0.314kA.

The trip-time for 5 kA is shown in the graph as trip-time for 0.314 kA of 6.6kV system.
Similarly 10kA is converted to 0.628 kA, 15 kA to 0.942 etc The trip times are calculated at
415v-system magnitudes 5 kA, 10 kA etc at the same ps and TMS settings chosen for RP-
6 and are shown in the graph as trip-time for 0.314 kA , 0.628 etc of 6.6 kV system.
Similarly draw curves for each RP.
This set of curves will reveal abnormalities not detected when we calculate TMS
only at maximum fault levels.
Perfect coordination may result in delayed trips at RP-I, RP-2 etc endangering
the system and components, hence instantaneous relays at RP-1, RP-5, and DT at
RP-3 are needed.

2.10.2 what happens if strict adherence to IOC-time-coordination results in delayed

clearance of severe faults upstream?

ANSI / IEEE std 242 states that the protection requirements are to be accorded
precedence over the requirements of time-coordination.

An occasional nuisance trip is less harmful than a excessively delayed

clearance of a severe fault, delayed by strict adherence to time-gradation.

Page 2 - 83
Page 2 - 84
 An incorrectly graded trip-time-gap setting design is not detected
immediately after commissioning , as faults are rare in a cabled distribution without
OH-lines, unless the TTG gradation is extremely poor

A DT-relay or an instantaneous relay (50) provided upstream to clear severe

faults in excess of 10 times the plug / current setting, may at times act faster than a
downstream IOC relay, upsetting the sequential time-coordination. For example a DT
relay at RP-3 may act faster than the IOC relay at RP-4 at severe faults, which does
not matter as no time-discrimination is needed between RP-3 and RP-4.

Summary : If there are three voltage levels V1 , V2 and V3 in

radial order , then the fault currents of the voltage- systems V1 and V3
can be converted to the equivalent currents at V2, if the number of RPs
are more in the voltage-system V2.
Due to fault-MVA being the same as seen by the three relaying points at different
voltages, The time of operation of the relays is calculated for the actual current
seen by the relay , but shown in the graph as the operating time at an equivalent
current corresponding to the voltage selected as a common base.

Hence the need arises to study the tripping time, when a lower but same
common current is flowing through the successive relaying points. This is made
possible by the relay-coordination curves where all the' fault- current versus
operating time' curves for all relaying points are drawn on the same graph for easy
visual inspection. The curve for each relaying point must be on the basis of the
particular TMS-ratio selected for that point.

2.10.4 Preemptive action of DT-relay at RP-3 overriding IOC-relays

down stream at RP5 of SLD 2.9.1
If the DT-relay at RP-3 with a current setting of 6250A is set below 600 m.s, at
the transition point of 5 times its IOC -current setting ( 5PS ), then the DT-
relay preempt and act earlier than the IOC-RELAY at rp-5.,cutting off its
jurisdiction prematurely. Hence the transition at 10 times the IOCsetting
AT RP-3 is better

Between its setting of 6250A up to certain point, the DT-relay at rp-3 may act
earlier than the IOC-relays downstream at rp-5 This setting is to be reviewed
on the coordination curve.

But this setting of 10 X PS on DT-relay is to be reviewed after studying the

coordination-curve to see whether it will act earlier than any IOC-relay down-
stream. This may have to be permitted.

Page 2 - 85
 .Only the coordination curve can reveal whether the DT-relay has taken over
fully or only over a short range only. After the IOC-Coordination curves are ready,
the study of the curves may result in final decisions

The transition point ( from IOC-to-DT ) determination needs to be based on

examination of coordination curves drawn on basis of gradation at maximum fault-
currents. The above DT-settings have to be reviewed after drawing the relay-
coordination curve and as per discussion below. In general, the combination of IOC+
DT-relays at one location is suitable only at the out-going feeders at MSS and on HV
side of transformers
The practice in Europe excepting UK is to have only DT-relays for OVER
CURRENT for lower voltage systems

2.11 summary

a) Range or span of IOC-operation and the point of takeover by DT-relay, is to

be selected so that the DT-relay does not preempt a downstream IOC except
2
at very high fault-currents endangering the I T safety of equipment ( mainly
transformers ) , if the transformer relay setting at TFC max is too close to 2
seconds vide discussion para 2.4.3

b) The fault currents at the end of 25 cycles / 500ms without dc-components are
to be considered for time-coordination, if DTsetting is above say,300 ms. .
But if DTrelay setting is below about 300 ms , then interruption cycle
currents( sym-rms) may have to be taken in to account for time-coordination.
For 415 v CBs with direct acting s.c releases, first cycle sym-rms currents (
close-on-fault-currents )are to be considered .refer para 2.5.3 for detailed
discussions
c) The bus-coupler should trip faster than the two incomers
d) The motor-starting currents have to be taken into account vide chapter- 4
para 4.4.1 of vol-1 edition-3/ 2002

e). Short time overloading of transformers is to be permitted by the current

setting of IOC-relay. If this is not required, then current-setting of IOC-relay
may be matched with the FLC of the transformer as closely as possible n the
higher side of FLC

2
f) the I T considerations for the safety of the transformer are detailed in para
2.4.3
g) The high set DT element should have setting to over-ride the magnetising in
rush either current wise or time wise with a time setting of at least 150 ms, if

Page 2 - 86
 the max-duration of the charging in-rush of the transformer is not known or
else should over ride current-wise by a setting greater than the inrush.

h) In real practice, if the relay is tested at site using a kit capable of applying a
steady pre-adjusted kit like the CFB KIT of alstom (former EE-GEC KIT), there
will be no discrepancy between the calculated values of the operation
timings and the timings obtained on the Alstom kit, because the calculation
is on basis of fixed steady unvarying pre-adjusted currents and the test
currents injected in to relays are also fixed steady unvarying currents

i) But with respect to instantaneous relays and DT relays set for 0.2s or less,
the 0.1s interruption cycle current is more relevant to be taken in to
consideration
j) Any error has to be on the safe side or safer side than other alternatives

Hence the IEEE STDS permit sacrificing IOC-coordination arranging

perfect TTG / CTI, in the interests of safety. The various factors in procedure
are on the safer side. The TTG is also taken as 0.25s, though CB opening
time, overshoot, reset time, lockout relay operating time etc often add up to
only 150 ms. A margin of 100 ms is added due to these imponderable factors
outlined above.

2.12 Testing & Commissioning of IOCrelays (when there is no

inbuilt test block)
2.12.1 To disconnect a relay from external circuit (from CT and trip connections)
before testing.( when there is no inbuilt test block)

The earlier versions (till recently) were draw-out versions, which can receive
a test plug .The present versions have a internal or external test block where
in the test connections can be inserted.

a) By drawing out the relay, the relay is automatically disconnected from

external circuit and CTs automatically shorted. Then the relay can be
inserted into spare empty relay case and tested. The case contains slide in
contacts, which touch the slide in contacts of the relay when the relay is slid
in. There is a provision in the casing for shorting the CT-inputs when relay is
drawn-out.

b) Or the relay can be disconnected from the external circuit by inserting a 10-
finger Test plug (MPB type) where these fingers are interposed between the
slide in strips of the case and relay. A typical test plug has two rows of

Page 2 - 87
 sliding contacts. The current can be injected through top row of contacts (on
the black side) and trip signal also received from the black side of the plug.
The red side of the plug is connected to the external circuit to which the relay
was connected prior to insertion. CTs are NOT automatically shorted when
test plug is inserted into the relay. Linked wander plugs shall be inserted to
short CTs before inserting the test plug in to the relay.

c) In certain makes the relay is disconnected from the external circuit by knife
switches instead of by slide in contacts. While drawing out the red knife switch
shall be opened at first disconnecting the trip circuit. While plugging in the red knife
switch shall be closed last.

2.12.2 The precautions in testing a relay when the CB feeder is in service

When the relay is drawn out of the case, the incoming leads from the CT are
automatically shorted. But when certain types of test plug are inserted, the CT
circuit will be open circuited unless the red side terminals of the test plug are
shorted by linked wander plugs. The trip contact of the relay terminal Nos 3 & 4
(corresponding terminal Nos. 17 & 18 of test plug black side) stops the timer at the
instant of trip contact closing.
Each manufacturer has his own special non-interchangeable test plug, which must
be studied before commencing tests. A test-plug of a manufacturer suits only their
relays and may have distinct features other than the standard features.

2.12.3 The PSM Vs time graph between PSM of 1 and 2

The X and Y-axis have to be graduated in logarithmic scale as it is not possible to

use a linear scale in A4 or even in A3 or A2 sheet. The range between PSM of 1.3
and PSM of 2 will take up bulk of the page leaving a fraction of the space for the
graph beyond PSM of 2, which is the more important range. The compulsions of
the LOG-LOG scale eliminate the PSM range from 1.3 to 2 on x-axis.

2.13.1 Testing procedures for Primary Injection Tests and Secondary

Injection Tests

The difference between primary and secondary injection

While using the primary injection kit, the current is injected in to the primary side of
the CT connected to the relay, whereas in the secondary injection test, the CT is
bypassed and the current is directly injected into the relay or meters.

The secondary injection kit is a higher voltage kit as it has to inject lower
magnitude secondary currents into relay circuits, which present higher impedance

Page 2 - 88
 than the CT-primary. The primary injection kit is a low voltage kit but with a
high ampere-output range. If a higher voltage kit is used, the kVA rating of the PI-
KIT will go up with consequent problems in transporting the kit to project site for site-
testing. The low voltage-but high current output of the PI kit necessitates very thick
output leads so that the whole voltage is not dropped in the output lead itself

2.13.2 Secondary injection for relays without integral test blocks

Secondary injection can be done using the test plug without removing the feeder
from service. The test plug is designed to isolate all external connections and
injection is to be done through wander plugs (Banana plugs) inserted on the black
side terminals. But this calls for positive shorting of CT connections at the required
Red side terminals (out of 1 to 10 usually 9 and 10 have to be shorted with linked
wander plugs for a single phase relay). The cradle switch will short CT connections,
only when the relay is drawn out but not when test plug is inserted.

These test plugs vary from make-to-make. But the description here is closer to
GEC / EE /ALSTOM INDIA practice

On-line ( in-service) testing

The cover of the case can be removed and test plug can be inserted with red part
terminals towards casing (external circuit) and black part terminals towards the
relay. The test plug cannot be inserted in the wrong way. Study the detailed wiring
diagram of the relay before commencing the tests. After insertion of the MPB test
plug into relay, the current output of the secondary injection kit should be
connected to black side terminals.
The trip signal from the relay is to be taken from appropriate terminals on the black
side and connected to secondary kit for stopping the timer. With 3D vertical and
other cases study the internal wiring and decide the points of injection on the black
side of the plug.

For a 3 phase ganged draw out relay with no individual relay draw-out
feature, refer to the internal wiring diagram of the relay and check the exact CT
connection terminals, which require shorting by linked wander plugs.

When the feeder is off, there is no need to do CT shorting at Red side

terminals of the test plug. However, as a matter of good habit and practice it is
better to have CT shorting links on the RED side of the plug before insertion into
the relay even when feeder is off though such shorting is not needed when CTs
are not in service.

Page 2 - 89
2.13.3 Setting and operating the CFB kit

The ALSTOM CFB type kit consists of 2 parts, the second part housing a
wound type CT called injection transformer. The output of the first power part was
fed to the primary of the injection transformer and the secondary-output of the
latter was injected in to the relay Because of the injection CT the set-value of
current does not drop when relay is cut in to test circuit. The voltage developed by
the injection CT instantaneously develops the higher voltage needed to drive the
set current in to the relay coil, that was suddenly inserted in to the circuit by
opening the short across the relay.

In kits without the injection-output CT, the set-current plummets as

soon as the shorting switch across the relay is opened and then the current
adjustment has to be done all over again with the relay in live test circuit
carrying test current. As this reading will include the current-adjustment time, the
test has to be repeated without disturbing the rheostat settings in the power part.

With low burden static relays, the kpv required for the injection CT s
has come down

Most plant engineers are either unable to persuade the plant

management to go in for the higher cost kit with a output-injection CT and
settle for cheaper kits that do not have this injection CT which alone can
ensure dynamic testing by applying the current abruptly.

Initially the CFB kit output CT (wound type) is kept shorted by a shorting
switch so that all current adjustments are made without the relay being in circuit.
After all adjustments are made, the shorting switch is opened connecting the output
of CT (called the Injection transformer) to the relay.

The insertion of the impedance of the relay into the circuit does not cause a
current drop as the powerful output CT with a high kpv, develops instantly, a higher
voltage required to drive the set current through the impedance of the relay. Earlier
before the short was removed, the set current was circulating through the shorting
switch.
The kits which are not provided with the powerful output injection CT will
experience reduction in the set-current as soon as the relay is inserted into test
circuit and all current-adjustments have to be redone with the relay carrying the
current during pretest adjustments.

Page 2 - 90
 With the advent of low-burden static relays, the need for these
powerful injection CTs with high kpv is reduced and lower kpv can be
provided for these injection CT s
If the output leads are not connected to CFB kit or if the test plug is not
inserted into the relay at the time of changing over the shorting switch to test-
position then the powerful output CT (injection transformer) stands open circuited
and therefore damage could occur if the manufacturer has not provided suitable
remedy for this situation. Always ensure that test plug is in inserted position and the
output leads of the kit are connected to the injection points on the black side of the
test plug.
c) In certain makes the relay is disconnected from the external circuit by knife
switches instead of by slide in contacts. While drawing out, the red knife switch
shall be opened at first disconnecting the trip circuit. While plugging in ,the red
knife switch shall be closed last.

After insertion of the MPB test plug into relay, the current output of the
secondary injection kit should be connected to black side terminals. The trip signal
from the relay is to be taken from appropriate terminals on the black side and
connected to secondary kit for stopping the timer. With 3D vertical and other cases
study the internal wiring and decide the points of injection on the black side of the
plug-contacts. The operating time is to be checked only by a SI kit while a PI kit is
only for circuit polarity & Ratio verifications.

The trip signal from the relay is to be taken from appropriate terminals on
the black side and connected to secondary kit for stopping the timer. With 3D
vertical and other cases study the internal wiring and decide the points of injection
on the black side of the plug.

Page 2 - 91
Fig 2.12/ sheet-1; the scheme for a typical primary injection kit

Page 2 - 92
 Fig 2.12/ sheet-2; the scheme for a typical primary injection kit

2.14.1 The purpose of the primary injection tests

a) To check CT Ratio (but not the accuracy for which primary injection is nor relevant)

b) The correctness of connections between CT and the appropriate relays gets

confirmed.
c) If any CT is connected with incorrect polarity then this is brought out in a phase- to
-phase injection. If an earth fault relay operates during a Ph-to-Ph primary
injection then it indicates incorrect polarity connections with reversal at some CT
terminals.
d) Any open circuit/ loose connections in CT-wiring are also detected during PI-test.
It may be noted that the determination of the operating time of a relay is not the
objective of a PI test though the PI kit may contain a timer measuring the time
interval between commencement of injection and making of trip contacts. The
operating time is to be checked only by a SI kit while a PI kit is only for circuit
polarity & Ratio verifications.

Page 2 - 93
Figure 2.14.2 primary injection tests
Page 2 - 94
2.14.2 The difference between single - phase primary injection and phase-to-phase
injection
When a current is injected into the primary of a CT on one phase only then only
the EF-relay should operate as discussed in the earlier para2.4.2. The
secondary current flows through the OC relay associated with that phase and also
through the E/F relay in the residual circuit. Both may operate depending on the
value of current injected and if the incorrect settings on OC and EF relays are such
that the EF relay fails to pre-empt the OC relay.

But even if EF-relay preempts the phase relay, the phase relay should
be allowed time to operate in addition to EF relay to detect incorrect
setting. To enable the detection of incorrect relay setting, the auto cut off of
power feature need not to be provided for the primary-injection kit.

The phase relay will take more time to operate than the EF relay because
of higher current setting. Hence the auto-cut-off feature will cut off power supply to
the kit as soon as the EF relay operates, without giving time for the over current
relay to operate.

But this single phase injection will not detect CT being connected in
reverse-polarity. But reverse connection of one CT is detected, if EF relay
operates during n phase-to-phase primary injection as per fig2.14.2. Then the
EF-relay should not operate as no current flows through E/F relay and only the
two over-current relays should operate simultaneously if they both have same PS
and TMS settings Only if a CT is reverse connected the EF relay operates during
ph-to-phase injection. One OC- relay may operate earlier depending on the
unequal settings deliberately adopted during testing to ensure operation of
only one OC-relay at a time

2.14.3 CT SATURATION

As the primary current goes on increasing the secondary current output of the CT
goes on increasing till the limit of proportionality (Accuracy limit) is reached. Beyond this
limit the secondary current is not proportionate to primary current. Under severe conditions
of CT core saturation, the current output of the CT secondary may get reduced (though the
primary current increases). The operating time of the relay will be greater than the time
read from the "PSM Vs Operating time" curve of relay.

As RMS ammeters are used, the collapse of the secondary output and the peaked
pulses cannot be read on the ammeter. However the following test will lead to an
understanding of the effect of CT saturation.

Page 2 - 95
a) Conduct the primary injection test and draw the curve "Primary current Vs
Secondary current" (Ip Vs Is). Stop when it levels off
b) Record your inferences and conclusions regarding the effect of CT saturation on
the operating time of the relay

Maximum Operating Time Obtainable At A Particular Value OF CSM /

PSM for relays where TMS setting cannot exceed 1.0
For a particular PSM caused by the fault current or injected current in a lab,
values of operating times exceeding the timings below cannot be set
For example, for a current multiple CSM of 15, operating time greater than
2.51 s cannot be obtained on a normal inverse relay if its TMS cannot be set
beyond 1.0. if a very inverse relay is chosen, then for a PSM /csm of 15,
operating time cannot be set or obtained beyond 0.96 s. In any case such
high operation-time is not permissible for RP s on either side of a
transformer

====================================================================A

ANNEXURE TO CHP-2
Answer to exercise 2.7.4.1 & 2.7.4.2 VIDE PAGE 50 AND FIG 2.7.4 NEXT PAGE
GENERAL APPROACH;
2.7.4 Setting of Directional relays for a ring main emanating and ending
at the same SS

In Ring Main Systems ( REFER FIG 2.7.4.1 / 2.7.4.2 )there are two RPs at each
ring main unit directionalised in opposite directions. If A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H are 8
relaying points around a ring-main distribution network starting at a main station and
ending at the same station, then A& H are the end-point relays

A&B are the incoming and outgoing side relays at Ring-Main Station-1 (
RMS-1) and C&D are relays RMS-2 and E&F are at RMS-3 ,G&H are at RMS-4, Then
alternate relays A, C, E,G are directionalised in the same direction, while the other
set of alternate relays , namely B, D, F, H are directionalised in the opposite
direction.

The TTG coordination has to be set between A, C, E, and G starting from the
main station. Similarly time coordination in the reverse direction is to be done
between H, F, D, and B, If S1, S2, S3 ,S4 are the maximum demands at Ring Main
Stations 1,2,3 ,4 The feeder loads are to be taken as S1+S2+S3+S4 for the two end
stretches ss-1 to RMS-1 and ss-1 to RMS-4. Similarly the max-loading between the

Page 2 - 96
stations and max fault current in either direction at each RMS can be worked out for
setting directional relays.

EX 2.7.4 & FIG 2.7.4 ; At each of the RP s A,B,C & D, the Maximum Fault
Current, MFC in one direction through RP is different from the MFC in the other
direction depending on the location of fault. This would call for different TMS
settings for the two directions of fault current a) when grid alone is feeding plant and
b) when grid iin parallel with TG-2, is feeding system-2 of plant or whole plant,

As there are only 4 RP s on the H.U feeder both ideal solutions are not
practiced.
In smaller plants non-directional IOC units are used. Each RP has one TMS /time
setting for plant-on-grid-alone-mode and another TMS / time setting for grid in-
parallel- with -TG set mode but if the plant is going to be changed frequently
between three modes (plant on-TG mode or plant-on-grid-mode or TG&
grid- in- parallel- mode), then the safest of the 3 modes is adopted, namely the
island-on-grid-mode if the TG shares a greater load than the grid.

Page 2 - 97
 In this set up, the grid will pullout faster and the islanded plant will come fully
on TG set which can survive if a well designed load shedding system is in place.

FIG 2.7.4. FOR TTG setting for the RP s on the HOOK-up feeder from 110 kV bus to
cpp bus via hook-up bus

Page 2 - 98
 But if grid is supplying bulk of the demand and TG sets share is smaller, it
may be wiser to island the plant on the grid rather on the local TG set, after isolation
of the fault. The designer for larger plants may design multiple islands, one each
foreach TG and one island for grid. Sometimes the location of the fault may decide
the islanding and designers islanding and load shedding scheme may not meet the
situation.
This plant under study is rather too small for more elaborate scheme
involving directional over-current relays

EX 2.7.4.1 GRID ALONE FEEDING THE PLANT

RP-A) This RP is at cpp bus connecting hu feeder from bus 303 to bus 12.
A fault at bus b-14 or b-16 or at any downstream point from CPP bus-B12 will be
fed by grid through RP-D to RP-A. Hence RP-A at evacuation bus shall have same time
setting of the incomer CB RP-1 ( 1.1 s at 0.5s current) for feeder between GT-2 of TG 2
and bus-12 in 2.7.4.2 parallel operation MODE. But in exercise-2.7.4.1 solo feeding by
grid, it can have a time setting of 0.3 as b-12 has 87-bz protection

Ex 2.7.4.1 workout and answer table 2.7.4.1

Grid alone is feeding the plant OR SYSTEM-2 alone thro 20 MVA TR-2, with TG
set/sets shut down ; 6.6 kV cable impedances neglected
Relay System PSM ( current setting Operation- TMS
point voltage and multiple)=0.5 s fault time a

=(PSM -1) x t/
0.5s fault current through RP / required at
current current setting 0.5 s fault
through RP- current
RP-A at 6.6 kV / 12 kA 12 / 2.5 = 4.8 0.3 s 0.07
b-12
RP-B at 6.6 kV / 12 kA 12 / 2.5 = 4.8 0.3+01 0.09
b-303
=0.4 s
RP-C -do- -do- 0.4 +0.25 0.15
/T2 CB
=0.65 s
RP-D 110 kV / 0.7 0.7 / 0.125 = 5.6 0.65+0.25 0.23
ON 110 TFC
=0.9 s
kV
SIDE

Page 2 - 99
Exercise 2.7.4.2 table 2.7.4.2
GRID (20 MVA- T2) FEEDING system-2 in parallel with TG 2 which is isolated from TG-1
within the 6.6 kV system, though paralleled on 110 kV system

Relay System voltage PSM ( current setting Operation- TMS

point and 0.5s fault multiple)=0.5 s fault time required a

=(PSM -1) x t/
current current through RP / at 0.5 s fault
through RP- current setting current
RP-A at 6.6 kV / 12 kA 12 / 2.5 = 4.8 1.1 S same as 0.25
b-12
RP-1 of sys-2
RP-B at 6.6 kV / 12 kA 12 / 2.5 = 4.8 1.1 s 0.25
b-303
para2.4.1.1/
2.4.1.2
RP-C /T2 -do- -do- 1.1 +0.25=1.35 s 0.31
CB
RP-D ON 110 kV / 0.7 0.7 / 0.125 = 5.6 1.35 +0.25=1.6 s 0.36
110 kV TFC
SIDE

RP-B) This RP-B is at the other end B-303 of the H.U. feeder between b-12 and
b303. Choosing a time gap of 0.1 s only for first fault annunciation, the trip-time for
RP-B is 0.3 +0.1 =0.4 in 2.7.4.1 and 1.1+0.0 = 1.1 s for case 2.7.4.2 AS TTG =0 is
adopted between RP-A & RPB as per discussion in para-2.4.1.1 and 2.4.1.2 ,
Similarly for RP-C trip-time is 0.4 + 0.25= 0.65 in one mode and for RP-D trip time is
=0.65 +0.25=0.9seconds. refer to tale 2.7.4.1 and 2.7.4.2 for chosen timings for the
other mode

The fault currents furnished are not bus fault levels but current through RP
vide discussion para and fig 2.2.3.4. Neglecting 6.6 kV cable impedances, the
TFC max through RP-A, RP-B and RP-C have all been taken to be the same as
there are no dynamic loads on bus 303. The 0.5 second maximum current
when grid power flows thro 20 MVA tr in to bus b-12 I taken as same for both
cases as the exercise is only for import from grid

The CT-ratios of 110 kV and 6.6 kV side CTs need not be matched. ANSI IEEE
/ 1993 recommends a higher current setting for the upstream side vide IEEE
std 141 para 5.7.21.
There are two exercises (a)EX 2.7.4.1 when grid ALONE is feeding the
plant and (b) EX 2.7.4.2 when grid is feeding the plant in parallel with the two
TG sets.

Page 2 - 100
 This will land us with two sets of TMS values for the two operating modes. It
will be very difficult for the operator to change the settings of the relays RP-A to RP-
D every time the mode of operation changes.

Hence it may be better and practical to adopt the safer of the two sets of
settings, namely the lower of the 2 sets of TMS values of ex 2.7.4.1. This will cause
the grid to separate earlier in the case of a system-2 fault islanding the TG sets
which have to cope up with additional load depending on load-shed schemes and
other provisions.

But if grid is supplying bulk of the demand and TG sets share is smaller, it
may be wiser to island the plant on the grid rather on the local TG set, after isolation
of the fault. The designer for larger plants may design multiple islands, one each for
each TG and one island for grid. Sometimes the location of the fault may decide the
islanding and designers islanding and load shedding scheme may not meet the
situation

Hence the safer setting will be the lower TMS settings calculated If the
settings are changed for grid in parallel with TG mode, the stability may improve
but it will be difficult to predict whether the island shall be left on the grid or on the
TG sets without a properly designed load shedding and islanding scheme in place

Page 2 - 101