‘The Algorithm Design Manual ‘Second Elton Algorithm Design Steven S. SkienaSteven S, Skiena The Algorithm Design Manual Second Edition © SpringerPreface ig a es ak Tw nk Se a etauiee meray taneous ea ‘em perc eof compe ee De ‘nc tpi pn an pl ais tw tls fen * pena ie chan ining eg earn Spates telrcang et ewan Feta ue ogee oseipeleebig teeacteen gene so ‘lrmoore + Meme Glitnir to he i nt ee ute as gpa eset ‘ia we str tree Ra opp erie tins tome er ot neg ‘etree Toy waa ts Soa pan ae eee Soma tea tal al sg dis ng hace i aie ya Site epee gee eee ee eg fos le ea ach Fem apie Fe een pa ee “To the Reader "ashe yh wa ti a rt ha a The Ae ‘incase nlp nf kb ind ‘Strat ang ein te et ca ‘ial ee pedo se a we an a ro ‘ten eatin cps 9 el ‘rates hppa eth nt cot Tes ee “ie aptl The Art Des Maia ntl eb yn gest pee ayo aa See it ie ot 1+ Te Ca of te: Pens get at ont a oni athe an wl pesca a 5 mow mre roe ri mee a he hal en peti gy tpn ‘Sinfetstnen sn ohn ype a Saas tua peer ‘et tear eel ew wn pr Oo Pepe steer ct yet He NG its” Stearat iietane ‘rhea dd en eh ate Seco eee nearness et sacra ‘Sec teen mgs becuse + ar Serra pt tn es ot te ining sic rey pone ‘er een t wo odo he cart a “aes te ee nh gti i ea ‘ial tims The mu oe es i dg [Rane gid int pee ‘peti ane sel ae So + See Cpe! Sins tla i ying ‘ea et ei ei oe bd SET ees ed ngstet wt ate pence sil eae es ‘ese pe of eb Pe ve cmt ke iy erat Soe ph wat uo meee maka oe oa ‘eet dein teers per sae fe welt, Sem cea ie ety tn St i i i ke sh map opine og mirc snes {ENR eee ss Sed panos Te {Pale Gon toe gm the item el ee “To the tnstacor “Re ere mm lf tied dei gi ‘Nesom te enn he i oc png epee au Sot ae Cee ae "Cag cr she cee ret ot afc rom. ie io ets hoes ste cc tee tna an eo et offal wt cl Emacs ecalatta + fe Sur Agen eta arly ct ate ‘ies ter oe a The wr cere athe Sorte crip te time mpmsctonh om ta wr tn te el So nT Dae my gt ae 9 ie sree nem pao san a Ta en Hae og ho ag epg ws se yer ge se eet eo tin element eid oe eee es Shi missomicsacs = “eee ne Se Sees ey + tie Lae = End eta bt tt ‘hgh tn cut th Meee ce he ed ae fac tad ats tne — ih ps enn wat ‘tam ho 35 se “Prang Cie” pb ae iepemepcitingnen teeroe oaatere ie capa pea pe ate se Mo ee nnn ir ra na ‘fc oul iwc ph gm ne el dag Spt ae a Sart fort Acknowledgments SEs tsi ee ee my eh re of Hiecans cent osteo io sl eh hl cnt tc we se tes oe Ca Thre ya tg nna bw pf et SURES STC ee eran gbang ces mgmt oh in Tae ao ow Sry Wes Wako ta Wp "ine ep me gee er ee sh, stg uonn eotaeaegie os aap Page| fee ce eaten eerie Se Seen xin we cnt yal med et Be eeepc eerste aang taco Ese ee ema roe ea pores oh ca i dy nyo a npr lu pe tie WW se lm cee, hn a me he ‘Sty nmr ast nc for Sr re Site Seton lo oc i eed pews of ci nei cc rg pr ‘iat wge ew nt etl (al a te tte sae Sele (nn iy Soar Cian Fg ‘rc Et an a Seti athe pst el Sy a See ‘Sia Eiht 3 Ga he ead noe ‘erp nt Fy led eet SESE ge nga peta cavest 4st fh atic git we ee te nif ea Practical Algorthin Design 3 Goethe Bin iis [ca Nt ies ‘peti te Skee a eptin Weyl Pei 2 Smet ae Contents aeet SeRsrenu azess,Sets Qe Dey es Ruse Seni hiner ‘Beto Sr Seta Dae ey ee a ‘Bong Sah et Ses hn ph Atte Sat Si es ‘Bere ng i Thal rg Iie Gin Sot Ati S5EE evsennsus Soir thr Ob on a Pot tie $y Neen 5 Dans Porn Sopa Se ing Parag Comer Ora nto ane pang 5, SESS tet pan i Gs 1 lta rom Aspro git 2 Rela Reine The Hitches Guide to Algoitms 1A Clg of Alpini Pre SEEELERESS SueueEgEugEE122 Paty ors = * * Sabena a 16 Grp Pane Hat Pre, wa IRE Gogh baa Sass a Te Gone = te kites Fo fe Sate Fd Se ES atime = 1St Gaga ect i ‘okata 4 oc Ey Sloe Mae = Tes blo ites is ‘Gece sf aed ye. & ‘eto See te ieee a ‘Sit Rona eat EA Ancora Nth 2 TPT Ret Gna Pros oat Boden rae 2 ea Games oe {it Dire Rese Tn ca 1 Mee m 16 Sel in Sin te ma on 14 Getting Cre ” oo 1 eat ea 2 Hiss au ‘ee oS a ‘eis Masa Ais i 15 Grp ProbomsPtyomia Te os seid i ees Ea o 1 Sl Sng Prat on 132 pt Setar is Scher = 5 a a ony ‘e 135 Si Cs a = Spy ing a 136 Mowing = ‘Tew Congest or BK Big anos Gone is ‘pile Saeco ii ot 158, Neto Fw = [ene Cama Sonn anea ‘a oberg ems Ey = a19 Aer Rewaces “St Site a a 8 aaaed es | Introduction to Algorithm Design "etme tn eeepc pin A ‘Sen and ete ote seaming ce oe a tees The isn, ‘ttn eta ots aes Pr ‘in pc nr sri ad bone tr of tn ih af ie Say. nk eae cnet i ta) ee oe peace ees erent og ‘ies a iy soe oe steeper noPe A pl te eg SE cp a at catia « Sete ei se ti fet gti eect ar gine Cen pein ae a a mStar ie ‘ein wes ey pil tr cel a “Teer the ale pets fr ee gti, We ek ews sua pg lesen Tp ‘ecto eet Sting ott far gen et ag ite Heo trigba ti aso ean any are ecceneae Etchells nd eo son ec cme Char hae bere Eg ceaeaecy wane onecmarneperdanean, ‘oi a onan a 1.1. Robot Tour Optimization ‘Se ptt, epee ea gene nr Silicone nbn i etl toma eo wr) tit me ar eb To yea re Peete ne ements nye tad pae mene ‘it i) th vn tht ee ia one oe ee nt ang eth ha ‘Somer tn pn mh tne re ame ps ert {Others fe we de lig en pe ‘din es Tr pinitin Ineo haa Sek ns (Oop arian eat i nn 5 “Yacht se, Si ht a ink sp mipeian mie pens He apy to a iSc alpen i cnet io ve heen, Rete mat EEX mara inp omy w ak os wel ae, Tnon ceaeenoe oniman SR sac paspmne See eee cere Soreecheeeesnnearinins Aga low pit hee yo pie oer nent te a ae “tr he eh of yu rt srt i sd Iwai twa steer wg tie at Pa SSE a a a ek eh lw ar i en sou gst pt pe ft Sep oer ow et wl epee Sree Dent tnegpetgh beef po t Shei nt te yr ah ak anes = A ta ‘et eae foo a SaS ess Sas er pitt ‘arch ya oats (a nt we ns iui) Stan to niese an deta) tinh Cam np ae ‘itp ath i gi hi np Fp te cme to me aie wed Soe "ist pare ana rom and ai ‘ie Tebaseyar emt tt ciel wl oe ie iSeloaerca tenn po engi oe Theol ol mln i acti Sn he att Fe ih eae rer a cred po {tap cc nar tne) ee sing pao ‘nu win uo Game) To te de ope eh Seppe oa Ane epee peasgee A inte the pi ih pt in faba becomemirtor sag) stra ye EOE ‘Sl er ep Li nd Sa er ‘coy ven 2 mt wi pa mei me “te he cad dete at me Wim eset pe se ae ona lg yg te: Cty bak ‘Slt yer bel nek "Rape sum one et set pt ks ei en ey tng psi ti pod "ui cl ti tl wc) Sate Satan a oh i a a aa em pea A suena aw in ome tb a ‘Sate oem a irene eine a) ent ep Ro oe ne no gs ‘Ste sem tin eat ee ing Selanasn sensations “ie got th tn ae hn al he rng ato tin (15) ta rH ‘ero teu ot ay ee, POL Sunt ga seeds reas nen st cM Pee Ft ena henge gan ici aaa Tw Fo eal as ta Ss “tapos ne oh oh ta iin en feng sm 1.2. Selecting the Right Jobs ame Swing wg sin. ea 4 ts Mahe See ee eee See ese eh: piel he a ea a ee ar ty eget ‘step Tn cet rt meg et a oor og rt a ye heer i naga 0 wt ‘amie pny ote Bee ah i epee a ie me sna nm iota Fe 1: Wc at ‘ur my “Dente” Mates, Poramning ng: Ce (Bint ae ty a ste ‘err oa) snr et ong aha hla en ‘Mi eg Pion Inpro i ‘Bit iy ene ih Ye me ph nn in spi i Sop si to an Fe apr a soar Ea a ea ene ‘ti bo cco "afr oe ae SeeFig ent re) oh it (ht i "hg esting bj a ct tr ey eqel eee ee elias een Soba etree luster oe Soa eer ey Ais eae rece eee Baea See eeeecic cee Steet) ‘aa ao ‘Da jaan a wh et an sd in eng te nt ‘ia a neh he psi ba ely ile ee cer tent ge ie nmesaniat) Tah rsemaeas Seer ann Saar mon mares inmapnen pees Sas sf cig, gn eh bet opti pn, Te a aly ‘ain mene espero ef = tr ri Tea ten rt re ie otis is see tame ee Ta a ‘eae nie cere atedsaaeh ence dpe ‘Sil hte sonar Tracie “ae ater Eitan pls noy aie nes eae Haieth owefecclaneeeroncirasmctceectngeen ti ‘ovolthor etter eben pak Sessepreseel naegaare ony mre oar rg ‘Restgat eon eo pst ‘sage ‘ie yh i ng a. eS Sa eect ‘Sen fr he sti i es He set et a Seatac deerme pee ‘is Toe Roca em 1.3 Reasoning about Correctness ye en ma em thsi ttn rma eae eg ate ar se peer lmlpol come eerl p Pl b ee ‘Sef sia ni be eo ew ah a ‘moma ieee iy hee eh a ‘Sy Si rie “ht ee nine rts ty {te 9 dentin, ro a a nt we they ate be pm arn ah sai smd aes geCot sets pr cl nti, te he ah Noto Bt es 131 preing Algerie et pn pen ic a ‘wees bee Ph mt tenes te a SSSR SSG Sealy crete ts et ete oe ‘Weir a et ttc eal ge te me ‘Seauacerstbme ete er eee eee ea pi ame pe ge thet ce rome Ha lr we eo Steno egy "hah ta ht sh ti met vk nay petra ea Sp ag ‘ome aur papuning anagem {cen ttn acl boo pod re such ee hap Re ‘he taatinccaning tino ya cnn er ee = Sera nea am te tet ‘ong of ecco i oe te 132 Protiems and Propertias ‘We we oe th oto ation een ne dete a AT ra A er a Tt iis tte pt) ht of ett sta eee eee nats Wp me ‘temas of et tlie a oe eee gs eet eee ‘Sips lo tel ga nae Spe wh Sa ep cng en ne en nn Spe al ei i at tae Poet ces ne el it aes er ‘tear cmeionsloetn et nr athe ng poate ele ae spon at pen pa Tica Taam aaa a let a ‘a it, ois cme» hi on Terese nip em piesa een cnt in en ees re es "Teun opting apo at Te he bein a etd te ead bed yt ai tae ce ‘Gain he fon mnt tg ri te Pd Stet pentia ect oe nerte o ney ree ‘SCs al det wae or ae aang ya tegen te pa a a tg elie poe Fn ea espn parle A a sal se Soest ene se tc 133 DemonctratingIcoectnese ‘ee wg tht het a oo ina * rats et let le re ae ‘Silman a) rn eter uae Poti peo ah al pe+ Sony Gon cago rey eae a tales be oa met Sen eae ae Sage ecreege eet teat Oe Se Wey mn tr oe a a sett stress il a devin ae ine + in oS tthe nde ses ed Ber presage ie eat ati hae Sen Sls ‘omy ne gle em ot sh thy a, tei od Peering inariepeperrmeyy | SSS ten ye Th aay Thar al tr oh be eihfaeatad cate brs ie ne temo ey mb neo (eu ly ‘pla pry sees ‘eesti ma fae nt ath ‘ims ro in a + Mf mn pp igi et gn NEN Geos ear. eat at ‘ot jew osteo Goforth ee en feesfoeterieminaneirenniegme tegen ad ‘intel eet oa stg 1 Bak ey ep i gt t Boing ae heen ee ‘show eae meee Caw ie, aie ecient eee ape 1S tw le Coa 3 mone fee a a be Sie See hi ncn ate aka eae 1.34 Induction and Recon abet otra ze st ita a Otc attnntial neta bie ae i ean oa ea anne sage gone sha a EE a se ‘Perel mn nny Tht rat et Hot "es Fhe page acc nme were mug, Tr rn el woe pe scan Seri eon Sa sorte ng ie pea wep Seka pete tang tema ome capac ‘uty eer ree or esl a crate ri kc at wa ad siege toma a ae la “Tae ce ite se le, yeaa cat sor aay a. pen aa an a aya ‘dy abe ete in vi at st ad we tp dy pele SN i Phar ae en ‘eeepc het het (om gt net eee ale singe op Ti ae ne rs es SS ety ttt ope pita ‘etn ts sta ne tech oeRetry een inte iti a) tt ow he nt ne pial hin ee to ei aly fected LEN eng pce Sona Stop at Tin nome ace Ps Pi tne ng en stn ee wea Tob ey ae vomsye a se ome) it, Th seat api sy on fyi eee “ch = iy ty Sa hy a thinnest mente tr the eu ey ae se Sat mo re gon) ep ly nent ge wt oe ate momo ba SCREW hone matter ees Stilt ts Dames Woeer ie mse ag ‘er gexec a ther cee 0 i SASS eats nama arene ag an ht 9 #01 te ge me ek th Iceman 1/2) = 2 treme +12) = biel Dae fot egal Matt eine eae a i ‘tty hover eter, ati ection ne yee eee woueemnerarenvenmns ‘sane apc Toate ee Tee ec sor ei i Me waive ma, ps ee Sno ssers 40) ‘ears hd to matt nic ta Fo “Sass Ee ‘hm te eran ee ig eh (= Er Bare emenmena ‘Rep toe fie am il po a a adorn ante “Antepost eed te pene ‘isa Ue We pty pt rt et a a Oe ee single Somer)(poche) they oa menue (OE) oe oe ‘Sand en 32 annieEsede ect on sen he a he ae, Ti ace re ph gs ‘se Mat cca er a ng eta SR ssp Sen ye 1. mm en ty hc te a PUL heresies ‘top Tic Fame Pn Pe th i= nan, kT nin cig rend Pk ye Gieewe ne shore mal ee ae dee ate ya Yoetoenetema sins a enienea-iet Eee = wominennenenre = ee neqmen ent Fiat scales haa sie Ra ae oo 1.4 Modeling the Problem Moen thet of bem ein of ey ed ic ite py te erent apa teeegree meee Scale be Fs me es ore eee jon te ae na mec fl Sato eco Eat pace nape eras once nil to masa eat els ae mh focal eines etme pe argos ecto ger [Remora pean ruc mtr pao a 1LA1 Combinatril Objcts eae er a at tee ae i pa ede rin So ee bors St pre ine tna cl ort et SS i i el i to = maint nt neg of gs (URS mC need pom me ae Spent Spectre antares ee et ine Fe pe ar eel ah ng evga linemen Peal 8) Solace ‘SUYL3} en ome al Wea se we ea PC ral rented ape a ite» tlt” paee Maing str th ead Tastes the ly re of he hs nT ty She an neu pes ees ew Se Sa ee + Got eit ange ewe hey a of et Sohumase ier cgmae meena ‘Sean gue sheer yu see ant aa sone + Pat nh ego sa me wee eet, Saeiaahenasccay sae? tei Pasa fi ee nan iso ts gen = sen vfs ne pm pe rey ther ae ee eel pe ae Biggest ca tay as peng cane one ere spe pan nebo + Sng ago ee rater ptr Re et Soa ate erie pane sage ies Bes en ch ee oe tua ee eatin ee hte [orig or hagas ao ot aot Toten a sb m= tos ena ut suet ecor os ead tment ww ke eon a ‘ei Wy AY KY MaA-At Fe 1 Howe Swaps of cant ste cn Reman En te nn a pe lg acini agar ei sain roa Imeem el ee ei Peeing os ‘trations ney eerie ras SESSA ck te Sc sro kegs opi pin epi Beat ‘ht Sa epee ie a SiS et nay il eee eet eee og Shoe et itn rine ‘Rist Tova par pia en a ‘sand dane st te sng ey tone ao 142 Recursive Obets es tn ender bk i th te wee eee ab cere wc guy eee ees ‘Stoner Ses ase chance Ste ee a pen ah eb ch st ese en se Yn ° Gilets peal nae se ftw oeSct ~ Ee te fe sate cat mt oR st Sea tr a an Ais oe + De ee a al ga, New ‘teens ihn nes kl ae eh * Zi Raw yon hem me rf pa Po a a oa Paynter ee al wet opene perro pestered Ee: So eS ms 2 See ees ‘Stim pT ec wma ace ee a stare ote sateen ee pnts oe i 15. About the War Stories ‘eh rani rfl ie pt ‘gia weigh eta emo Ler ah seo st we ce et ct et eae ean seen ‘Sect aberes Toe hn a tien eer ee ‘sina He, ve dehy ee peng 8 fit eramen Serer tren eens “i ie ns ay i rn st eg ete ta es ene esr ken lil ine sn sein lg Pri cee he pee sn oe ‘Shit At pe et cg Sin fn spi pose ao Seed abt paouot nwt et ge pon trae 1.6 War Story: Psychic Modeling "Paton Sim, Theo eo pe Spun eo oy Sn fal ie ep Sar ona ae Semuper “etl me yu: rhe a met eh ae sigeg te tik sty cy ona aAh ee Cg a ae (12343) whe (2) {45 A MAS) gt a ae ee en yb, ee he ne pom pee psi eh ‘= Fine he ets eng Se oi ye tn itr i he ce e's py a) er as Peta Ippiar a eetppad ‘ue nro =) it hei atc al fst x3) fy ers oe soe ego ah an lta a ghd ete pupae et og Ea i ee Tanger pent ta ca ay ge gh tbe ne Inn ot ns eee a eee eat Teatl madteetee en ner roca rn ph ter wen hy satya hee me kanye “Sed alin oa, Pe Sm Tae ae Es sae pc ng. a ik prem anime Aer tg sr SSS rae Sry eget “SrgaSt ee soars +N a it tm i et Tait ire peacetu ne rut mony te) Sa ‘ih ps en a we 3 a 5 ‘renga ened pl ta tg lado sane spe "ug te ea of he nar mci he de ee be sep i a) wen eaeyey ETT wares te Keats iaaniall Vestine seta tt “ae bel neste, Yn he has Siutscipotlent stn inset epee a, cote tps pb ttn rato i SER aed wel le as Cv ROT ale ed tenes kas se tg etl ror etn ene Fc, WEehaty Gadenn) eonmby trai