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Maccaferri solutions
for river training
works and erosion control
- Channel linings
- Bank protections
- Weirs
- Groynes
M ost o f t he t ow n s a n d citie s w e k n o w to d ay h av e d e- c o m m u n ic a tio n ro u tes w ere req u ired fo r tra d e a n d s ocial
v elo p ed i n a r ea s t h a t h av e b e e n in h a b ite d f ro m an c ien t ex c h a n g e. I t is d iffic u lt to d a y to ig n o re th e p ro ble ms
times. M ea n d er s o r is lan d s in riv e rs h av e alwa y s b een o f flo o d in g o f lo w ly in g a rea s a n d th e n eed to p rot e ct
favou r i t e si t es fo r h u m an h a b ita tio n s in o rd e r to ta ke ro a d s, ra ilwa y s o r in d u stria l b u ild in g s.
adva n t a g e o f t he ava ila b ility o f wa te r a n d f e rtile la n d Ho w ev er, w e m u st n o t fo rg et th a t a n a tu ra l wa tercour se
for fa r mi n g . Thu s b e g an a re latio n s h ip b e tw e e n m a n a n d is a liv in g en tity in c o n tin u a l d ev elo p m en t th a t sh o uld be
the r i ver w h i c h h a s b e e n d e v e lo p in g e v e r s in ce. W ith th e p ro tec ted , a s fa r a s p o ssib le.
incr ea se i n pop u l a tio n an d th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f ind u stry,
Italy
Italy
3
For a well-balanced
design of river works
By analysing the main factors which are
im p or t a nt i n t h e m a in te n an ce o f a w e ll- b ala n ce d
river h a bi t a t , w h e n lo o k in g a t its re s to ratio n , it
ha s t o be c hoose n n o t o n ly, w h ich m a te rials a re
to b e used , b u t a ls o to m a ke a p ro p e r e valu a tio n
of desi gn met hod o lo g ie s.
A n a t u ra l r i v e r c o u r s e i s c h a ra c t e r i s e d b o t h
f r o m p l a n a n d e l e va t i o n a n d d i c t a t e d b y t h e
n e e d t o m a i n t a i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l b i o - d i v e r s i t y.
D esi g n hy pot hesis a n d te ch n ical s o lu tio n s can
be a c o mm on d e n o m in ato r a n d b io e n g in e e rin g
sh o u l d n ot be c on s id e re d a s a lis t o f te ch n iq u e s U.K. ( p h o t o D a v i d B a r ke r - E d e n b r i d g e U. K . )
bu t a s a g l o b a l ap p ro ach p h ilo s o p h y.
Th i s mea ns t h a t s o lu tio n s m u s t re la te to th e
pr o b l ems, a voi din g b o th te ch n ica l an d e th ical
m i st a kes, a n d w ith o u t e x ce s s, all w ith in a
m u l t i di sc i p l i n a r y ap p ro ach w h e re e n g in e e rs,
bi o l o g i st s, b ot a n is ts a n d a rch ite cts d o n o t
pr eva r i c a t e ea c h o th e r.
Th e sol ut i on must :
- su p p l y t he i mm e d ia te re q u ire d s ta b ilis atio n ;
- pr o mo t e a posi tiv e e v o lu tio n ( re - n atu ralis atio n )
of t he n ew ec os ys te m cre ate d f ro m th e riv e r
tra i n i ng w or ks.
4
1. Habitat 1 = roots of Salix sp. covered with tufts
Cladophora Sp.;
2. Habitat 2 = silt deposited on gabion protection;
3. Habitat 3 = neuston around the groynes;
4. Habitat 4 = stagnation point.
Belgium
5
A system of softwares Th e s o l u t i o n s e x p o s e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s p a g e s h a v e t o b e
chosen on the basis of quantitative analysis and not
for hydraulic and o n l y q u a l i t a t i v e o r s u b j e c t i v e o n e s.
This is the reason why our company has promoted laboratory,
environmental design field and bibliographical researches, on the basis of which,
a series of specific software have been created
MACRA
(By EHS Bologna - Italy)
Geometrical alignment of
existing river bed
Curved sections
Th e M AC R A s o f t wa r e, w o r k i n g i n a n
Straight line sections
Autocad format, allows the engineer to
d e s i g n t h e r i v e r t ra i n i n g w o r k s i n a s t r e t c h
of river under the hypothesis of a steady
f l o w, t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e a c t u a l r i v e r
g e o m e t r y, r o u g h n e s s a n d f l o w n o r m a l l y
p r e s e n t i n a n a t u ra l wa t e r c o u r s e.
MACRA 1
Th e M AC R A 1 / B a n k P r o t e c t i o n s o f t wa r e,
which uses a Windows t y p e s t r u c t u r e,
p r o v i d e s e n g i n e e r s w i t h a ra p i d a n d e f f i c i e n t
tool, with which to conduct the stability
a n a l y s i s o f wa t e r c o u r s e s c r o s s - s e c t i o n s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o b o t h wa t e r f l o w a n d wa v e m o t i o n .
6
MACRA 2
Th e M AC R A 2 / We i r s s o f t wa r e wa s
d e v e l o p e d t o c o n d u c t h y d ra u l i c
and static analysis of gabion
w e i r s.
MAQUA
M AQ UA i s a s o f t wa r e d e v e l o p e d i n a
Windows format, supporting the design
o f r i v e r t ra i n i n g w o r k s, E n v i r o n m e n t a l
Impact Assessments (EIA) and allowing
f o r t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f wa t e r c o u r s e s.
M AQ UAs p u r p o s e i s t o p r o v i d e a m o d e l
f o r t h e e va l u a t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l
va l u e o f wa t e r c o u r s e s s u b j e c t e d t o
i n t e r v e n t i o n . Th i s p r o g ra m c o m p a r e s
design alternatives and selects the
one shown to preserve the initial
e n v i r o n m e n t a l va l u e.
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Longitudinal
structures
The term l o n g i t u d i na l s tru ctu re s is u s e d to
defi ne s t r uc t u r es w i t h t h e ir le n g th p a ralle l to
the ri ver fl ow. Th ese st ru ctu re s a re o f te n b u ilt
on exi st i ng na t u ra l b a n k s a n d th e y u s u ally
extend f or a c o n si d era b le d is tan ce.
They are u sed for a va r ie ty o f p u rp o s e s,
such as:
- erosion control
Italy
- control of meanderings
- containment of the normal flow channel
- flood protection
Italy
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Revetments
When a n er osi on p ro ce s s th a t d o e s
not affec t t he g l o b a l s tab ility cre ate s
sl ope i nst a bi l i t y, t hen re v e tm e n ts can
be a possi bl e so l ut i on .
Th e c h o i c e o f t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e
type of revetment must be made on
the basis of a comparison between Italy
the acting stresses (in terms of
s h e a r s t r e s s e s a n d n o t o n l y wa t e r
velocities) and the serviceability
limits of the material used.
Th e a p p r o a c h t o b e c o n s i d e r e d
m u s t a l wa y s b e m a d e u n d e r t h e
term of Bioengineering, based on a
combination of live and inert materials
where the limitations of both must
b e t a ke n i n t o c o n s i d e ra t i o n .
Brunei
Italy
Italy
Italy
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Gabion gravity
structures
A bank stabilisation may involve the
construction of a retaining structure
t h a t s h o u l d n o t o n l y e f f e c t t h e n a t u ra l
Italy
f i l t ra t i o n b e t w e e n t h e wa t e r c o u r s e a n d
t h e b a n k , b u t m u s t a l s o g u a ra n t e e t h e
required consolidation.
F u r t h e r m o r e, t h e p r e s e n c e o f s u b g ra d e s
a n d b a n k s, t h a t a r e n o r m a l l y s a t u ra t e d
or which have unpredictable erosion
p h e n o m e n a , m a ke t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f
f l e x i b l e s t r u c t u r e s a n e c e s s i t y. Th e y
must be able to withstand differential
settlement without loosing their
s t r u c t u ra l i n t e g r i t y.
G ab i o n st r u c t u r es are th e id e al s o lu tio n
on a c c o u n t of t h e ir f le x ib ility, n atu ral
drai na ge c a pa c i t y d u e to th e s to n e
fil l i ng , a nd h i gh st ru ctu ral re s is tan ce.
Italy
Italy Italy
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Italy Italy
Maccaferri gabions are fabricated from high The utilisation of double twisted hexagonal mesh
quality steel wire where long term durability is also guarantees high flexibility and resistance,
guaranteed by galvanising with a zinc/aluminium all adding to the main characteristics that make
-MM alloy (Galfan ), that can be further protected Maccaferri gabions and Reno mattresses
by a polymeric coating and all of which comply the ideal solution for river
with the highest international standards. bank stabilization.
Galfan coating
Polymeric coating
Italy
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Gabion
gravity structures
Italy
U.K.
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Greece
The wa l l m u st b e fo u n d e d a t a le v e l th at
is no t a ffec t ed b y wa te r s co u r p ro b le m s.
G enera l l y a d i r ec t f o u n d a tio n o f th is
type i s on l y a d vi sa b le w h e re th e riv e r
bed ma t er i a l i s u n -e ro d ib le o r w h e n it
consi st s o f so l i d r o ck .
It is also appropriate in mountainous
regions and especially in the wilder
torrents where the heavy bed
load could damage elements
such as aprons protruding Italy
into the stream bed.
It is not always
p o ssib le to build t he
fo u n d a tio n s of r ive r bank
im p ro v em en ts in t he dr y.
I n th ese c a ses a plat for m
c a n b e b u ilt o f dumpe d r ock
o r c y lin d ric a l g a b io ns, and t he
v ertic a l p o rtio n o f the pr ot e ct ive
stru c tu re c a n b e c o n v enie nt ly built
o n to p.
I f th e p la tfo rm is b u ilt o f loose r ock s
it is p a rtic u la rly im p o rta n t t o choose a
ro c k siz e to en su re th e stabilit y of t he
su p er- stru c tu re.
Brazil
13
Reinforced soil structures
Th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h a s The Terramesh System are structures whose components
reinforced soil structures using the combined are pre-determined and completely pre-assembled
strength of the soil and the reinforcing elements during the production phase. Each element has two
has opened up new methods for the stabilisation of main properties: the first is to reinforce soils, and the
r i v e r b a n k s. Th e d o u b l e t w i s t e d w i r e m e s h Te r ra m e s h second is to stabilise the face. The ordinary Terramesh
System (made with polymer coated Galfan wire) has has an external face similar to stone filled gabions.
g r e a t l y e x t e n d e d M a c c a f e r r i s e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e f i e l d The Green Terramesh has a face lined with a geomat
o f r e v e t m e n t s a n d g a b i o n s. that retains uncompacted vegetable soil.
Green
Terramesh
Terramesh
System
Italy
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Italy
Italy
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Gabion weirs
Ga b i o n w ei r s are clas s if ie d in th re e
t y pes a c c or di ng to th e s h ap e o f th e ir
dow n st r ea m fa c e a t th e ce n tre o f f lo w :
- ver t i c a l w ei r s
- st epp ed w ei r s
- sl op ed w ei r s
Th e ver t i c a l w e ir is ce rtain ly th e s im p le s t
t y pe, a n d i t i s o f te n u s e d f o r s m all w e irs
i n a sy st em co n tro llin g a re ach o f a
st r ea m.
Si nc e t h i s m ea n s th a t th e g a b io n m e s h
i s pr o t ec t ed a ga in s t ab ras io n a n d im p a ct
by hea vy bed m a te rial carrie d in s p a te
c on d i t i o n s, i t i s a typ e re co m m e n d e d f o r
t ra i ni ng w or ks o n m o u n ta in to rre n ts.
Italy
Italy
Austria Italy
16
Italy
Venezuela
Venezuela
Burkina Faso
Italy
Italy
Actual situation
17
Gabion
groynes
By groynes we mean a structure which
protrudes into the river bed, with the aim
of moving the flow away from the side of
the river on which the groynes are built.
Gabion structures are suitable for every
kind of groyne.
They ca n be su b j ec t ed to s train w ith o u t
l osing t hei r effec t iv e n e s s d u e to
mov eme nt a n d t hey c a n co n f o rm to all
vari ati o n s i n r i ver b ed le v e ls.
They be c o me a n i n t eg ra l p a rt o f th e riv e r
bank and of t he r i ver b e d o n w h ich th e
gabi ons a r e b u i l t .
I n cases of a w el l bu i l t co m b in a tio n s o f
gabi on d efen c es a nd g ro yn e s, th e w o rk s
are de st i ned t o d i sap p e ar u n d e r th e
deposi t i on of si l t s w h ich w ill b e co m e
Saudi Arabia
further st a b i l i sed b y plan t co lo n is a tio n .
Italy
Brazil
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Italy
Italy
Italy
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Officine Maccaferri
Group Profile
Founded in 1879, Officine Maccaferri soon became a
technical reference in the design and development of solu-
tions for erosion control and retaining structures.
Since then, through technological innovation, geographical
expansion and focussed diversification, Maccaferri now of-
fers solutions at a global level for a wide range of civil and
environmental engineering applications.
ANY REPRODUCTION, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, FILM AND MICROFILM, IS FORBIDDEN. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WORLDWIDE.
Consultancy and Partnership
Maccaferris motto is Engineering a Better Solution; We do
not merely supply products, but work in partnership with
our clients, offering technical expertise to deliver versatile,
cost effective and environmentally sound solutions. We
aim to build mutually beneficial relationships with clients
through the quality of our service and solutions.
2011 Officine Maccaferri S.p.A. - Bologna - Italy - Print: Litografia Zucchini - Project: graficamonti.com - Photo: Officine Maccaferri Archive