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ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. In addition to
Oral anticoagulants the hemodynamic alterations that result from the loss of atrial contraction and the usually high heart rate,
Risk stratification which can lead to the development of heart failure, the main risk of atrial fibrillation is that circulatory
Ischemic stroke stasis in the atrium can cause arterial embolism. It is well known that atrial fibrillation is associated with a
Intracranial hemorrhage marked increase in the risk of arterial thromboembolic events, which are associated with high mortality
and morbidity and have a high risk of recurrence. It has been clearly demonstrated that antithrombotic
therapy with oral anticoagulants is associated with a dramatic decrease in the risk of thromboembolic
events. However, oral anticoagulants significantly increase the risk of major bleeding complications, of
which intracranial hemorrhage is particularly devastating. Therefore, for any patient with atrial fibrillation,
it is essential that a full evaluation of the benefits and risks of anticoagulation, which takes into account
the patients clinical characteristics, is carried out at the start of anticoagulant therapy. Numerous studies
have identified a range of variables that determine the risk of embolism and bleeding associated with
anticoagulant therapy. Various risk stratification systems have been developed using these variables to
calculate the risk of embolism secondary to atrial fibrillation and the risk of bleeding associated with
antithrombotic therapy. In everyday clinical practice, the application of these risk scales is especially
helpful for selecting the best type of therapy for individual patients.
*Autor para correspondencia: Servicio de Cardiologa, Hospital de Sabadell, Parc Taul s/n,
08208 Sabadell, Barcelona, Espaa.
Correo electrnico: jguindos@hotmail.com (J. Guindo Soldevila).
1131-3587/$ - see front matter 2012 Sociedad Espaola de Cardiologa. Publicado por Elsevier Espaa, SL. Todos los derechos reservados.
Documento descargado de http://www.revespcardiol.org el 22/06/2017. Copia para uso personal, se prohbe la transmisin de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
Diabetes mellitus
Tabla 1 Hipertensin arterial
Riesgo de muerte y recurrencia de ictus en funcin de la presencia o ausencia
de fibrilacin auricular en el Framingham Heart Study Disfuncin ventricular izquierda
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Con FA Sin FA
Dilatacin auricular izquierda
Recurrencia de ictus a 1 ao 23% 8% p < 0,001
Infarto de miocardio previo
Mortalidad 30 das tras el ictus 25% 14% OR = 1,84 (IC95%, 1,04-3,27)
Vasculopata arterial perifrica (claudicacin intermitente)
Mortalidad 1 ao tras el ictus 63% 34% p < 0,001
Ateromatosis artica o de troncos supraarticos
FA: fibrilacin auricular; IC95%: intervalo de confianza del 95%; OR: odds ratio.
Enfermedad tiroidea
Reproducido de Lin et al8.
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Tabla 5 Tabla 6
Puntuacin CHA2DS2-VASc y tasa de accidente cerebrovascular Caractersticas clnicas del sistema de puntuacin de sangrado HAS-BLED
Enfoque basado en factores de riesgo expresado como un sistema de E Edad avanzada (> 65 aos) 1
puntuacin con el acrnimo CHA2DS2-VASc
D Frmacos o alcohol (1 punto cada uno) 1o2
Factor de riesgo Puntuacin
Mximo, 9 puntos
Insuficiencia cardiaca o 1
disfuncin sistlica ventricular ACV: accidente cerebrovascular; INR: razn internacional normalizada.
izquierda *Hipertensin se define como presin arterial sistlica > 160 mmHg. Funcin renal
alterada se define como la presencia de dilisis crnica o trasplante renal o creatinina
Hipertensin 1 srica 200 mol/l. Funcin heptica alterada se define como enfermedad heptica
crnica (p. ej., cirrosis) o evidencia bioqumica de trastorno heptico significativo
Edad 75 aos 2
(p. ej., bilirrubina > 2 veces el lmite superior normal, en asociacin con aspartato ami-
Diabetes mellitus 1 notransferasa/alaninaminotransferasa/fosfatasa alcalina > 3 veces el lmite superior
normal, etc.). Sangrado se refiere a historia previa de sangrado y/o predisposicin al
ACV, AIT o tromboembolia 2
sangrado (p. ej., ditesis, anemia, etc.). INR lbil se refiere a valor de INR inestable/
Enfermedad vascular a
1 elevado o poco tiempo en el intervalo teraputico (p. ej., < 60%). Frmacos o alcohol
se refiere al uso concomitante de frmacos, como antiplaquetarios, antiinflamatorios
Edad 65-74 aos 1
no esteroideos, abuso de alcohol, etc.
Categora de sexo (femenino) 1 Adaptado de Pisters et al23.
Puntuacin mxima 9b
Puntuacin CHA2DS2-VASc Pacientes (n = 7.329) Tasa de ACV ajustada En los pacientes con FA no valvular, una vez se ha establecido la
(%/ao) indicacin del tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales segn el riesgo
0 1 0
embolgeno moderado-alto con CHA 2DS 2-VASc (tabla 5), se debe
calcular el riesgo hemorrgico con HAS-BLED (tabla 6). Una puntua-
1 422 1,3
cin HAS-BLED 3 indica riesgo elevado de sangrado con dicumar-
2 1.230 2,2 nicos, por lo que se debe emplearlos con extrema precaucin o valorar
3 1.730 3,2 la posibilidad de otras alternativas teraputicas, como los nuevos
4 1.718 4
anticoagulantes o la oclusin de la orejuela con dispositivos implan-
tables.
5 1.159 6,7
En resumen, la FA es la arritmia cardiaca ms frecuente en la
6 679 9,8 prctica clnica diaria y se asocia a un marcado aumento del riesgo
7 294 9,6 de accidentes tromboemblicos. Est ampliamente demostrado que
8 82 6,7 el tratamiento antitrombtico con anticoagulantes orales se asocia a
un importante descenso del riesgo de accidentes tromboemblicos,
9 14 15,2
pero puede ocasionar un incremento significativo del riesgo de com-
ACV: accidente cerebrovascular; AIT: accidente isqumico transitorio; FA: fibrilacin plicaciones hemorrgicas mayores. Por eso, antes de indicar el trata-
auricular; FEVI: fraccin de eyeccin del ventrculo izquierdo (documentada por eco- miento anticoagulante en un paciente con FA, resulta imprescindible
cardiografa, ventriculografa isotpica, cateterizacin cardiaca, imagen cardiaca por
hacer una adecuada valoracin del beneficio/riesgo del tratamiento,
resonancia magntica, etc.).
a
Infarto de miocardio previo, enfermedad arterial perifrica, placa artica. Las tasas utilizando los mtodos de estratificacin de riesgo de embolia
actuales de ACV en las cohortes contemporneas pueden variar respecto a estos clcu- (CHA2DS2-VASc) y de sangrado (HAS-BLED) segn las recomendacio-
los. nes de la ESC.
b
La mxima puntuacin es 9 porque la edad puede contribuir con 0, 1 o 2 puntos.
Reproducido de Camm et al20.
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