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International Journal of Ambient Energy

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The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on the

performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel
engine
a b c d
Y. V. H. Rao , R. S. Voleti , A. V. S. Raju & P. N. Reddy
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L. College of Engineering, Green Fields,
Guntur Dt, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L. College of Engineering, Green Fields,
Guntur Dt, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Kakinada,
Andhra Pradesh, 533003, India
d
BITS, Narasampet, Warangal Dt, Andhra Pradesh, 506331, India

Available online: 30 Mar 2011

To cite this article: Y. V. H. Rao, R. S. Voleti, A. V. S. Raju & P. N. Reddy (2010): The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester
on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 31:4, 203-210

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 International Journal of Ambient Energy, Volume 31, Number 4 October 2010

The effect of SYNOPSIS

The scarce and rapi dly depleting conventional
petroleum resources have promoted research for

cottonseed oil alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.

In vie w of thi s, vegetabl e oi l is a promi sing
alternative fuel for diesel engines as it has several
methyl ester advantages. The hi gh viscosity causes some
problems in atomisation of injector systems and
combustion in cyli nders of diesel engines. In
on the present research, to de cre ase viscosi ty of ra w
cottonseed oil , cottonseed m ethyl ester is

performance obtained by transesterification process. The fuel

properties of cottonsee d methyl ester such
as kinematic viscosity, calorific value, flash point,

and exhaust fire point, carbon residue and de nsity were

determined. Experiments were carried out using a
single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water
emissions of a cooled, direct injection diesel engine. The acquired
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data were analysed for various parameters such

as bra ke therm al eff icienc y, spec ific f uel
diesel engine consumption and e xhaust gas te mperature.
Results indicated that Diesel with 25% esterified
cottonseed oil f uel had closest performance to
Y. V. H. Rao*, R. S. Voleti**, mineral diesel. The brake therm al efficiency for
A. V. S. Raju*** and biodiese l and its ble nds i s f ound to be sli ghtly
higher than that of di ese l f ue l a t tested l oa d
P. N. Reddy conditions. For cottonseed biodi ese l and i ts
ble nded fuels, the exhaust gas tempe rature
increased with inc rea se in load. The engine
experimental results showed tha t exha ust
emissions including CO, CO 2 and HC emissions
were reduced for all biodiesel mixtures. However,
there was a slight increase in emission of oxides of
nitrogen (NO x ) using biodiesel blends.

* Y. V. Hanumantha Rao, Assistant Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, K.L. College of Engineering, Green
Fields, Guntur Dt, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India.
(To whom all correspondence should be addressed)
Email: rao_yvh@yahoo.co.in
* * Ram Sudheer Voleti, Graduating Student, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, K.L. College of Engineering, Green
Fields, Guntur Dt, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India.
* * * A. V. Sitarama Raju, Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Kakinada, Andhra
Pradesh-533003, India.
P. Nageswara Reddy, Principal, BITS, Narasampet, Warangal
Dt, Andhra Pradesh-506331, India.
Ambient Press Limited 2010
INTRODUCTION
The high energy dem and in the industrial ise d
world as we ll as in the domestic se ctor a nd
pollution problems caused due to the widespread
use of fossil fuels make it necessary to develop
renewable energy sources. From the point of view
of protecting the global environment and concerns
for l ong-term energy security, i t becomes
necessary to devel op alternative f ue ls with
properties comparable to those that are petroleum
based. The rapid depletion of petroleum reserves
and fluctuating oil prices leads to the search for
alternative fuels. This was the basic motivati on
behind the research in this paper. Non edible oils
are promising fuels for agricultural applications.
Vegetable oils have properti es comparable to
die sel and ca n be used to run com pression
ignition engines with little or no modifications. For
diesel engines, a significant research effort has
been directed towards using vegetable oils and
their derivatives as fuels [1].
Most of the investigations reported in the
literature on the usage of vegetable oil as engine
fuels have emphasised modifying oil fuels to work
in existing engine designs. Studies have shown
that the usage of vegetable oils in neat form is

203
 The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on performance/exhaust emissions of a diesel engine
possible but not pref erable [4 12]. The high
viscosity of vegetable oils and the low volatility
affects the atomisation and spray pattern of fuel,
leading to incompl ete combustion and severe
carbon deposits, injector choking and piston ring
sticking. There are a variety of methods used for
improving fuel properties and decreasing viscosity
and density of oils such as dilution of vegetable
oils with solvents, pyrolysis, microemulsification
with alcohols and transesterification. Among the
methods that have been investigated, transforming
the oils to their corresponding esters proved to be
the best a lternative. The fuel characteristics of
these esters are much closer to those of diesel
fuel than the vegetable oils themselves. To reduce
the viscosity, transesterification is the commonly
used commercial process to produce clean and
environmentally friendly fuel. However, this adds
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extra processing cost because of the tra ns-
este rif ication reac tion invol ving chemi cal a nd
process heat inputs [3].
The dif ference be tween bi odiesel and the
di esel fuel is c oncerned with oxygen content.
Biodiesel contains 1012% oxygen by weight and
this lowers the energy content. The lower energy
content causes reductions in engine torque and
power. Biodiesel containing oxygen reduces exhaust
emissions such as CO, HC and Smoke mainly due
to the effect of complete combustion.
In the prese nt investi gati on, cottonseed oil
(C.S.O) a non-edible oil, was considered as a
potential alternative fuel for compression ignition
engines. Three blends were obtained by mixing
diesel and cottonseed methyl ester in the following
proportions by volume: 75% Diesel + 25% Esterified
C.S.O, 50% Diesel + 50% Esteri fied C.S.O and
25% Diesel + 75% Esterified C.S.O. For comparison
purposes experiments were also carried out on
100% Esterified C.S.O and diesel fuel.
METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS
Transesterification process. The conversion of
Cottonsee d oil into its methyl ester can be
accomplished by the transesterification process.
Transeste ri fication i nvolves, reacting the
triglycerides of Cottonseed oil with methyl alcohol
in the presence of a catalyst Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) to produce glycerol and fatty acid ester.
CH2OOCR1 R1 C O O R CH2OH
| Catalyst
CHOOCR2 + 3ROH = R2 C O O R + CHOH
| |
CH2OOCR3 R3 C O O R CH2OH
Glyceride Alcohol Esters
The production of bi odiesel by tra ns-
esterification of the oil generally occurs using the
following steps:
204
Rao, Voleti, Raju, Reddy
1 . Mixing of alcohol and catal yst. For this
process, a specified amount of 450 ml methanol
and 10 gm Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) were mixed
in a round bottom flask.
2 . R e a c t i o n. The alcohol/c atalyst m ix is the n
charged into a closed reaction vessel and 1000 m l
Cottonseed oil i s added. Exc ess al cohol is
normally used to ensure total conversion of the fat
or oil to its esters.
3 . Separation of glycerol and biodiesel. Once the
reaction is completed, two major products exist:
glycerol and biodiesel. The quantity of produced
glycerol varies according to the oil used, the
process and the amount of excess alcohol used.
B oth the gl ycerol and biodiesel products ha ve
a substantial amount of the excess alcohol that
was used in the reaction. The reacted mixture is
sometimes neutralised at this stage if needed.
4 . Alcohol Removal.
5 . Gl yc erol Ne utrali sation. The glycerol by-
product contains unused catalyst and soaps that
are neutralised with an acid and sent to storage as
crude glycerol. In some cases the sal t formed
during this phase is recovered for use as fertiliser.
In most cases the salt is left in the glycerol.
6 . Methyl Ester Wash. The most important aspects
of biodi esel production to ensure trouble f ree
operation in diesel engines are complete reaction,
removal of glyce rol, remova l of the catalyst,
removal of alcohol and absence of free fatty acids.
M easu rement of propert ies. The me asured
physical and chemical properties of Cottonseed oil
are tabulated in Table 1. The performance of the
compression ignition (CI) engine greatly depends
upon the properties of fuel among which viscosity,
density, cetane number, calorific value, etc, are
very important. Calorific value and viscosity are
measured by bomb calorimeter and redwood visco-
meter respectively. The flash point and fire point
are determined by Pensky-Marte ns apparatus
closed-cup method. The pour point is measured by
the cooling process. Carbon residue is measured
by the Conradson method. The cetane number is
determined by measuring the Aniline point.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The engine used for this experimental investigation
was a single cylinder four stroke naturally aspirated
water cooled diesel engine having 5 BHP as rated
power at 1500 rpm. The engine was coupled to a
| brake drum dynamometer to measure the output.
Fuel f low ra te s we re time d with a cal ibrated
bure tte. E xhaust gas analysis was performed
using a multi gas exhaust analyser. The pressure
crank angle diagram was obtained with help of a
Glycerol piezo electric pressure transducer. A Bosch smoke
pump attached to the exhaust pipe was used for
m easuring smok e l evels. The speci ficati ons of
the engine are shown in Table 2. The total
experimental set up is shown in Figure 1.
 The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on performance/exhaust emissions of a diesel engine Rao, Voleti, Raju, Reddy

T a b l e 1 Fuel properties of mineral diesel, Cottonseed oil and Cottonseed methyl ester.

Sl. Property Mineral diesel Cottonseed oil Cottonseed ASTM

No. methyl ester method

1. Density (kg/m 3 ) 840842 910920 880890 D1298

2. Kinematic viscosity
( m m 2 /sec), 40C 2.442.71 4.24.4 3.84.0 D445
3. Flash point (C) 71 228 195 D93
4. Fire point (C) 103 274 220 D93
5. Pour point (C) 5 6 4 D97
6. Calorific value (kJ/kg) 45,343 42,150 41,680 D240
7. Carbon residue (% w/w) 0.1 0.91.0 0.02 D189
8. Cetane number 48-56 52 48 D4737
9. Colour Light brown Yellow Light yellow D1500-2
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Experi men tal procedure. Experim ents were T a b l e 2 Specifications of the engine.
initially carried out on the engine using diesel as
the fuel to provide base line data. The cooling Manufacturer Kirloskar engines Ltd, Pune, India
water temperature at the outlet was maintained at Engine type Vertical, 4-stroke, single cylinder,
70C. The engine was stabilised before taking all constant speed, direct injection, water
measurements. Subsequentl y experiments were cooled, compression ignition engine
repeated with methyl ester of Cottonseed oil for Rated power 3.68 kW at 1500 rpm
comparison. In all cases the pressure and crank Bore & stroke 80 & 110 mm
angle diagram were recorded and processed to BHP of engine 5
get combustion parameters. The performance and Swept volume 562 cc
emissions data were then a na lysed f or a ll Compression ratio 1 6 . 5 : 1
experiments and the results are reported in the Mode of injection Direct Injection
following section. Cooling system Water

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The physical and thermal properties of m ineral shows that the density, kinematic viscosity and
diesel, cottonseed oil and cottonseed methyl ester carbon residue of cottonseed oil was found were
are mea sured and ta bulated in Table 1. This all higher than diesel with the flash and fire points

Figure 1
Schematic diagram of
experimental setup.

1. Engine 5. Burette 9. Air flow direction

2. Brake drum dynamometer 6. Three way valve 10. Exhaust gas analyser
3. Biodiesel tank 7. Air box 11. Smoke meter
4. Diesel tank 8. Manometer 12. Exhaust flow

205
 The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on performance/exhaust emissions of a diesel engine
of cottonseed oil significantly higher than diesel. It
was observed that with the increase in percentage
of biodiesel in various blends, flash point and fire
point were increased. He nc e, cottonsee d oil is
extremely safe to handle. Higher carbon residue
from cottonseed oil may possibly lead to higher
carbon deposits in the combustion chamber of the
engine [8]. Cottonseed oil has approximately 95%
of the calorific value of diesel.
Higher viscosity is a major problem in using
cottonseed oil as fuel for diesel engines. However,
this property was reduced with the help of the
transesterification process. Viscosity of cotton-
seed methyl ester is 4.0 cst at 40C. It is observed
that vi scosity of c ottonseed oil de cre ases
markedly with increasing temperature and becomes
close to di esel a t tem perature s above 90C.
Cottonseed oil has a higher cetane number than
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mineral diese l. The c etane num ber measures a
fuels combustion quality, and is determined by
the ignition delay peri od. A higher number has
been associated with reduced engine roughness
and lower starting temperatures for engines [11].
Brake power versus specific fuel consumption.
Specific fuel consumption (S.F.C) is calculated by
fuel consumption divide d by the ra te d power
output of the engine. Figure 2 shows that specific
fuel consumpti on i nc rea ses wi th percentage
increase in blending of cottonseed methyl ester in
diesel. This trend is due to the fact that biodiesel
blends have a lower heating value than mineral
diesel [4]. The percent increase in specific fuel
consumption was i ncre ased with decre ase d
amount of diesel in the blended fuels. This may be
due to higher density and lower calorific value of
the biodiesel fuel as compared with diesel.
Brake power versus brake thermal efficiency.
Brake thermal efficiency is defined as actual brake
Brake Power (kW)
206
Rao, Voleti, Raju, Reddy
work per c yc le di vi ded by the a mount of fuel
che mical energy as indic ated by l ower he ating
value of fuel. It is well known that brake specific
fuel consumption is inversely proportional to the
brake thermal efficiency. Brake thermal efficiency
of biodiesel blends was found to be slightly higher
than that of diesel fuel at tested load conditions.
Figure 3 indicates that esterified cottonseed oil
gives a lower brake thermal efficiency compared to
mineral diesel at tested load conditions. This is due
to poor spray characteristics, poor air fuel mixing,
higher viscosity and lower calorific value [11].
Brake power versus exhaust gas temperature.
The exhaust gas temperature gives an indication
of the amount of waste heat in the exhaust gases.
The e xhaust gas tempe rature i nc rea sed wi th
increase in load and amount of blended biodiesel
in the fuel. Figure 4 shows that the exhaust gas
tem perature with m ineral di ese l and Esterif ied
cottonseed oi l is simi lar. The exhaust gas
temperature reflects on the status of combustion
inside the combustion chamber. The reason for a
rise in the exhaust gas temperature with increase
in brake power may be due to ignition delay and
increased quantity of fuel injected. The exhaust
gas temperature can be reduced by adjusting the
injection timing/injection pressure in to the diesel
engine [7].
Brake power versus CO. If the combustion is
incomplete due to shortage of air or due to low
gas temperature, CO will be formed. The carbon
monoxide (CO) emission from the diesel fuel with
biodiesel blended fuels and biodiesel is shown in
Figure 5. CO emission of all types of tested fuels
was decreased with the increase in brake power.
Carbon monoxide concentrations decreased by 18
and 24% when using B25 and B100, respectively,
when compared to diesel fuel. The CO emission
Figure 2
Variation of specific fuel
consumption with brake
power.
 The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on performance/exhaust emissions of a diesel engine Rao, Voleti, Raju, Reddy

Figure 3
Variation of brake thermal
efficiency with brake
power.

Brake Power (kW)

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Figure 4
Variation of exhaust gas
temperature with brake
power.

Brake Power (kW)

Figure 5
Variation of CO with brake
power.

Brake Power (kW)

was lower for biodiesel blended fuels than diesel This may lead to complete combustion and reduction
because the biodiesel contained 11% oxygen [6]. of CO emission in a biodiesel fuelled engine.

207
 The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on performance/exhaust emissions of a diesel engine
Brake Power (kW)
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Brake power versus CO 2 . Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
emission f rom the di ese l engi ne with di fferent
blends is shown in Figure 6. The CO 2 e m i s s i o n s
for both biodiesel and its blends are less than pure
diesel with increasing load. Esterified Cottonseed
oil has lower CO 2 emission compared to its blends
and mineral diesel.
Brake power versus NO X e m i s s i o n . At higher
power output conditions, due to higher peak and
exhaust temperatures the NO x values are much
higher than when power output is low. Figure 7
also shows that NO x level was higher for biodiesel
bl ends than m ineral diesel fuel. Thi s can be
explained due to the presence of extra oxygen in
bi odiesel blends. This additi onal oxygen was
probably responsible f or NO x em ission. The
Brake Power (kW)
208
Rao, Voleti, Raju, Reddy
Figure 6
Variation of CO 2 w i t h
brake power.
increase in NO x for Esterified Cottonseed oil may
be due to sustained and prolonged durati on of
combustion associ ated with reducti on i n
combustion temperature [11]. Approximately 10%
increase in NO x emission occurred with biodiesel
blends. Reduction of NO x with biodiesel may be
possible with the proper adjustment of injection
timing and introducing exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR).
Brake power versus Unburnt Hydro Carbon
e m i s s i o n . The primary reason of the Unburnt
Hydro Carbon (HC) emission from the Compression
Ignition (CI) engine is improper combustion and
combustion of heavy lubrica ti ng oil . At higher
power ouput condi tions, the percentage of
Unburnt HC is lower with Esterified Cottonseed oil
Figure 7
Variation of NO X w i t h
brake power.
 The effect of cottonseed oil methyl ester on performance/exhaust emissions of a diesel engine
Brake Power (kW)
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and its blended fuels compared to mineral diesel.
Figure 8 shows that Esterified Cottonseed oil has
low unburnt HC leading to complete combustion
of the fuel in the engine cylinder. It was found that
particulate emission with B25 was lower than that
of di ese l fuel be cause neat bi odiesel c ontai ns
1012% extra oxygen, whic h resulted in better
combustion and lower Unburnt HC [10].
CONCLUSIONS
This work investigated the production of biodiesel
from non edible cottonseed oil and the perform-
ance of single cylinder compre ssion ignition
engine with diesel fuel and biodiesel blends. The
followi ng c oncl usions are arri ve d at based on
the expe rim ental results. Transesterific ation of
cottonseed oil brings down the viscosi ty cl ose
to that of diesel. Biodi ese l blends resul t in a
sl ightl y incre ase d thermal e ffic iency compare d
with that of diesel. The exhaust gas temperature
is decreased with the methyl ester of cottonseed
oil as compared to diesel. CO emission is lower
at higher l oa ds for the cottonse ed methyl
ester and its blended fuels. Approximately 10%
increase in NO x emi ssion was realised with
bi odiesel blends. However, further studi es can
be carri ed out to decrease NO x e m i s s i o n s .
Emission parameters such as CO, CO 2 and HC
were found to have increase d with i nc rea sing
proporti on of cottonseed oil in the blends
compared to diesel.
As a resul t of al l of the findings m entione d
above, i t c an be c oncl uded tha t c ottonsee d
methyl ester c an be parti ally (up to 2025%)
substituted for mineral diesel at most operating
conditions in terms of perform anc e parameters
and emi ssions wi thout a ny engine modif ication
and preheating of the blends. Overall cottonseed
methyl ester oil will be a good alternative fuel in
Rao, Voleti, Raju, Reddy
Figure 8
Variation of unburnt HC
with brake power.
diesel engines i n rural areas f or agric ulture,
irrigation and electricity generation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to the financial support
from Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering,
Vaddeswaram.
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