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Chapter 1
Overview
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus normally makeup more
than 99% of the mass of living cells.
Ninety-nine percent of the molecules inside living cells are water molecules.
Cells normally contain more protein than DNA.
Homogenous polymers are noninformational.
All non-essential lipids can be generated from acetyl-CoA.
Like certain amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, various inorganic elements
are dietarily "essential".
Most all diseases in animals are manifestations of abnormalities in biomolecules,
chemical reactions, or biochemical pathways.
All living organisms, from microbes to mam- between cells (e.g., erythrocyte, liver, muscle
mals, are composed of chemical substances or fat cell), they all generally contain a greater
from both the inorganic and organic world, that variety of proteins than any other type of
appear in roughly the same proportions, and macromolecule, with about 50% of the solid
perform the same general tasks. Hydrogen, matter of the cell being protein (15% on a wet-
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and weight basis). Cells generally contain many
sulfur normally make up more than 99% of the more protein molecules than DNA molecules,
mass of living cells, and when combined in yet DNA is typically the largest biomolecule in
various ways, form virtually all known organic the cell. About 99% of cellular molecules are
biomolecules. They are initially utilized in the water molecules, with water normally
synthesis of a small number of building blocks accounting for approximately 70% of the total
that are, in turn, used in the construction of a wet-weight of the cell. Although water is
vast array of vital macromolecules (Fig 1-1). obviously important to the vitality of all living
There are four general classes of macromol- cells, the bulk of our attention is usually
ecules within living cells: nucleic acids, focused on the other 1% of biomolecules.
proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. These Data in Table 1-1 regarding the chemical
compounds, which have molecular weights composition of the unicellular Escherichia coli
ranging from 1 x 103 to 1 x 106, are created (E. coli), are not greatly different for multicel-
through polymerization of building blocks that lular organisms, including mammals. Each E.
have molecular weights in the range of 50 to coli, and similar bacterium, contains a single
150. Although subtle differences do exist chromosome, therefore, it has only one unique
14 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism 3
O
-O P O CH2OH
O- CH2 O
O B
O
OH O
H2N CH C OH HO OH
R OH H3C C S CoA
OH
Nucleotides Amino acids Simple Sugars Acetyl CoA
(e.g. Glucose)
CH3(CH2)14COOH
B1 B2 B3 B4 (Palmitic Acid)
R1 R2 R3 R4
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS PROTEINS
CH3
CH3
POLYSACCHARIDES
CH3
(Cholesterol)
HO
Figure 1-1
DNA molecule. Mammals, however, contain contain genes (from the Greek word gennan,
more chromosomes, and thus have different meaning "to produce"). A chromosome is a
DNA molecules in the nucleus. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, and
genes are segments of intact DNA. The total
number of genes in any given mammalian cell
Nucleic Acids may total several thousand. When a cell repli-
Nucleic acids are nucleotide polymers (from cates itself, identical copies of DNA molecules
the Greek word poly, meaning "several", and are produced, therefore the hereditary line of
mer, meaning "unit"), that store and transmit descent is conserved, and the genetic informa-
genetic information. Only 4 different nucleotides tion carried on DNA is available to direct the
are used in nucleic acid biosynthesis. Genetic occurrence of virtually all chemical reactions
information contained in nucleic acids is within the cell. The bulk of genetic information
stored and replicated in chromosomes, which carried on DNA provides instructions for the
4 Chemical Composition of Living Cells
Table 1-1
Approximate Chemical Composition of a Rapidly Dividing Cell (E. coli)
Different Kinds of
Material % Total Wet Wt. Molecules/Cell
Water 70 1
Nucleic acids
DNA 1 1
RNA 6
Ribosomal 3
Transfer 40
Messenger 1000
Nucleotides and metabolites 0.8 200
Proteins 15 2000-3000
Amino acids and metabolites 0.8 100
Polysaccharides 3 200
(Carbohydrates and metabolites)
Lipids and metabolites 2 50
Inorganic ions 1 20
(Major minerals and trace elements)
Others 0.4 200
100
Data from Watson JD: Molecular Biology of the Gene, 2nd ed., Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1972.
assembly of virtually every protein molecule about half are formed as metabolic intermedi-
within the cell. The flow of information from ates, while the remainder must be provided
nucleic acids to protein is commonly repre- through the diet. The latter group is referred to
sented as DNA > messenger ribonucleic as "essential" amino acids (see Chapter 3).
acid (mRNA) > transfer RNA (tRNA) > Each protein formed in the body, unique in its
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) > protein, which own structure and function, participates in
indicates that the nucleotide sequence in a processes that characterize the individuality of
gene of DNA specifies the assembly of a cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. A
nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule, typical cell contains thousands of different
which in turn directs the assembly of the amino proteins, each with a different function, and
acid sequence in protein through a tRNA and many serve as enzymes that catalyze (or
rRNA molecules. speed) reactions. Virtually every reaction in a
living cell requires an enzyme. Other proteins
Proteins transport different compounds either outside
Proteins are amino acid polymers respon- or inside cells {e.g., lipoproteins and transferrin
sible for implementing instructions contained (an iron-binding protein) in plasma, or bilirubin-
within the genetic code. Twenty different binding proteins in liver cells}; some act as
amino acids are used to synthesize proteins, storage proteins (e.g., myoglobin binds and
14 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism 5
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