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CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Higher 1 23 September 2010
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 50 minutes
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the Multiple Choice
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
Write your name, PDG and NRIC/FIN number. DO NOT include the reference letter.
Date: 23/09/2010
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
A garden fertiliser is said to have a phosphorus content of 30.0% by mass P2O5 soluble in
water.
The 68Ge isotope of the Group IV element germanium is medically useful because it
undergoes a natural radioactive process to give a gallium isotope, 68Ga, which can be used to
detect tumors. This transformation of germanium occurs when one of its electrons enters the
nucleus, changing a proton into a neutron.
The graph shows the logarithm, lg, of the first eight ionisation energies of two elements in
Periods 2 and 3.
lg (ionisation energy)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
no. of electrons removed
What is the most likely compound that will be formed between the two elements?
5 In which of the following pairs does the first species have a larger bond angle than the
second?
A CH4, CH3+
B NCl3, BH3
C XeF4, SF6
D H2O, H2S
6 Which statement concerning the lattice structure of graphite and diamond is incorrect?
A All CC bonds in graphite and diamond are formed from sp3sp3 overlap.
B Graphite is energetically more stable than diamond.
C The bond energy of the CC bonds in graphite is greater than that in diamond.
D The CCC bond angle between nearest neighbours is smaller in diamond than in
graphite.
7 In which of the following do all three compounds have giant lattice structure?
8 When 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide is completely neutralised by 1.0 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid, the temperature of the mixture rose by 6.8 C. What will be the temperature
change if 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide is completely neutralised by 0.5 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid? (Assume heat loss to be negligible in each case)
A 1.7 C
B 3.4 C
C 6.8 C
D 13.6 C
9 Titanium occurs naturally in the mineral rutile, TiO2. Rutile is a major ore of titanium, a metal
used for high tech alloys because of its light weight, high strength and resistance to corrosion.
One possible method suggested for the extraction of the metal is to reduce the rutile by
heating it with carbon:
Given that H f{ [TiO2(s)] = 940 kJ mol1 and H f{ [CO(g)] = 110 kJ mol1, what is the H for
this reaction?
A +720 kJ mol1
B +830 kJ mol1
C 830 kJ mol1
D It cannot be calculated from the information above.
10 The nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery is based upon the following overall reaction.
What is the oxidation number of nickel at the beginning and at the end of the reaction?
beginning end
A +1.5 +2
B +2 +3
C +3 +2
D +3 +4
11 In the Haber-Bosch Process, ammonia gas is synthesised by reacting nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas.
12 When 0.1 mol of of bismuth chloride is added to 2 dm3 of water, it reacts to form 0.02 mol of
white precipitate of bismuth oxychloride and a solution of hydrochloric acid.
x
0
.
0
A
0
.
0
2
2 0
0
.
0
2
2
x
.
0 2
8
B
2
0
.
0 8
2
x
2.
0
0
C
2 2
2 0
0
.
0
2
0
.
0 2
x
2
.
0 2
8
13 What is the final pH of the solution formed by mixing equal volumes of two separate solutions
of a strong acid with pH 2.0 and pH 3.0?
14 The reaction of acidified, aqueous potassium iodide with aqueous hydrogen peroxide is shown
below.
The rate equation is rate = k[H2O2][I]. Which of the following conclusion cannot be drawn
from this information?
15 The distribution of the number of molecules with energy E is given in the sketch for two
temperatures, T1 and a higher temperature T2. The letters, P, Q, and R refer to the separate
and differently shaded areas. The activation energy is marked on the energy axis.
Activation energy
Which expression gives the fraction of the molecules present which have at least the
activation energy at the higher temperature T2?
16 Consecutive elements E, F and G are in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Element F has the
lowest first ionisation energy and the highest melting point.
17 The oxide and chloride of an element H are separately mixed with water. The two resulting
solutions have the same effect on litmus.
What is element H?
A sodium
B magnesium
C aluminium
D phosphorus
I II III IV
C3H6BrI C3H5I C3H4I2 C3H4BrI
A B
CH3
C D
20 Four drops of 1chlorobutane, 1bromobutane, 1iodobutane were put separately into three
testtubes containing 1.0 cm3 of aqueous silver nitrate at 60 C.
A hydrolysis reaction occurred. (R represents the butane chain C4H9 and X the halogen
atom.
The rate of formation of precipitate in the tubes was in the order RCl < RBr < RI.
21 Which reagent could detect the presence of added alcohol in petrol consisting mainly of a
mixture of alkanes and alkenes?
A Br2 in CCl4
B anhydrous SOCl2
C aqueous KMnO4
D aqueous NaOH
23 Testosterone is a steroid hormone found in mammals, reptiles, birds and other vertebrates.
CH3 OH
CH3
O
testosterone
Testosterone is first reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a platinum catalyst, and the
product is then warmed with acidified KMnO4.
Given that no carbon-carbon -bond is broken in this process, how many double bonds will
there be in the structure of the final product?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3
Which set of reagents could be used to prepare this ester in the laboratory?
A K and L
B L and N
C K and M
D M and N
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct.)
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are correct only are correct only are correct is correct
26 Which of the following aqueous solutions do not considerably change in pH when relatively
small volumes of strong acid or strong alkali are added?
27 Hydrazine, N2H4, is widely used as a rocket fuel because it reacts with oxygen as shown,
producing environmentally friendly gases.
Despite its use as a rocket fuel, hydrazine does not spontaneously burn in oxygen.
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are correct only are correct only are correct is correct
28 Which of the following statements are correct for the sequence of compounds below
considered from left to right?
1 The formula-units of these compounds are isoelectronic (have the same number of
electrons).
2 The bonding becomes increasingly covalent.
3 The electronegativity difference between the elements in each compound increases.
30 The alcohol, C5H10O, may be oxidised by acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI) to a
compound C5H8O. Which of the following could be the structural formula of the alcohol?
1 CH3CHCHCH2CH2OH
2 CH2C(CH3)CH(OH)CH3
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Higher 1 17 Sep 2010
Paper 2 2 hours
Write your name, PDG and register number on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer ALL the questions.
Section B
Answer TWO questions on separate writing paper.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
1 5
Paper 2 2 Paper 2 6
Section A Section B
[40m] 3 [40m] 7
4 Grade
1 (a) Draw a detailed diagram to represent the arrangement of protons, neutrons and
electrons in an atom of carbon.
[1]
(b) Carbon forms double bonds with each of the Group VI elements oxygen, sulfur and
selenium. In each case, the double bond is polar. However, the polarities of these
double bonds do not necessarily cancel in the molecules that carbon formed with
the elements.
(i) With the aid of an appropriate diagram, explain why carbon dioxide molecule
has no net polarity.
(ii) Why is the COSe molecule more polar than the COS molecule?
[4]
react with many metal ions to produce salts. One example is iron(II) ethanedioate
(FeC2O4) which is used as a yellow dye.
(ii) Hence, calculate the volume of 0.10 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII)
required to oxidise 25 cm3 of an acidified solution of 0.10 mol dm3 iron(II)
ethanedioate.
[3]
[Total: 8]
II H
I
CH CH CHO A CH CH C CO2H
OH
cinnamaldehyde B
(ii) State the reagents and conditions for stages I and II and name the type of
reaction that takes place at each stage.
II
[5]
[1]
(i) With the aid of an equation, explain how anhydrous PCl5 may be used to
identify the OH functional group in 3phenylpropan1ol formed in (b).
(You may represent 3phenylpropan1ol by ROH.)
[1]
(ii) PCl5 is produced when PCl3 reacts with Cl2 gas. In the gaseous phase, the
reaction can be represented as follows:
Use the following average bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change of
this reaction.
[2]
H
4PCl3(g) + 4Cl2(g) 4PCl5(g)
H1 H2
P4(s) + 10Cl2(g)
[2]
[Total:11]
(a) Chlorine reacts with magnesium and silicon to form magnesium chloride and silicon
tetrachloride respectively.
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
Si + 2Cl2 SiCl4
The chlorides each dissolves in or react with water to form solutions with different
pH values.
(i) Suggest the approximate pH values of the solution formed in each case.
MgCl2 :
SiCl4 :
(ii) Explain the difference between the two pH values, giving relevant equations
where appropriate.
[3]
CH3
CH3CHCH2Cl
E F
[2]
[Total: 9]
(a) The following initial rates were obtained using different concentrations of G and
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(i) Use the data to determine the order of reaction with respect to
I bromoalkane G
(ii) Use these answers to write a rate equation for the reaction.
[5]
(b) The following graphs were obtained in the investigation of the kinetics of the
reaction of H and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
rate of reaction /
mol dm3 min1
rate of reaction /
mol dm3 min1
(i) Using the graphs above, deduce the rate equation for the reaction of H with
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(ii) Hence, explain whether the reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with
bromoalkanes G or H proceeds by the same mechanism.
[2]
R R
I II
R'
C Br R C C OH
R
R R
R' R'
H intermediate product
(tetrahedral) (trigonal planar) (tetrahedral)
(i) Identify the change in the hybridisation of the reactive carbon atom in steps I and II.
(ii) Hence sketch the shape of one hybrid orbital of the reactive carbon atom in reactant
H.
[2]
III IV
C5H11Br C5H11CN C5H11CH2NH2
(i) Suggest reagents and conditions for steps III and IV.
III :
IV :
[3]
[Total: 12]
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate writing paper.
5 Compounds of sulfur have many uses in everyday life which include disinfectants,
matches and in making of paper.
(a) Phosphorus sulfide, P4S3, is used in small amounts in the tip of a match stick. On
striking a match stick, one mole of this compound burns to form sulfur dioxide and a
solid oxide in the molar ratio of 3:1.
(ii) Both oxides formed in (a)(i) dissolve in water to give acidic solutions.
Construct an equation for the reaction of each oxide with water and give an
approximate pH for each of the solution formed.
(iii) The melting points of the two oxides formed in (a)(i) differ significantly from
that of silicon (IV) oxide (SiO2).
Briefly relate this observation to their structure and bonding.
[6]
(b) The key reaction during the Contact process for manufacturing sulfuric acid is as
follows.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) H < 0
When 34.6 mol of SO2 and 17.3 mol of O2 are passed over a catalyst in a 1 dm3
vessel at 450 oC, the amount of SO3 at equilibrium is found to be 32.8 mol.
(i) Calculate the value and state the units of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this
reaction.
When a 100 cm3 sample of the mixture was titrated against 0.200 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide, 35.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide was required to
neutralise all the oxides of sulfur according to the following equations:
Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide required and the total
number of moles of SO2 and SO3 present in the sample. Hence, by using the
answer in (b)(ii), calculate the concentration of SO3, in mol dm3, in the
sample.
(iv) State how the position of equilibrium and rate of achieving equilibrium would
be affected by a decrease in temperature.
[10]
(c) Concentrated sulfuric acid can be used under two different sets of reaction
conditions to synthesise but2ene from but1ene via a twostep reaction scheme
as shown below.
I II
CH3CH2CH=CH2 CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH=CHCH3
but1ene but2ene
(ii) But2ene occurs in two isomeric forms but cyclobutene occurs in only one
form. Draw the displayed formulae of the two isomers of but2ene and
explain why such isomerism is not possible with cyclobutene.
[4]
[Total: 20]
(i) With the aid of an appropriate equation, explain why sodium hydroxide can be
used to separate a mixture of magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide.
(ii) The lattice energy of sodium oxide is 742 kJ mol1. Explain how you would
expect the magnitude of the lattice energy of magnesium oxide to compare with
that of sodium oxide.
[4]
Use all of the above information to identify the organic compounds J, K, L and M, and
draw a structural formula for each of them.
Write equations where appropriate to show the reactions that are occurring. Clearly
show all of the deductions that you make from the information that you have been
given. Full marks cannot be gained by only giving the structures required.
[13]
7 (a) (i) What do you understand by the terms strong and weak when applied to
acids?
(b) A sample of 20.0 cm3 aqueous solution of 0.1 mol dm3 benzoic acid was titrated
with 0.15 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution.
(i) Calculate the pH of the 0.15 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution.
(ii) Calculate the volume of potassium hydroxide required for neutralisation with
the benzoic acid.
(iii) Suggest two reasons why phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for this
titration.
[4]
(c) A buffer containing potassium benzoate and benzoic acid was formed during the
titration in (b). With the aid of two equations, explain how a solution of potassium
benzoate and benzoic acid can control pH.
[2]
Explain how you would expect the enthalpy change of neutralisation of potassium
hydroxide by benzoic acid to compare with these values.
[2]
(e) The relative molecular mass of benzoic acid is found to be approximately 244 at
25 oC when it is dissolved in benzene.
(ii) State and explain what will be observed when a piece of dry blue litmus paper
is dropped into this solution.
[2]
(f) Benzoic acid crystals can be synthesized from methylbenzene in the laboratory.
(i) Suggest the reagents and conditions required for this synthesis.
(g) When methylbenzene is treated with chlorine under two different conditions, three
isomeric monochlorides, P, Q and R are formed.
(iii) Suggest how, if any, methylbenzene and any one of the isomers in (g)(i)
might differ in their boiling points? Explain your answers.
[6]
[Total:20]
End of Paper
Part 1
For each question, there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
A 6.0 x 1022
* B 3.6 x 1023
C 6.0 x 1023
D 3.6 x 1024
2 Nitrogen dioxide reacts with iodide ions under acidic conditions according to
the equation shown.
A 2
B 3
* C 4
D 5
25.0 cm3 of a 0.0480 mol dm-3 solution of Tl3+ ions was added to excess
potassium iodide solution. The liberated iodine is titrated against 0.106 mol dm-3
sodium thiosulfate. 22.60 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution was required to
react with iodine in the following reaction.
What was the oxidation state of Tl after its reaction with potassium iodide?
A -1
B 0
* C +1
D +2
A C3 H6
B C3 H8
* C C4 H8
D C4H10
A 2.8%
* B 4,2%
C 6.4%
D 8.4%
7 Which of the following particles have more neutrons than protons and more
electrons than neutrons?
A NO2+
13
* B CO32
32
C S2
14
D N2+
8 Which of the following best describes the change in the bond angle in SO2
when the ion SO32- is formed?
9 Which of the following sketches shows the correct trend in the stated property, for the
elements in the third period of the Periodic Table?
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
B D
Melting Point / C Electrical Conductivity
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
11 An element Z has second ionisation energy higher than that of the element
preceding it and the element after it in the Periodic Table.
A 10 *B 13 C 14 D 15
12 An unknown solid melts sharply just above 180oC. It does not conduct
electricity in its molten state. It dissolves readily in organic solvents.
A An ionic crystal
B A metallic crystal
* C A molecular crystal
D A macromolecular crystal
The rate equation for the reaction is rate = k[XY] and the rate constant. k is
ln 2
6.93 s-1. Given that the half-life, t1/2 = , determine the time taken for a
k
sample of 1.80 mol dm-3 to decrease to 0.225 mol dm-3.
A 0.1 s
* B 0.3 s
C 0.4 s
D 0.8 s
14 For which of the following is the lattice energy likely to have the largest
numerical value?
* A Lithium fluoride
B Lithium iodide
C Sodium chloride
D Sodium fluoride
Which of the following gives the unit for the equilibrium constant Kc?
A mol dm-3
B mol-2 dm6
C mol4 dm-12
* D dimensionless
16 How much water must be added to 2.0 dm3 of a solution of a strong acid of pH
2.0 in order to increase the pH to 3.0?
A 1.0 dm3
B 10 dm3
* C 18 dm3
D 20 dm3
17 The bond dissociation energy of HBr is 362 kJ mol-1. In which of the following
processes is 362 kJ released?
* A HPO42- H2PO4-
B HPO42- SO42-
C HSO4- HPO42-
D HSO4- SO42-
20 How many alcohol structural isomers does molecular formula, C4H10O have?
A 1
B 2
C 3
* D 4
21 Alkanes undergo free radical substitution with Cl2 in the presence of ultraviolet
light.
Which of the following could have been a possible starting material for 2-
chloro-2-methyl-pentane?
A CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
* B CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
A Anaesthetic
* B CFCs
C Flame retardants
D Plastics
It reacted with Na2CO3 and gave off a colourless and odourless gas
which formed white precipitate when passed through limewater
A CHOCH2CH2CH2CH3
B CHOCH2CH2CH2COOH
C CH3CH2COCH2COOH
* D CH3COCH2CH2COOH
* A CH3CH(OH)CH2NH2
B CH3CH(OH)COOH
C CH3CH(OH)CONH2
D CH3COCOOH
H H OH OH
Stage I Stage II
Part 2
From questions 26 to 30, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be
correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it useful to put a
tick against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 3 are correct Only 1 is correct
correct
26 Which of the following contains two covalent chlorides and two covalent
oxides?
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 3 are correct Only 1 is correct
correct
29 OH
Cl
When CH 3 is added to concentrated H2SO4 at about 170 oC.
What product(s) is/are formed?
1 OH
CH 3
* 2
Cl
CH 3
* 3
Cl
CH 3
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 3 are correct Only 1 is correct
correct
CH 3
Y Z
Section A
1 Deficiency of iodine, affecting 2 billions people worldwide, is one of the chief causes of
preventable mental retardation which produces a typical reduction in Intelligence Quotient
(IQ) of 10 to 15 IQ points.
Victims of mental retardation may exhibit delay in oral language development, deficiency in
memory skills, difficulty in learning social rules and acquiring problem solving skills.
The best way to get the daily requirement of iodine is to eat a balanced diet that contains a
variety of foods from the food guide pyramid. Most people are able to meet the daily
recommendations by eating seafood, iodized table salt, and plants grown in iodine-rich soil.
Iodized table salt contains potassium iodate(V), KIO3. The amount of potassium iodate(V)
present in the iodized table salt can be determined by completely dissolving it in excess
acidified potassium iodide follow by titrating it with sodium thiosulfate.
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends a minimum dietary intake of 130 mcg of iodine
per day for a 12-month-old infant.
1 mcg = 1 x 10-6 g
(a) Calculate the mass of sodium thiosulfate needed to prepare 1.50 x 10-3 mol dm-3
sodium thiosulfate in 250 cm3 volumetric flask?
[1]
(b) 5.00 g iodized table salt containing potassium iodate(V) is completely dissolved
in 250 cm3 excess acidified potassium iodide.
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O
The iodine produced in the above reaction reacts with sodium thiosulfate,
Na2S2O3 according to the equation shown:
25.0 cm3 of the resultant solution requires 15.00 cm3 of 1.50 x 10-3 mol dm-3
sodium thiosulfate to completely react with the iodine formed. Calculate the
amount of iodine in 25.0 cm3 of the resulting solution.
[1]
(c) Calculate the amount of potassium iodate(V) in 250 cm3 of the resulting solution
[2]
(d) Calculate the mass of potassium iodate(V) in mcg in 1.00 g iodized table salt.
[2]
(e) Potassium iodate(V) is metabolized by an enzyme in the body to form iodine.
Calculate the mass of iodine formed when 1.00 g of iodized salt is being
metabolized. State the assumption made in your calculation.
[3]
(f) Calculate the minimum mass of iodized table salt a 12-month-old infant must take
per day to prevent mental retardation.
[1]
[Total: 10]
[4]
(b) Some bond energy values are given in the table below.
HH 436 HH 436
PP 208 Cl Cl 244
PH H Cl 431
(iii) Explain why the H Cl bond energy is not the mean of the H H and
Cl Cl values, and comment on the value indicated in the table.
..
[6]
[Total: 10]
3 Nylon is a type of synthetic polymer which was first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace
Carother at DuPont. It is a thermoplastic silky material and has substituted silk in many different
products after silk became scarce during World War II. It has even replaced silk in military
applications such as parachutes, and was used in many types of vehicle tires. Nylon fibres are
used in applications, including fabrics, carpets and ropes.
Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a nitrogen compound
and a dicarboxylic acid. In the production of nylon, 1,4-dichlorobutane is commonly used as a
precursor.
1,4-dichlorobutane is a product formed from the reaction between butane and chlorine.
(a) (i) Give the conditions for the reaction between butane and chlorine.
..
..
(iii) The reaction between butane and chlorine generates a lot of other side
products. Draw the structural formula of two other dichlorobutanes that
could be formed in this reaction.
[4]
(ii) With the aid of a Data Booklet, quote relevant information and calculate
the enthalpy change for the reaction in (b)(i).
(iii) The actual enthalpy change of the reaction in (b)(i) is -2700 kJ mol-1.
Account for the difference between the calculated and actual value.
.. [6]
[Total: 10]
H H Cl H H OH
I
H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H
II Acidified K2Cr2O7,
distil
A
B
III
IV
C
H H OH
V
H C C C COOH +NaOH (aq)
H H H
Compound X
VI + CH3CH2OH
and conc. H2SO4
heat
(a) In the appropriate boxes draw the structures of compounds A, B, C and D. [4]
(b) For the reactions in the scheme shown above, state the reagents and conditions
for:
(i) reaction III
..
(ii) reaction IV
..
[2]
...
[1]
[3]
[Total: 10]
Section B
[Total :20]
6 (a) Sodium and phosphorus react with chlorine to form NaCl and PCl3 respectively.
(i) Describe the chemical reaction, if any, of the two chlorides with water.
Suggest the colour of methyl orange when it is added separately to each
of the solutions.
(ii) Explain, with the aid of appropriate equations, the difference in the colour
of the indicator in these solutions.
[7]
(b) Phosphorous trichloride and chlorine react to form phosphorous pentachloride
gas in the equation shown below:
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for this reaction, giving
its units.
(iii) Describe and explain what would happen to the concentration of PCl5 if
I II
C4H8 CH3CHClCH2CH3 C4H10O
A B
(i) Describe the conditions necessary for each of the reactions I and II.
(iii) Using the Data Booklet, describe and explain, the observations when 2-
iodobutane is used for the reaction in (ii).
[5]
[Total: 20]
7
Blood plasma is a biological fluid that plays an important role in maintaining pH in the
body.
In the blood plasma, the equilibrium between carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq), and
hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3(aq), buffers pH changes.
CO2(aq) CO2(g)
During heavy exercise, lactic acid is released into the blood and is buffered by the blood
plasma.
O CH 3
HO OH
Lactic acid
This eventually leads to an increase in CO2(aq) concentration and stimulates increased
breathing.
(a) (i) Explain what is meant by a buffer solution.
(ii) Write an equation to show how blood plasma can buffer the pH change
when lactic acid is released into the blood.
(iii) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of H2CO3(aq)
and use it to determine the [HCO3(aq)]/[H2CO3(aq)] ratio in the blood
plasma.
Comment on this ratio.
(iv) Using the information given, explain how the production of lactic acid [7]
leads to the increase in rate of breathing.
(b) Lactic acid is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver.
OH OH O
HO
H
HO HO
Glucose
(c) Sodium, aluminium and phosphorous form the oxides, Na2O, Al2O3 and P4O10.
Na2O is a basic oxide which dissolves in water readily to form a strong alkali.
(i) Define strong alkali.
(ii) 0.93 g of Na2O is completely dissolved in 300 cm3 of water at 298 K.
Calculate the pH of the solution.
[Total: 20]
Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the question paper
1 Deficiency of iodine, affecting 2 billions people worldwide, is one of the chief causes of
preventable mental retardation which produces a typical reduction in Intelligence Quotient
(IQ) of 10 to 15 IQ points.
Victims of mental retardation may exhibit delay in oral language development, deficiency in
memory skills, difficulty in learning social rules and acquiring problem solving skills.
The best way to get the daily requirement of iodine is to eat a balanced diet that contains a
variety of foods from the food guide pyramid. Most people are able to meet the daily
recommendations by eating seafood, iodized table salt, and plants grown in iodine-rich soil.
Iodized table salt contains potassium iodate (V), KIO3. The amount of potassium iodate (V)
present in the iodized table salt can be determined by completely dissolving it in excess
acidified potassium iodide follow by titrating it with sodium thiosulfate.
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends a minimum dietary intake of 130 mcg of iodine
per day for a 12-month-old infant.
1 mcg = 1 x 10-6 g
(a) (i) Calculate the mass of sodium thiosulfate needed to prepare [1]
1.50 x 10-3 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulfate in 250 cm3 volumetric flask?
No of moles of Na2S2O3 = 1.50 x 10-3 x 0.250 = 3.75 x 10-4
Mass of Na2S2O3 = 3.75 x 10-4 x 158.2 = 0.0593 g
(ii) 5.00 g iodized table salt containing potassium iodate (V) is completely [1]
dissolved in 250 cm3 excess acidified potassium iodide.
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O
The iodine produced in the above reaction reacts with sodium thiosulfate,
Na2S2O3.
25.0 cm3 of the resultant solution requires 15.00 cm3 of 1.50 x 10-3 mol dm-3
sodium thiosulfate to completely react with the iodine formed. Calculate the
amount of iodine in 25.0 cm3 of the resulting solution.
No of moles of I2 = 1.50 x 10-3 x 0.015 x = 1.125 x 10-5 = 1.13 x 10-5 [1]
(iii) Calculate the amount of potassium iodate (V) in 250 cm3 of the resulting [2]
solution
No of moles of I2 in 250 cm3 of the resulting solution
= 1.125 x 10-5 x 10 = 1.125 x 10-4
No of moles of IO3- in 250 cm3 of the resulting solution
(v) Potassium iodate (V) is metabolized by an enzyme in the body to form [3]
iodine. Calculate the mass of iodine formed when 1.00 g of iodized salt is
being metabolized. State the assumption made in your calculation.
No. of moles of KIO3 in1.00 g of iodized salt
= 1.606 x 10-3 214.1 = 7.50 x 10-6
No. of moles of I2 formed
= 7.50 x 10-6 x 3 = 2.25 x 10-5
Mass of iodine formed
= 2.25 x 10-5 x 254 5. = 5.72 x 10-3 g
Assumption: There is no loss of iodine during the metabolism.
(vi) Calculate the minimum mass of iodized table salt a 12-month-old infant [1]
must take per day to prevent mental retardation.
HH 436 HH 436
PP 208 Cl Cl 244
PH H Cl 431
H2(g) 2H(g)
(iii) Explain why the H Cl bond energy is not the mean of the H H and
Cl Cl values, and comment on the value indicated in the table.
3 Nylon is a type of synthetic polymer which was first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace
Carother at DuPont. It is a thermoplastic silky material and has substituted silk in many
different products after silk became scarce during World War II. It has even replaced silk in
military applications such as parachutes, and was used in many types of vehicle tires. Nylon
fibres are used in applications, including fabrics, carpets and ropes.
Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a nitrogen compound
and a dicarboxylic acid. In the production of nylon, 1,4-dichlorobutane is commonly used as a
precursor.
1,4-dichlorobutane is a product formed from the reaction between butane and chlorine.
(a) (i) Give the conditions for the reaction between butane and chlorine. [1]
UV
(iii) The reaction between butane and chlorine generates a lot of other side [2]
products. Draw the structural formula of two other dichlorobutanes that
could be formed in this reaction.
1,2-dichlorobutane
1,3-dichlorobutane
2,3-dichlorobutane
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between between 1,4-dichlorobutane and
oxygen. [1]
(ii) With the aid of a Data Booklet, quote relevant information and calculate the [4]
enthalpy change for the reaction in (b)(i).
(iii) The actual enthalpy change of the reaction in (b)(i) is -2700 kJ mol-1. [1]
Account for the difference between the calculated and actual value.
[Total: 10]
H H Cl H H OH [2]
I
H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H
II Acidified K2Cr2 O7 ,
distil
A
B
H H O
H H OH III
H C C C
H C C C CN
H
H H
H H H
IV
C
H H OH H H OH
V
H C C C COOH +NaOH H C C C COO- Na +
H H H H H H
Compound X
+ CH 3CH2 OH
VI and conc. H 2 SO 4
heat
D H H OH
H C C C COOCH2 CH3
H H H
(a) In the appropriate boxes draw the structures of compounds A, B, C and D. [4]
(b) For the reactions in the scheme shown above, state the reagents and conditions
for:
(i) reaction III
H2SO4 (aq) or HCl (aq) or H+ (aq) or dil H+, heat under reflux
Nucleophilic addition
(d) Describe a chemical test to distinguish between compounds B and compound X. [3]
State observations and write relevant equations to show the reaction.
Reagent / condition Observation Equation
Na2CO3 Effervescence CH3CH2CH(OH)COOH +
observed for X and the Na2CO3
gas produced forms 2CH3CH2CH(OH)COO-
white ppt in limewater. Na+ + CO2 + H2O
No visible reaction for
B
[Total: 10]
Section B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate paper
C H Br
% by mass 35.0 6.6 58.4
No. of moles 35/12 = 2.92 6.6 0.731
Smallest ratio 4 9 1
E.F. = C4H9Br
M.F. = C4H9Br
(b) Heating A under reflux with aqueous NaOH gives a compound B and heating B
with an excess of acidified K2Cr2O7 gives a compound C.
When 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent is added to C, an orange precipitate D
was produced. C did not give a silver mirror with Tollens reagent but it produced
a yellow precipitate and an organic compound E when reacted with aqueous
alkaline iodine.
Heating A under reflux with ethanolic NaCN gives compound F.
Heating B under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 gives three isomeric products, G,
H and I, which decolourise aqueous bromine.
[15]
Draw the structures A to I and explain the reactions.
Deductions:
Heating A with NaOH to give B B is an alcohol (or 1o or 2o alcohol)
Heating B with K2Cr2O7 gives C C is either a ketone or an acid
C reacts with 2,4-DNPH to give D C is a ketone or aldehyde
C does not react with Tollens C is a ketone (Or C is not an aldehyde)
C reacts with aqueous alkaline I2 to give yellow crystals and E
C has this structure: CH3-C=O
E is a salt of an acid
(not accepted if students write only this structure: CH3-C-OH as previously
it was deduced that it is a ketone)
Heating A under reflux with ethanolic NaCN gives F nucleophilic
substitution, F is a nitrile
Structures:
A: CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3
B: CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
C: CH3COCH2CH3
H CH3
O2N N N C
CH2 CH3
D: NO2
E: CH3CH2COO-
F: CH3CH(CN)CH2CH3
H CH2 CH 3
C C
G: H H
H3 C CH3
C C
H: H H
H3 C H
C C
I: H CH3
(b) Arrange the following in order of increasing boiling points and explain your
reasoning in terms of bonding and structure.
(1) has a smaller electron cloud than (2) and (3) and hence has a weaker id-
id intermolecular forces of attraction. OR (1) has a smaller carbon number.
(2) and (3) are isomers, but (2) is a branched structure and (3) is a straight
chain.
(2) has a smaller surface area of contact between molecules than (3), hence
has weaker id-id intermolecular forces of attraction. Therefore, lesser
energy needed to overcome weaker id-id.
2 (a) Sodium and phosphorus react with chlorine to form NaCl and PCl3 respectively.
(i) Describe the chemical reaction, if any, of the two chlorides with water.
Suggest the colour of methyl orange when it is added separately to each of
the solutions.
[3]
(b) Phosphorous trichloride and chlorine react to form phosphorous pentachloride
gas in the equation shown below:
(i) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction, giving its units.
[ PCl5 ]
Kc = mol 1dm 3
[ PCl3 ][Cl2 ] [2]
(ii) An equilibrium mixture in a 2 dm3 vessel is found to contain 0.0406 mol
PCl3, 0.170 mol Cl2 and 0.302 mol PCl5 at 450 K. Calculate the Kc at this
temperature.
0.302
Kc = 2
00406 0.170
( )( )
2 2
= 87.5 mol 1dm 3
[1]
(iii) Describe and explain what would happen to the concentration of PCl5 if
I II
C4H8 CH3CHClCH2CH3 C4H10O
A B
(i) Describe the conditions necessary for each of the reactions I and II.
[3]
ACJC 2010 8872/02/Aug/10 [Turn over
5
3
Blood plasma is a biological fluid that plays an important role in maintaining pH in the
body.
In the blood plasma, the equilibrium between carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq), and
hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3(aq), buffers pH changes.
CO2(aq) CO2(g)
During heavy exercise, lactic acid is released into the blood and is buffered by the blood
plasma.
O CH 3
HO OH
Lactic acid
This eventually leads to an increase in CO2(aq) concentration and stimulates increased
breathing.
(a) (i) Explain what is meant by a buffer solution. [1]
Buffer solution is solution which maintains a fairly constant pH when
a small amount of acid or base is added.
(ii) Write an equation to show how blood plasma can buffer the pH change
when lactic acid is released into the blood.
H+(aq) + HCO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) [1]
(iii) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of H2CO3(aq) and [3]
use it to determine the [HCO3(aq)]/[H2CO3(aq)] ratio in the blood plasma.
Comment on this ratio.
[HCO3 ][H+ ]
Ka =
[H2CO3 ]
[HCO3 ](10 -7.40 )
7.90 10 -7 =
[H2CO3 ]
[HCO3 ] 7.90 10 7
= = 19.8
[H2CO3 ] 3.98 10 8
The ratio is high as HCO3 is needed to remove lactic acid in the blood
during heavy exercises.
(iv) Using the information given, explain how the production of lactic acid leads [2]
to the increase in rate of breathing.
When lactic acid is removed,
H2CO3(aq) CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ----- (1)
When [H2CO3] increases, the equilibrium position in (1) shifts right.
Thus, more CO2(aq) is formed.
HO
H
HO HO
Glucose
(ii) Describe a simple chemical test that you could use to distinguish the [3]
following lactic acid and glucose. You are to include reagents and
conditions, observations and balanced equation(s) in each case.
O CH 3 O CH 3
2 + Na2CO3 2 + CO2 + H O
2
+Na- O
HO OH OH
OR
HO OH
OH OH O + OH
H 2N NH
HN NO2 + H2O
HO
O 2N N
H O2 N
HO
NO2
HO HO HO H
(c) Sodium, aluminium and phosphorous form the oxides, Na2O, Al2O3 and P4O10.
Na2O is a basic oxide which dissolves in water readily to form a strong alkali.
(i) Define strong akali. [1]
(i) Classify Al2O3 and P4O10 as acidic, basic or amphoterc oxide. [1]
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Higher 1
50 minutes
There are thirty questions in this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are
four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
You may use a calculator.
2 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was completely burnt in 100 cm3 of oxygen. The
volume of gas obtained after reaction was 80 cm3. When the gas was shaken with
aqueous sodium hydroxide, the volume decreased to 20 cm3.
Which one of the following represents the structure of the hydrocarbon? (All volumes
are measured at the same temperature and pressure, and water is produced.)
A B
C D
4 Which of the following groups contains species with linear, trigonal pyramidal and
tetrahedral shapes?
A CO2 SO2 NH3
B HCN H3O+ SiCl4
C SiCl4 NH3 H3O+
D CO2 HCN H3O+
Atomic number
Which property when plotted against atomic number gives the shape of the above
graph?
A Boiling points of HF, HCl, HBr and HI.
B Melting points of Na, Mg, Al and Si.
C Electronegativity of N, O, F and Ne.
D Ionic radius of Cl, Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+.
Using the given information in the above table, what is the standard enthalpy change
of formation, in kJ mol-1, of HN3(l)?
A +264 B +528 C +618 D +632
9 Which equation correctly describes the reaction whose H is the standard enthalpy
change of formation of water at 298 K?
A H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
1
B H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
2
1
C H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
2
D 2H(g) + O(g) H2O(l)
10 Using a colorimeter, the following reaction is studied by finding the time taken for a
coloured reactant, A, to decolourise. The reaction is catalysed by Y.
Y
A+B C+D
The following results are obtained:
Expt Vol. of A Vol. of B Vol. of Y Vol. of H2O Time taken/
no. added/ cm3 added/ cm3 added/ cm3 added/ cm3 s
1 10 20 10 10 20
2 10 10 10 20 40
3 10 20 5 15 40
4 5 20 10 15 40
11 Lead is the final product formed by a series of changes in which the slowest step is
the radioactive decay of uranium-238. This radioactive decay is a first order reaction
with rate constant of 1.54 x 10-10 year-1.
What would be the age of a rock sample, originally lead-free, in which the molar
proportion of uranium to lead is now 1:15?
A 2.25 x 109 years B 9.00 x 109 years
C 1.35 x 1010 years D 1.80 x 1010 years
[
C a
a O
C ]
O C
] 2
[
C [
a C
O a
]
[
C O
O 3
]
3O
2]
C
[
C
]
A Kc = B Kc =
[
C
a
O
]
[
C
a
C
O
Kc = ]
C Kc = [CO2] D 3
15
Temperature / K Kw / mol2 dm-6
289 5 x 10-15
298 1 x10-14
Which of the following shows the correct hybridisation of the carbon atoms?
sp2 sp3
A 6 0
B 4 2
C 3 3
D 2 4
17 An alkene can exist as a pair of geometric isomers. When refluxed with hot,
concentrated acidified potassium manganate(VII), no effervescence was observed.
Which of the following correctly shows the structure of the alkene?
A B
C D
Which of the following pairs of structures correctly shows the major products formed
when 4-propylbenzoic acid is reacted with bromine with iron powder as a catalyst in
the dark?
Which of the following shows the correct structure when it is refluxed with aqueous
potassium hydroxide?
A B
C D
C D
CH2CO2H
23 What are the products formed upon warming J with Tollens Reagent?
CH3 CHO
OH CH3
Compound T Compound U
25 2,4-D and MCPA are two common selective weed killers, with the following
structures.
For questions 26 to 30, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be
correct. The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only is
are correct are correct are correct correct
Energy
X Y
Z
Reaction
Pathway
O O
CCHCH2C
HO OH
OH
Which of the following substances will react with all the three -OH groups present in
one malic acid molecule?
1 Sodium
2 Phosphorus pentachloride
3 Sodium carbonate
Name Class: 2T
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Higher 1
Paper 2
JC 2 Preliminary Examinations
13th September 2010
2 hours
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Section B
Answer two questions on separate answer paper.
Circle their numbers in the box provided below.
At the end of the examinations, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
For Examiners Use
Paper 1
Paper 2 Section A
Q5
Q6
Q7
Total
1. (a) When arsenic was reacted with nitric acid, HNO3, arsenic(V) acid, H3AsO4 and NO2 were
produced. Potassium iodide, KI was added to the resulting mixture and a brown solution, X
was observed to form and arsenic(V) acid was also converted to H2AsO3.
Given that the half equations for the first and second reactions arsenic are:
(i) State the identity of the brown solution, X that was formed.
(ii) With the use of the equations given and the Data Booklet, write down the two
balanced ionic equations for the reactions above.
[3]
(b) The amount of brown solution, X formed can be found by titrating it against a standard
solution of sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 solution.
When 0.1058 g of a sample containing arsenic was subjected to the above reactions, the X
liberated required 28.70 cm3 of 0.0198 mol dm-3 of solution of sodium thiosulfate in the final
titration.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium thiosulfate required for the titration.
(ii) Given that 1 mol of X can react with 2 mol of sodium thiosulfate, calculate the
number of moles of arsenic in the sample.
[5]
[Total: 8]
2. (a) Using the diagram below, sketch how S+ and S2+ ions will behave in an electric field and
state clearly the relative magnitudes of deflection of the two beams.
[2]
(b) (i) Draw the dot-and-cross diagrams of SO2 and SO3 molecules.
(ii) With respect to their intermolecular forces, explain why SO3 has a higher boiling
point than SO2.
(iii) With the use of chemical equations, show the reactions between SO2 and SO3 with
an alkali.
[6]
(ii) Hence, deduce the equation for the reaction between S2Cl2 and water.
[4]
[Total: 12]
3. In June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the new strain of flu virus,
H1N1 as a pandemic. This strain is known as swine flu as it has its origin from the swine. This
novel virus spread worldwide and had caused about 17,000 deaths by the start of 2010.
To reduce the extent of spread of this virus, one of the common drugs that has been used to
prevent or treat flu is Oseltamivir or better known as Tamiflu.
The starting reagent to synthesise Tamiflu is shikimic acid, which is extracted from star anise,
the seed pod of an evergreen tree.
HO CO2H
HO
OH
Shikimic acid
Shikimic acid molecule can exhibit geometric isomerism. A large amount of star anise has to be
used before enough shikimic acid is obtained to synthesize Tamiflu.
...
(ii) Explain why shikimic acid molecule can exhibit geometric isomerism.
...
[2]
cyclohex-3-ene-carboxylic acid, .
(b) State the types of reaction in steps I, II and IV by filling in the table below.
II
IV
[3]
(c) Suggest two possible structures of intermediate W and state, with brief explanation, which
structure fits the description of the reaction scheme above.
[3]
8872/02/CJC JC 2 Prelims Exam 10
6
(d) There is a mistake to one of the steps of the reaction scheme that the student suggested.
Identify the wrong step and suggest how it can be modified.
[Hint: Could either be wrong reagents or conditions used.]
. [2]
[Total: 10]
O
O -
2 O
Pyruvate
Glucose
Step 2:
O
4 O - + 5 O2 8 CO2 + 6 H2O
O
Pyruvate
However, when training becomes more intense, the body will receive inadequate supply of
oxygen. As such, the excess pyruvate produced from the first step will in turn be converted into
lactate (salt of lactic acid), which allows glucose to break down to produce energy. To maintain
electroneutrality, equal amount of protons will also be released to the blood. In the presence of
an enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, it helps to catalyse the conversion at high rates. This will
result in large amounts of lactate to accumulate in the blood and in turn allows more protons to
be released causing the pH to drop. (Note: If a youth athlete weighs 50 kg, then approximately
49 % of his body weight is made up of blood.)
The normal pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4. If it falls below 7.35, a state of acidosis
will exists. At this stage, athletes will show symptoms of shortness of breath, increased heart
rate, and muscles soreness. This will affect the performance of the athletes.
8872/02/CJC JC 2 Prelims Exam 10
7
(a) (i) Define what is pH.
(ii) Calculate the volume of blood in a 50 kg young athlete, assuming that the volume of
blood is equal to the mass of blood. (1 kg = 1000 cm3)
(iii) Calculate the excess amount of protons in the blood to cause the soreness of
muscles to occur. Given that lactic acid is a monobasic acid, hence state the
amount of lactate that has accumulated.
[5]
3
(b) (i) If an athlete took in 2500 cm of oxygen during a normal workout and only 16 % of
the oxygen was used up, calculate the amount of CO2 produced in the blood,
assuming that it is at room temperature and pressure.
(ii) As CO2 is produced, it will dissolve in water present in the blood to form a buffer
mixture made up of carbonic acid with bicarbonate salt, H2CO3/HCO3-.
Explain, with the help of appropriate equations, how this buffer works to maintain
constant pH in blood under normal conditions.
[5]
[Total: 10]
8872/02/CJC JC 2 Prelims Exam 10
8
Section B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper.
CH3
Retinol
(a) With reference to the structure of the molecule, suggest a reason why retinol is insoluble in
water.
[1]
(b) (i) Explain why for the synthetic reaction to form retinol from retinyl ethanoate (ester of
retinol), alkaline hydrolysis was preferred to acidic hydrolysis.
Hence draw the organic products that were produced from the alkaline hydrolysis,
with the aid of the simplified diagram provided below.
O
R O CH3
Retinyl ethanoate
(ii) The graph below shows the variation of the concentration of retinyl ethanoate in the
hydrolysis reaction with time.
Using the graph below, deduce the order of reaction with respect to retinyl
ethanoate.
110
-3
[Retinyl ethanoate] (x 10 ) / mol dm
100
90
80 [NaOH] = 0.1 mol dm-3
-4
70
Initial rate = 0.4 mol dm-3 min-1
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time / min
(c) Pure retinol is very sensitive to oxidation. Thus, when retinol is prepared synthetically as a
dietary supplement, it has to be stabilized by forming into its ester derivatives.
25.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of retinol is added to 50.0 cm3 of ethanoic acid of equal
concentration to react in a reversible reaction to form retinyl ethanoate (C22H32O2).
conc. H2SO4
Retinol(l) + CH3CO2H(l) Retinyl ethanoate(l)
+ H2O(l)
(C22H32O2)
heat
6. (a) Pure anhydrous nitric acid, HNO3 is a colorless liquid which solidifies at 42 C to form
white crystals and boils at 83 C.
(i) Given that the H atom is bonded to one of the O atoms, draw the structural formula
of HNO3 and state the type(s) of bonding it contains.
(ii) With reference to the structure of HNO3, suggest a reason why it acts as a strong
acid in water.
[4]
(d) Toluene is a clear water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is widely
used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. Similar to other solvents, toluene is
sometimes also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; however, this can
potentially cause severe neurological harm.
Toluene has the following structure.
Compound Z can be synthesized from toluene. Outline the three-step synthesis of the Z
from the intermediate I, indicating clearly the reagents and conditions, and intermediates
formed.
[5]
(e) Suggest a chemical test which can be used to distinguish between the following two
compounds. In your answer, include the reagents and conditions used, and any
observations made.
[3]
[Total: 20]
A is then reacted with dilute HCN in the presence of trace amount of NaCN, followed by
refluxing with excess dilute H2SO4 to form an organic liquid B. Liquid B turns moist blue
litmus paper red.
Use all of the above information to identify the organic compounds A, B and C, and draw a
structural formula for each of them, showing clearly all the deductions that you make from
the information that have been given. Include equations for the reactions that have
occurred.
[10]
(b) Some physical properties of the oxides of elements D, E, F and G are given below.
Describe the types of structures and all the bonds in the above four oxides.
[10]
[Total: 20]
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 22 September 2010
50 minutes
Additional materials:
Optical Mark Sheet
Data Booklet
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1 Write your name and class on this question paper.
2 There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are
four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Optical Mark Sheet.
3 Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for wrong answer.
4 Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
5 You may use a calculator.
Section A
For each question, there are four possible answers A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
1 Heating phenylethanone, C6H5COCH3 with iodine and an aqueous alkali yields 12.0 g of
triiodomethane. What is the mass of phenylethanone that has reacted?
25.0 cm3 of acidified Na2Cr2O7 liberate the same quantity of iodine from a solution of
potassium iodide as 25.0 cm3 of 0.030 mol dm3 KMnO4. What is the concentration of
Na2Cr2O7 in mol dm3?
3 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon are mixed with 70 cm3 of oxygen and the mixture
explodes. After cooling to room temperature, the residual gas occupies a volume of
50 cm3. Upon shaking these gases with aqueous potassium hydroxide, the final volume
of gas remaining is 20 cm3. What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?
A 33As
B 53I
C 8O
D 52Te
5 What is the electronic configuration of vanadium atom, with proton number 23?
A 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
B 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s1
C 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2
D 1s22s22p63s23p64s24p3
7 Hydrogen trioxide, H2O3, is an unstable compound but can be isolated in small quantities.
Carbon suboxide, C3O2, is a foulsmelling gas obtained by fully dehydrating
propan1,3dioic acid. Which of the following shows reasonable Lewis structures for
these two molecules?
B
O H O H O O C C C O
C
H O O O H O C C C O
D
O H O H O O C C C O
A an ionic crystal
B an atomic crystal
C a molecular crystal
D a giant molecular lattice
9 Trimethoprim (TMP) is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. It has the
following structure:
OCH3
CH3O N NH2
H y H
x
H C O C N
w
H Z
H
H N H
Trimethyoprim (TMP)
B x>y>z>w
C y>z>w>x
D x>y>w>z
A HF(l) HF(g)
11 When 13.08 g of zinc dust is added to 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 aqueous copper(II)
sulfate, the temperature rises by 15 C. The specific heat capacity of the final solution is
4.20 J g1 K1.
Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu
1
NO(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) H = 56.6 kJ mol1
2
13 Which one of the following statements is correct about a reaction for which the
equilibrium constant is independent of temperature?
14 The energy diagram represents a reaction that occurs in the absence, and in the
presence of a catalyst.
Energy / kJ mol1
E1 E4
E2 E3
Reactants
Products
Reaction
pathway
15 The graphs below show the variation of the percentage of gaseous products present at
equilibrium, with temperature and pressure.
% products
at equilibrium
T2 C
T2 < T1
T1 C
Pressure
17 The graph below shows the variation in the boiling points for eight consecutive elements
in the Periodic Table, all with atomic number between 10 and 20.
B When chloride of element D reacts with water, the solution turns red litmus paper
blue.
18 An element Z produces a brilliant white flame when burns in air to form oxide of Z. The
oxide of Z turns Universal Indicator blue when it is added to water.
What is the element Z?
A Magnesium
B Phosphorus
C Silicon
D Sodium
CH CH CH CH
NC
Which of the following is likely to be a property of this compound?
21 The first stage of the cumene process for the industrial production of phenol is as
follows.
H3C CH3
CH
H2SO4
+ CH3CH=CH2
Which one of the following would be the product of reaction, under similar conditions,
between benzene and cyclohexene?
A B C D
CH2(CH2)4CH3 CH=CH2(CH2)3CH3
22 Cl
COOH
Methylbenzene gives the compound as the product under suitable
reacting conditions.
D D
Cl
Deuteriobenzene 3-chlorodeuteriobenzene
24 Hot ethanolic sodium hydroxide is added separately to two compounds C6H5CH2Br and
C6H5CH2CH2Br to form compound P and Q respectively. What are the structural
formulae of compounds P and Q?
P Q
A
CH2 OH CH=CH2
B
CH2 OH
CH2 CH2 OH
C OH
CH=CH2
CH2 Br
D
CH2 Br CH2 CH2 OH
25 One mole of a compound T reacts with two moles of Na and one mole of Na2CO3.
Which of the following could be compound T?
A HOCH2CH2CO2H
B HCO2CH2CH2OH
C HOCH2CH2COCH3
D HOCH2CH(OH)CO2H
Section B
For each question, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a
tick against the statements which you consider to be correct).
1 S+ ion.
2 P atom.
3 Ar ion.
27 The graph shows the results of an investigation of the initial rate of hydrolysis of
maltose by the enzyme amylase. In the experiments, the initial concentration of maltose
is varied but that of amylase is kept constant.
Initial
reaction rate
[maltose]
1 When [maltose] is low, the rate is first order with respect to [maltose].
29 Lactic acid builds up in muscles when oxygen is in short supply. It can cause muscular
pain. Part of the reaction sequence is shown.
3 CH3COCH3 + DCN
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 20 September 2010
2 hours
Additional materials:
Answer Paper
Data Booklet
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1 Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
2 Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
3 You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graph or rough working.
4 The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
5 You may use a calculator.
6 At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
Section A
1(a) It has always been stated that the elements of the Periodic Table show general trend from Comment:
metallic to nonmetallic behavior, coupled with an increase of oxidation state of their
compounds.
Oxidation State
+8
+7
+6
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
(i) Mark with a cross (X) on the diagram the highest oxidation state of the oxide of
chlorine.
(ii) Magnesium and aluminium are both metals. Explain, with the aid of appropriate
equations, why magnesium oxide reacts with only acids but aluminium oxide reacts
with both acids and bases.
[4]
1(b) Magnesium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and phosphorus pentachloride all exist as white
solids. Suggest reactions you could carry out to distinguish between the three compounds,
writing equations where appropriate.
[3]
(ii) Given that the rate constant for the reaction is 1.55 x 103 s1, calculate the time taken
for the concentration of PCl5(g) to decrease from 1 mol dm3 to 0.125 mol dm3.
[3]
[Total: 10]
2 Ethanoic acid, an important industrial commodity in the world, finds a variety of uses in
vinegar, polymer formation and ester formation.
(a) In an experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm3 barium hydroxide, a strong base, is titrated
against an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid. The following titration graph is obtained.
pH
(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and
barium hydroxide.
(iii) Calculate the initial concentration (in mol dm3) of the ethanoic acid.
(v) After 30 cm3 of ethanoic acid is added to the mixture, the solution is able to resist pH
changes when a small amount of acid or alkali is added. Write two equations to
explain why this is so.
[6]
(b) Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic
to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an
antiinflammatory medication. The structure of aspirin is as shown below.
O OH
O CH3
Aspirin
(i) Give the reagents and conditions to produce ethanoic acid from aspirin.
Reagents:
Conditions:
[4]
[Total: 10]
Enthalpy / kJ mol-1
3
N (g) + Cl2 (g)
2
Hat(N2) NCl3 (l)
1 3
N (g) + Cl2 (g)
2 2 2
(ii) Using Hf(NCl3), bond energy (NCl) and bond energy (ClCl), label the enthalpy
changes of the processes involved on the energy level diagram above.
(iii) Hence, use the information given below and relevant data from the Data Booklet to
calculate the bond energy of NCl bond. Comment: Something wrong with
Hf( NCl3) = +232 kJ mol1 diagram. The arrow should point up!
[6]
(b) A student used the apparatus below to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of
propan1ol. It was found that 0.60 g of propan1ol was used to raise the temperature of
200 g of the water. The initial temperature of the water was 21.0C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g1 K1.
thermometer
burner containing
propan-1-ol
(ii) Given that the enthalpy of combustion of propan1ol is 2021 kJ mol1, calculate the
final temperature of water at the end of the experiment.
(iii) The actual temperature of the water measured at the end of experiment is 38.0C.
Give an explanation for the difference.
[4]
[Total: 10]
4 Acrolein is formed when fats or vegetable oils are cooked at high temperatures. In fried
foods, it may upset the stomach.
H H
H2C C C O
[2]
(b) The C=O and C=C bonds have the same electronic structure and they undergo typically
addition reactions.
(ii) Suggest suitable reagent(s) and condition(s) to bring about an addition reaction of the
C=O bond.
Reagent for C=O:
[2]
(c) Draw the structural formula(e) of the product(s) formed when acrolein reacts with each of
the following reagents. Include the formula of other products formed (if any).
[3]
(d) Methacrolein is a clear colourless flammable liquid that has a similar structure to acrolein.
CH3 H
H2C C C O
There are two isomers of methacrolein, S and T, both of which react differently when
subjected to alkaline aqueous iodine and Tollens reagent.
Like methacolein, S forms a precipitate with Tollens reagent but not with alkaline aqueous
iodine.
On the other hand, T forms a precipitate with alkaline aqueous iodine but not with Tollens
reagent.
(i) What deduction can you make about the isomers when a precipitate is formed upon
reacting with
Tollens reagent
S: T:
[3]
[Total: 10]
Section B
1(a) Chlorine is a common element which can be found in many inorganic as well as organic
compounds. The most common isotope of chlorine is 35chlorine.
(i) Write the symbol (include mass number) of the other isotope of chlorine and calculate
the relative abundance of this isotope.
(ii) Write an equation to represent the first ionisation energy for chlorine.
(iii) Using the Data Booklet, explain the difference in first ionisation energy between
chlorine and bromine.
[7]
(b) Chlorine can form ionic compounds with Group I and II metals. The table below shows the
lattice energies of two chlorine-based ionic compounds.
(ii) Explain the difference in the lattice energy between potassium chloride and calcium
chloride.
(iii) Calcium ion and chloride ion are separately subjected to the effect of an electric field
as shown below. Copy this diagram, and draw and label clearly the path of the ions
under the influence of the electric field.
+
2+
Ca
Cl_
_
[6]
(c) The commercial insecticide DDT is an organochlorine first discovered by Swiss chemist
Paul Hermann Mller. It is nearly insoluble in water but very soluble in organic solvents
and fats.
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
DDT
Consider the reaction scheme given below.
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
CH3
Step I Step II
Cl Cl
A
(i) Provide the reagents and conditions required for Step I and Step II.
(ii) Predict and explain if Compound A or DDT will have a higher melting point.
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
(iv) Draw the structural formula of the product formed when DDT reacts with excess
aqueous sodium hydroxide assuming chlorobenzene will not react.
[7]
[Total: 20]
2. Methane is used to produce synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture that includes carbon
monoxide and hydrogen, by reacting with steam on a nickel catalyst. Syngas is then used
to produce liquid hydrocarbons and methanol.
CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CO (g) + 3H2 (g)
A total of 5 mol gas mixture comprising of methane and steam is mixed in a 1:1 ratio in a
2 dm3 vessel. After some time, 1 mol of methane is found to be remaining at equilibrium.
(i) How many moles of methane have reacted? Calculate the number of moles of steam
reacted as well as those of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas produced.
Comment: Increase space between
(ii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc and determine its value, including question parts?
units.
(iii) It is known that this reaction is an endothermic process. What is meant by the term
in italics?
(iv) Predict and explain the effect of separately increasing pressure and decreasing
temperature on the above equilibrium as well as on the yield.
(v) In practice, a moderately high pressure is used in the production of syngas. Suggest a
reason for this.
(vi) Sketch a graph showing how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions change
with time, from the point of mixing to the point after equilibrium is established. Label
your graphs clearly, showing the time at which equilibrium is established. Comment: showing the time at which
[13] equilibrium is established
(b) To manufacture methanol, the carbon monoxide and hydrogen mixture is passed over a
mixture of copper, zinc oxide and alumina catalysts. Besides being a common laboratory
solvent, the largest use of methanol (CH3OH) is to produce methanal (HCHO).
(i) Industrially, oxygen is used to react with methanol to produce methanal. Write an
equation for this reaction.
(ii) Alternatively, what reagent(s) and condition(s) can be used in the laboratory to
convert methanol to methanal?
(iii) Sketch the shape of the hybrid orbitals around the carbon in methanal molecule.
[3]
(c) A sample of methane reacts with excess bromine to form a mixture of brominated
products.
3(a) The oxo reaction is an important industrial process in which an alkene combines directly
with carbon monoxide and hydrogen under suitable conditions. The reaction with ethene is
shown below.
catalyst
CH2=CH2 + CO + H2 CH3CH2CHO
high T, p
(i) What is the simple relationship between the time taken for the reaction and the initial
rate of the reaction? Comment: More space between
question parts
(ii) A series of experiments are carried out to investigate the kinetics of the oxo reaction
with ethene. The following results are obtained.
[CH2=CH2]
Experiment [CO] / mol dm3 [H2] / mol dm3 Time / s
/ mol dm3
(II) Hence write a rate equation for the reaction and calculate a value for the rate
constant, giving its units.
(iii) Draw the structural formula of the product of the oxo reaction if the starting alkene is
but2ene instead. [8]
(b) Propanal can be prepared from chloroethane under laboratory conditions, using propanoic
acid as an intermediate. Propose a reaction scheme, in not more than 4 steps, for this
conversion. Your answer should include the reagents and conditions, as well as the
structures of the intermediate compounds formed. [3]
(c) Both ethanol and chloroethane can undergo a similar reaction to form ethene but using
different reagents and conditions.
(i) Suggest the name of this reaction.
(ii) Give the reagents and conditions to form ethene from ethanol and chloroethane
respectively. [3]
(d) While Sean is doing his experiment in the laboratory, the labels of 3 testtubes
each containing 1phenylethanol, 1bromoethylbenzene and 1
chloroethylbenzene fell off. The structures of the 3 compounds are shown below:
OH Br Cl
(i) Suggest how Sean can carry out 2 different tests to distinguish the 3
compounds from one another. For each test, state the reagents and
conditions, and give the observations you would make with each compound.
[Total: 20]
C2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/01
PAPER 1
Multiple Choice
24 September 2010 1 hour
Write and
shade your
NRIC
or FIN number
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question, there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the OMS.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
Section A
For each question, there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider
to be correct.
A 24 dm3 of hydrogen gas at 25 C and 1 atm contains 6.0 1023 hydrogen atoms.
B 500 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 aqueous copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, contains 3.0 1023
nitrate ions.
2 When 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was completely burnt in excess oxygen, 30 cm3
of carbon dioxide and 40 cm3 of water vapour were formed.
Given that all volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure, what is the
formula of the hydrocarbon?
3 Which of the following ions has more electrons than protons and more neutrons than
protons? [T = 31H ]
A T B He+ C OH D H3O+
D More energy is required to remove the outermost electrons from Xn+ than from
X.
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
3
F F
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
6 Ice is the crystalline form of water. The diagram below shows part of the structure of ice.
A Ice has a lower density than water at 0 oC due to its open structure.
7 When 13.08 g of zinc was added to 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 aqueous copper(II) sulfate, the
temperature of the solution rose by 15 oC.
[Specific capacity of the final solution is 4.20 J g1 K1.]
Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
What is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol1) for the above reaction?
A 82.9 B 78.8
C 66.3 D 4.12
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
4
9 Potassium-argon dating is used to determine the age of igneous rocks. Potassium in these
rocks gradually breaks down into argon and the gas is trapped in the rock. This radioactive
decay is first order reaction with a half-life of 1.3 x 109 years.
A sample of igneous rock, containing some potassium, is examined. If the amount of argon
gas measured is 7 times as much as the amount of potassium, what is the age (in years)
of the rock?
10 An experiment was carried out to investigate the initial rate of reaction between K2S2O8(aq),
an oxidising agent, and KI(aq). The initial concentrations of K2S2O8(aq) and KI(aq) in the
mixture together with the time taken for the mixture to darken for the various experimental
runs are given below.
Initial [K2S2O8] / mol dm3 Initial [KI] / mol dm3 Time taken to darken / seconds
0.10 0.20 35
0.05 0.20 70
0.02 0.75 Y
A 72 B 60 C 47 D 40
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
5
1
A 2.4 B
2.4
1 1
C D
4.8 4.8
13 The table below shows the values of the ionic product of water, Kw, at two different
temperatures.
25 1.00 x 1014
62 1.00 x 1013
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
6
14 Ga, Ge, As and Se are successive elements in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.
Which of the following statements is true?
D As has only three unpaired electrons, thus the highest chloride formed is AsCl3.
15 One mole of magnesium, aluminium and sulfur are each completely burnt in an excess of
oxygen gas.
Which graph shows the volume of oxygen used in each case?
A volume of B volume of
oxygen used oxygen used
x x x
x x
0 0
Mg Al S Mg Al S
C volume of D volume of
oxygen used oxygen used
x x
x x
x
x
0 0
Mg Al S Mg Al S
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
7
16 The following reaction scheme shows the synthesis of compound C from methylbenzene
through a series of reactions.
O
CH3 CH3 CH3
C N
CH2Cl CH2NH2 C
CH3Cl NH3 O
II II
II
compound C
Which of the following shows the correct reaction types for steps I and II?
I II
A addition addition
B addition condensation
C substitution substitution
D substitution elimination
17 Compound E, C4H10, reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of light to form two
monochlorinated alkanes, F and G, in an approximate molar ratio of 9 : 1.
What are the structures of E and F?
E F
A CH3CH(CH3)CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH2Cl
B CH3CH(CH3)CH3 CH3CCl(CH3)CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHClCH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
18 Which reagent, in its reactions with compound H, shows both addition and substitution?
CO2H
CH3 CH CH compound H
CO2H
A bromine B ethanol
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
8
COCH3
CHO
1 2 3 4
CH3CH(OH)CH=CHBr
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
9
22 1 mole of an organic compound K reacts with 2 moles of NaOH(aq) when heated. 1 mole of
K also reacts with PCl5 to produce 1 mole of HCl(g).
Which compound could K be?
CH2OH CH2Br
A B
Br CH2Br Br CO2H
CHO
C D Br CO2H
Br CO2H
23 Aspirin is a common analgesic used in the treatment of headaches and muscle aches.
C OH
O CH3
aspirin
C
A It is soluble in water.
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
10
A B
C D
CH3
A B
CO2H CO2H
CH2OH
CH3
C D
CN
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
11
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements
1 to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct. (You may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
27 Magnesium reacts readily with dilute hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and
hydrogen.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The standard enthalpy change for this reaction can be measured in the laboratory.
What further information is needed in order to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation of magnesium chloride?
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
12
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
A B C D
p Q r
1 0 1 0
2 1 2 2
3 2 0 1
29 A mixture of two oxides of Period 3 elements is added to water. The solution formed is
almost neutral.
What could the constituents of the mixture be?
~ End of Paper 1~
8872/01/HCI/C2 Prelim/2010
NAME: _______________________________________ CT: ____________
C2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872
PAPER 2
21 September 2010 2 hr
Section A
Answer all the questions.
Section B
Answer two questions on separate answer paper.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Q1 / 9 Q5 / 20
Q2 / 9 Q6 / 20
Q3 / 12 Q7 / 20
Q4 / 10
Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1 Copper and iodine are both shiny crystalline solids. They have the same face-centered cubic
crystal structures.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in this type of crystal lattice.
(a) Complete the table below about the type of particles and their interactions within the
crystals.
copper
crystals
iodine
crystals
[2]
(b) Explain briefly why copper is malleable and ductile.
[1]
(c) Give another physical property present in one of the above solids but absent in the other.
Explain your answer.
Physical property:
Reason:
[2]
(d) A sample of copper contains the two isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu only. An experiment is
conducted to find the relative atomic mass, Ar, of this sample and is found to be 63.9.
(i) Explain why the value of Ar found is not a whole number.
(ii) Suggest why the value of Ar stated above differs from the value given in the
Periodic Table.
[2]
(e) When separate beams of 63Cu2+ and 127I are passed through an electric field in the
apparatus below, they behave differently.
(i) Sketch to show the paths of the beams of 63Cu2+ and 127
I in the electric field on the
above diagram.
(ii) Given that the angle of deflection of the Cu2+ beam is 7.0o, calculate the angle of
deflection of the I beam, correct to 1 decimal place.
Time / min
(a) (i) Using the graph where [C2H5Br] = 1.0 mol dm3, find the order of reaction with
respect to NaOH(aq).
(ii) Using the graphs above, deduce the order of reaction with respect to C2H5Br.
(iii) Hence, write down the rate equation for this reaction.
[5]
(b) With the aid of a sketch of the Boltzmann distribution in each case, explain why an
increase in
(i) temperature,
(ii) concentration of C2H5Br,
increases the initial rate of the hydrolysis reaction.
(i)
...
...
...
(ii)
...
...
...
[4]
[Total: 9]
3 (a) (i) Complete the following reaction scheme starting from compound B,
CH3COCH(OH)CH(CH3)2.
Write the structural formulae of all the organic compounds, C, E, F and G.
B
CH3COCH(OH)CH(CH3)2
excess conc. F
H2SO4, 170 oC
D C
CH3COCH2CCl(CH3)2 HCl(g) Step II
steam,
conc. H3PO4
high T and P CH3COCO2H
E
Step I
conc. H2SO4,
heat
(ii) State the reagents and conditions used in Steps I and II.
Step I
Step II
[5]
(b) Name the two functional groups in B and show how you would identify each
functional group using a simple chemical test.
[4]
...
...
[3]
[Total: 12]
4 (a) Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drug for treating chronic arthritic pain of
the joints. It is a white powder with a melting point of 74 77 C. It is only slightly
soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.
To determine the amount in each tablet, the ibuprofen tablets are weighed, crushed
and a known amount is dissolved in a solvent to prepare a standard 100 cm3 solution.
The solution is then filtered to remove the additives. A known aliquot of ibuprofen
solution is then titrated against a standard solution of sodium hydroxide.
CH3
CH3 O
CH CH2 CH C
CH3 OH
Ibuprofen
(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of ibuprofen and hence the mass of
ibuprofen needed to make 100 cm3 of a 0.15 mol dm-3 solution.
[6]
(iii) Use the data in the following table to suggest a suitable indicator for the titration
of ibuprofen solution with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Justify your answer.
indicator pH at which colour changes
methyl violet 01
methyl orange 34
bromothymol blue 67
phenolphthalein 9 10
...
...
[4]
[Total: 10]
SECTION B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper.
5-hydroxypentanoic acid P
Q reacts with steam under suitable conditions to give T, C11H16O. T does not react
with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
Give the structural formulae of Q, R, S and T. Explain the reactions described and
write equations for the reaction where appropriate.
[9]
[Total: 20]
6 (a) The chlorides of elements sodium to phosphorus all dissolve in or react with water.
Two of the chlorides, magnesium chloride and silicon chloride, differ in their
reactions with water.
Describe and explain these differences in terms of their structure and bonding,
writing equations for any reactions that occur.
[4]
(b) The table below gives the data on some oxides of elements in Period 3 of the
Periodic Table.
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6 SO2
Melting point / K 1193 3125 2345 1883 297 200
Boiling point / K 1548 3873 3253 2503 448 263
(i) State the reagents and conditions required for reactions I, II and III.
(ii) Use the bond energy values from the Data Booklet to explain how the rate of
reaction I would change if iodomethane, CH3I, is used as the starting
material.
[6]
[Total: 20]
7 (a) Phosphorus is a non-metal discovered by the German physician Hennig Brand in 1669.
In his experiments, Brand found that the white material (white phosphorus) glowed in
the dark and spontaneously burst into a bright white flame when burned in air.
(i) Write equations for the reactions that occur when a sample of phosphorus is
burned in excess oxygen, and water is added to the resulting oxide.
(ii) Suggest the pH of the aqueous solution formed.
[3]
(b) The equation below shows how phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, reacts with a limited
amount of water.
PCl5(s) + H2O(l) POCl3(l) + 2HCl(g)
Given the following data.
Standard enthalpy change of formation of PCl5(s) = 444 kJ mol1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of POCl3(l) = 1186 kJ mol1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of HCl(g) = 92 kJ mol1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of H2(g) = 286 kJ mol1
(i) What do you understand by the term standard enthalpy change of formation?
(ii) Use the energy cycle below and the given data to calculate Hro.
Hro
PCl5(s) + H2O(l) POCl3(l) + 2HCl(g)
5
P(s) + H2(g) + O2(g) + Cl2(g)
2
[3]
(c) Phosphorus pentachloride, PCl 5, is involved in the following reaction scheme.
U
I
II CH3O Na+
heat
CH2CO2H
X Y
(d) Phosphates have an amazing array of applications in home and industry. For example,
sodium hydrogenphosphate, Na2HPO4, is a laxative ingredient and is used to adjust the
acidity of boiler water.
(i) A buffer solution of H2PO4(aq) and HPO42(aq) can be made by adding a small amount
of solid NaOH to an aqueous solution of NaH2PO4.
Given: H2PO4(aq) H+(aq) + HPO42(aq) Ka = 6.30 107 mol dm3
I Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
II Write equations to explain how the addition of a small amount of solid sodium
hydroxide to an aqueous solution of NaH2PO4 enables it to maintain a fairly constant
pH.
[4]
2
(ii) The structure of hydrogenphosphate ion, HPO4 , is as shown.
O
O P O H
O
When two hydrogenphosphate ions undergo a condensation reaction, they form a
diphosphate ion, P2O74 and a water molecule.
I Write an equation for the above reaction.
II Draw the structure of P2O74.
III State the shapes and bond angles of the ion about each central atom.
[4]
[Total: 20]
- End of paper -
Paper 1
1 C 2 D 3 A 4 D 5 A
6 C 7 B 8 B 9 C 10 C
11 C 12 C 13 C 14 B 15 D
16 C 17 A 18 A 19 B 20 A
21 C 22 B 23 B 24 D 25 B
26 B 27 D 28 A 29 B 30 D
Paper 2 Section A
1 (a)
Copper
cations / Cu2+ ions metallic bonding
crystals
(b) The sea of delocalised electrons is able to accommodate any deformation to the
cationic lattice
OR The layers of cations can slide past each other while electrons hold them
together.
Reason:
(d)(i) Relative atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes (or
words to this effect).
(ii) % abundance of the isotopes in this sample differs from what is normally
obtained.
2
e
(ii) angle of deflection
m
1
angle of deflection of I- = 7 x 127 = 1.8o
2
63.5
2 (a)(i)
(ii) Calculation (using initial rates) or other points on the graphs to show that when
[C2H5Br] doubled, rate (or gradient of the graph) doubled.
3(a)(i) C E
CH3COCH=C(CH3)2 CH3COCH2C(OH)(CH3)2
F G
4
O
(b)
(c) (i) H
C C C C
cis trans
OR
C C C C
H CH2CH3 H H
cis trans
OR
C C C C
H CH3 H H
cis trans
(ii) The C =C bond cannot undergo free rotation as the bond in C=C bond will be
broken.
4(a)(i) C13H18O2
5
(ii) Mr = 206
(Mr of 2-CO2H = 90, thus Mr of remaining part = 97, the benzene ring)
HO2C CO2H
Structure of J:
[H + ] [ RCO -2 ]
b(i) Ka =
[RCO 2H]
(ii) [H+] = (Ka x C) = (6.3 x 10-6 x 0.15) = 9.72 x 10-4 mol dm-3
pH = 3.0
(iii) phenolphthalein
pH at equivalence point of a strong base & weak acid titration is about 9, which
corresponds to its working range
SECTION B
5(a)(i) A system is said to be in dynamic equilibrium when the rate of forward reaction
is equal to the rate of backward reaction.
H2O
O O
[ester][H 2 O] O
(ii) Kc = or
[acid] HO OH
1.9 2
( )
(iii) Kc = 0.2 = 180.5 mol dm3
0.1
0.2
6
(b)(i) I Order of Reaction with respect to a reactant is the power to which the
concentration of that reactant is raised in the rate equation.
(ii)
(iv) Measure vol of O2 evolved at various time intervals & plot graph of the vol vs.
time to obtain gradient at various t
(c) Q R T S: CHI3
CO2H
C O
CH3
6(a) MgCl2(s) - giant ionic lattice structure with strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between Mg2+ & Cl ions.
It dissolves in water to form a slightly acidic solution as Mg2+ has a high charge
density & undergoes hydrolysis in water.
MgCl2(s) + 6H2O(l) [Mg(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
& has weak intermolecular van der Waals forces / pd-pd forces & thus little E is
needed to break them & hence low bp
q+ x q
II LE ; q+ of Mg2+ > q+ of Na+ while r+ of Mg2+ < r+ of Na+,
r+ + r
III SiO2 is macromolecular with large no of covalent bonds to be broken for melting
to occur;
P4O6 is simple molecular with much weaker intermolecular van der Waals
forces...
(c)(i)
S Cl
% 31 69
ratio 1 2
(ii) pH: 1 - 3
5
P(s) + H2(g) + O2(g) + Cl2(g)
2
H r = 2(-92) + (-1186) {(-444) + (-286)}
= -640 kJ mol1
c(i) V W Y
9
(iv) Substitution
O O
O
P P
-O O-
O- -O
II
CANDIDATE
NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 20 September 2010
50 minutes
Additional Materials: Data Booklet
Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in soft pencil.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you consider
to be correct.
A C3H4 C C3H8
B C3H6 D C6H8
2 In an experiment, 50 cm3 of a 0.1 mol dm-3 solution of a metallic salt reacted exactly with
25 cm3 of a 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium sulfite solution. The half-equation for oxidation of sulfite
ion is:
If the original oxidation number of the metal in the salt was +3, what would be the final
oxidation number of the metal?
A 0 C +2
B +1 D +4
3 Which one of the following corresponds to the configuration of the three electrons of the
highest energy for a Group III element?
A 1s2 2s1
B 2s1 2p2
C 3p3
D 4s2 4p1
In research on the atomic nucleus, scientists have been comparing the stability of isotopes
with the same neutron : proton ratio.
A 51Sb C 49In
B 40Zr D 34Se
D E F
A NaF BeCl2 Cu
B NaBr CaO SiO2
C NaCl MgO graphite
D NaI Al2O3 diamond
A HF
B H2O
C H2
D HCl
3G2 + H2 2G3H
colourless colourless red
Two experiments were carried out and it was found that the rate of reaction is given by the
following relationship:
1
Rate
time
If the rate is found to be Rate = k[G2][H2], which of the following statements is not true?
9 If the rate of decay of a radioactive isotope decreases from 1200 counts per minute to
75 counts per minute in 48 hours, what is its half life?
A 6 hours
B 8 hours
C 12 hours
D 16 hours
10 The decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, was found to be first order with respect
to N2O5.
11 The equilibrium constants, at 823 K, for two reactions are given below.
A 0.137 C 423
B 7.313 D 557
Which of the following happens when 2 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 nitric acid is added to the
mixture?
Colour change
Indicator Approximate pH range Acid Alkali
Bromocresol green 3.8 5.5 Yellow Blue
Phenol red 6.8 8.5 Yellow red
Which conclusion can be drawn about a solution in which bromocresol green is blue and
phenol red is yellow?
A It is weakly acidic.
B It is neutral.
C It is weakly alkaline.
D It is strongly alkaline.
A acid-base
B redox
C dehydration
D displacement
15 The radius and charge of six cations and anions are shown below.
If the ionic solids LM, XK and WI are of the same lattice type, what is the correct order of
their lattice energies, placing the one with the highest numerical value first?
16 The enthalpy changes for two reactions are given by the equations below.
1
2Ag(s) + O2(g) Ag2O(s) H = 31.0 kJ mol-1
2
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = 393.5 kJ mol-1
What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction where silver is obtained from the
reduction of silver(I) oxide?
Cyclohexene can be reacted with hydrogen, using a nickel catalyst, to form cyclohexane.
Hf
C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
+ O2 + 2O2
+ O2
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
H / kJ mol-1
Enthalpy change of combustion of C(graphite) 393.5
Enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen 285.8
Enthalpy change of combustion of CH4 890.4
What would be observed when the two metals were burnt separately?
sodium magnesium
A yellow flame yellow flame
B yellow flame white flame
C white flame yellow flame
D white flame white flame
20 Phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are Period 3 elements of the Periodic Table. The ionic
radii of the three anions are given in the table below.
Ion P3 S2 Cl
Radius / nm 0.212 0.185 0.181
O O
C
H H
C
C C C C CH3
OH H O
warfarin
NC CN
C C
NC CN
How many sigma and pi bonds are there in one molecule of tetracyanoethylene?
23 Which reaction yields a organic product that has more hydrogen atoms than the reactant?
A H H O
I2, NaOH
H C C C CH3
warm
H H
B CH3
conc H2SO4
H3C C OH
CH3
D
H H O
acidified KMnO4
H C C C OH
heat
H OH
24 What are the functional groups present in the molecule shown below?
CH3
Br
It is neutral.
It gives a red precipitate with Fehlings solution.
It decolourises a hot aqueous solution of acidified KMnO4 with evolution of CO2
gas.
A COCH3 C
CH(OH)CH3
B D
CH2CHO
CH2OH
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3
may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are correct 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
correct correct
26 The reaction between bromine and ethane under ultraviolet light is represented by the
equation below:
light
C2H6 + Br2 C2H5Br + HBr
From the information above, what can be concluded regarding the rate of formation of
hydrogen bromide?
The ionic product of water, Kw, is defined as [H+][ OH] = 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 at 298 K.
28 The elements sodium to chlorine are found in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Which of the
following statements explain the general increase in the first ionisation energy of the
elements?
Which pair of compounds could be used to form the compound shown below?
reagents conditions
1 CH3CH2Br excess NH3(g) in sealed tube, heat
2 CH3Br KCN in ethanol, heat followed by LiAlH4 in dry ether
3 CH3CH2Br KCN in ethanol, heat followed by H2SO4(aq), heat
CANDIDATE
NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 Structured and Free Response Questions 20 September 2010
2 hour
Section A: Structured Questions
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper
Write your index number, name and civics group on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. For Examiners Use
Section A: Structured Questions (40m) Section A
Answer all questions in the space provided.
1
13
Section B: Free Response Questions (40m) 2
Answer two questions on separate writing papers. 8
3
You are advised to show all working in calculations. 9
You are reminded of the need for good English and
4
clear presentation in your answers. 10
You are reminded of the need for good handwriting.
Your final answers should be in 3 significant figures. Total
40
You may use a calculator.
1 Iron(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfate combine to form the double salt iron(II) ammonium
sulfate, FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.xH2O.
11.0 g of the double salt was dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid and made up to 250 cm3
mark in a standard flask. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 28.00 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm-3
KMnO4 for titration.
(a) (i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between Fe2+ and acidified
MnO4.
....
[6]
(b) Draw the Lewis structure of the NH4+ and state its shape.
Shape of NH4+ : ..
[2]
(c) The reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution is exothermic and is
represented by the following equation:
(i) Apart from a temperature rise, state two observations which could be made
from the above reaction.
....
....
....
(ii) When excess zinc powder was added to a polystyrene cup containing 75.0 cm3
of aqueous copper(II) sulfate at 20.5 C, the temperature rose to 33.7 C. The
copper metal formed was collected, washed, dried and found to weigh 0.42 g.
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction in kJ per mole of copper
formed.
[5]
[Total: 13 ]
[1]
(b) (i) When a weak acid dissociates in aqueous solution, the concentration of H+ is
given by the following expression.
Given that the concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.720 mol dm-3 and its Ka is
1.8 x 10-5 mol dm-3. Calculate the concentration of H+ and pH of ethanoic acid.
(ii) Suggest and explain the choice of an indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid
and aqueous NaOH.
....
....
....
[4]
......
..............
..............
Labelled diagram:
[3]
[Total: 8]
(a) The scheme below shows how succinic acid, can be prepared from ethene.
OH
Ethene P CN O
NC O
Q OH
succinic acid
(ii) Suggest how P can be prepared from ethene and name the type of reaction
involved.
Reagent(s) : .
Conditions : .
Type of reaction : .
(iii) Suggest how succinic acid can be synthesised from Q. State the type of
reaction involved.
Reagent(s) : .
Conditions : .
Type of reaction : .
(iv) Draw the structural formula of the product formed when ethene reacts with
steam and H3PO4 catalyst. State the functional group of the product formed.
Functional group : .
[7]
OH
OH
O C CH3
O C C
O H H
and
H CH3
OH
succinic acid 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal
Reagent(s) : .
Conditions : .
[2]
[Total: 9]
4 (a) Phenolphthalein is one of the most common indicators used to determine the end
point in a titration. When excess base is present at the end of an acid-base titration,
the pink colour fades after the solution is left to stand in air for a while.
Fig. 4.1 shows the absorbance versus time graphs obtained for two different
concentrations of NaOH, 0.200 mol dm-3 and 0.400 mol dm-3. In each case, only one
drop of phenolphthalein was used.
450
400
350
300
Absorbance/ A
250
200
150
[NaOH] = 0.400 mol dm-3
100
[NaOH] = 0.200 mol dm-3
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time/ sec
Fig. 4.1
(i) NaOH;
(ii) Y2.
(iii) Hence state the rate equation based on a(i) and a(ii).
....
[5]
(i) MgO is formed from the thermal decomposition of MgSiO3, a major component
in mineral rocks. In this process, SiO2 is also produced. Write a balanced
equation for the thermal decomposition of MgSiO3.
...
(ii) During the thermal decomposition of mineral rocks, impurities like SO2 are also
produced. Arrange MgO, SO2 and SiO2 in order of increasing acidity.
...
(iii) Suggest a method how MgO can be separated from a mixture of MgO, SO2
and SiO2. Write balanced equations for the reactions involved.
...
...
...
...
...
...
[5]
[Total: 10]
Section B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate writing papers.
5 (a) Ethyl acetate or ethyl ethanoate is the organic compound with the formula
CH3COOCH2CH3. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is
manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent. It is formed according to the
equation below.
In an experiment, 1 mol of ethanoic acid and 2 mol of ethanol were shaken for a
long time to reach equilibrium. The whole mixture was titrated quickly with 80 cm3 of
2.00 mol dm3 of sodium hydroxide.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanoic acid that had reacted with ethanol.
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol, ester and water present at
equilibrium.
(vi) State the effect on Kc if 0.1 mol of ethanol liquid was introduced into the
container after equilibrium has been established.
[7]
(b) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH is a corrosive acid. Its vapour irritates the eyes, produces
a burning sensation in the nose, and can lead to a sore throat and lung congestion.
(i) Suggest the reagents and conditions for the conversion of ethanoic acid into
an alcohol.
(ii) Name the type of reaction that occurs and write a balanced equation for the
conversion of ethanoic acid into an alcohol.
(iii) Describe what you would observe when ethanoic acid was reacted with
sodium metal.
[4]
(c) Period 3 chlorides such as PCl5, POCl3, PSCl3 and SiCl4 have many uses.
(i) Describe and explain what you would observe when water is gradually added
to PCl3, until in excess. Suggest the pH of the solution thus formed.
(ii) Suggest a balanced equation with state symbols for the reaction of liquid
silicon tetrachloride with heavy water, D2O [deuterium, D= 2 H ].
[4]
(d) The graphs below show the variation in first ionisation energy of some elements.
Fig. 5.1 refers to successive elements in the same period, and Fig. 5.2 refers to
successive elements in the same group as element J.
First M First
Ionisation J
Ionisation
Energy Energy
J N
L
(i) Given that element J is a Group II element. Copy the diagram below into your
answer paper. Label clearly how the beams of J+ and K+ ions are deflected
when subjected to an electric field.
You should relate clearly the magnitude and the direction of deflection of
each beam to the other.
Source
(ii) State and explain which period element J is in and hence identify J.
[5]
[Total: 20]
(a) (i) What reagents and conditions are needed for reactions I, II and III?
(b) Draw the organic product formed when B is reacted separately with each of the
reagents and conditions stated below.
(ii) PCl5.
[2]
(c) (i) Compound A, C7H13Br has a structural isomer with a straight chain and
displays geometric isomerism. Suggest a possible structure of the isomer.
(ii) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish A and the isomer identified in (c)(i).
State the observations for the test.
[3]
(d) Compound D with molecular formula C9H8O is used as a drug carrier. D is insoluble
in sodium hydroxide but reacts with 1 mole of bromine gas in the dark to form E,
C9H8OBr2.
Treatment of D with Tollens reagent will yield silver mirror but when treated with
Fehlings solution, blue colour solution remains. When D is heated with acidified
potassium manganate(VII), G, C8H6O4, is formed. G will produce effervescence
when Na2CO3 is added to it.
Use all of the above information to identify the organic compounds D, E, F, and G.
Include the following in your answers.
(ii) Clearly show all of the deductions that you make from the information that you
have been given.
[10]
[Total: 20]
7 Chromium is a very shiny, silvery metal whose Greek name, Chroma, refers to its many
colourful compounds.
(a) In air, chromium readily forms a thin and transparent coating of Cr2O3. Like Al2O3,
Cr2O3 is an amphoteric oxide and can react with both acids and bases.
(i) Suggest a reason why chromium is used extensively as a coating for other
metals like iron.
(ii) Write 2 balanced equations with state symbols that shows the amphoteric nature
of Cr2O3.
[3]
(b) Chromium can also exist in the form of chromate, CrO42, which can be prepared from
chromium(III) chloride. This conversion takes place in the presence of hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2.
(i) Write the half equation for the conversion of H2O2 to OH in alkaline medium.
(ii) Given that the half equation for the conversion of Cr3+ to CrO42- in alkaline
medium is as shown below.
Using your answer to b(i), write the overall balanced equation of the conversion
of Cr3+ to CrO42 in the presence of H2O2 in alkaline medium.
(iii) Hence calculate the minimum volume of 0.200 mol dm3 H2O2 required to
convert a sample of 0.500 g of CrCl3 completely to CrO42.
[5]
(c) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram of H2O2 and state its shape.
[2]
(d) Besides chromium(III) chloride, chlorides of Period 3 elements are also well-studied.
State and explain the electrical conductivity of the chlorides of magnesium and
phosphorous respectively in both molten and aqueous states.
[3]
(e) The following diagram shows how the NH3 molecules are arranged around the central
Cr3+ ion in a [Cr(NH3)6]3+ complex.
The arrow denotes a dative bond from the N atom to Cr3+, as shown below:
Using the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, explain the
phenomenon that the H-N-H bond angle in ammonia when it is bound to Cr3+ is about
110 o, while that in an isolated ammonia molecule is about 107 o.
[2]
(f) In another compound containing boron chloride and phosphine, an equilbrium exists
between the compound, PH3BCl3, and its adducts PH3 and BCl3 as shown.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the decomposition of
solid PH3BCl3.
[Total: 20]
Paper 1 Answers
1 A 11 A 21 B
2 C 12 B 22 D
3 D 13 A 23 C
4 C 14 A 24 D
5 D 15 D 25 B
6 C 16 A 26 A
7 B 17 A 27 B
8 D 18 A 28 B
9 C 19 B 29 D
10 A 20 C 30 B
1 (a) (i) 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O [1], without s.s
(ii)
No. of moles of MnO4 used in the titration =
28.00
1000 0.02 = 5.60 10 4
Shape is tetrahedral.
PRELIM 2 INNOVA 8872/02/2010 [Turn over
(c) (i) Red / brown / pink solid (Cu) forms
Blue solution fades/ become colourless
Zinc dissolves
(ii) Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the solution is similar to
that of water.
(b) (i)
[H+] = (1.8 105 )(0.720)
= 3.60 x 10-3
pH = - log (3.60 x 10-3)
= 2.44
(c) In benzene, two molecules of ethanoic acid combine together to form a dimer.
+
O H O
H3C C C CH3
+
O H O
Hydrogen bond
3 a (i)
(iii) Suggest how succinic acid can be synthesised from compound Q. State the
type of reaction involved.
(iii) Reagent : Dilute HCl (or H2SO4)
PRELIM 2 INNOVA 8872/02/2010 [Turn over
Condition : Heat with reflux
(iv) H H
H C C H
H OH
Observation :
Succinic acid : Effervescence seen, gas forms white ppt with Ca(OH)2 (aq)
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : No effervescence seen
OR
Reagent : 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Observation :
Succinic acid : No orange ppt
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : Orange ppt seen
OR
Observation :
Succinic acid : No silver mirror
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : Silver mirror seen
OR
Observation :
Succinic acid : No brick red ppt
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : Brick red ppt and blue Cu2+ solution decolourised
OR
Observation :
Succinic acid : Purple colour remains
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal: Purple colour of KMnO4 decolourised
When [NaOH] doubles, keeping [Y2-] constant, the rate also doubles. This
implies that the order with respect to NaOH is 1.
OR
(iii) Use concentrated NaOH, both the other acidic oxides will be dissolved, leaving
behind MgO/ filter the solution to obtain MgO as residue.
H H
O
H
H C C OH + H2O
H C C OH + 4 [H]
H H
H
(c) (i) Phosphorus (III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis with water, to produce steamy
HCl fumes and phosphonic acid, H3PO3. The solution has a pH = 2
charge
Deflection
mass
Mass of K+ > mass of J+
Angle of deflection for of J+ > Angle of deflection for of K+
NOTE: mark given for working or shown in diagram
Source
K+
-
J+
(ii) State and explain which period element J is in and hence identify J.
(ii) Based on Figure 5.2, J is in period 3.
Only in period 2-4, atomic number have a difference of 8 down the group.
From period 5, the increase in atomic number down the group is 18.
J is Magnesium
(ii) Addition
(iii)
(ii) CH2Cl
(c) (i)
OR
OR
Reagent: KMnO4
Condition: dilute H2SO4, reflux
Observation:
Structural isomer: Purple KMnO4 will decolourise
Compound A: Purple KMnO4 will not decolourise
O C H
C C
H H Compound D
H Br
O C H
C C
H Br H Compound E
H OH
O C H
C C
H HO H Compound F
O
C COOH
HO Compound G
7 (a) (i) Chromium forms an inert oxide layer , will protect the metal from corrosion.
(ii) 2Cr3+ (aq) + 10 OH- (aq) + 3H2O2 (l) 2CrO42- (aq) + 8H2O (l)
(iii) 0.500
No. of moles of CrCl3 = = 0.00315 mol
52.0 + 3(35.5)
No. of moles of H2O2 required = 3/2 x 3.15 x 10-3 = 4.73 x 10-3 mol
4.73 10 3
Volume = =0.0237 dm3
0.200
(c)
Shape: Bent
(d) Chlorides of magnesium can conduct electricity in molten and aqueous states, while
chlorides of P cannot.
MgCl2 is has giant ionic structure. In the molten and aqueous states, there are mobile
charge carriers (ions), hence able to conduct electricity.
PCl3 or PCl5 has a simple molecular structure. In both molten and aqueous states,
there no mobile charge carriers, hence unable to conduct electricity.
1 Iron(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfate combine to form the double salt iron(II) ammonium
sulfate, FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.xH2O.
11.0 g of the double salt was dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid and made up to 250 cm3
mark in a standard flask. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 28.00 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm-3
KMnO4 for titration.
(a) (i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between Fe2+ and acidified
MnO4.
[1]
No. of moles of MnO4 used in the titration =
28.00
1000 0.02 = 5.60 10 4
1
[ ]for working
2
1
[ ]for answer
2
1
2.80 x 10-2 Mr = 11.0 [[ ], ecf]
2
Mr = 392.8 OR
1
393[[ ], ecf part (iii)]
2
1
[55.8 + 32.0 + 4(16.0) + 2(14 + 4) + 32 + 4(16) + x(18.0) = 393 [[ ], ecf]
2
1
x = 6 [[ ], ecf part (iii)]
2
[6]
(b) Draw the Lewis structure of the NH4+ and state its shape.
[2]
Shape of NH4+:
(c) The reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution is exothermic and is
represented by the following equation:
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(i) Apart from a temperature rise, state two observations which could be made
from the above reaction.
1 1
Red / brown / pink solid (Cu) forms [[ ] for colour; [ ] for Cu (solid)]
2 2
Blue solution fades/ become colourless [1]
Zinc dissolves [1]
(ii) When excess zinc powder was added to a polystyrene cup containing 75.0 cm3
of aqueous copper(II) sulfate at 20.5 C, the temperature rose to 33.7 C. The
copper metal formed was collected, washed, dried and found to weigh 0.42 g.
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction in kJ per mole of copper
formed.
Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the solution is similar to
that of water.
[5]
[Total: 13]
2 Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives vinegar
its sour taste and pungent smell. It is a weak acid, in that it is only partially dissociated in
an aqueous solution.
[1]
+
[ H ][CH 3COO ]
Ka = [1]
[CH 3COOH ]
(b) (i) When a weak acid dissociates in aqueous solution, the concentration of H+ is
given by the following expression.
Given that the concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.720 mol dm-3 and its Ka is
1.8 x 10-5 mol dm-3. Calculate the concentration of H+ and pH of ethanoic acid.
1
[H+] = (1.8 105 )(0.720) [ ]correct substitution
2
1
= 3.60 x 10-3 [
]
2
1
pH = - log (3.60 x 10-3) [ ]
2
1
= 2.44 [ ]
2
(ii) Suggest and explain the choice of an indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid
and aqueous NaOH.
O H O
H3C C C CH3
O H O
Hydrogen bond
If didn't label H-bond, deduct 0.5m
[Total: 8]
3 Succinic acid, C4H6O4 is a colourless crystalline solid with a melting point of 185 187 oC.
It occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues.
(a) The scheme below shows how succinic acid, can be prepared from ethene.
[1]
(ii) Suggest how compound P can be prepared from ethene and name the type of
reaction involved.
Reagent : Br2 in CCl4 OR Br2(l) [1],
1
Condition : room temp (in the dark) [deduct [ ]for heat]
2
1
(If std write Br2(g) or Br2(s), deduct [ ])
2
(iii) Suggest how succinic acid can be synthesised from compound Q. State the
type of reaction involved.
1
Reagent : Dilute HCl (or H2SO4) [ ]
2
1
Condition : Heat with reflux [ ]
2
(iv) Draw the structural formula of the product formed when ethene reacts with
steam and H3PO4 catalyst. State the functional group of the product formed.
H H
H C C H
H OH [1]
1 1
Functional group : primary [ ] alcohol [ ]
2 2
[7]
(b) Describe a chemical test to distinguish between succinic acid and 2-hydoxy-3-
methylbutanal.
Observation :
1
Succinic acid : Effervescence seen, gas forms white ppt with Ca(OH)2 (aq) [ ]
2
1
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : No effervescence seen [ ]
2
OR
1
Reagent : 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine [0.5], room temp [ ]
2
Observation :
1
Succinic acid : No orange ppt [ ]
2
1
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : Orange ppt seen [ ]
2
OR
1 1
Reagent : Tollens reagent [ ], warm [ ]
2 2
Observation :
1
Succinic acid : No silver mirror [ ]
2
1
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : Silver mirror seen [ ]
2
OR
1 1
Reagent : Fehlings solution [ ], warm [ ]
2 2
Observation :
1
Succinic acid : No brick red ppt [ ]
2
1
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal : Brick red ppt [ ] and blue Cu2+ solution decolourised
2
OR
1 1
Reagent : KMnO4 [ ], dilute H2SO4, heat with reflux [ ]
2 2
Observation :
1
Succinic acid : Purple colour remains [ ]
2
1
2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal: Purple colour of KMnO4 decolourised [ ]
2
[2]
[Total: 9]
4 (a) Phenolphthalein is one of the most common indicators used to determine the end
point in a titration. If excess base is present at the end of an acid-base titration, the
pink colour fades if the solution is left to stand in air for a while.
Figure 4.1 shows the absorbance versus time graphs obtained for two different
concentrations of NaOH, 0.200 mol dm-3 and 0.400 mol dm-3. In each case, only one
drop of phenolphthalein was used.
450
400
350
300
Absorbance/ A
250
200
150
[NaOH] = 0.400 mol dm-3
100
[NaOH] = 0.200 mol dm-3
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time/ sec
Figure 4.1
Use the graphs to find the order of reaction with respect to
(i) NaOH
Initial rate when [NaOH] = 0.200 mol dm-3
400 300 1
= = 10 A / s [ ] (units not marked for)
10 2
2.5 value is accepted
Initial rate when [NaOH] = 0.400 mol dm-3
400 300 1
= = 20 A / s [ ] (units not marked for)
5 2
5 value is accepted
For initial rates values that are outside the range, marks will not be given.
However order of reaction can still be awarded.
When [NaOH] doubles, keeping [Y2-] constant, the rate also doubles. This
implies that the order with respect to NaOH is 1. [1]
1
(if guess order correctly, [ ])
2
(ii) Y2-
OR
(iii) Hence, state the rate equation that describes the fading of phenolphthalein in
aqueous NaOH above pH 10.
(b) Finland currently generates 55 % of its heat and energy from burning of fossils fuel
which produces CO2. This gives rise to increased CO2 emission and poses
environmental problems. However CO2 can be removed by reacting with MgO to form
MgCO3.
(i) MgO is formed from the thermal decomposition of MgSiO3, a major component in
mineral rocks. In this process, SiO2 is also produced. Write a balanced equation
for thermal decomposition of MgSiO3.
(ii) During the thermal decomposition of mineral rocks, impurities like SO2 are also
produced. Arrange MgO, SO2 and SiO2 in the order of increasing acidity.
(iii) Suggest a method how MgO can be separated from a mixture of MgO, SO2, and
SiO2. Write balanced equations for the reactions involved.
1
Use concentrated NaOH [ ], both the other acidic oxides will be dissolved,
2
1
leaving behind MgO/ filter the solution to obtain MgO as residue. [ ]
2
SiO2 + 2OH- SiO32- + H2O [1] , dont mark for state symbols
SO2 + 2OH- SO32- + H2O [1], dont mark for state symbols
[5]
[Total: 10]
H1 Prelim 2
Essay Questions
5 (a) Ethyl acetate or ethyl ethanoate is the organic compound with the formula
CH3COOCH2CH3. This colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to
pear drops) like certain glues or nail polish removers, in which it is used. Ethyl
acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for
use as a solvent. It is formed according to the equation below.
In an experiment, 1 mol of ethanoic acid and 2 mol of ethanol were shaken for a
long time to reach equilibrium. The whole mixture was titrated quickly with
2.00 mol dm3 of sodium hydroxide and 80cm3 of alkali was required.
80 1 1
= x 2 [ 2 ] = 0.16 [ 2 ]
1000
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanoic acid that had reacted with ethanol.
No. of moles of ethanoic acid reacted
1 1
= 1 0.16 [ 2 ] = 0.84 [ 2 ]
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol, ester and water present at
equilibrium.
1 1
Number of moles of ethanol = 2-0.84 [ 2 ] = 1.16 [ 2 ]
1
Number of moles of ester formed = 0.84 [ 2 ]
1
Number of moles of water formed = 0.84 2 ]
[
Initial 1 2 0 0
moles
Change 1 1 +0.84 +0.84
in moles 1 0.16 2 ]
[ -0.84 2 ]
[
1
= 0.84 [ 2 ]
Change
= -0.84
Eqm 80 1 1 1 1
moles x 2 [2] 1.16 [ 2 ] 0.84 [ 2 ] 0.84 [ 2 ]
1000
1
= 0.16 [ 2 ]
0.84 0.84
[ ][ ] 1
[CH 3COOCH 2 CH 3 ][ H 2 O]
Kc = = V V [ ]
[CH 3COOH ][CH 3CH 2 OH ] 0.16 1.16 2
[ ][ ]
V V
1
= 3.80 [ 2 ] wrong units not penalised
(vi) State the effect on Kc if 0.1 mol of ethanol liquid was introduced into the
container after equilibrium has been established.
(b) Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives
vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. It is a weak acid, in that it is only a partially
dissociated acid in an aqueous solution
(i) Suggest the reagents and conditions for the conversion of ethanoic acid into
an alcohol.
1
Reagents: Lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4 [ 2 ]
1
Conditions: in dry ether [ 2 ]
(ii) Name the type of reaction that occurs and write a balanced equation for the
conversion of ethanoic acid into an alcohol.
H H
O
H
H C C OH + H2O
H C C OH + 4 [H]
H H
H
[1]
(iii) Describe what you would observe when ethanoic acid was reacted with
sodium metal.
Effervescence observed. [1]
Gas evolved will extinguish lighted splint with a pop sound. [0.5] [Award this
mark only if std didnt mention effervescence.]
[4]
(i) Describe and explain what you would observe when water is gradually added
to PCl3, until in excess. Suggest the pH of the solution.
pH = 2 [1]
(ii) Suggest a balanced equation with state symbols for the reaction of liquid
silicon tetrachloride with heavy water, D2O. [deuterium, D= 2 H ]
SiCl4(l) + 2D2O(l)
SiO2(s) + 4DCl(aq) [1]
Or SiCl4(l) + 4D2O(l)
Si(OD)4(s) + 4DCl (aq)
[4]
(d) The graphs below show the variation in first ionisation energy of some elements.
Figure 5.1 refers to elements in the same period, and Figure 5.2 refers to elements
in the same group as element J.
First M First
Ionisation J
Ionisation
Energy Energy
J N
L
(i) Element J is a Group II element. Recopy the diagram below and label clearly
how the beams of J+ and K+ ions are deflected when subjected to an electric
field.
You should relate clearly the magnitude and the direction of deflection
of each beam to the other.
-
J: Group II element
K: Group III element
charge
Deflection
mass
1
Mass of K+ > mass of J+ [ 2 ]
1
Angle of deflection for of J+ > Angle of deflection for of K+ [ 2 ]
Source
1
+ [ ]
K 2 or [1]
- 1
J+ [ 2 ] or [1]
If no working is given, [1] can be awarded for J+ and K+
(ii) State and explain which period element J is in and hence identify J.
Based on Figure 5.2, J is in period 3. [1]
1
From period 5, the increase in atomic number down the group is 18. [ 2 ]
J is Magnesium [1]
[5]
[Total: 20]
6 Compound A, a derivative of Decalin is a colorless liquid. It can undergo the following 3-
step reaction scheme.
(a) (i) What reagents and conditions are needed for reactions I, II and III?
Reaction I: NaOH/KOH (aq) [1/2] reflux [1/2]
(iii) Reaction II is an oxidation reaction. Write a balanced equation for reaction II.
(The symbol [O] is acceptable in this equation.)
[1]
[5]
(b) Draw the organic product formed when B is reacted separately with each of the
reagents and conditions stated below.
(i) Al2O3, 350C
[1]
(ii) PCl5
CH2Cl
[1]
[2]
(c) (i) Compound A, C7H13Br has a structural isomer with a straight chain and
displays geometric isomerism. Suggest a possible structure of the isomer.
[1]
(ii) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish A and the isomer identified in (c)(i). You
should include suitable observations for the test.
Reagent: Br2 (aq) [1]
Condition: Room temperature (penalise [1/2] for heat)
Observation:
Structural isomer: Orange Br2(aq) will decolourise [1/2]
Compound A: Orange Br2(aq) will not decolourise [1/2]
OR
OR
Ecf for test if compound for c(i) drawn wrongly but c(i) must have double
bond.
[3]
(d) D with molecular formula C9H8O is used as a drug carrier. D is insoluble in sodium
hydroxide but reacts with 1 mole of bromine gas in the dark to form E, C9H8OBr2.
Treatment of D with Tollens reagent will yield silver mirror but when treated with
Fehlings solution, blue colour solution remains. When D is heated with acidified
potassium manganate (VII), G, C8H6O4 is formed. G will produce effervescence
when Na2CO3 is added to it.
Use all of the above information to identify the organic compounds D, E, F, and G.
Include the following in your answers
O C H
C C
H H Compound D [1],
H Br
O C H
C C
H Br H Compound E [1],
H OH
O C H
C C
H HO H Compound F [1],
O
C COOH
HO Compound G [1]
10 max out of 15
Accept 1, 2 position and 1,3 position.
[10]
[Total:20]
7 Chromium is a very shiny, silvery metal whose Greek name, Chroma, refers to its many
colourful compounds.
(a) In air, chromium readily forms a thin and transparent coating of Cr2O3. Like Al2O3,
Cr2O3 is an amphoteric oxide and can react with both acids and bases.
(i) Suggest a reason why chromium is used extensively as a coating for other
metals like iron.
Chromium forms an inert oxide layer [ 1 ], will protect the metal from
2
corrosion [ 1 ].
2
(ii) Write 2 balanced equations with state symbols that shows the amphoteric nature
of Cr2O3.
Cr2O3 (s) + 6H+ (aq) 2Cr3+ (aq) + 3H2O (l) [1]
Cr2O3 (s) + 3H2O (l) + 2OH- (aq) 2 Cr(OH)4- (aq) [1]
(b) Chromium can also exist in the form of chromate, CrO42, which can be prepared from
chromium(III) chloride. This conversion takes place in the presence of hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2.
(i) Write the half equation for the conversion of H2O2 to OH in alkaline medium.
H2O2 (l) + 2e- 2OH- (aq) [1] (state symbols not marked for)
(ii) Given that the half equation for the conversion of Cr3+ to CrO42- in alkaline
medium is as shown below.
Using your answer to b(i), write the overall balanced equation of the conversion
of Cr3+ to CrO42 in the presence of H2O2 in alkaline medium.
2Cr3+ (aq) + 10 OH- (aq) + 3H2O2 (l) 2CrO42- (aq) + 8H2O (l) [1]
(state symbols not marked for)
(iii) Hence calculate the minimum volume of 0.200 mol dm3 H2O2 required to
convert a sample of 0.500 g of CrCl3 completely to CrO42.
0.500
No. of moles of CrCl3 = [ 1 ] = 0.00315 mol [ 1 ]
52.0 + 3(35.5) 2 2
No. of moles of H2O2 required = 3/2 x 3.15 x 10-3 [ 1 ] = 4.73 x 10-3 mol [ 1 ]
2 2
3/2 ecf from equation in part iv)
4.73 10 3
Volume = [ 1 ] =0.0237 dm3 [ 1 ]
0.200 2 2
[8]
(c) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram of H2O2 and state its shape.
[1]
Shape: Bent [1]
[2]
(d) Besides chromium (III) chloride, chlorides of Period 3 elements are also well-studied.
State and explain the electrical conductivity of the chlorides of magnesium and
phosphorous in both molten and aqueous states.
1
Chlorides of magnesium can conduct electricity [ ] in molten and aqueous states,
2
1
while chlorides of P cannot [ ].
2
MgCl2 is has giant ionic structure. In the molten and aqueous states, there are mobile
charge carriers (ions) [1], hence able to conduct electricity.
PCl3 or PCl5 has a simple molecular structure. In both molten and aqueous states,
there no mobile charge carriers [1] (if std write no mobile ions [0.5]), hence
unable to conduct electricity.
[3]
(e) When chromium (III) chloride is dissolved in water and aqueous ammonia is
subsequently added in excess, the compound [Cr(NH3)6]3+ is formed. The following
diagram shows how the NH3 molecules are arranged around the central Cr3+ ion.
The arrow denotes a dative bond from the N atom to Cr3+, as shown below:
Using the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, explain the
phenomenon that the H-N-H bond angle in ammonia when it is bound to Cr3+ is about
110 o, while that in an isolated ammonia molecule is about 107 o.
[2]
(f) In another compound containing boron chloride and phosphine, an equilbrium exists
between the compound, PH3BCl3, and its adducts PH3 and BCl3 as shown.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the decomposition of
PH3BCl3 (s).
Kc = [PH3][BCl3] [1]
[5]
[Total: 20]
JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE
JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 1
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 3 September 2010
50 minutes
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Data Booklet
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record you choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer
Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
1. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique for the determination of the elemental
composition of a sample. The MS principle consists of ionising chemical compounds to
generate charged fragments and measure the masstocharge ratios (m/e) of isotopes.
The m/e value corresponds to the relative atomic mass of the elemental isotopes.
Element X has two isotopes, 63X and 65X, and the graph below shows the mass spectrum
of element X obtained by mass spectrometry.
% abundance
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
m/e
61 62 63 64 65 66
4. The successive ionisation energies of two elements, W and Y, are given below:
A square C seesaw
B trigonal pyramidal D tetrahedral
9. The reduction of ethanal to ethanol using H2(g) is shown in the equation below:
CH3CHO(l) + H2(g) CH3CH2OH(l)
ethanal ethanol
1
substance Hc /kJ mol
ethanal 1170
hydrogen 286
ethanol 1370
Given the values for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanal, hydrogen and ethanol,
what is the enthalpy change of reaction?
Ka Ka
A C
0 V 0 V
Ka Ka
B D
0 V 0 V
12. Ethyl ethanoate is synthesised industrially via the classic Fischer esterification reaction of
ethanol and ethanoic acid as shown in the equation below. This mixture converts to the
ester in about 65 % yield at room temperature.
CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) CH3COOCH2CH3 (l) + H2O(l)
4 mol each of ethanoic acid and ethanol were put into a 1 dm3 container. The mixture was
heated and cooled to reach equilibrium at room temperature.
What is the numerical value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, at room temperature?
Rate Rate
A C
0 [A] 0 [A]
Rate Rate
B D
0 [A] 0 [A]
14. Iodine131 is a radioactive isotope with a halflife of 8 days. Following the nuclear power
plant disaster at Chernobyl in 1986, it was stated that the situation would become safe
1
only when of the iodine131 isotopes remained in the cloud of vapour formed.
1024
Given that the radioactive decay is a firstorder reaction, how long would it take for the
situation to become safe?
T2
fraction of particles
fraction of particles
T1
T2 T1
A C
0 Ea energy 0 Ea energy
fraction of particles
fraction of particles
T1 T2
B D
T2 T1
0 Ea energy 0 Ea energy
16. The table gives data for the reaction between D and E at constant temperature.
Experiment [D] /mol dm3 [E] /mol dm3 Initial rate /mol dm3 s1
3
1 0.055 0.33 1.5 10
2 0.110 0.33 6.0 103
3 0.110 0.16 6.0 103
What is the rate equation for the reaction?
ionic radius
element
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Which of the following statements correctly explains the trends shown in the graph?
3 4+
A The ionic radius of P ion is greater than that of Si ion due to greater mutual
repulsion between electrons.
B The ionic radius decreases from Na+ ion to Si4+ ion due to decreasing shielding
effect by inner shell electrons.
C The ionic radius decreases from Na+ ion to Si4+ ion due to decreasing nuclear
charge.
3
D The ionic radius decreases from P ion to Cl ion due to increasing nuclear charge.
18. P, Q and R are main group elements in the same period of the Periodic Table. The oxide
of P is basic, the oxide of Q is acidic and the oxide of R is amphoteric.
What is the order of increasing atomic number for these elements, starting from the
lowest?
A P<Q<R
B P<R<Q
C Q<R<P
D R<P<Q
19. Limonene is an oil formed in the peel of citrus fruits. It has the structure as shown below.
A 0 B 2 C 4 D 6
Which of the following correctly gives the Ka of the four compounds in decreasing order?
highest lowest
A S T U V
B U T V S
C S V U T
D V U T S
21. The structures of three halogencontaining organic compounds, E, F and G, are shown
below.
In which order will the precipitate of respective silver halides be formed when hot sodium
hydroxide is added to E, F and G, followed by acidified silver nitrate solution?
fastest slowest
A G E F
B E F G
C G F E
D F G E
Which of the following proposed route would be the most appropriate for the synthesis of
Ibuprofen in laboratory?
A CH3COOCH2CH3 C HCOOCH(CH3)2
B CH3CH2COOCH3 D HCOOCH2CH2CH3
How many moles of hydrogen gas will be formed when 2 mol of X is reacted with sodium
metal?
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3
may be correct.
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is
correct correct correct correct
26. An element L, found in Period 3, is a good conductor of electricity in solid and liquid state.
It also reacts violently with water and oxygen.
Which of the following statements are true about element L?
27. The chloride of an element G, where G is found in Period 3, is a liquid which has a boiling
point of 76C and fumes in air.
3 3
100 cm of 0.30 mol dm silver nitrate is required for the complete precipitation of the
chloride ion in the resulting solution when 0.010 mol of the chloride is mixed with water.
Which of the following statements are true about element G?
28. Which of the following reagents and conditions can distinguish ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and
ethanal (CH3CHO)?
2+
1 alkaline Cu complex solution, heat
2 hot [Ag(NH3)2]+ solution
3 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine
29. Benzil, which has the structure shown below, is commonly employed as a photoinitiator
for freeradical curing of polymer network. Ultraviolet radiation decomposes benzil,
creating freeradical species which propagate throughout polymer material.
1 It is a nonpolar molecule.
30. Smoke from a bonfire contains a compound that causes irritation to the eyes. It has the
following properties:
gives white fumes with phosphorous pentachloride;
decolourises hot acidified purple KMnO4;
decolourises aqueous bromine readily.
What are the possible structures of the compound?
CANDIDATE
NAME
EXAM INDEX
CLASS NUMBER
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 Structured Questions 27 August 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Answer Paper
Data Booklet
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Section B
Answer two questions on separate answer paper.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Section A
B5
B6
B7
Total
[Turn over
JJC/8872/Prelim P2/2010 Page 1 of 15
Section A
1. (a) A gaseous mixture of 16O, 16O+ and 16O2 is passed through an electric field
which is at right angles to their direction of travel. Sketch and label, on the
diagram below how each beam of the 3 particles is affected by the electric field.
+
16
O,
16
O +,
16 2
O
[3]
(b) Oxygen reacts with non-metals of Period 3 to form oxides of different physical
and chemical properties. Suggest the pH of the following two Period 3 oxides in
water.
Compound pH in water
SiO2
P4O10
Write chemical equations to describe the reactions, if any, of these oxides with
water to give the different pH values.
..
..
.. [2]
(c) The graph below shows the variation in ionisation energies for the outermost 8
electrons in an atom of element X.
log10 IE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
no. of electrons removed
..
..
..
..
..
(ii) Hence, draw a dot-and-cross diagram for the compound formed between
chlorine and element X.
[4]
[Total: 9]
2AlCl3(g) Al2Cl6(g)
(a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in the dimer, Al2Cl6.
[1]
(b) With the aid of a diagram, state and explain whether AlCl3 is a polar or
non-polar molecule.
[2]
..
..
(ii) With reference to the equation given above, identify the acid and base,
and their respective conjugate base and acid.
Acid : ..
Conjugate base: ..
Base : ..
Conjugate acid: ..
[3]
(d) The oxide of aluminium, Al2O3, however, is not soluble in water but reacts
with acids and alkalis to form salt and water.
[2]
[Total: 8]
CH=CHCH 2OH
CH3
Compound A
[2]
(b) Draw the products formed when compound A reacts with the reagents
indicated. Describe any observations, if any, made.
[5]
..
..
[3]
[Total: 10]
4. The Olympic flame arrived in Singapore on August 6 2010 for a traditional six-day
torch relay around the island before it was used to ignite the Singapore 2010 YOG
cauldron to mark the start of the Game.
The fuel used to light the Olympic flame is propane gas which is also used in blow
torches to melt bitumen needed to apply felt material to flat roofs and in outdoor
flames such as patio heaters.
Most patio heaters are powered by the combustion of propane gas stored in small
cylinders. A typical patio heater designed to produce 15 kW of energy runs from a
cylinder containing 13 kg of propane. The standard enthalpy change of combustion
of propane is 2220 kJ mol 1.
As pure propane gas is odourless, small amounts of another compound are usually
added so that gas leaks from propane cylinders can be detected. An example of
such an odorant is ethanethiol, C2H5SH; which has an odour that resembles that of
onion. Ethanethiol is chosen since the human nose can detect its presence at
levels of only about 0.02 moles of it per billion (109) moles of propane.
(a) A propane blow torch was used to heat 200 cm3 of water. Calculate the mass
of propane needed to raise the temperature of water from 18.0C to 68.5C.
[2]
+6460 kJ mol1 H1
(i) Use suitable bond energies given in the Data Booklet to calculate H1.
(iii) Give one reason why the value you calculated in (b)(ii) differs from the
value for the enthalpy change of combustion of propane given in the
passage.
..
.. [3]
(c) (i) Calculate the total amount of heat energy released by the complete
combustion of all the propane in a cylinder used in a patio heater.
(ii) Calculate the rate at which propane must leave the cylinder (in cm3 s1)
to produce 15 kW (i.e. 15 kJ s1). Assume that one mole of gas
occupies 24 dm3.
[3]
(ii) Predict and explain the difference in boiling points between ethanethiol
and ethanol.
..
..
..
..
..
..
[5]
[Total:13]
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper.
5. Elemental sodium, found in Period 3 of the Periodic Table, was first isolated by
Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current through molten
sodium hydroxide. Elemental sodium does not occur naturally on Earth due to
its high reactivity with air and water.
(b) (i) State and explain the differences between sodium and chlorine in the
following two physical properties:
melting point
electrical conductivity
(ii) Describe, with an equation, the reaction between sodium metal and
chlorine gas. Include state symbols in your answer.
(iii) Predict, with reasoning, the pH of the resulting solution when your
product in (b)(ii) is dissolved in water. [6]
(c) A student did a titration involving 0.100 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide and
15 cm3 of CH3COOH at 298K. The titration curve was obtained as follows.
pH
7
Y
x
(i) With the aid of the titration curve, determine the initial concentration of
CH3COOH.
(ii) State and explain the choice of indicator for the above titration.
H I2 in NaOH(aq),
hot NaOH(aq) heat
H3C C CH3 P Q
I II
Br
KMnO4 in
NaOH in NaOH(aq), heat
ethanol, heat R
III IV
[Total: 20]
(ii) Use the standard enthalpy change for the above reaction and the
following enthalpy change of formation values, Hf, given in the table
below to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of gaseous ethanol.
C2H4(g) 52.3
H2O(g) 242
(iii) Given that the standard enthalpy change of formation of liquid ethanol is
248 kJ mol1, calculate the enthalpy change for the conversion of one
mole of liquid ethanol to one mole of gaseous ethanol at 298 K. [4]
(b) A 1.8 dm3 sealed vessel initially contained 1 mol of gaseous ethene and
3 mol of steam at 400 K and 1 atm. Upon reaching equilibrium, it was found
that 27% of the ethene was converted to ethanol at 400 K.
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction.
% of ethene
converted
9 atm
5 atm
3 atm
Temperature
With reference to the graph above, explain the trend in the percentage
of ethene converted with changes in
temperature
pressure [7]
Suggest a structure for each lettered compound, and explain the reactions
involved. [9]
[Total: 20]
(a) Cinnamaldehyde is a common carbonyl compound derivative used in the food industry.
It can be used to synthesise compound H as shown in the following reaction scheme:
OH
step I step II CH CHCH
Compound G
CH CHCHO
COOH
cinnamaldehyde Compound H
(ii) State the reagents and conditions required for steps I and II.
(b) Sulfur dioxide is sometimes used as a preservative for dried apricots and other
dried fruits. As a preservative, it maintains the appearance of the fruit and
prevents rotting.
In the laboratory, the presence of sulfur dioxide gas can be confirmed with an
acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI). Sulfur dioxide reacts with the
Cr2O72 ions of potassium dichromate(VI) in the following way.
(iii) State what will be observed when the above reaction takes place. [5]
(c) Vanillin is used widely as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods such as ice cream
and chocolate. It exists as a yellow solid and dissolves readily in water to form a
yellow solution.
CHO
OCH3
OCH 3
OH
vanillin
vanillin
0.035
[vanillin]/ 0.03
[HCN] = 0.100 mol dm3
mol dm3
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
[HCN] = 5.00 mol dm3
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time/ min
(i) Assuming that the reaction produces a colourless product, suggest one
plausible method by which the concentration of vanillin may be
followed during the course of the reaction.
(ii) From the graph, deduce the order of the reaction with respect to
vanillin. Give your reasoning.
(iii) In the experiment using 0.100 mol dm3 HCN, the half-life of the
reaction is 4.75 min. Hence determine, with explanation, the order of
reaction with respect to HCN.
(iv) Hence, write down the rate equation for the reaction between vanillin
and HCN. State the units for the rate constant.
(v) With the help of a Boltzmann distribution diagram, explain how the
addition of a catalyst speeds up the rate of the reaction. [10]
[Total: 20]
1 D 11 D 21 C
2 B 12 D 22 B
3 C 13 A 23 A
4 D 14 B 24 A
5 D 15 A 25 C
6 C 16 A 26 D
7 D 17 D 27 C
8 C 18 B 28 A
9 B 19 A 29 B
10 C 20 D 30 B
JJC 2010 8872 Preliminary Examination Paper 2 (Worked Solutions)
16
1. (a) A gaseous mixture of O, 16O+ and 16O2 is passed through an electric [3]
field which is at right angles to their direction of travel. Sketch and label,
on the diagram below how each beam of the 3 particles is affected by
the electric field.
16
O,
16
O+,
16 2
O
(c) (i) There is a sharp increase from 2nd to 3rd IE. The 3rd electron to be [4]
removed belongs to the inner quantum shell and requires a much
greater energy to be removed.
X has 2 valence electrons X is in Group II.
(ii)2+ _ _ 2+ _ _
x x X
Ca x x
Ca Cl Cl Cl Cl
[Total: 9]
Page 1 of 8
2. (a) [1]
Cl Dative bond
Cl Al Cl
Cl Al Cl
Dative bond
Cl
-
Cl
Al
+ -
- Cl Cl
(c) (i) Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. [3]
[Total: 8]
Page 2 of 8
3. (a) H CH2OH H H [2]
C=C C=C
H CH2OH
CH3 CH3
trans-isomer cis-isomer
CH3
(ii) H CH2Cl
C=C
H
CH3
(iii) OHOH
C-C CH2OH
HH
CH3
(ii) Oxidation
(iii) CH=CHCOOH
CH2Cl
[Total: 10]
Page 3 of 8
4. (a) Amount of heat gained by 200 cm3 of water [2]
+6460 kJ mol1 H1
(iii) The bond energy values obtained from the Data Booklet are average
(mean) bond energy values derived from a full range of molecules that
contain the particular bond and would differ from the experimental
values.
13000
24000
= 44.0 = 162 cm3 s1
4
4.3710
H H
(d) (i) [5]
H C C S
Bond angle around sulfur atom = 104.5 or 104
H
H H
(ii) Ethanol has a higher boiling point than ethanethiol.
More energy is needed to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonding
between ethanol molecules than the weaker van der Waals forces
between ethanethiol molecules.
(iii) x
Minimum mass of ethanethiol required = 62.1 109 = 0.02
13000
44.0
x = 3.67 107 g
[Total: 13]
Page 4 of 8
5. (a) High reactivity with air : Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s) [2]
(b) (i) Sodium has giant metallic structure while chlorine has simple [6]
covalent/molecular structure.
Hence, sodium can conduct electricity in solid and liquid state but
chlorine cannot conduct electricity in all physical state.
the pH of the solution at the equivalence point falls in the pH working range
of the indicator.
Q : CH3COONa+
R : CH2=CHCH3
III : elimination
IV : oxidation
Page 5 of 8
6. (a) (i) The standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance refers to the [4]
enthalpy change which occurs when one mole of substance is formed
from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions.
Initial amount/mol 1 3
0.27
Kc =
[CH3CH2OH] = = 0.243
1.8
[C2H4 ][H2O] 0.73 2.73
1.8 1.8
This shows that equilibrium position has shifted to the left to favour the
endothermic backward reaction so as to remove some heat.
This shows that equilibrium position has shifted to the right to produce
less gaseous molecules so as to decrease the pressure.
Page 6 of 8
6. (c) A does not undergo oxidation with acidified KMnO4. [9]
A is a tertiary alcohol.
D is a ketone.
B is a secondary alcohol.
C is a primary alcohol.
E is a carboxylic acid.
OH
H
H3C CH3 CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
C
H3C C CH2OH
CH3 B
CH3
A
C
H
H3C C CH2
CH3COCH2CH3 H3C C COOH
D CH3
CH3
F
E
Page 7 of 8
7 (a) (i) OH [5]
CH CHCH
G. CN
(ii) Step I: HCN, trace amount of base
Step II: dilute HCl, heat under reflux
(iii) Add PCl5.
Compound H will give white fumes of HCl, but cinnamadehyde will not.
(b) (i) oxidation number of S in SO2 : +4 [5]
oxidation number of S in SO42 : +6
(ii) 50
Amount of Cr3+(aq) = 0.120 x = 6 x 103 mol
1000
Since 3SO2 2Cr3+,
3
Amount of SO2 dissolved = x 6 x 103 = 9 x 103 mol
2
(iii) Orange dichromate(VI) solution turns green.
(c) (i) Concentration of vanillin may be followed by measuring the colour [10]
intensity of vanillin.
(ii) Using the graph [HCN] = 5.00 mol dm-3, (t1/2)1 = (t1/2)2 = 0.095 min
(iii) When the concentration of HCN increased by 50 times (from 0.1 mol
dm-3 to 5.00 mol dm-3), half life decreased by 50 times/ rate of reaction
increased by 50 times. Order of reaction with respect to HCN is one.
0
Ea Ea Energy
Page 8 of 8
Class Adm No
Candidate Name:
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872
PAPER 1 8872 / 1
Thursday 23 September 2010 50 m
Additional materials:
OMR
Data Booklet
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Do not turn over this question paper until you are told to do so.
2. Write your name, class and index number in the spaces provided at the top of this
page and on the OMR provided.
3. Answer ALL questions and shade the correct answers on the OMR provided.
Section Total
Marks
30
Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers; your total score on this test will be the
number of correct answers given.
[Turn over
2
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
20 cm3 of carbon disulphide was burnt in 80 cm3 of oxygen. Upon cooling, the mixture of
gases was treated with an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide and the volume of gas
was again measured. All measurements were made at the same temperature and
pressure.
What was the final measurement of the volume of gas that was left behind?
A 50 cm3
B 40 cm3
# C 20 cm3
D 10 cm3
3 The standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide and water are -394 kJ mol-1 and
-286 kJ mol-1respectively. If the standard enthalpy of combustion of propyne, C3H4 is
-1938 kJ mol-1, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation for propyne.
A +1258 kJ mol-1
# B +184 kJ mol-1
C -184 kJ mol-1
D -680 kJ mol-1
[Turn over
3
4 A chemist discovered that an element N forms N2+ ions with the electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8. Element N has a relative atomic mass of 2y+5, with y
representing the proton number. How many neutrons are present in an atom N.
A 28
B 30
C 32
# D 33
6 The rate of removal of the pain-killing drug paracetamol from the body is a first order
reaction with a rate constant, k = 0.26 h-1. How long will it take to remove 75% of the
paracetamol that a patient consumes?
A 2.3 h
B 2.7 h
# C 5.3 h
D 8.0 h
7 In an aqueous solution at 25oC, the [OH-] is 6.0 x 10-9 mol dm-3. The given Kw is
1.0 x 10-14 mol2 dm-14. What is the pH of the solution?
A 6.00
B 7.00
# C 5.77
D 4.22
[Turn over
4
Which of the following graphs show the correct yield of ammonia at 400C and 100 kPa?
[Turn over
5
Energy
Reactant A
y
Product B
Reaction pathway
10 Which of following oxides will produce a solution with the lowest pH when treated with
water?
A SiO2
#
B SO2
C MgO
D Na2O
11 In which of the following pairs is the difference in melting point the largest?
A Sodium and magnesium
B Magnesium and silicon
C Chlorine and argon
# D Silicon and argon
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6
12 The following graph shows how a property of the elements Na to C/ varies with proton
number.
A Electronegativity
#
C Ionic radius
D Melting point
14 Which of the following is the main product when 2-methylbutan-2-ol reacts with
concentrated H2SO4?
A pent-2-ene
# B 2-methylbut-2-ene
C 2,2-dimethylpropene
D Propanone
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7
15 When chlorine is passed through ethanoic acid in the presence of UV light, the organic
compound formed is likely to be
A CH3COCl
B ClCH2CHO
C ClCH2CH2OH
# D ClCH2COOH
16 When propanone is heated with iodine and aqueous alkali, 3.94g of triiodomethane is
formed. What is the mass of propanone heated?
A 0.16g
# B 0.58g
C 3.98g
D 4.12g
17 The oxidation of an alkene X produces a type of diol. A continuous oxidation process will
produce a diketone. What could X be?
A (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2
B CH3CH=C(CH3)2
C (CH3)2CHCH=CH2
# D CH3CH=CHCH3
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19 The graph shows the mass and amount of carbon, fluorine and chlorine atoms in one
mole of a compound.
20 The rate of reaction between propanone and iodine using acid as a catalyst is determined
using spectrophotometer in the laboratories. In this reaction, why is the concentration of
propanone kept high?
A It acts as a buffer solution.
B It increases the rate of the reaction.
C It maintains the consistency of the rate of the reaction.
# D It ensures that the concentration of propanone is kept a constant.
[Turn over
9
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements
1 to 3 may be correct.
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only is
correct are correct are correct correct
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10
X products
In an experiment, [X], the concentration of X, varied with time as shown in the graph.
[X]
time
# 1 To determine the rate of reaction at any given instant.
# 2 To determine if the reaction is of first order throughout.
# 3 To determine half life of the reaction.
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11
# 2 Silicon(IV) oxide
27 Bromine that is dissolved in an inert solvent is added to hexane, benzene, hexene and
methylbenzene in the absence of light. Which of the following pairs of compound will
produce the same observation?
# 1 Hexane and benzene
2 Hexane and Hexene
3 Hexene and methylbenzene
28 After an oil spill in the ocean, liquid hydrocarbon was found floating on the water surface.
Which statements explain why liquid hydrocarbon is less dense than water causing it to
float on the water?
# 1 There are only van der waal forces of attraction between the hydrocarbon
molecules.
2 The hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause the water molecules to be
closer.
3 Hydrocarbon molecules do not undergo hydration by the water molecules.
29 The queen bee secretes a type of chemical substance that encourages the building of
colony cells by the other ordinary bees. That chemical substance has the following
molecular formula:
CH3CO(CH2)5CH=CHCO2H
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12
30 Which of the following reagents, when added to the compound below, would show a
colour change?
CH3 O
O CH C
C CH H
H2C CH2
CH2
1 Hot aqueous alkaline iodine
# 2 Tollens reagent
End of Paper
[Turn over
Class Adm No
Candidate Name:
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872
PAPER 2 8872 / 2
16 September 2010 (Thur) 2h
Additional materials:
Answer booklet
Cover page
Data Booklet
5 pieces of writing paper
Section A
Answer all questions.
Section B
Answer any two questions on the writing papers. Start each new question on a fresh sheet
of writing paper.
At the end of the examination, hand in your answers to Section A and Section B separately.
Attach the cover page to your answer scripts for Section B.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Marks
13 7 9 11 20 20 20 80
[Turn over
2
1 Oxides of nitrogen is a generic term for the mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO2. They
are produced during combustion, especially at high temperatures.
At ambient temperatures, the oxygen and nitrogen gases in air will not react with
each other. In an internal combustion engine, combustion of a mixture of air and fuel
produces combustion temperatures high enough to drive endothermic reactions
between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen in the flame, yielding various oxides of
nitrogen.
In a car engine, it was found that a mixture of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide
which was initially in the ratio of 1: 2 will reach dynamic equilibrium when 25% of
the carbon monoxide has reacted.
In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in large cities, the amount of nitrogen
oxides emitted into the atmosphere as air pollution can be quite significant.
To help reduce the amount of oxides of nitrogen in the environment, scientists came
up with several methods as named in the graph below.
(i) Draw the dot and cross diagram for the compound NO. [1]
[Turn over
3
(ii) Draw a well labeled energy profile diagram to illustrate the reaction between [2]
nitrogen and oxygen in order to produce nitrogen oxide.
Correct shape with axes 1 mark.
Labeled diagram( N2, O2, NO, CO2) 1 mark.
(iv) State and explain the effect of decreasing the volume of the vessel on the [3]
yield of nitrogen monoxide when NO2 reacts with CO(g).
When the volume of the vessel is decreased, the pressure of the system will
increase. ;
By LCP, the system will try to decrease the pressure by shifting the
equilibrium to the side that has less number of moles of gaseous particles. ;
(v) Calculate equilibrium constant for the reaction between NO2 and CO. [3]
( PNO )( PCO2 )
Kp =
( PNO2 )( PCO )
(0.5) 2
=
(0.5)(1.5)
1
= (no units) ;
3
(vi) From the information provided above, propose the most effective method for [1]
removing oxides of nitrogen produced by the combustion of fuel?
Catalytic scrubber/ catalytic converter.
[Turn over
4
(vii) Write equations to show how CO and NO are removed by the car engines. [2]
2NO + 2CO 2CO2 + N2;
2CO + O2 2 CO2 ;
[Total: 13 marks]
2 A 1.00g sample of steel containing manganese was dissolved in nitric acid to give a
solution of manganese with an oxidation state of +2. All the manganese present was
then oxidized to manganate (VII) by adding sodium bismuthate, NaBiO3. After
destruction of any excess bismuthate ion, the resulting purple solution required 36.0
cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate solution for complete reaction.
(ii) Given that the bismuthate ion is reduced to Bi3+, write a reducing half [1]
equation for the reaction in which it functions like an oxidizing agent.
BiO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2e Bi3+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
(iii) Hence, write a balanced equation for the oxidation of manganese (II) to [1]
manganese (VII) in an acidic solution.
2Mn2+(aq) + 5 BiO3-(aq) + 14H+(aq) 2MnO4-(aq) + 5 Bi3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
36.0
Amount of Fe2+ = 0.100 x
1000
= 3.600 x 10-3 ;(4 sf)
1
Amt of MnO4- produced = 3.60 x 10-3 x
5
= 7.200 x 10-4 mol; (4 sf)
0.0395
% by mass = 100 = 3.95% ; (3 sf)
1.00
[Total: 7 marks]
[Turn over
5
(ii) Describe and explain the difference in second ionisation energy of aluminium [2]
and silicon.
Electronic configuration of AI+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Electronic configuration of Si+ :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 ;
(iii) Between Li+ and Be+, state and explain which ion would be deflected the [2]
most when they are passed through an electric field?
(iv) Write balanced equations to show the reaction of chlorides of Na, Al and Si [4]
with water. State the pH of the solution formed.
NaCl(s) + aq Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq); pH = 7
4a Compound A, 2-bromobutane reacts with sodium hydroxide under two different sets
of reacts to give 2 different product mixtures Compound C (C4H10O) and Compound
D(C4H8).
(i) Describe the conditions necessary to form Compound C and Compound D [2]
respectively.
Compound C:
Aqueous NaOH, heat under reflux. ;
Compound D:
Alcoholic NaOH, heat under reflux. ;
[Turn over
6
(ii) Using your answers from (i), describe a further test to verify that the [2]
Compound A is 2-bromobutane.
After reacting the compound with aqueous NaOH to give compound C.
acidify the solution with HNO3., Add AgNO3(aq) to the compound. ;
(iii) Compound D is a mixture of 3 isomers. Draw the displayed formulae of the [3]
3 isomers.
But-1-ene;
Cis-but-2-ene ;
Trans-but-2-ene ;
(iv) The use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. [2]
2-chlorobutane can also react with NaOH to give compound C. Compare the
rate of reaction of 2-bromobutane and 2-chlorobutane with NaOH to give
Compound C.
Explain the difference in reactivity using information from the data booklet.
2-chlorobutane will react more slowly than 2-bromobutane. (mark is not
awarded if the explanation is incorrect.)
(b) Archaeologists treat wood artifacts with ethane-1,2-diol to prevent drying and
preserve their quality.
(i) Why is it that wood artifacts in museum must not be left to dry out? [1]
Wood artifacts will crack and spoil if left to become too dry.;
(ii) Suggest the reagents and conditions required to convert ethene to ethane- [1]
1,2-diol.
[Turn over
7
5(a) A solution containing propanoic acid and its salt, sodium propanoate acts as a buffer [3]
solution.
(i) What do you understand by the term buffer solution?
A buffer is a solution whose pH remains almost unchanged when a small
amount of acids or alkalis are added to it.;
(ii) Write ionic equations to show how this solution reacts with
I added H+ (aq) ions,
II added OH- (aq) ions.
I: H+ + CH3CH2COO- CH3CH2COOH ;
II: OH- + CH3CH2COOH CH3CH2COO- + H2O ;
(b) Propanoic acid is a monoprotic acid. A solution of 0.100 mol dm-3 propanoic acid has
a pH of 2.94. [5]
(i) Explain, with the aid of appropriate calculations, whether propanoic acid is a
strong or weak acid.
OR
(ii) Use the data given to calculate the value of Ka of propanoic acid.
(iii) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of propanoic acid with aqueous
sodium hydroxide. Explain your choice.
WA-SB titration: phenolphthalein.;
The working range of the indicator corresponds to the sharp pH change of
the solution at end point. ;
[Turn over
8
(c) [5]
H3C CH 2CH 2CH 2OH
H3C CH 2CH 2CH 2CN
CH Step I
CH
OH
CN
Compound A
+
KMnO 4/H
heat under reflux
Step II
H3C CH 2CH 2COCl
Compound B C
Compound C
[Turn over
9
Step II
H3C CH 2CH 2COOH H3C CH 2CH 2COCl
C PCl 5 C
O O
(ii) State the reagents and conditions for Step I and Step II.
Step I: alcoholic KCN/ heat under reflux;
Step II: PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2;
Compound B: O
Compound C: O
[Turn over
10
(iv) State the hybridisation, shape and number of sigma and pi bonds about Cx [2]
and Cy for the following molecule.
H
H3C CH 2CH 2CH 2Cy N
Cx
CN
Cx: sp3, 4 sigma ;
Cy; sp, 2 sigma, 2 pi ;
Atomic radius of period 2 elements increases across the period because of the
increase in nuclear charge. The increase in nuclear charge is due to an increase in
the number of electrons. There is negligible shielding effect across the period.
Hence, the outermost electrons are more strongly attracted towards the nucleus.
Ionic radius of elements increases across the period because of the greater effective
nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electron. The ionic radius of cation is
greater than the atomic radius of its element because of the isotopic nature of the
ion.
Identify the incorrect chemistry in his summary and substantiate your answer with
correct chemistry.
Atomic radius of period 2 elements decreases across the period because of the
increase in nuclear charge. ;
There is negligible increase shielding effect across the period. Hence, the
outermost electrons are more strongly attracted towards the nucleus.;
Ionic radius of elements decreases across the period because of the greater
effective nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electron.
The ionic radius of cation is smaller than the atomic radius of its element because of
the decrease in number of electron shells for the cation.
[Turn over
11
oil
Ethanol Hydration of ethane 29.7 78.3
Fermentation [10]
(ii)
mcT = Hc x nethanol
133.2 132.05
(300)(4.2)(45.4-25.0) ; = Hc x ( );
12.0x 2 6x1.0 16.0
1.05
25704 = Hc x ( );
46.0
(iii) State 2 assumptions that you have made in your calculations for (ii)
The density of water in the can has a density of 1g cm-3.;
The heat efficiency of the system is 100%/ There is no heat loss to the
[Turn over
12
environment/ All the heat that is produced by ethanol is transferred to the can
of water.
(iv) Explain the difference in boiling point between methane, octane and ethanol.
Ethanol has the highest boiling point because a lot of heat energy is required
to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonding between the ethanol molecules.;
(i) In 2 steps, suggest the reagents and conditions needed to convert ethanol to [3]
propanoic acid. Write equations to show the formation of the intermediate.
CH 3CH 2OH + KCN(alcoholic) CH 3CH 2CN ; + KOH
Reagents: H2SO4
Conditions: Heat under reflux ;
(ii) Compare the difference in acidity between ethanol and ethanoic acid. [3]
Ethanoic acid is more acidic than ethanol. ;
The conjugate base CH3COO- for ethanoic acid is resonance stablised
where the negative charge on the ion is dispersed across the 2 oxygen.
Hence, ethanoic acid undergoes dissociation more easily to give H+ ion.;
The CH3CH2O- ion is destablised by the electron donating CH3CH2 group.
Hence, ethanol undergoes dissociation less easily to give H+ ion.;
(c) Describe a simple chemical test which will distinguish the following pairs of [4]
compounds from each other. You should include the reagents and conditions needed
and the expected observations for each compound in your answer.
[Turn over
13
Some data was recorded in order to study the kinetics of the reaction.
Half life is the time taken for the concentration of the reactants to drop to half
of its original concentration.;
(ii) Deduce the rate equation for the reaction between trichloromethane and
hydroxide ions.
1st order wrt to trichloromethane. ;
(iii) Calculate the initial rate of the reaction in experiment (I) at the time when half
of the hydroxide ions have reacted.
2
[CHCl3] left = 1.0 x 10-1 ( )(0.5x1.2 x 10-1) = 0.0829 mol dm-3 ;
7
In experiment (I)
[Turn over
14
1.0 10 4
k= 1 1
= 8.33 x 10-3 ;
(1.0 10 )(1.2 10 )
(v) Define catalyst and explain how the rate of the reaction will be affected when
a catalyst is used. Illustrate your answer with a Boltzmann distribution
diagram where appropriate.
A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a reaction by providing
an alternative reaction path of lower activation energy, without itself
undergoing any permanent chemical change.;
With the catalyst, the number of reactants with energy greater than this
lowered activation energy increases as observed by the larger area under
the curve. The rate of reaction increases as the frequency of collisions
between these molecules increases.;
Fraction of
molecules
Fraction of molecules with kinetic
energy Ea for catalysed reaction.
Kinetic
E'a E
(Catalysed) energy
a
Must include legend for diagram;
(b) Compound X has the molecular formula C4H6O2. X does not dissolve in acid or alkali [10]
at room temperature. X reacts with LiAlH4 in the presence of dry ether to give V. X
reacts with hydrogen cyanide to form Y, C6H8O2N2. X also reacts with hot acidified
KMnO4 to produce Z, C4H6O3.
[Turn over
15
[Turn over
16
X: Y:
O H H H OH H OH
C C C H C C C C CN
H
C H O H CN H H
H
H
Z: V:
H H OH H OH
H
C O H C C C C H
C
H
H H H H
H C H
C
O OH
H
H
C O
C
H
H C H
C
- +
W: O O Na .
* Displayed formula is not expected.
[Turn over
Class Reg Number
_________________________________________________________________________
H1 Chemistry 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 23 September 2010
50 min
_________________________________________________________________________
There are thirty questions in this section. Answer all questions. For each question, there are four
possible answers labeled A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the OMR answer sheet.
You are advised to fill in the OMR Answer Sheet as you go along; no additional time will be given for
the transfer of answers once the examination has ended.
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
1 In a titration, a 30.0 cm3 sample of 0.05 mol dm-3 of the phosphoric acid was
found to require 15.00 cm3 of 11.22 g dm-3 solution of potassium hydroxide to
reach the endpoint.
A KH2PO4
B K2HPO4
C K3PO4
D KPO3
3 Which one of the following ions has more protons than neutrons, and more
electrons than protons?
A He+
B OH
C H3O+
D 14
CO32
A O B O O
C O O
D O
120o 90o
120o 120o 104.5o
O N N O O N N N N O N O N O
90 o 109.5 o O O O 107o
O O O O 180o O
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
5 Which of the following molecule is the least soluble in tetrachloromethane,
CCl4?
A Br2
B NH3
C H2O
D CH3CH3
6 The following shows the energy profile diagram for the forward reaction and
the backward reaction of a particular reaction:
A + B 2C
The activation energy, Ea for the forward reaction is +57 kJ mol-1 while that for
the backward reaction, Ea is +85 kJ mol-1.
Ea
Ea
What is the enthalpy change of reaction for the forward reaction?
A +28 kJ mol-1
B - 28 kJ mol-1
C +56 kJ mol-1
D - 56 kJ mol-1
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
7 Oxygen reacts with nitrogen monoxide in the equation shown.
The value of x is
A 0.0007
B 0.0014
C 0.0011
D 0.0021
9 For which of the following reactions does Kc have the unit mol dm-3?
A CH3OH(l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l)
B 2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
C CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
D 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
10 Deuterium is a heavier isotope of hydrogen. When pure H2O and pure D2O
are mixed, the following equilibrium is established,
[ HDO]
A The Kc expression for the reaction is
[D2O][ H2O]
B Increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium position to the left.
C Adding more D2O will cause equilibrium position to shift right to
increase Kc.
D The O-D in D2O and O-H bonds in H2O have different bond energies
from the O-D and O-H bonds in HDO.
A H2O/OH-
B H2PO4-/HPO42-
C NaH/Na
D NH3/NH2-
A Barium
B Calcium
C Caesium
D Potassium
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
14 Which element has the same oxidation number in all of its known
compounds?
A Fluorine
B Hydrogen
C Nitrogen
D Phosphorus
15 I, J and K are elements in Period 3. J has a smaller ionic radius than I, and K
has a more endothermic first ionisation energy than J.
I J K
A P S Cl
B P Mg Al
C Al Mg Si
D Al S P
CH3CH=CHCH(Br)CH=CHCH3
What is the total number of geometric isomers possible for this molecule?
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
A CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2
B CH3CH2CH(CH3)2
C CH3CH2CH2CH3
D CH3C(CH3)3
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
18 Which of the following compounds form two organic products when it is
heated with acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution?
A CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2
CH3
CH3
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
19 When 3-methyltoulene is treated with bromine in the presence of FeBr3, a
mixture of two mono-brominated isomers is formed.
Br2
2 isomers
CH3 FeBr3
3-methyltoulene
CH3 Br CH2
Br
A +
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
Br
B +
CH3 CH3
Br Br
CH3 CH3
Br
C +
CH3 CH3
Br
CH3 CH3
Br
D +
CH3 Br CH3
20 Which of the following pairs react to form more than one organic product
under suitable conditions?
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
21 Compound W is heated in a sealed tube with excess ammonia while
compound X is reacted with LiAlH4 in dry ether.
W X
A BrCH2CH2CH2OH HOOCCH2CN
B CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CN
C (CH3)2CHCl (CH3)2CHCN
D C6H5CHBrCH2CH3 C6H5CH(CN)CH2CH3
22 Ethanol reacts explosively with sodium metal to form a salt, sodium ethoxide,
CH3CH2O-Na+.
A CH3CH=CH2
B (CH3)2CHOCH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH3
D CH3CH2OCH2CH3
23 Arrange the following organic compounds in the increasing order of pKa value.
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
24 Which of the following reactions would not produce 1,4-dicarboxylic acid?
A O
CH3
O O
B CH2
CN
C CN
CN
D H3C OH
CH
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
25 Compound E is subjected to the following tests and the results were recorded
below.
CH3 CH2CH3
CH2CH3 CHCH2
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
For questions 26 to 30, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be
correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to
put a tick against the statements which you consider to be correct.)
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is
correct correct correct correct
1 C+
2 N
3 O
H2O H+ + OH-
Kw at 25C Kw at 60C
1.00 x 10-14 9.5 x 10-14
H1 > 0 H3 > 0
T U
H4 > 0
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is
correct correct correct correct
2,3-dimethylbutan-2,3-diol 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one
CH3 CH3
3,4-dimethylhexa-3,4-diol
O CH3
1
H3C CH3 CH3
O CH3
2 CH3
H3C CH3
O CH3 CH3
3
H3C CH3 CH3
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
Paper 1 Answers
1 B 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 C
6 B 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 D
11 C 12 A 13 C 14 A 15 A
16 C 17 D 18 D 19 C 20 B
21 A 22 B 23 D 24 A 25 D
26 C 27 B 28 A 29 C 30 B
CopyrightMJCChemistryDepartment
Class Reg Number
___________________________________________________________________
H1 Chemistry 8872/02
Paper 2 20 September 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper
Additional Materials: Data Booklet
___________________________________________________________________
READ THIS INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your name, class and register number in the spaces at the top of this page.
This booklet contains Section A and B of your paper.
Section A
Section B
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
Examiners Use
Section A Q1 /8
Q2 / 11
Q3 /6
Q4 / 15
Section B / 40
Total / 80
1(a) 0.08 mol of solid sulfur is burned in excess oxygen in a calorimeter to form
SO2 gas. The heat produced is used to heat up 815 cm3 of water at 28 C.
Given that 30% of the heat is lost to the surroundings and the enthalpy
change of combustion of sulfur, HC(S) is -297 kJ mol-1.
(b) SO2 is also an important precursor in making sulfuric acid in which the SO2 is
first converted to sulfur trioxide, SO3. It is possible to obtain SO3 by reacting
SO2 with oxygen but this reaction does not occur readily. Instead, the SO2 is
reacted with NO2 to form SO3 according to the equation:
(ii) Use the Data Booklet and H1, calculate the bond energy of the S=O
bond, giving your answer to one decimal place and state the
assumption made in performing the calculation.
[3]
HSO3
Conc. H2SO4
0 0
[Benzene]/mol dm-3 [SO3]2/mol2 dm-6
(i) From the graph, deduce the order of reaction with respect to benzene
and SO3 and hence write the rate equation for the reaction.
(ii) When the same concentration was used for both benzene and sulfur
trioxide, the initial rate of the reaction was measured to be
4.29 x 10-5 mol dm-3 s-1.
Given that the rate constant was 3.54 x 10-4 mol-2 dm6 s-1, calculate the
concentration for benzene used.
[3]
[Total: 8 marks]
(b) Explain why phosphorus(III) chloride exists as a liquid but not phosphorus(V)
chloride.
[2]
(ii) Indicate whether or not the product formed in (c)(i) reacts with
aq NaOH and aq HCl. Include all relevant equations in your answer.
[3]
(e) With reference to your answer in (c)(ii), suggest why the following reaction is
possible.
BeO + 2NaOH Na2Be(OH)4
[1]
[Total: 11 marks]
(i) Write the Kc expression for the equilibrium between O3 and O2 . Hence
calculate the Kc for the reaction in 1966 in Dobson unit.
(ii) From the graph, determine the new equilibrium concentration of ozone
after the use of CFCs started.
(iv) Suggest a possible reason for the change in value of Kc from 1970 to
1994.
[5]
(b) The rapid breaking down of the ozone layer was due to the production of the
reactive Cl radicals from ClO radicals . One of the intermediate reactions
involved is shown in the equation below:
[Total: 6 marks]
CH3 CH3
CH C NH2
CH2OH CH3
F G
H3C
C5H10
OH
N C4H8O
Step 1 Step 4
CH3 O
H3C OH Q
O
HCl (aq), heat
Step 2
CH3 O
H3C OH
OH
P
Give the structural formula for compounds N and Q. Suggest reagents and
conditions for steps 1 to 4:
[6]
(i) O O
O
A: and B:
O
(ii) O O
C: and D:
[4]
[Total: 15 marks]
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper.
5(a) The table below gives the bond energies and boiling points of the various
hydrogen halide and halogen bonds.
(ii) Suggest a reason for the decreasing bond energies from H-F to H-I.
(iii) With reference to the answer you have given in (i), suggest a reason
why the F-F bond is weaker than expected.
(iv) Suggest, with reasoning, a value for the boiling point of H-F.
[6]
pH
Graph 1 Graph 2
(i) State with explanation which graph represents the titration of HF?
(iii) State with reason, a suitable indicator for the titration of HF.
[5]
(i) The temperature rise recorded for the neutralization reaction between
HCl and NaOH is higher than between CH3COOH and NaOH.
(e) A few drops of sulfuric acid were added to a solution containing equal
amounts of CH3COOH and CH3COO-Na+. With the aid of an equation, explain
the change in pH of the solution.
[2]
[Total: 20 marks]
+++++++ P1 .
P2 .
.
.
P3
.
P4
_____ P5
(i) State the positions at which the X2+ and X3+ and S2- ions will hit the
detector.
(ii) Given that the angle of deflection for S2- and X2+ ions is 2o and
1.33o respectively and X also contains 25 neutrons.
(i) Using the electron pair repulsion theory, predict the shape of SF4 and
SF6.
(iii) The boiling point of SF4 is -38oC and SF6 is -64oC. Give an explanation
for the difference in boiling points.
(iv) SF2 reacts readily with F2 to give SF4 but OF2 is unable to react with F2
to form OF4. Explain why.
[8]
(iii) For the reaction of A + B D, it was discovered that the reaction can
proceed via the following mechanism:
Step 1: A+DC
Step 2: C + B 2D
(iv) Given that the graphs representing the catalysed and uncatalysed of a
generic reaction are as followed:
[reactant]
uncatalysed
catalysed
[time]
Plot a [A] versus time graph for the reaction A + B D from (c)(iii).
[6]
[Total: 20 marks]
The mass of oxygen gas used for the complete combustion of E was
however, found to be 2.63g.
[Total: 20 marks]
Section A
The assumption is that the S=O bond has the same bond energy in both SO2
and SO3.
Rate = k[Benzene][SO3]2
2(a) Mg has a giant metallic structure. Held together by strong electrostatic forces
of attraction between Mg2+ cations and sea of delocalized electrons.
SiO2 has a giant molecular structure. Held together by strong and extensive
covalent bonding between the atoms in a giant 3-dimensional network.
PCl5 has a simple molecular structure. Held together by van der Waals forces
of attraction between PCl5 molecules.
(c)(i) Mg burns in oxygen very vigorously with a bright white flame to produce white
solid.
(d) SiO2
Does not react with water due to its very stable giant molecular structure.
PCl5
Undergoes complete hydrolysis to form pH=2.0 / strongly acidic solution.
(e) Be has a diagonal relationship / similar charge density with Al instead, due to
similar charge densities of Be2+ and Al3+, hence is amphoteric and will also
react with a base unlike MgO in part(c)(ii).
3(a)(i) Kc = [O2]3/[O3]2
Kc = 6503/[300]2
= 3.05 x 103 DU
(ii) 120 DU
(b) There is no change in the equilibrium of the reaction because the number of
moles of gaseous reactants is the same as the number of moles of gaseous
product hence the equilibrium position will not change with the change in
pressure.
4(a)(i)
CH3 CH3
CH C NH2
CH2OH CH3
CH3 CH3
C C Br
HBr (g)/in CCl4
CH2 rtp CH3
(b)
CH3 CH3
CN
H3C OH H3C
OH N OH Q
(c)(i) Test : Add 2,4-DNPH with heating to the two unknown in separate test tubes.
(ii) Test: Add aqueous alkaline iodine with heating to the two unknown in
separate test-tubes.
Observation & deduction: Yellow ppt of CHI3 formed for the test-tube
containing C. No yellow ppt of CHI3 formed for the test-tube containing D.
Section B
5(a)(i)
H F F F
(iii) The repulsion between the lone pairs of the two F atoms weakens the bond.
(iv) Any value > -50.8 oC (but must be able to exist as gas at r.t.p)
(b)(i) pH = log10[H+]
0.3
(ii) [HF]= = 0.0125 mol dm-3
24
(c)(i) Graph 2. The salt formed, NaF, contains a conjugate base, F-. Therefore the
equivalent point of the titration will be > 7.
Since Vol of NaOH added to titrate HF > Vol of NaOH to titrate HCl
No. of moles of HF > No. of moles of HCl
As volume of HF and HCl is the same
[HF] > [HCl]
(iii) Phenolphthalein
(d)(i) Some of the heat released by the neutralization between the weak acid,
CH3COOH and NaOH is absorbed to further dissociate CH3COOH. Thus the
temperature rise is higher for the reaction between HCl and NaOH as no such
heat is absorbed.
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
H+ is removed as CH3COOH.
[H+] is slightly changed and pH of the solution remains fairly constant.
X is Vanadium.
(b)(i) SF4 has 4 bond pairs and 1 lone pair around the central S atom .
To minimize repulsion and maximize stability , the 5 electron pairs are
directed to the corners of a trigonal bipyramidal
But lone pair bond pair repulsion > bond pair bond pair repulsion
Shape is distorted tetrahedral
SF4 has 6 bond pairs and 0 lone pair around the central S atom
To minimize repulsion and maximize stability, the 6 electrons pairs are
directed to the corners of a octahedron
Shape is octahedral
(iii) SF4 has stronger permanent dipole permanent dipole intermolecular forces
of attraction which requires higher amount of energy to overcome as
compared to the weaker induced dipole induced dipole intermolecular forces
of attraction of SF6.
(iv) O is in Period 2 and does not have energetically available and accessible d
orbitals to expand beyond the octet structure
(ii) The catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation
energy. Thus there are more reactant particles with energy > Ea and the
frequency of effective collisions increases. Since rate is proportional to
frequency of effective collisions, rate increases.
(iii) Intermediate C
Catalyst D
(iv) [A]
[time]
2.955
7(a)(i) 12 = 0.806 g
12+2(16)
(ii) H2O 2H
0.671
21 = 0.0746 g
2+16
C H O
No. of mol 0.0672 0.0746 0.00750
Mole ratio 9 10 1
(b) T is neutral
T is not a carboxylic acid
Structure of T is HOCH2CH2CH2OCOCH3
Structure of U is ClCH2CH2CH2OCOCH3
Structure of V is ClCH2CH2CH2OH
Structure of W is HOCH2CH2CH2CN
Structure of X is HOCH2CH2CH2COOH
O
Structure of Y is
Structure of Z is HOOCCH2CH2COOH
Class Registration No
Candidate Name:
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice Fri 17 September 2010
50 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Do not open this booklet until you are told to do so.
Write your name, class and registration number in the spaces provided at the top of
this page as well as on the optical mark sheet provided.
Shade the index number in a 5 digit format (12345) on the optical mark sheet.
Row 1: Year of admission
9 for SH2 7 for IP
Row 2: Level on admission
5 for SH2 3 for IP
1
For each question in this section, there are four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider to be correct.
A 52
B 56
C 64
D 72
3. An element Y forms an ion Yn+. The atom Y and the ion Yn+ have the same
A size
B number of protons
C number of electrons
D electronic configuration
4. Which one of the following shows the electronic arrangement of the strongest
reducing agent?
2
5. The graph below shows the ionic radii of five consecutive elements, P, Q, R,
S and T in Period 3.
Ionic radius
T
P
Q
R
S
Element
7. Which of the following statements about the properties associated with ionic
and covalent bonds is correct?
A Ionic bonds and covalent bonds may both occur in the same
compound.
B All covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity in their aqueous
state.
C The only covalent compounds with high boiling points are those in
which hydrogen bonds exist.
D Any covalent compound that contains both oxygen and hydrogen in its
molecule forms hydrogen bonds.
3
8. Tetrafluoroethene, CF2=CF2, is produced by the reaction
Bond energies (in kJ mol-1) involved in the reaction are given below:
C-H p
C-Cl q
C-F r
C=C s
H-Cl t
10. Two first order reactions were started at the same time. Reaction A had an
initial concentration of 1 mol dm3 and a half-life of 20 minutes. Reaction B
had an initial concentration of 4 mol dm3 and a half-life of 10 minutes. After
how long would the concentration of the reactants in the two reactions
become equal?
A 15
B 35
C 40
D 50
4
11. A researcher carried out a series of experiments to determine the order of
reaction with respect to C and D. The results are summarised in the table
below.
C+D E
Experiment [C] / mol dm3 [D] / mol dm3 Rate / mol dm3 s1
1 0.5 0.5 0.02
2 1.0 0.5 0.04
3 0.5 1.0 0.02
What is the unit for the rate constant, k in the overall rate law?
A s1
B mol1 dm3
C mol1 dm3 s1
D mol2 dm6 s1
No of moles
0.500
H2
H2, I2
I2
HI
HI
t0 t1 t2 t3 time
5
13. A major source of carbon monoxide comes from the reaction between steam
and carbon.
H2O(g) + C(s) H2(g) + CO(g) H = +ve
Temperature Pressure
A Low High
B Low Low
C High Low
D High High
14. Which one of the following pairs will give a buffer solution when the two
solutions are mixed?
A 50 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3 NaHCO3 and 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3 HCl.
B 50 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3 NaHCO3 and 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3
NaOH.
C 50 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3 NaHCO3 and 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3
NaOH.
D 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3 NaHCO3 and 100 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm3
H2CO3.
15. The curve below shows a titration reaction between 10 cm3 of a weak acid
HClO of concentration 0.5 mol dm-3 and NaOH of concentration 1.0 mol dm-3.
pH
6
16. Which of the following statements about Period 3 elements is true?
A The melting points decrease in the order P > S > Cl > Ar.
B On heating in air, sulfur burns with a blue flame to give colourless
SO2 gas.
C The electrical conductivity increases from sodium to silicon.
D Aluminium burns in oxygen to form a covalent oxide Al2O3.
17. A mixture of 10 cm3 of methane and 10 cm3 of ethane was sparked with an
excess of oxygen. After cooling to room temperature, the residual gas was
passed through aqueous potassium hydroxide of concentration
0.100 mol dm3. What is the volume of aqueous potassium hydroxide required
to react with the residual gas?
A 12.5
B 13.4
C 25.0
D 30.0
18. Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point?
A CH3(CH2)2CH3
B (CH3)2CHCH3
C CH3(CH2)3CH3
D (CH3)4C
19. How many different alkenes are formed when 3-methylbutan-2-ol reacts with
excess concentrated sulfuric acid at 170oC?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
20. Oxidation of an alkene X gives a diol which cannot be further oxidized. Which
of the following could be X?
A CH3CH=CH2
B CH3CH=CHCH3
C CH3CH=C(CH3)2
D (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2
7
21. Which one of the following statements explains best why fluoroalkanes are
the least reactive halogenoalkanes?
22. Which one of the following is formed when an excess of CH3Br reacts with
(CH3CH2)2NH?
A
CH3CH2 N CH2CH3
CH2CH3
B
CH3CH2 N CH3
CH3
C
CH3
CH3CH2 N CH3 Br
CH3
D
CH3
CH3CH2 N CH2CH3 Br
CH3
A NaOH in CH3OH
B CH3OH with Na
C CH3CH2OK+
D CH3OH
8
24. Which of the following statements about the reaction scheme is incorrect?
Step (iv)
H2NCH2CH2COOH
N
25. The scheme shows the formation of phenylmethanol from the starting
compound, 1-phenylpropan-1-ol
9
Section B
For each of the question in this section one or more of the three numbered
statements 1 to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to
put a tick against the statements which you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only is
correct are correct are correct correct
26. In which pair is the bond angle in the first species larger than that in the
second species?
1 H2O, H2S
2 CO2, CS2
3 CH4, CCl4
(D)
10
28. Which of the following shows the correct trend across Period 3 elements?
29. Ionone, shown below, is a compound responsible for the smell of raspberries.
CH3 CH3
CH CHCOCH3
CH3
1 Electrophilic substitution
2 Nucleophilic addition
3 Reduction
(C)
30. What are the functional groups present in the naturally occurring compound,
lovastation?
CH3
CH2
OH
CH O
CH3
CH3 O O O
CH2
CH2
lovastatin
1 alkene
2 ketone
3 tertiary alcohol
(D)
End
11
NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
Higher 1
CANDIDATE
NAME
SUBJECT REGISTRATION
CLASS NUMBER
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 Structured Questions 13 Sept 2010
2 hours
Section A A3
Answer all questions.
A4
Section B
Answer any two questions. A5
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely Section B
together. B1
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of
each question or part question. B2
B3
Total
Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1 Butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH (Mr = 88.0), also known as butyric acid have
important uses in the industry, such as perfume and food additives.
(a) Calculate the volume of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 required for the
neutralization of butanoic acid in the experiment.
[2]
(b) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka for butanoic acid.
Hence, determine its Ka value given that the initial pH of butanoic acid is 3.2.
[2]
[Turn Over
3
Given the following data, determine the enthalpy change of reaction for the
above reaction.
[2]
(d) Predict and explain how the magnitude of the temperature rise will change
when the reaction in (c) was repeated using 2-chlorobutanoic acid with the
same volume and concentration as butanoic acid.
[2]
[Total: 8]
[Turn Over
4
2 The first seven ionisation energies of Element A from Period 2 are as follows:
(a) Deduce the group that Element A belongs to in the Periodic Table. Explain
your answer.
[2]
(b) State the identity of Element A and hence write its electronic configuration.
[1]
(c) Magnesium reacts with A to form an ionic compound of the formula Mg3A2.
State and explain which one of the ions in the compound would have a larger
ionic radius.
[2]
[Total: 5]
[Turn Over
5
3 (a) The boiling points of some compounds are given in the table below.
[2]
II. ammonia and hydrogen fluoride
[2]
III. iodine and hydrogen fluoride.
[2]
[Total: 6]
[Turn Over
6
Test Deductions
(I) Brown precipitate is observed when
cold dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added
to 1 cm3 of a solution containing B in
a test-tube.
[4]
(b) Compound B exhibits geometric isomerism. Together with the information obtained in
(a), give the structural formula of B.
[1]
[Turn Over
7
(c) State the structural features present in compound B that enables it to exhibit
geometric isomerism. Hence draw the geometric isomers of B.
[2]
(d) Compounds C and D have the same molecular formula C4H6O. Both gives the same
positive test as shown in (a). C and D are structural isomers of one another but they
do not exhibit geometric isomerism. Draw the structures for compounds C and D.
[2]
(e) Suggest a test-tube reaction to differentiate compound B from either C or D. State the
reagents and conditions used and the observations for each of the compounds.
[2]
[Total: 11]
[Turn Over
8
5 Methane, one of the main components in natural gas is an important fuel used
worldwide. It has an enthalpy change of combustion of 890 kJ mol1.
One of the alternative sources of methane comes in the form of methane hydrate. It is
also known as methane ice or fire ice in which a large amount of methane is trapped
within the crystal structure of ice. Part of the crystal structure of ice is shown below.
Larger hydrocarbon molecules such as ethane and propane can also form hydrates,
although as the molecule length increases (butanes, pentanes), the tendency to form
hydrates decreases.
Significant deposits of methane hydrate are found under sediments on the ocean floors
and the arctic permafrost of the Earth, about 500 to 2000 m below the ocean surface. It
is estimated that there are 11.3 x 1018 m3 of methane hydrate available worldwide.
Although methane hydrate is plentiful throughout the world, there are many key
challenges being faced in the utilizing of methane hydrate as a source of methane. With
these challenges in mind, China's Ministry of Land and Resources estimated that the
country could begin using its combustible ice within 10 to 15 years, joining other
countries in methane hydrate exploration.
Water gas, which consists of an equimolar mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is
another type of fuel used in the industries. The enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen and
carbon monoxide are 242 kJ mol1 and 283 kJ mol1 respectively.
[Turn Over
9
It is a useful product but requires careful handling because of the risk of carbon
monoxide poisoning.
(a) Calculate the amount of energy that can be produced from the methane extracted
from 1 m3 of methane hydrate.
[2]
(b) Calculate the volume of methane that can be obtained at room temperature and
pressure from the methane hydrate available worldwide.
[1]
(c) Based on the current worldwide consumption of methane, calculate how many
years the methane obtained from methane hydrate could sustain the world.
[1]
(d) Suggest a possible challenge faced by the world in methane hydrate exploration
[1]
[Turn Over
10
(e) Suggest a reason why hydrocarbons form hydrates less readily as the molecule
length increases.
[1]
(f) Calculate the amount of energy that can be produced from 1 m3 of water gas.
[2]
(g) Suggest two reasons why methane is used as a preferred fuel compared to water
gas in industries.
[2]
[Total:10]
[Turn Over
11
Section B
Answer two of the following three questions. Answer these questions on separate answer paper.
(a) (i) Name the type of reaction and state the condition required for the reaction to occur.
(ii) Draw the structures of all the possible monochlorinated butanes formed.
(iii) State and explain the ratio in which they are formed. [6]
(b) The rate for the reaction between chlorobutane and aqueous sodium hydroxide was
studied using two solutions of different initial concentrations of sodium hydroxide and the
same initial concentration of chlorobutane. The results are as shown below:
(ii) From the graphs, deduce the order of reaction with respect to chlorobutane and
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(iii) Hence, deduce the rate equation and calculate a value for the rate constant, stating
its units.
[6]
(c) With the aid of a relevant diagram, explain how an increase in temperature will increase
the rate of the above reaction.
[3]
(d) The table below shows the pH values of Period 3 chlorides in water.
[Turn Over
12
(ii) Using the information given in the above table and the Data booklet, predict with
explanations, the pH value of a 1 mol dm-3 solution of BeCl2.
[5]
[Total: 20]
[Turn Over
13
2 At room temperature, dinitrogen tetraoxide dissociates and forms an equilibrium with nitrogen
dioxide in a closed vessel, as shown in the equation below.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) )
(ii) Hence state and explain if the forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic. [3]
(b) (i) At 1400C, 3 moles of N2O4 was placed in a 2 dm3 vessel and allowed to reach
equilibrium. At equilibrium, 60% of the N2O4 dissociated into NO2. Calculate the
equilibrium constant, Kc at this temperature, stating its units.
(ii) State and explain the expected colour of the equilibrium mixture in the vessel when
(I) the volume is increased to 4 dm3
(II) the vessel is immersed in a beaker containing hot water.
[7]
(c) (i) At 1400C, the activation energy for the forward reaction is 150 kJ mol-1 and that for
the reverse reaction is 91.3 kJ mol-1. Sketch a reaction pathway diagram for this
reaction.
(ii) Hence determine the value of the enthalpy change of dissociation of N2O4.
(iii) In the presence of a catalyst, the activation energy for the reverse reaction is
60.3 kJ mol-1. On your sketch in c(i), draw the energy profile of the catalysed
reaction. Suggest a value for the activation energy for the dissociation of N2O4 under
these conditions.
[5]
(d) The oxides of Period 3 elements differ considerably in their physical and chemical
properties.
(i) State the formulae of the oxides formed by sodium, aluminium and phosphorus.
(ii) Explain the acid-base nature of these oxides in terms of their structures and
bonding. Hence write equations for the reactions, if any, of oxides of these elements
with aqueous alkali and acid.
[5]
[Total: 20]
[Turn Over
14
F can decolourise Br2 in CCl4. F can also react with gaseous HBr to form E and G.
G forms H when heated with aqueous NaOH. When compound H is reflux with acidified
K2Cr2O7, J is formed. Both compounds H and J give a yellow precipitate when warmed
with alkaline I2(aq).
White fumes are observed and compound K is formed when SOCl2 is added to H.
K reacts with ethanolic KCN to form compound L which when heated in the presence of
dilute HCl forms M.
M and H are heated in the presence of excess concentrated sulfuric acid forms N.
Deduce the structures of compounds E to N, explaining the chemistry for the reactions
involved. Write equations where appropriate.
[15]
(b) Suggest the reagents and conditions used for the following synthesis and draw the
structures of the intermediates formed in the reaction.
(i) H
I II III CH3 CH2NH2
CH3CH2OH P Q C
OH
(ii) CH3 COOH
Br
I II
R
[5]
[Total: 20]
[Turn Over
NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
Higher 1
CANDIDATE
NAME
SUBJECT REGISTRATION
CLASS NUMBER
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 Structured Questions 13 Sept 2010
2 hours
Section A A3
Answer all questions.
A4
Section B
Answer any two questions. A5
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely Section B
together. B1
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of
each question or part question. B2
B3
Total
Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1 Butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH (Mr = 88.0), also known as butyric acid have
important uses in the industry, such as perfume and food additives.
(a) Calculate the volume of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 required for the
neutralization of butanoic acid in the experiment.
[2]
(b) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka for butanoic acid.
Hence, determine its Ka value given that the initial pH of butanoic acid is 3.2.
[2]
[Turn Over
3
Given the following data, determine the enthalpy change of reaction for the
above reaction.
0.08 moles of butanoic acid requires 0.04 moles of barium hydroxide for
reaction, thus butanoic acid is limiting.
4360
H = x 2 = 109 kJ mol
0.08
[2]
(d) Predict and explain how the magnitude of the temperature rise will change
when the reaction in (c) as repeated using 2-chlorobutanoic acid with the same
volume and concentration as butanoic acid.
[2]
[Total: 8]
[Turn Over
4
2 The first seven ionisation energies of Element A from Period 2 are as follows:
(a) Deduce the group that Element A belongs to in the Periodic Table. Explain
your answer.
Largest jump in I.E is from 5th to 6th IE, thus A is in group V. There are 5
valence electrons, the 6th electron is in an inner principal quantum shell nearer
the nucleus, thus require much more energy to remove due to stronger
attraction to the nucleus.
[2]
(b) State the identity of Element A and hence write its electronic configuration.
[1]
(c) Magnesium reacts with A to form an ionic compound of the formula Mg3A2.
State and explain which one of the ions in the compound would have a larger
ionic radius.
Both ions are isoelectronic, but Mg2+ has more protons than N3. The valence
electrons of Mg2+ would be more strongly attracted towards the nucleus,
leading to a smaller ionic radius.
[2]
[Total: 5]
[Turn Over
5
3 (a) The boiling points of some compounds are given in the table below.
q+q
LE
r+ + r
Both cations and anions have the same charge. However, Cl has a smaller ionic
radius than I. Thus, the interionic distance between Li+ and I is greater than
between Li+ and Cl.
Lattice energy of LiCl more exothermic than LiI. Ionic bonds in LiI is stronger
than in LiCl, leading to a larger boiling point as more energy required to break
stronger ionic bonds between Li+ and Cl.
[2]
II. ammonia and hydrogen fluoride
[Total: 6]
[Turn Over
6
Test Deductions
(I) Brown precipitate is observed when C=C bond is present, mild oxidation with
cold dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added KMnO4 to form a diol.
to 1 cm3 of a solution containing B in
a test-tube.
(II) Silver mirror is observed when Aldehyde group is present. Tollens reagent
Tollens reagent is added to 1 cm3 of oxidize aldehyde to carboxylate, Ag+ reduced
a solution containing B in a test- to Ag mirror.
tube.
[4]
(b) Compound B exhibits geometric isomerism. Together with the information obtained in
(a), give the structural formula of B.
B: CH3CH=CHCHO
[1]
(c) State the structural features present in compound B that enables it to exhibit
geometric isomerism. Hence draw the geometric isomers of B.
[Turn Over
7
(d) Compounds C and D have the same molecular formula C4H6O. Both gives the same
positive test as shown in (a). C and D are structural isomers of one another but they
do not exhibit geometric isomerism. Draw the structures for compounds C and D.
C D
[2]
(e) Suggest a test-tube reaction to differentiate compound B from either C or D. State the
reagents and conditions used and the observations for each of the compounds.
[2]
[Total: 11]
5 Methane, one of the main components in natural gas is an important fuel used
worldwide. It has an enthalpy change of combustion of 890 kJ mol1.
One of the alternative sources of methane comes in the form of methane hydrate. It is
also known as methane ice or fire ice in which a large amount of methane is trapped
within the crystal structure of ice. Part of the crystal structure of ice is shown below.
[Turn Over
8
Larger hydrocarbon molecules such as ethane and propane can also form hydrates,
although as the molecule length increases (butanes, pentanes), the tendency to form
hydrates decreases.
Significant deposits of methane hydrate are found under sediments on the ocean floors
and the arctic permafrost of the Earth, about 500 to 2000 m below the ocean surface. It
is estimated that there are 11.3 x 1018 m3 of methane hydrate available worldwide.
Although methane hydrate is plentiful throughout the world, there are many key
challenges being faced in the utilizing of methane hydrate as a source of methane. With
these challenges in mind, China's Ministry of Land and Resources estimated that the
country could begin using its combustible ice within 10 to 15 years, joining other
countries in methane hydrate exploration.
Water gas, which consists of an equimolar mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is
another type of fuel used in the industries. The enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen and
carbon monoxide are 242 kJ mol1 and 283 kJ mol1 respectively.
It is a useful product but requires careful handling because of the risk of carbon
monoxide poisoning.
(a) Calculate the amount of energy that can be produced from the methane extracted
from 1 m3 of methane hydrate.
[Turn Over
9
[2]
(b) Calculate the volume of methane that can be obtained at room temperature and
pressure from the methane hydrate available worldwide.
[1]
(c) Based on the current worldwide consumption of methane, calculate how many
years the methane obtained from methane hydrate could sustain the world.
2.03x10 21
No. of years = = 4.15 x 1011 years
4.9 x 10 9
[1]
(d) Suggest a possible challenge faced by the world in methane hydrate exploration
The methane hydrate is found 500 to 2000 m below the ocean surface; thus,
advanced machinery is required to obtain the methane hydrate.
[1]
(e) Suggest a reason why hydrocarbons form hydrates less readily as the molecule
length increases.
[1]
(f) Calculate the amount of energy that can be produced from 1 m3 of water gas.
[Turn Over
10
500
No. of moles of H2 and CO = = 20.8 moles
24
(g) Suggest two reasons why methane is used as a preferred fuel compared to water
gas in industries.
Methane gives out more energy per m3 and methane does not contain the toxic CO
found in water gas.
[2]
[Total:10]
[Turn Over
11
Section B
Answer two of the following three questions. Answer these questions on separate answer paper.
(a) (i) Name the type of reaction and state the condition required for the reaction to occur.
(ii) Draw the structures of all the possible monochlorinated butanes formed.
H H H H
H C C C C Cl
H H H H
(iii) State and explain the ratio in which they are formed.
1-chlorobutane: 2-chlorobutane is 3:2 as there are 6 hydrogen atoms that could be
replaced to form 1-chlorobutane but only 4 hydrogen atoms that could be replaced
to form 2-chlorobutane.
[6]
(b) The rate for the reaction between chlorobutane and aqueous sodium hydroxide was
studied using two solutions of different initial concentrations of sodium hydroxide and the
same initial concentration of chlorobutane. The results are as shown below:
[Turn Over
12
0.01
3
[chlorobut ane]/moldm 0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004 Expt.1
0.003
0.002
0.001
Expt.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
77.5s 155 77.5 = 77.5 s
time/s
(ii) From the graphs, deduce the order of reaction with respect to chlorobutane and
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
0.01 0.005
Expt 1: 0.20 mol dm-3 NaOH, R = = 5.88 x 10-5 mol dm-3 s-1
85 0
0.01 0.004
Expt 2: 0.30 mol dm-3 NaOH, R = = 8.57 x 10-5 mol dm-3 s-1
70 0
8.57 x10 5
When [NaOH] increase 1.5 x, R increase = 1.46 x
5.88 x10 5
(iii) Hence, deduce the rate equation and calculate a value for the rate constant, stating
its units.
R = k[NaOH][chlorobutane]
8.57 x10 5
k= = 0.0286 mol1 dm3s1
(0.30)(0.01)
[6]
[Turn Over
13
(c) With the aid of a relevant diagram, explain how an increase in temperature will increase
the rate of the above reaction.
Temperature increase, there will be a greater fraction of molecules with energy greater
than activation energy, thus more effective collisions leading to a greater rate of reaction.
[3]
(d) The table below shows the pH values of Period 3 chlorides in water.
Al3+ has higher charge to volume ratio than Na+, thus polarize water causing O H
bond to break and give H+. Thus, solution is at pH 3.
[Turn Over
14
(ii) Using the information given in the above table and the Data booklet, predict with
explanations, the pH value of a 1 mol dm-3 solution of BeCl2.
ion charge
ionic radius
Na+ 1
= 10.5
0.095
Be2+ 2
= 64.5
0.031
Al3+ 3
= 60.0
0.050
Be2+ has the highest charge to radius ratio, thus would polarize O H bonds of
water to greater extent, leading to more H+ produced, pH = 2.5
[5]
[Total: 20]
[Turn Over
15
2 At room temperature, dinitrogen tetraoxide dissociates and forms an equilibrium with nitrogen
dioxide in a closed vessel, as shown in the equation below.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) )
(ii) Hence state and explain if the forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
Forward reaction is dissociation, breaking of N N bond, thus is endothermic.
[3]
(b) (i) At 1400C, 3 moles of N2O4 was placed in a 2 dm3 vessel and allowed to reach
equilibrium. At equilibrium, 60% of the N2O4 dissociated into NO2. Calculate the
equilibrium constant, Kc at this temperature, stating its units.
60
Amt of N2O4 dissociated = x 3 = 1.8
100
N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g)
Initial amt 3 0
Change - 1.8 +2(1.8)
Final amt 1.2 3.6
[ ]/moldm-3 0.6 1.8
[NO2 ] 2 1.8
2
Kc = = =5.4 mol dm-3
[N 2O 4 ] 0.6
(ii) State and explain the expected colour of the equilibrium mixture in the vessel when
(I) the volume is increased to 4 dm3
(II) the vessel is immersed in a beaker containing hot water.
(I): equilibrium shifts to the right to less moles of gas by Le Chateliers principle to
partially reduce pressure. More NO2 form, thus is darker brown.
[7]
[Turn Over
16
(c) (i) At 1400C, the activation energy for the forward reaction is 150 kJ mol-1 and that for
the reverse reaction is 91.3 kJ mol-1. Sketch a reaction pathway diagram for this
reaction. Energy/ kJ mol-1
H = +58.7 kJmol-1
(ii) Hence determine the value of the enthalpy change of dissociation of N2O4.
H = +58.7 kJmol1
(iii) In the presence of a catalyst, the activation energy for the reverse reaction is
60.3 kJ mol-1. On your sketch in c(i), draw the energy profile of the catalysed
reaction. Suggest a value for the activation energy for the dissociation of N2O4 under
these conditions.
Ea = 58.7 + 60.3 = 119 kJ mol1
[5]
(d) The oxides of Period 3 elements differ considerably in their physical and chemical
properties.
(i) State the formulae of the oxides formed by sodium, aluminium and phosphorus.
Na2O, Al2O3, P4O10
(ii) Explain the acid-base nature of these oxides in terms of their structures and
bonding. Hence write equations for the reactions, if any, of oxides of these elements
with aqueous alkali and acid.
Na2O is an ionic oxide, thus is a basic oxide and thus react with acids
e.g. Na2O + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2O
Al2O3 is amphoteric as it is ionic with covalent character, thus react with both acid
and alkali
[Turn Over
17
P4O10 is a covalent compound and is thus an acidic oxide. Thus it reacts with a
base.
[5]
[Total: 20]
F can decolourise Br2 in CCl4. F can also react with gaseous HBr to form E and G.
G forms H when heated with aqueous NaOH. When compound H is reflux with acidified
K2Cr2O7, J is formed. Both compounds H and J give a yellow precipitate when warmed
with alkaline I2(aq).
White fumes are observed and compound K is formed when SOCl2 is added to H.
K reacts with ethanolic KCN to form compound L which when heated in the presence of
dilute HCl forms M.
M and H are heated in the presence of excess concentrated sulfuric acid forms N.
Deduce the structures of compounds E to N, explaining the chemistry for the reactions
involved. Write equations where appropriate.
[15]
[Turn Over
18
Reaction Deduction
Compound E C H Br
% by 29.3 5.70 65.0
C:29.3% H:5.70% Br:65.0% mass
Ar 12.0 1.0 80.0
Mole 2.44 5.70 0.8125
Ratio 3 7 1
Compound E
Compound F
F can also react with gaseous HBr to F undergoes electrophilic addition with HBr
form E and G to give E and G
H H H
H C C C H
H Br H
Compound G
[Turn Over
19
Compound H
Compound H
Compound J
Compound K
[Turn Over
20
Compound L
H CH3
H C C COOH
H H
Compound M
Compound N
[Turn Over
21
(b) Suggest the reagents and conditions used for the following synthesis and draw the
structures of the intermediates formed in the reaction.
(i) H
I II III CH3 CH2NH2
CH3CH2OH P Q C
OH
I: K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 (aq), heat with distillation
II: KCN, HCl, trace of NaCN as catalyst, cold
III: LiAlH4 dry ether
P = CH3CHO
Q = CH3CH(OH)CN
R=
CH3
Br
[5]
[Total: 20]
[Turn Over
1
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 22 September 2010
50 minutes
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Data Booklet
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are
four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record you choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one
you consider to be correct.
1 A mixture of propane, C3H8, and a gaseous alkene of the general formula CnH2n
occupied 24 cm3. 114 cm3 of oxygen was required for complete combustion.
After combustion, 72 cm3 of carbon dioxide was produced. (All volumes were
measured at the same temperature & pressure.)
A C2H4
B C3H6
C C4H8
D C5H10
3 Which one of the following corresponds to the configuration of the four electrons
of highest energy for the ground state of an element in Group IV?
A 1s2 2s2
B 3p4
C 4s2 4p2
D 3d2 4s2
burette
liquid
negatively charged rod
A bromine
B cyclohexane
C tetrachloromethane
D water
5 The following diagrams show the structures of an element, its principal oxide and
its halide.
A aluminium
B carbon
C phosphorus
D silicon
6 A student used the apparatus below to heat a can containing 300 g of water.
thermometer
can containing
300 g of water
burner containing
propan-1-ol
Given:
Relative molecular mass of propan-1-ol = 60.0
Enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol = 2021 kJ mol1
Specific heat capacity of water = c kJ kg1 K1
m 2021 1000
A 100%
300 c T 60.0
m c T 60.0
B 100%
300 2021 1000
300 c T 60.0
C 100%
m 2021
300 c T 60.0
D 100%
m 2021 1000
7 The major natural source of fluorine is the mineral fluorspar, which is mainly
calcium fluoride, CaF2. The first stage in liberating F2 is to grind the compound
and react it with concentrated sulfuric acid. The products are hydrogen fluoride
and calcium sulfate.
CaF2 + H2SO4 2HF + CaSO4
The appropriate enthalpy changes of formation are given in the table.
Hf (kJ mol1)
CaF2 1220
H2SO4 814
HF 271
CaSO4 1434
A +58
B 58
C +329
D 329
8 Which graph would confirm that the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide?
rate A B
rate
[H2O2] [H2O2]
rate C rate D
[H2O2] [H2O2]
9 Lead is the final product formed by a series of changes in which the rate-
determining stage of the radioactive decay of uranium-238. This radioactive
decay is a first-order reaction with a half-life of 4.5 109 years.
What would be the age of a rock sample, originally lead-free, in which the molar
proportion of uranium to lead is now 1:3?
10 What is the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium, rate constant and
equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction?
The numerical value of Kc for reaction I is 0.36. Under the same conditions, what
is the numerical value of Kc for reaction II?
12 Drinking water is often disinfected with Cl2, which hydrolyses to form HClO, a
weak acid but powerful disinfectant.
[HClO]
The fraction of HClO in solution is defined as .
[HClO] + [ClO ]
Given that the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of HClO is 2.9 x 108 mol dm3,
what is the fraction of HClO at pH 7.00?
A 0.125
B 0.223
C 0.500
D 0.775
A B
pH pH
7 7
0 V 0 V
C D
pH pH
7 7
0 V 0 V
14 Which of the following shows a correct trend for the elements of Period 3?
melting point
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
ionic radius
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
electrical conductivity
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
pH of aq chlorides
D 7
Na Mg Al Si P
15 Fibre glass can be considered to be a mixture of ionic oxides and giant covalent
oxides.
A Al2O3
B Na2O
C P4O10
D SiO2
A CH3CH=CH2
B (CH3)2C=CH2
C (CH3)2C=CHCH3
D CH3CH=CHCH3
A CH3CH=CH2
B CH3CH=CHCH3
C (CH3)2C=CHCH3
D (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2
19 Which reagent and conditions are used to bring about the reaction shown?
CH3 CH3
Cl
A Cl2 in the dark
B Cl2 with AlCl3
C Cl2 with ultraviolet light
D concentrated HCl heated under reflux
A alkaline aqueous I2
B aqueous NaOH
C K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4
D Na
CH2 H C OH H C OH
CH3 CH3 CH 2 OH
D H CH3 CH3
H3C C OH H3C C OH H3C C OH
H H CH3
P Q
A CH3CH2CN CH3CH2OH
B (CH3)2CHCN (CH3)3COH
C C6H5CH(CH3)CN C6H5CH2CH(OH)CH3
D C6H5CH2CN C6H5CH2CH2OH
25 Given that halogen groups are electron withdrawing, which of the following
equimolar aqueous solutions has the lowest pH?
A chloroethanoic acid
B ethanoic acid
C fluoroethanoic acid
D propanoic acid
Section B
For each of the questions in this section one or more of the three numbered
statements 1 to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to
put a tick against the statements which you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
The graph shows the trend of the ionisation energies for the outermost fifteen
electrons in a particle, X.
Ionisation energies
0 5 10 15 20
number of electrons removed
1 Ar
2 P
3 Cl2+
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
energy
P+Q
y
R
progress of reaction
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
Cl HO CH3 H N CH3
CH3
aureomycin
1 It can form esters both with ethanoic acid and with ethanol.
2 1 mole of malic acid can react with 3 moles of Na metal.
3 It can react with hot concentrated H2SO4 to form a mixture of two
compounds.
End of Paper
CANDIDATE
NAME
TUTORS
CLASS
NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 21 Sep 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Data Booklet
Writing Paper
Graph Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
For Section A, write your answers in this booklet.
For Section B, write your answers on the writing paper provided.
You are advised to show all working in calculations.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. Section A
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question. 1
4
2
6
3
4
4
6
5
8
6
6
7
6
Total
40
This paper consists of 16 printed pages and 0 blank page
[Turn over
2 For
examiners
Section A use
(b) Calculate the volume of 0.034 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII) required to
oxidise 1.5 103 mol of the salt KHC2O4H2C2O4 completely.
[4]
[Total: 4]
3 For
examiners
2 A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow use
(a) State the type of bonding between carbon atoms and between C60 molecules in
buckminsterfullerene.
Type of bonding:
[2]
(c) Aside from its solubility in organic solvents, suggest another property of
buckminsterfullerene which is similar to that of graphite.
[1]
[1]
[Total: 6]
4 For
examiners
3 Sulfuric acid is manufactured industrially by the Contact process. The raw materials use
Operating conditions
Temperature: 450 C
Pressure: 1 atm
Catalyst: vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5
Stage 3: + H2O
(a) Sketch graphs to show how the percentage yield of sulfur trioxide in the equilibrium
mixture in Stage 2 varies with
Pressure / atm
5 For
examiners
(ii) temperature for two pressures, 0.5 atm and 2 atm, respectively. use
Temperature / C
[2]
(b) Suggest how the percentage yield of sulfur trioxide produced in Stage 2 can be
increased without varying the operating conditions of the process.
[1]
(c) Write an overall balanced equation for the chemical reactions that happen in Stage
3 to produce concentrated sulfuric acid.
[1]
[Total: 4]
6 For
examiners
4(a) By reference to the CO molecule, explain the meaning of the term bond energy. use
[2]
(b) Write a thermochemical equation, including state symbols, to represent the average
bond energy of C H in methane.
[1]
(c) With help of the given energy cycle, make use of the following enthalpy changes
and appropriate data from the Data Booklet to estimate the average bond energy of
C H in methane.
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
[4]
[Total: 6]
7 For
examiners
5 Sodium was first isolated in 1807 and argon was discovered in 1894. Although they use
are both in the third period of the Periodic Table, there is considerable variation of
properties from sodium to argon.
(a) On the axes below, sketch graphs to show the variation in the following properties
of elements across the third period from Na to Ar.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
(ii)
first ionisation energy
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
[2]
(b) The variation in both atomic radius and first ionisation energy of the third period
elements can be explained using nuclear charge, shielding effect and effective
nuclear charge.
Explain the term shielding effect and hence use the three terms in italics above to
explain the variation in atomic radius.
Shielding effect
[2]
8 For
examiners
(b) The properties of oxides of the elements of the third period depend on the use
The table below shows the electronegativity of elements of the second and third
period as proposed by Linus Pauling.
Li Be B C N O F Ne
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.92 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16
(i) Calculate the difference in electronegativity between element and oxygen for
the oxides BeO, MgO, Al2O3 and SiO2.
(ii) Hence use your values in (b)(i) to predict the following properties of beryllium
oxide, BeO.
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
[4]
[Total: 8]
9 For
examiners
6 Trans-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid is a primer pheromone used by the queen bee to use
O
CH3C(CH2)5 H
C=C
H CO2H
trans-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid
[6]
[Total: 6]
10 For
examiners
7(a) Ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, is a stronger acid than ethanol, CH3CH2OH. use
[3]
(b) Give reagents, conditions and observations to show how you would distinguish
between the following compounds.
CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3CH2CH2OH
Reagents and
conditions
Observations
[3]
[Total: 6]
11
Section B
Answer any two of the three questions.
Write your answer on the writing paper provided.
1(a) Many new cars have air-bags which rapidly inflate during an accident and protect
the front passengers. The air-bag is inflated with nitrogen released by the rapid
decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the likely decomposition of sodium azide.
(ii) What would you consider a likely volume for an inflated air-bag, taking into
consideration that it must be big enough to protect a passenger from
knocking his head onto the windscreen? Explain your estimation.
(iii) Based on your answers in (a)(i) and (ii), calculate the mass of sodium azide
needed to inflate an air-bag in a motorcar during an accident.
(iv) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for the azide ion and suggest its shape.
[8]
(b) Hydrogen azide, HN3, is a colourless liquid with an irritating odour. It behaves as
an acid.
3
(i) A 0.1 mol dm aqueous solution of hydrogen azide has a pH of 2.9. Explain
whether it is a strong or weak acid.
3 3
(ii) The titration curve when 20 cm of this acid is titrated with 0.2 mol dm
aqueous sodium hydroxide is shown below. Copy the diagram and label the
2 axes. Write down the values of x and y in the spaces provided.
OH
O
HO O CH3
Give the structures of the organic products formed when brefeldin A is reacted with
the following reagents.
[5]
[Total: 20]
13
2 Water, H2O, covers about two-thirds of the Earths surface and is vital to life. About
0.005% of water molecules consist of an oxygen atom bonded to two atoms of the
hydrogen isotope, deuterium, 21 D.
Deuterium oxide, D2O, is known as heavy water and is used for research in
chemical reactions because deuterium atoms react less quickly than normal
hydrogen atoms, 11 H. Like H2O, pure D2O is weakly ionised.
2D2O D3O+ + OD
For D2O, we can use the term KD instead of KW and pD instead of pH.
(i) KD
(ii) pD
[2]
(b) For pure D2O, KD = 1.35 x 1015. Calculate the values of the following.
(i) [D3O+]
(ii) pD
[2]
(c) When pure H2O and pure D2O are mixed, exchange of H and D atoms takes
place and the following equilibrium is established.
(i) If a mixture containing 1.5 mol of D2O and 1.5 mol of H2O is made up,
how many moles of HDO will be present at equilibrium at 298 K?
(ii) Describe and explain the effect on the position of this equilibrium if
HDO is being drained away once it is formed.
[5]
(d) The following list of compounds react with or dissolve in water:
Water can react as either acid or a base. Choose a compound from the
above list with which water acts as
(ii) Write ionic equations to show how this solution reacts with
I added H+(aq) ions,
II added OH(aq) ions.
[3]
(i) Suggest the reagents and conditions necessary for reactions I, II and
III.
[Total: 20]
15
3(a) Bones contain a complex mixture of calcium salts, proteins and other material.
When a bone is strongly heated in a current of air, the only residue is calcium oxide.
(i) Name the type of reaction that occurs when a bone is strongly heated in air.
(ii) From a sample of 50.0 g of bone, 14.0 g of calcium oxide were obtained.
Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium in the bone.
[2]
(b) Calcium can be obtained from many different sources. Primarily, milk is the richest
source of dietary calcium.
The following information was taken from the side of a carton of milk.
How long does your milk keep?
25 C 0.5 day
18 C 1 day
10 C 2 days
5 C 4 days
(i) Plot a graph of the time the milk keeps against temperature.
(ii) Use your graph to predict the length of time the milk will keep at a
temperature of 15 C.
(iv) Explain how and why the rate of souring of milk varies with temperature.
(v) Suggest a reason why milk that has been boiled keeps longer than fresh milk.
[8]
16
(c) Cheese, which is also rich in calcium, contains esters of linoleic acid.
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H
linoleic acid
On the lid of a brand of cheese it is claimed that the cheese contains virtually no
trans fatty acids.
When A is heated under reflux with an excess of acidified K2Cr2O7, the solution
turns from orange to green and Compound B is formed. B turns moist blue litmus
paper red.
(ii) Identify the compounds A, B and C. Write clearly the deductions that you
made from the information given.
[8]
[Total: 20]
End of Paper
NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE
JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 1
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice Answers 22 September 2010
1B 11 B 21 A
2D 12 D 22 D
3C 13 A 23 B
4D 14 A 24 D
5D 15 C 25 C
6D 16 D 26 C
7A 17 B 27 D
8C 18 B 28 D
9C 19 B 29 C
10 D 20 D 30 A
NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE
JC 2 Preliminary Examinations
Higher 1
CANDIDATE
NAME Answers
TUTORS
CLASS
NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 21 Sep 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Data Booklet
Writing Paper
Graph Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
For Section A, write your answers in this booklet.
For Section B, write your answers on the writing paper provided.
You are advised to show all working in calculations.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. Section A
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or
part question. 1
4
2
6
3
4
4
6
5
8
6
6
7
6
Total
40
This paper consists of 16 printed pages and 0 blank page
[Turn over
2 For
examiners
Section A use
(b) Calculate the volume of 0.034 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII) required to
oxidise 1.5 103 mol of the salt KHC2O4H2C2O4 completely.
[4]
[Total: 4]
3 For
examiners
2 A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow use
(a) State the type of bonding between carbon atoms and between C60 molecules in
buckminsterfullerene.
Type of bonding:
between C60 molecules: van der Waals forces / td-td / dispersion forces[2]
[2]
(c) Aside from its solubility in organic solvents, suggest another property of
buckminsterfullerene which is similar to that of graphite.
[1]
[1]
[Total: 6]
4 For
examiners
3 Sulfuric acid is manufactured industrially by the Contact process. The raw materials use
Operating conditions
Temperature: 450 C
Pressure: 1 atm
Catalyst: vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5
Stage 3: + H2O
(a) Sketch graphs to show how the percentage yield of sulfur trioxide in the equilibrium
mixture in Stage 2 varies with
% sulfur trioxide
400 C
600 C
Pressure / atm
5 For
examiners
(ii) temperature for two pressures, 0.5 atm and 2 atm, respectively. use
% sulfur trioxide
2 atm
0.5 atm
Temperature / C
Temperature / C
[2]
(b) Suggest how the percentage yield of sulfur trioxide produced in Stage 2 can be
increased without varying the operating conditions of the process.
(c) Write an overall balanced equation for the chemical reactions that happen in Stage
3 to produce concentrated sulfuric acid.
[Total: 4]
6 For
examiners
4(a) By reference to the CO molecule, explain the meaning of the term bond energy. use
The energy required to break one mole of covalent bonds in the gaseous state.
[1]
(b) Write a thermochemical equation, including state symbols, to represent the average
bond energy of C H in methane.
(c) With help of the given energy cycle, make use of the following enthalpy changes
and appropriate data from the Data Booklet to estimate the average bond energy of
C H in methane.
H
C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
[4]
[Total: 6]
7 For
examiners
5 Sodium was first isolated in 1807 and argon was discovered in 1894. Although they use
are both in the third period of the Periodic Table, there is considerable variation of
properties from sodium to argon.
(a) On the axes below, sketch graphs to show the variation in the following properties
of elements across the third period from Na to Ar.
(ii)
[2]
(b) The variation in both atomic radius and first ionisation energy of the third period
elements can be explained using nuclear charge, shielding effect and effective
nuclear charge.
Explain the term shielding effect and hence use the three terms in italics above to
explain the variation in atomic radius.
Shielding effect
The decrease in nuclear attraction experienced by an electron due to it being
blocked by inner shell of electrons.
or words to that effect
The table below shows the electronegativity of elements of the second and third
period as proposed by Linus Pauling.
Li Be B C N O F Ne
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.92 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16
(i) Calculate the difference in electronegativity between element and oxygen for
the oxides BeO, MgO, Al2O3 and SiO2.
(ii) Hence use your values in (b)(i) to predict the following properties of beryllium
oxide, BeO.
Giant ionic lattice structure with strong ionic bonds between Be2+ and O2
ions.
.......
[4]
[Total: 8]
9 For
examiners
6 Trans-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid is a primer pheromone used by the queen bee to use
O
CH3C(CH2)5 H
C=C
H CO2H
trans-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid
O H H
CH3C(CH2)5CCCO2H n
HO OH
n O n
CHI3 and OC(CH2)5 H
C=C
H CO2
OH n
CH3C(CH2)5 H
C=C
CN
H CO2H
O
CH3C(CH2)5 H n shown as propyl ester
C=C o shown as branched ester
H CO2CH(CH3)2
[6]
[Total: 6]
10 For
examiners
7(a) Ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, is a stronger acid than ethanol, CH3CH2OH. use
(b) Give reagents, conditions and observations to show how you would distinguish
between the following compounds.
CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3CH2CH2OH
Test 1: Add ethanolic AgNO3 and warm.
Reagents Test 2: Add Na metal
and
conditions Test 3: Add PCl5 n
Test 4: Add KMnO4
Test 1: White ppt formed. No ppt formed.
Test 2: No gas evolved.
H2 gas evolved. n
Observations n
HCl evolved.
Test 3: No gas evolved.
Test 4: No decolorisation KMnO4 decolorised
[3]
[Total: 6]
11
Section B
Answer any two of the three questions.
Write your answer on the writing paper provided.
1(a) Many new cars have air-bags which rapidly inflate during an accident and protect
the front passengers. The air-bag is inflated with nitrogen released by the rapid
decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the likely decomposition of sodium azide.
(ii) What would you consider a likely volume for an inflated air-bag, taking into
consideration that it must be big enough to protect a passenger from
knocking his head onto the windscreen? Explain your estimation.
(iii) Based on your answers in (a)(i) and (ii), calculate the mass of sodium azide
needed to inflate an air-bag in a motorcar during an accident.
(iv) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for the azide ion and suggest its shape.
N N N n
(b) Hydrogen azide, HN3, is a colourless liquid with an irritating odour. It behaves as
an acid.
3
(i) A 0.1 mol dm aqueous solution of hydrogen azide has a pH of 2.9. Explain
whether it is a strong or weak acid.
n
2.9 y
x n Volume of NaOH/cm3
n 10
[7]
OH
O
HO O CH3
Give the structures of the organic products formed when brefeldin A is reacted with
the following reagents.
OH Br n
Br O
HO O CH3
13
(ii) Hot aqueous sodium hydroxide
OH n n
ONa OH
HO O CH3
Cl n
O
n Cl O CH3
[5]
[Total: 20]
14
2 Water, H2O, covers about two-thirds of the Earths surface and is vital to life. About
0.005% of water molecules consist of an oxygen atom bonded to two atoms of the
hydrogen isotope, deuterium, 21 D.
Deuterium oxide, D2O, is known as heavy water and is used for research in
chemical reactions because deuterium atoms react less quickly than normal
hydrogen atoms, 11 H. Like H2O, pure D2O is weakly ionised.
2D2O D3O+ + OD
For D2O, we can use the term KD instead of KW and pD instead of pH.
(i) KD
KD = [D3O+][OD] [1]
(ii) pD
pD = lg [D3O+] [1]
[2]
(b) For pure D2O, KD = 1.35 x 1015. Calculate the values of the following.
(i) [D3O+]
[D3O+] = (1.35 x 1015)1/2 = 3.67 x 10-8 mol dm-3 [1]
(ii) pD
pD = lg(3.67 x 10-8) = 7.43 [1]
[2]
(c) When pure H2O and pure D2O are mixed, exchange of H and D atoms takes
place and the following equilibrium is established.
(i) If a mixture containing 1.5 mol of D2O and 1.5 mol of H2O is made up,
how many moles of HDO will be present at equilibrium at 298 K?
2x/(1.5 x) = 1.886
x = 0.7283 mol
n(HDO)eqm = 2(0.7283) = 1.456 = 1.46 mol [1]
15
(ii) Describe and explain the effect on the position of this equilibrium if
HDO is being drained away once it is formed.
Position of equilibrium would shift to the right [1] to replace the
removed HDO. [1]
[5]
Water can react as either acid or a base. Choose a compound from the
above list with which water acts as
(e) A solution containing ethanoic acid and its salt sodium ethanoate,
CH3CO2Na, acts as a buffer solution.
(ii) Write ionic equations to show how this solution reacts with
I added H+(aq) ions,
CH3CO2 + H3O+ CH3CO2H [1]
II added OH(aq) ions.
CH3CO2H + OH CH3CO2 [1]
[3]
(i) Suggest the reagents and conditions necessary for reactions I, II and
III.
I: Cl2 or Br2, UV light [1]
II: aq NaOH, heat [1]
III: acidified KMnO4, heat [1]
(i) Name the type of reaction that occurs when a bone is strongly heated in air.
thermal decomposition
(ii) From a sample of 50.0 g of bone, 14.0 g of calcium oxide were obtained.
Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium in the bone.
40.1
( ) (14.0)
% by mass of Ca in the bone = 40.1 + 16.0 x 100% = 20.0%
50.0
[2]
(b) Calcium can be obtained from many different sources. Primarily, milk is the richest
source of dietary calcium.
The following information was taken from the side of a carton of milk.
How long does your milk keep?
25 C 0.5 day
18 C 1 day
10 C 2 days
5 C 4 days
(i) Plot a graph of the time the milk keeps against temperature.
(ii) Use your graph to predict the length of time the milk will keep at a
temperature of 15 C.
1.35 days
1
Rate
time
17
(iv) Explain how and why the rate of souring of milk varies with temperature.
(v) Suggest a reason why milk that has been boiled keeps longer than fresh milk.
[8]
(c) Cheese, which is also rich in calcium, contains esters of linoleic acid.
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H
linoleic acid
On the lid of a brand of cheese it is claimed that the cheese contains virtually no
trans fatty acids.
A B
C CH2 C
H C C H
H H
[2]
When A is heated under reflux with an excess of acidified K2Cr2O7, the solution
turns from orange to green and Compound B is formed. B turns moist blue litmus
paper red.
(ii) Identify the compounds A, B and C. Write clearly the deductions that you
made from the information given.
A is CH3CH2CH2OH.
B is CH3CH2CO2H.
C is CH3CH2CHO.
AB
Observations: B turns moist red litmus paper red.
The colour of the solution turns from orange to green.
Deductions: B is a carboxylic acid.
So, A must be a 1 alcohol.
The orange K2Cr2O7 solution turns to green Cr3+ solution.
AC
Observations: C reacts with 2,4-DNPH to form an orange-yellow crystalline solid.
C also reacts with Fehlings solution and Tollens reagent.
Deductions: C must be an aldehyde.
C reacts with Fehlings solution to form a brick-red ppt.
C reacts with Tollens reagent to form a silver mirror.
[8]
[Total: 20]
End of Paper
PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE, SINGAPORE
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
For each question, there are four possible answers labelled A, B, C and D. Choose the
one you consider to be correct.
A 6.0 x 1022
B 3.6 x 1023
C 6.0 x 1023
D 3.6 x 1024
2 Ten percent of the copper produced in the USA comes from bacterial leaching of low
grade copper ores. In this process acidified water is sprayed onto the ore
chalcopyrite. Bacteria then convert the insoluble ore into a solution containing iron
and copper ions.
What changes in oxidation state occur for the iron and the sulfur in this reaction?
3 0.01 mol aqueous sodium sulfate (V), Na2SO4 was found to react completely with
0.02 mol hydroxylamine, NH2OH. The half equation for the reduction of sulfate(VI)
ion is given as shown.
Which of the following could be the nitrogen containing product in this reaction?
A N2O
B NO
C NO2
D NO3-
3
4 After 10 cm3 of a hydrocarbon had been burnt with 70 cm3 of oxygen, the gaseous
mixture occupied a volume of 50 cm3 which was reduced by 30 cm3 by the addition
of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Assuming all volumes are measured at room
temperature and pressure, which one of the following is a possible formula of the
hydrocarbon?
A C3H6
B C3H8
C C4H8
D C4H10
5 What is the volume of 0.100 mol dm-3 KMnO4 aqueous solution required to oxidise a
25.0 cm3 aliquot of 0.300 mol dm-3 FeSO4 aqueous solution?
A 10.00 cm3
B 12.50 cm3
C 15.00 cm3
D 25.00 cm3
6 The first seven ionisation energies of an element A are shown in the sketch graph.
Ionisation energy
Electrons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 removed
A aluminium
B magnesium
C phosphorus
D silicon
4
7 Which of the species in their gaseous state shown below will be deflected by the
largest angle in an electric field?
11
A B3+
4
B He2+
9
C Be2+
1
D H2
8 Which of the following sets of species all have the same shape?
9 The boiling point of the hydrogen fluoride is higher than Hydrogen iodide as follow:
A HF has higher boiling point due to stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding than
permanent dipole permanent dipole between HI molecules.
B HF has higher boiling point due to a higher H-F bond energy than H-I
C HF has higher boiling point due to stronger induced dipole induced dipole
intermolecular forces than HI
D HF has a higher boiling point due to HF having stronger ionic bonds as it has a
higher magnitude of lattice energy since fluoride ion in HF is smaller than Iodide
ion in HI.
CN
CH 3 C C OH Compound B
H O
Which of the following options shows the correct number of sigma and pi bonds?
CH3
H
C
H C
H Compound D
B CH2Br
H
C
H C
H
C CH3 CH3
Br
H H
H C and H C
C C
Br H Br H
Br Br Br
D
CH2Br CH2Br
Br
H H
H H C
C and
C C
Br H Br H
Br Br Br
6
12 Which of the following options shows the correct reagents and conditions for
Step 1 and correct structure of Compound E?
Hot K2Cr2O7(aq), H2SO4 (aq)
Step 1
CH2(Cl)CH=CH2 CH2(CN)CH=CH2 Compound E
Step 1 Compound E
A KCN in ethanol, heat CH2(CO2H)2
B KCN in ethanol, heat CH2(CO2H)CH=CH2
C KOH in ethanol, heat CH2(CO2H)2
D KOH in ethanol, heat CH2(CO2H)CH=CH2
H H C CH3
C C CH2 C
CH3 CH C H
CH3 C CH3
CH3
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
A CH2=CHCOCH2OH
B CH3COCH2CHO
C CH3COCOCH3
D CH3COCH=CHOH
7
15 Aldehydes and ketones are produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of
alkenes. For example, ethanal is manufactured from ethene as shown.
catalyst
CH2=CH2 + O2 CH3CHO
A CH3CH2CHO
B CH3CH2COCH3
C CH3CH2CH2CHO
D (CH3)2CHCHO
Cl OH
CH3 C C H
H H
E1
E4
E2
E3
19 The enthalpy change of neutralisation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide
solution and sulfuric acid is to be calculated.
40.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution is reacted with 10.0 cm3 of
1.00 mol dm-3 of sulfuric acid solution. The temperature rises by 5.4oC.
If the density and specific heat capacity of all solutions are assumed to be 1.00 g cm-3
and 4.18 J g-1 K-1 respectively, what is the enthalpy change of neutralisation of the
reaction?
A - 28.2 kJ mol-1
B - 56.4 kJ mol-1
C -112.8 kJ mol-1
D -225.7 kJ mol-1
A 0.70
B 1.00
C 13.0
D 13.3
22 The reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen monoxide can react to form nitrogen
and steam.
The rate of reaction is first order with respect to hydrogen and second order with
respect to nitrogen monoxide.
0.100 mol dm-3 of H2 and 5.00 mol dm-3 of NO (g) were put into a sealed flask of fixed
volume. It was found that there was 0.0250 mol dm-3 of H2 left 40 minutes later.
A An excess concentration of 5.00 mol dm-3 NO (g) is used so that the rate of
reaction will remain constant as reaction proceeds.
B There was 0.0250 mol dm-3 of N2 (g) left after 20 minutes.
C There was 0.0125 mol dm-3 of H2 (g) left after 80 minutes.
D The unit of the rate constant is s-1.
23 In acid solution BrO3- ions will slowly oxidise Br- ions to Br2.
The variation for the initial rate of reaction with the concentrations of the reactants
was investigated in four experiments.
25 Consider the period 3 elements and their compounds with their properties sketched
in the form of graphs below:
Graph 1 Graph 2
Graph 1 Graph 2
A melting point of elements first ionisation energy of elements
B melting point of elements atomic radius of elements
C pH of their chlorides in water first ionisation energy of elements
D pH of their chlorides in water atomic radius of elements
11
Section B
For each of the next 5 questions, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3
may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a
tick against the statements which you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
correct correct correct
27 When propanone is reacted with hydrogen cyanide, the progress of the reaction can
be followed by plotting the concentration of hydrogen cyanide against time. One such
plot is given below:
time / min
What conclusions can be drawn from this result ?
Which of the following will not increase the yield of gaseous A atoms?
1 using a catalyst
2 increase in pressure
3 increase in temperature
29 The diagram represents a simplified section of a catalytic converter as fitted into the
exhaust system of a car. Harmful gases are converted into carbon dioxide, nitrogen
and water vapour.
Platinum and rhodium catalyst
CO CO2
Hydrocarbons H2O
NOx N2
Which reactions between the stated compounds could take place on the surface of
the catalyst?
30 Which type of reaction(s) are not shown in the synthesis shown below ?
1 Oxidation
2 Reduction
3 Substitution
1B 7B 13 C 19 B 25 A
2D 8C 14 D 20 A 26 B
3A 9A 15 B 21 D 27 D
4B 10 C 16 A 22 B 28 A
5C 11 A 17 C 23 C 29 C
6D 12 B 18 D 24 D 30 D
* End Of Paper *
1
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 21 SEPTEMBER 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper
Additional Materials: Answer Paper
Data Booklet
Write your Centre number, index number and name on all work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough workings.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all the questions
Section B
Answer two questions on separate answer paper
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.
At then end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Section A
[3]
(b) (i) Explain why PCl3 is not a trigonar planar molecule using the valence
shell electron pair repulsion theory.
3
(ii) Explain why PCl5 can exist but not MgCl5 ? For
Examiners
Use
[4]
Both acidic solutions produced from the reaction of PCl5 and AlCl3 with water can
react with sodium carbonate to give carbon dioxide gas.
(c) (i) Write a balanced equation to show the reaction between PCl5 and
water.
(ii) Explain using equation(s) why aluminium chloride reacts with water to
produce an acidic solution ?
(iii) The aqueous chlorides of the period 3 element give different pH.
[7]
Na Mg Al Si P S
[2]
[Total 16]
5
2 For each of the following organic compounds, determine the type of isomerism For
they exhibit and suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish them, indicating the Examiners
observations you would see. Use
(a)
H H OO
3 CC OOH CH 2 CH 3
CH3 CCHC and
H H ethyl ethanoate
butanoic acid
________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[3]
6
(b) For
CH 3 CH3 H H Examiners
Use
C C CH3 C C C
H H H H H
but-2-ene but-1-ene
________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[4]
(c) But-2-ene can exhibit other types of isomerism besides the one mentioned
in (b)(i)
Draw each isomer belonging to the two other types of isomerism in each of
the two boxes shown below.
(i) (ii)
[2]
7
(d) The diagram shown below is an energy cycle involving but-1-ene at 25oC For
and 1 atmospheric pressure. Examiners
Use
H1
4C(g) + 4H2(g) CH3CH2CH=CH2 (g)
+ 6O2(g) + 6O2(g)
H2 H3
4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
(ii) The standard enthalpy change, H 1 does not represent the standard
enthalpy change of formation of but-1-ene. Explain why.
8
(iii) Use the following data below as well as your answer in (d)(i) to For
calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of but-1-ene Examiners
Use
H c( C(g) ) = - 1110 kJ mol-1
H c(H2) = - 286 kJ mol-1
[5]
[Total: 14]
9
3 Apricot kernels contain glycoside amygdalin, an organic compound which turns For
into deadly hydrogen cyanide acid, HCN, when the kernel is crushed or injured. Examiners
High doses of hydrogen cyanide can cause coma with seizures and cardiac arrest, Use
leading to death in a matter of minutes. A fatal dose for a human can be as low as
1.50 mg kg-1 of body weight. (1 mg = 1.00 x 10-3 g)
The forensics department of the local law enforcement agency was trying to
determine the cause of death of a 75 kg deceased man who was found at home
on the couch with a few empty packets of apricot kernels lying on the ground.
A 10 cm3 sample of blood (a typical human has 71 cm3 of blood per kg body
mass) obtained from the body and hydrogen cyanide containing haemoglobin was
isolated and dissolved to form 25 cm3 of solution. This sample of the haemoglobin
was oxidised by potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, to determine the amount of Fe2+
which is also equal to the amount of hydrogen cyanide present.
1.70 cm3 of 0.00100 mol dm-3 acidified K2Cr2O7 solution was required for complete
reaction.
[1]
(b) Show by oxidation number that the reaction in (a) is a redox reaction.
[1]
(c) Calculate the total amount of hydrogen cyanide, HCN in the 25 cm3 of
solution.
[2]
(d) Calculate the amount of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, in the body of the
deceased man.
[1]
10
(e) Calculate the concentration of HCN in mg kg-1 and hence determine if the For
cause of death was due to hydrogen cyanide poisoning. Examiners
Use
[2]
(f) (i) Given that the 25 cm3 sample of hydrogen cyanide solution in (c) has a
pH of 6.30, show quantitatively that HCN is a weak acid.
(ii) What is the effect of adding universal indicator to this 25 cm3 sample of
hydrogen cyanide solution mentioned in (f)(i)?
[2]
(g) Explain why potassium chloride, KCl , cannot be used to oxidise Fe2+?
[1]
[Total: 10]
11
Section B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper
(a) Draw the structures of compounds E to H and explain the above reactions.
Write chemical equations to support your answer. [10]
1-aminopropan-2-ol
(b) (i) Draw the displayed formula of compound J.
(ii) Write the reagents and conditions for reactions 1 and 2. [3]
(d) (i) Explain why the synthesis of CH3CHClF from fluoroethane, CH3CH2F
and chlorine produces a mixture of products?
(iii) Explain why C-F bond in CFC does not undergo the reaction in (d)(ii)?
5 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid which is an important chemical used
in industry and in the school laboratory.
One step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process involves the
reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
When 72 dm3 of sulfur dioxide gas and 32.0 g of oxygen gas are reacted in a
27000 dm3 reaction vessel at a constant temperature of 25oC and 1 atmospheric
pressure, the percentage conversion of sulfur trioxide was 80% at equilibrium.
(a) (i) Calculate the initial amount of sulfur dioxide gas and initial amount of
oxygen gas at 25oC and 1 atmospheric pressure.
(iv) What will happen to the yield of SO3(g) when the reversible reaction at
equilibrium is conducted at 2 atmospheric pressure? [6]
(b) (i) Sulfuric acid is a dibasic strong acid. Explain the underlined term.
(ii) A 100 cm3 of solution contains 0.980 g of sulfuric acid. Calculate the
pH of the sulfuric acid solution. [4]
The titration curve is obtained when sodium hydroxide is added to sulfuric acid.
The equivalence point is reached when 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide is added.
pH
Phenolphthalein
Equivalence pH = 7
Methyl orange
0 25.0 50.0
vVolume
olume ofofalkali 3
NaOH / cm
(cm3)
Methyl orange and litmus are suitable indicators to determine the equivalence
point of the titration between sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
13
Working pH
Indicator range
Methyl 3.2 4.4 Colour of methyl orange Colour of methyl orange
Orange < pH 3.2 (red) > pH 4.4 (yellow)
Sulfuric acid is needed in many organic reactions. The reaction scheme below
shows the reaction involving sulfuric acid.
M
Concentrated H2SO4,
CH3COOH, heat
Concentrated
H2SO4, followed by
H2O, warm
(d) (i) Draw the structures of L, M, N. If other products are also produced,
draw the major product only.
(ii) Draw the structures of P and Q given that P has a higher net dipole
moment.
(iii) Explain why P has a higher net dipole moment than Q? [7]
[Total: 20]
14
(a) With reference to boron trifluoride, define the standard enthalpy change of
formation of boron trifluoride, Hf(BF3). [1]
The order of reaction with respect to fluorine is one. The half-life of the reaction is
10 days. Given that the initial concentration of fluorine is 0.600 mol dm-3.
(b) Sketch a graph of [F2] against time showing two half-lives in your graph. [2]
(c) Explain what will happen to the rate of formation of gaseous boron trifluoride
A copper catalyst can increase the rate of formation of gaseous boron trifluoride.
(ii) Using relevant diagram, explain how the copper catalyst can increase
the rate of formation of gaseous boron trifluoride [4]
(e) (i) Write an equation to represent the first ionisation energy of Boron.
(ii) Boron has a lower first ionisation energy than Beryllium. Explain why.
[3]
(f) (i) BF3 reacts with NH3 to form molecule S. Draw a structure to represent
the molecule S.
(ii) Explain the criteria for forming the structure you have proposed in (f)(i)
BF3 reacts with water to form a weak acid, boric acid, H3BO3 as one of its
products. Excess H3BO3 reacts with aqueous NaOH to form buffer solution
consisting of aqueous H3BO3 and aqueous NaH2BO3.
(g) Write an ionic equation to show how this buffer solution decreases the
acidity when a small amount of acid is added. [1]
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 21 SEPTEMBER 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper
Additional Materials: Answer Paper
Data Booklet
Write your Centre number, index number and name on all work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough workings.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all the questions
Section B
Answer two questions on separate answer paper
You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.
At then end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Section A
q+ q
ionic bond strength | | (1/2 mark )
r+ + r
(b) (i) Explain why PCl3 is not a trigonar planar molecule using the valence
shell electron pair repulsion theory.
Hence there is additional bond pair lone pair repulsion (1/2 mark)
which is greater than bond pair bond pair repulsion that exists in a
3
(ii) Explain why PCl5 can exist but not MgCl5 ? For
Examiners
Use
Phosphorus can expand its octet as it has available 3d orbitals to be
used for covalent bonding with 5 other chlorine atoms. ( 1 mark )
Both acidic solutions produced from the reaction of PCl5 and AlCl3 with water can
react with sodium carbonate to give carbon dioxide gas.
(c) (i) Write a balanced equation to show the reaction between PCl5 and
water.
(ii) Explain using equation(s) why aluminium chloride reacts with water to
produce an acidic solution ?
Al3+ has high charge density. [1] It can polarise the O-H bond in water
molecules causing them to break. [1/2 mark]
H3O + is released hence the solution is acidic. [1/2 mark]
[7]
( 1 mark )
(d) The electrical conductivity of some Period 3 elements is shown below.
Na Mg Al Si P S
2 For each of the following organic compounds, determine the type of isomerism For
they exhibit and suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish them, indicating the Examiners
observations you would see. Use
(a)
H H OO
3 CC OOH CH 2 CH 3
CH3 CCHC and
H H ethyl ethanoate
butanoic acid
(b) For
CH 3 CH3 H H Examiners
Use
C C CH3 C C C
H H H H H
but-2-ene but-1-ene
(c) But-2-ene can exhibit other types of isomerism besides the one mentioned
in (b)(i)
Draw each isomer belonging to the two other types of isomerism in each of
the two boxes shown below.
(i) (ii)
( 1 mark each )
[2]
7
(d) The diagram shown below is an energy cycle involving but-1-ene at 25oC For
and 1 atmospheric pressure. Examiners
Use
H1
4C(g) + 4H2(g) CH3CH2CH=CH2 (g)
+ 6O2(g) + 6O2(g)
H2 H3
4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
(ii) The standard enthalpy change, H 1 does not represent the standard
enthalpy change of formation of but-1-ene. Explain why.
(iii) Use the following data below as well as your answer in (d)(i) to For
calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of but-1-ene Examiners
Use
H c( C(g) ) = - 1110 kJ mol-1
H c(H2) = - 286 kJ mol-1
H3 = Hc(but-1-ene)
H2 = [4(H c( C(g) ) + 4 H c( H2 )]
= 4(-1110) + 4(-286)
= - 5584 kJ mol-1 (1 mark )
By Hess law
H1 + H3 = H2
H3 = Hc(but-1-ene)
= H2 - H1
= - 5584 (- 2846 )
= -2738
= - 2740 kJ mol-1 (1 mark )
[5]
[Total: 14]
9
3 Apricot kernels contain glycoside amygdalin, an organic compound which turns For
into deadly hydrogen cyanide acid, HCN, when the kernel is crushed or injured. Examiners
High doses of hydrogen cyanide can cause coma with seizures and cardiac arrest, Use
leading to death in a matter of minutes. A fatal dose for a human can be as low as
1.50 mg kg-1 of body weight. (1 mg = 1.00 x 10-3 g)
The forensics department of the local law enforcement agency was trying to
determine the cause of death of a 75 kg deceased man who was found at home
on the couch with a few empty packets of apricot kernels lying on the ground.
A 10 cm3 sample of blood (a typical human has 71 cm3 of blood per kg body
mass) obtained from the body and hydrogen cyanide containing haemoglobin was
isolated and dissolved to form 25 cm3 of solution. This sample of the haemoglobin
was oxidised by potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, to determine the amount of Fe2+
which is also equal to the amount of hydrogen cyanide present.
1.70 cm3 of 0.00100 mol dm-3 acidified K2Cr2O7 solution was required for complete
reaction.
(b) Show by oxidation number that the reaction in (a) is a redox reaction.
[1]
(c) Calculate the total amount of hydrogen cyanide, HCN in the 25 cm3 of
solution.
(d) Calculate the amount of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, in the body of the For
deceased man. Examiners
Use
Amount of HCN in the body of the deceased man
= (1.02 x 10-5 / 10) x 71 x 75
= 5.431 x 10-3 mol (1 mark )
[1]
(e) Calculate the concentration of HCN in mg kg-1 and hence determine if the
cause of death was due to hydrogen cyanide poisoning.
(f) (i) Given that the 25 cm3 sample of hydrogen cyanide solution in (c) has a
pH of 6.30, show quantitatively that HCN is a weak acid.
[H+] = 5.01 x 10-7 mol dm-3 < [HCN] = 4.08 x 10-4 mol dm-3
Hence HCN is a weak acid as it does not dissociate completely.
(1/2 mark)
(ii) What is the effect of adding universal indicator to this 25 cm3 sample of
hydrogen cyanide solution mentioned in (f)(i)?
(g) Explain why potassium chloride, KCl , cannot be used to oxidise Fe2+?
Section B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper
(a) Draw the structures of compounds E to H and explain the above reactions.
Write chemical equations to support your answer. [10]
O CH3
CH3 O
C C CH3
O CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2 C
C CH3 CH3
HO CH3 CH3
(4 mark)
12
CH3
CH3 H3C
NH2
HN
O N
NO2 HN
+ NO2
+ H2O
CH3 CH3
NO 2
1-aminopropan-2-ol
(b) (i) Draw the displayed formula of compound J.
H
H O
H C C C N
H H ( 1 mark )
Compound J
(ii) Write the reagents and conditions for reactions 1 and 2. [3]
(d) (i) Explain why the synthesis of CH3CHClF from fluoroethane, CH3CH2F
and chlorine produces a mixture of products?
(iii) Explain why C-F bond in CFC does not undergo the reaction in (d)(ii)?
The C-F covalent bond is strong ( 1 mark ) hence the energy provided
is not high enough to break it.
CFC molecules will react with O3 in the ozone layer and deplete it.
( 1 mark )
(v) Suggest one way to reduce the use of CFCs. [5]
Replace CFC with hydrofluorocarbon. ( 1 mark )
[Total: 20]
5 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid which is an important chemical used
in industry and in the school laboratory.
One step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process involves the
reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
When 72 dm3 of sulfur dioxide gas and 32.0 g of oxygen gas are reacted in a
27000 dm3 reaction vessel at a constant temperature of 25oC and 1 atmospheric
pressure, the percentage conversion of sulfur trioxide was 80% at equilibrium.
(a) (i) Calculate the initial amount of sulfur dioxide gas and initial amount of
oxygen gas at 25oC and 1 atmospheric pressure.
O2 is the limiting reagent (1/2 mark) since 1 mol of SO2 should react
with 2 mol of SO2 < 3 mol of SO2 initially. ( 1/2 mark )
(iv) What will happen to the yield of SO3 (g) when the reversible reaction at
equilibrium is conducted at 2 atmospheric pressure?
[6]
(b) (i) Sulfuric acid is a dibasic strong acid. Explain the underlined term.
(ii) A 100 cm3 of solution contains 0.980 g of sulfuric acid. Calculate the
pH of the sulfuric acid solution.
[4]
16
The titration curve is obtained when sodium hydroxide is added to sulfuric acid.
The equivalence point is reached when 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide is added.
pH
Phenolphthalein
Equivalence pH = 7
Methyl orange
0 25.0 50.0
vVolume
olume ofofalkali (cm3) 3
NaOH / cm
Methyl orange and litmus are suitable indicators to determine the equivalence
point of the titration between sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
Working pH
Indicator range
Methyl 3.2 4.4 Colour of methyl orange Colour of methyl orange
Orange < pH 3.2 (red) > pH 4.4 (yellow)
The working range of methyl orange fall within the almost vertical
section of the titration curve (1 mark )
And there is a distinct colour change from red to yellow at the end
points. (1/2 mark )
[3]
(ii) Explain why litmus is a suitable indicator?
There is a distinct colour change from red to blue at the end points.
(1/2 mark ) [3]
17
Sulfuric acid is needed in many organic reactions. The reaction scheme below
shows the reaction involving sulfuric acid.
M
Concentrated H2SO4,
CH3COOH, heat
Concentrated
H2SO4, followed by
H2O, warm
(d) (i) Draw the structures of L, M, N. If other products are also produced,
draw the major product only.
18
(ii) Draw the structures of P and Q given that P has a higher net dipole
moment.
P has two electron withdrawing groups ( CN and Cl) on the same side
of the C=C group, ( 1 mark ) hence it has a net dipole moment.
(a) With reference to boron trifluoride, define the standard enthalpy change of
formation of boron trifluoride, Hf(BF3)
The order of reaction with respect to fluorine is one. The half-life of the reaction is
10 days. Given that the initial concentration of fluorine is 0.600 mol dm-3.
(b) Sketch a graph of [F2] against time showing two half-lives in your graph.
[ F2 ] / moldm-3 1 mark for showing correct shape and
variables with correct units on axis.
0.600
1 mark for showing correct numerical
values.
0.300
0.150
0 [2]
(c) Explain what will happen to the rate of formation of gaseous boron trifluoride
When a bigger piece of solid boron is used, the surface area of boron
reactant become larger (1/2 mark) and there will be greater number of
effective collisions per unit time.(1/2 mark )
hence the rate of formation will increase ( 1 mark ) [4]
20
A copper catalyst can increase the rate of formation of gaseous boron trifluoride.
(ii) Using relevant diagram, explain how the copper catalyst can increase
the rate of formation of gaseous boron trifluoride [4]
(ii) Boron has a lower first ionisation energy than Beryllium. Explain why.
(f) (i) BF3 reacts with NH3 to form molecule S. Draw a structure to represent
the molecule S. (1 mark)
(ii) Explain the criteria for forming the structure you have proposed in (f)(i)
B has 3 valence electrons which are used to form bonds with 3 fluorine
atoms. The resulting compound is electron deficient (1 mark). Lone
pair of electrons on a neighbouring N atom from NH3 forms a dative
bond (1 mark) with B thus achieving octet.
F H
F B N H
F H
BF3 reacts with water to form a weak acid, boric acid, H3BO3 as one of its
products. Excess H3BO3 reacts with aqueous NaOH to form buffer solution
consisting of aqueous H3BO3 and aqueous NaH2BO3.
(g) Write an ionic equation to show how this buffer solution decreases the
acidity when a small amount of acid is added.
END OF PAPER
RAFFLES INSTITUTION
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2010
Higher 1
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 27 September 2010
50 minutes
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question
there are four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider to be correct and record your choice with a soft pencil
on the separate Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong
answer. Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
For each question there are four answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
2. 10.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm3 of K2XO4 reacts with 40.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm3
of iron(II) sulfate solution. If Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ by K2XO4, what is the final
oxidation state of X?
A +2 B +3 C +4 D +5
3. In which sequence are Br, Rb+ and Sr2+ ions ranked in order of increasing
radii?
smallest largest
A Sr2+ Br Rb+
B Br Rb+ Sr2+
C Rb+ Sr2+ Br
D Sr2+ Rb+ Br
A Cr2+(g) Cr 3+(g) + e
B Cr 3+(g) + e Cr 2+(g)
C Cr(g) Cr 3+(g) + 3e
D Cr 2+(s) Cr 3+(g) + e
2
6. Which of the following shows compounds ranked in order of increasing boiling
points?
7. The value of the enthalpy change for the process represented by the
equation,
O2(g) + 2e O2(g)
is equal to
Using the following information, calculate the enthalpy change of reaction for
the above reaction.
Compound Hf / kJ mol1
C2H4 +52.3
HCl 92.3
C2Cl4 52.2
H2O 285.8
A +298.0 kJ mol1
B 298.0 kJ mol1
C +878.5 kJ mol1
D 878.5 kJ mol1
3
9. A theoretical reaction involves A 2B.
2.5
2.0
1.5
3
[H2O2]/mol dm
1.0
0.5
0.0
Time/s
0 200 400 600
11. The numerical value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction
A 0.01 B 0.1 C 6 D 36
4
12. Phosphorus trichloride and chlorine react according to the following equation:
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
A mixture of PCl3 and Cl2 was placed in a syringe and brought to equilibrium.
At time t, the plunger of the syringe was suddenly withdrawn such that the
resulting volume was twice the initial volume.
Which graph correctly shows the variation of concentration of PCl5 with time?
A [PCl5] B [PCl5]
time time
t t
C [PCl5] D [PCl5]
t time t time
13. H3PO4 is a triprotic acid which has three acid dissociation constants. The table
below shows the first, second and third acid dissociation constants, Ka,
respectively.
lowest highest
A PO43 HPO42 H2PO4
B H2PO4 HPO42 PO43
C HPO42 PO43 H2PO4
D HPO42 H2PO4 PO43
5
14. Which pair of 1 mol dm3 aqueous solutions, when added together, will give a
buffer solution of pH > 7?
15. Which of the following is an incorrect trend of the elements of the Period 3 of
the Periodic Table?
16. Elements can form oxides with giant structures. The oxide formed can
conduct electricity in the molten state.
A magnesium, phosphorus
B sodium, aluminium
C silicon, phosphorus
D aluminium, silicon
17. The graph shows how a property of the elements Na to Cl varies with proton
number.
proton number
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A Electronegativity
B First ionisation energy
C Ionic radius
D Melting point
6
18. Which class of compounds will the hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms ratio be
the highest in its general formula?
A alcohols
B aldehydes
C arenes
D halogenoalkanes
19. What is the total number of different esters with molecular formula of C 4H8O2?
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6
20. What is the total number of geometric isomers that can be formed from the
product of the reaction of the following compound with excess concentrated
sulfuric acid at 170 oC?
OH
CH2CHCH2CH2CH3
CH2 CH CH2
A 2 B 4 C 8 D 16
A CH3CH2CH CHCH3
B CH3CH2CH CHCH2CH3
C (CH3)2C C(CH3)2
A (CH3)3COH
B (CH3)2CHCH2OH
C CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
7
23. Phenylethanoic acid, C6H5CH2COOH can be synthesised from
(bromomethyl)benzene, C6H5CH2Br in the laboratory in two steps.
Step 1 Step 2
C6H5CH2Br X C6H5CH2COOH
What are reagents and conditions that can be used for this synthesis?
Step 1 Step 2
A NaOH(aq), heat Acidified K2Cr2O7, heat
B Ethanolic NaOH, heat Acidified KMnO4, heat
C Ethanolic NaCN, heat HCl(aq), heat
D Cold HCN, trace amount of NaCN H2SO4(aq), heat
24. Upon heating, compound X gives yellow precipitate with alkaline aqueous
iodine. 2 moles of compound X also give effervescence of 1 mole of
hydrogen gas upon reaction with sodium metal. It does not change the
colour of hot, acidified sodium dichromate(VI) from orange to green.
A O CH2CH3
CH3CCH2CCH3
OH
B O
CH3CH2CCH2CHCH3
OH
C OH
O CHCH3
CH3CH2CCH2CCH3
OH
D OH
O
C(CH3)2
CH3CCH2CCH3
OH
8
25. Prednisone is a useful drug in the treatment of inflammatory disorders,
allergies and malignancies such as leukemia and multiple myeloma.
O
OH
O
OH
O
Prednisone
Prednisone
9
Section B
For each of the following questions, one or more of the three numbered statements 1
to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to
put a tick against the statements which you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are correct 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 3 are correct 1 only is correct
26. For the following pairs, in which one does the second compound have a
smaller bond angle than the first?
rate = k[X]
28. The following reaction between carbon monoxide and steam occurs in the
presence of a suitable catalyst.
1 a lower temperature
2 a higher pressure
3 a more finely powdered catalyst.
10
The response A to D should be selected on the basis of
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are correct 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 3 are correct 1 only is correct
29. Which of the following tests can be used to distinguish between the two
organic compounds below?
CH 2CHO
CH3CH CHCH2OH
1 Na metal
2 Aqueous bromine, in the dark
3 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
30. A derivative of Rofecoxib, an efficient drug against arthritis, has the following
structure.
O
Rofecoxib
END OF PAPER
11
RAFFLES INSTITUTION
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2010
Higher 1
CANDIDATE NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 20 September 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper.
Write your name, class and index number in the spaces provided above.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
1
Section A (40 marks)
The largest copper mine in the world is in Atacama, Chile, where the
mineral chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, is extracted.
[1]
(b) The richest ore dug out of the ground in Atacama, however, is
only about 1% copper by mass.
[2]
[3]
[Total: 6]
2
2 (a) Elements W, X, Y and Z have four consecutive proton numbers
in the Periodic Table. The table below shows the first 4 ionisation
energies of elements W, X, Y and Z.
(i) Using the data given above, identify the group that element
W belongs to.
[4]
21 + 20 20 2 21 3
10 A 11 B 9C 9D
3
(ii) A source beam of ions is passed through an electric field.
Sketch the deflection paths of the four ions in the diagram
below. Show clearly their relative angles of deflection.
- - - - - - -
Source beams
of ions
+ + + + + + +
[3]
[Total: 7]
H4
2NH4+(g) + SO42(g) (NH4)2SO4(s)
H3
2 x H2 H1
2NH4+(aq) + SO42(aq)
H2 = 132 kJ mol1
H3 = 1099 kJ mol1
H4 = 1370 kJ mol1
[1]
(b) (i) Based on the above energy cycle and the data given
above, calculate H1.
4
(ii) Draw a labelled energy profile diagram of the reaction in
H1, showing clearly the activation energy and the
enthalpy change of the reaction.
[6]
[2]
[Total: 9]
5
4 Some ammonium iodide crystals are placed in a sealed vessel and
heated at a temperature of 500 C and decomposition occurs.
[2]
[4]
(c) Predict and explain the effect on the yield of ammonium iodide if
the pressure of the vessel in (b) is decreased at 500 C.
[2]
[Total: 8]
6
5 (a) Compounds containing the allyl group, CH2=CHCH2, have
pungent smells and are found in onions and garlic.
ruthenium(IV)catalyst
ruthenium(IV) catalyst
CH2=CHCH2OH CH3CH2CHO
(iii) Suggest a chemical test that you would carry out on the
reactant and product to distinguish them.
[5]
7
(b) The reaction scheme below shows the reactions involving an
allylic compound, X.
HO COOH
Step 2
few steps
HO CH2CH CH2 Compound W
Compound X
Step 1
Compound Y
W Y Z
8
(ii) Suggest the reagents and conditions necessary for the
following steps.
Step 1:
Step 2:
[5]
[Total: 10]
9
Section B (40 marks)
10
(b) The composition of the human body can be looked at from
different points of view. By mass, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon
are present in larger abundances. Other elements which are
present include sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur and
chlorine. Aluminium, which is another element found in Period 3,
seems to serve no function in living cells. Rather, it is harmful in
large amounts.
I NaOH(aq)
II HCl(aq)
[Total: 20]
11
7 (a) Compound P, C5H9ClO2, which is sparingly soluble in water, is
readily soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
O
H3C CH CH CH2 C OH
Br OH
12
(b) Iodination of propanone is done in aqueous acidic solution
according to the equation:
(i) Using the data above, deduce the orders of reaction with
respect to propanone, iodine and acid.
[Total: 20]
13
8 (a) A compound W, C6H8O, when reacted with excess hydrogen in
the presence of nickel catalyst gives compound X, C6H12O. X
reacts with sodium metal to give hydrogen gas.
(ii) How will the boiling point of the above CFC differ from that
of CClF2CF2CHClF?
[4]
[Total: 20]
14
END OF PAPER
15
Suggested Solutions to 2010 H1 Chemistry Prelims
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A C D A B C B D B D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C C B A C B C A C B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B C C A C B B D A B
Suggested solutions to 2010 H1 Prelims Paper 2
1a
63.5
Percentage by mass of copper = 100% 34.6%
(63.5 55.8 2 32.1)
1b
1c(i)
2CuFeS2 (s) + 3O2 (g) 2FeO (s) + 2CuS (s) + 2SO2 (g)
1c(ii)
1000 103 g
Amt of chalcopyrite = 5.45 103 mol
(63.5 55.8 2 32.1)
Amt of chalcopyrite = Amt of sulfur dioxide
Volume of sulfur dioxide = 5.45 10 24dm 1.30 10 dm 131 m
3 3 5 3 3
2a(i)
Group VII
2a(ii)
Valence electron removed from Y must be from a higher energy principal quantum shell and
experiences significant shielding effect by electrons in the inner shells that outweighs the increase
in nuclear charge
effective nuclear charge decreases from X to Y hence less energy is required to remove the
valence electron as compared to that of X.
2a(iii)
ZW 2
2b(i)
C2- and D3-
2b(ii)
- - - - - - -
+ + + + + + +
3a
H4 represents lattice energy.
Lattice energy of an ionic compound is the energy released when one mole of the solid ionic
compound is formed from its constituent gaseous ions under standard conditions.
3b(i)
By Hess Law, H1 = - H4 + 2H2 + H3 = -(-1370) + 2(-132) + (-1099) = +7 kJ mol-1
3b(ii)
energy
Ea
+ 2-
2NH4 (aq) + SO4
H1 (aq)
(NH4)2SO4(s)
progress of reaction
3b(iii)
Amt of (NH4)2SO4 used = 10.0/(132.1) = 0.0757 mol
Q=mcT
(H1 x n) = (200)(4.0)( T)
T = (7000x0.0757)/800 = 0.662 oC
4a
4b
(0.5-x)(0.25-x) = 0.006993
x2 -0.75x + 0.118 = 0
x = 0.525 (rejected) or 0.225
4c
When the pressure is decreased at constant temperature, the concentrations of the gases
decrease.
By Le Chateliers Principle, the system will try to increase the pressure by favouring the forward
reaction to increase the number of moles of gases.
Hence the position of equilibrium will shift to the left and yield of ammonium iodide will decrease.
5a(i)
Structural isomerism or functional group isomerism
5a(ii)
The allyl alcohol cannot exhibit geometric isomerism.
This is due to the presence of 2 identical hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the same doubly-
bonded carbon atom, thus the compound cannot show cis or trans isomers.
5a(iii)
Any one of the following tests is acceptable.
5b(i)
W Z
HO CH2CH2CH2OH HO CH2CH2CH2Cl
HO CH2CH2CH(OH)CN
5b(ii)
6a(i)
The pH of a solution is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of the solution. It is the negative
logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm3 i.e. pH = lg [H+(aq)]
6a(ii)
Acid is H2CO3, conjugate base is HCO3-
6a(iii)
HCO3- + H+ H2CO3
6a(iv)
Ka = [H+]2 / [H2CO3] => [H+] = (Ka [H2CO3])1/2 = (7.95 x 10-7 x 0.10) 1/2
6a(v)
Amt of carbonic acid used = 25/1000 x 0.10 =2.50 x 10-3 mol
Amt of NaOH(aq) = 30/1000 x 0.60 = 0.018 mol
NaOH(aq) is in excess.
pH = 13.4
6a(vi)
Phenolphthalein
6a(vii)
Carbonic acid is a weak acid as [H+] is not equal to [carbonic acid]. Thus carbonic acid did not fully
dissociate to give H+ ions.
6b(i)
NaCl dissolves (hydrates) readily in water to form aquated ions and neutral solutions of pH 7.
AlCl3 dissolves in water to form acidic solutions (due to the very high charge density of Al3+). The
small, highly polarising cation weakens the OH bonds of the water molecules in its surrounding
sphere of coordination and results in the release of hydrogen ions in solution. pH of the resulting
solution is about 3.
6b(ii)
I : BeO + 2OH- + H2O [Be(OH)4]2-
The acidic solution formed reacts with MgO, thus dissolving it.
MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l)
6c
X is in Group IV.
B7a
P sparingly soluble in water but soluble in P has COOH group and a large hydrophobic
NaOH group.
S and T can exhibit cis-trans isomerism. S and T each has a C=C double bond with 2
different substituents on each C of the double
bond.
S undergoes reaction with acidified potassium Strong oxidation. The C=C double bond is
manganate (VII) to give U, C3H4O4 and cleaved and is located between the 2nd and 3rd
ethanoic acid. carbon in the carbon chain of S.
Or eqn
OH O O
H3C CH CH2 CH2 C OH H3C CH CH CH2 C OH + H2O
(Q) (S)
O O O O O O
H3C CH CH HCH
3C2 CH CH
C OH CH
Br22 + C
+ 4[O] H2OOH
HO C CH2 HC3C OH
CH CH CCHCH
+ HO 2 3C OH + HBr
O O O O
HO C CH2 C OH+ Na2CO3 Na+-O C CH2 C O-Na++ CO2 + H2O
(T) (U)
OH O H3C O
O
CH C
H3C CH CH2 CH2 C OH + H2O
H2C CH2
(Q) (R)
Structures
OH O H3C O
Cl O OH O O
CH C
P: H3C CH CH2 CH2 C Q: H3C HCH
OH + 2NaOH 3C CH CH22 CH
CH2 CH C 2OH
C O-Na+ + H2O
H2C CH2
(P) + NaCl + H2O
(Q) (R)
H3C O +H +
O
CH C O O O
OH + H2O
H2C CH2 H3C CH CH CH2 COHOH+ 4[O] O HO C CH2 C OH+ HO
R: S/T: H3C CH CH2 CH2 C OH
(R) (S) (T)
(Q)
O O O O
HO C CH2 C OH+ Na2CO3 Na+-O C CH2 C O-Na++ CO2 + H2O
U:
(T)
B7a(ii)
Cl O OH O
H3C CH CH2 CH2 C OH+ 2NaOH H3C CH CH2 CH2 C O-Na+
(P) + NaCl + H2O
B7a(iii) + H+
OH O O O
OH O
H3C CH CH2 CH2 C OH Na+-O C CH2 CH2 C O-Na+
H3C CH CH2 CH2 C OH
(Q) + 7NaOH + 4I2 + CHI3 + 5NaI + 6H2O
yellow (Q)
ppt
7b(i)
Compare expt 1 and 3, when [propanone] tripled, the initial rate increased by 3x first order
reaction with respect to propanone.
Compare expt 1 and 2, when [H+] doubled, the initial rate increased by 2x first order reaction
with respect to H+.
Compare expt 3 and 4, when [H+] and [I2] doubled, the rate increased by 2x zero order reaction
with respect to iodine.
7b(ii)
Using Expt 1:
Rate = k[propanone] [H+]
1.01 x 10-4 = k(0.4)(0.4)
k = 6.31 x 10-4 mol-1dm3min-1
7b(iii)
number of molecules total no. of molecules with
with a given energy energy Ea at temperature T1
T2 > T1
T1
total no. of molecules with
T2 energy Ea at temperature T2
0 kinetic energy
Ea
The shaded area under the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve is proportional to the number of
molecules possessing energy greater than or equal to the activation energy, E a.
When temperature decreases (from T2 to T1), the number of reacting molecules possessing
energy greater than or equal to the activation energy decreases.
The frequency of effective collisions decreases. Hence, the rate of reaction decreases.
B8(a)
Explanations:
W, C6H8O W is not a saturated compound.
X reacts with sodium metal to give H2(g) X contains an alcohol functional group.
Or eqn
O + 2H2 OH
W X
OH
+ Na + H2
X
NO2 CH3
N CHH
2C
O N HC CH
NO
2 2
+ H CH2 CH2 + H2O
W
O + Br2 Br O
W
Br Y
N
C
O + HCN
OH
W Z
Structures
W: O Y: Br O
cyclohex-3-en-1-one
Br
N
X: Z: C
OH
OH
8b(i)
C- Cl bond is the weakest.
Cl has the largest atomic orbital, the valence orbital used in bonding is larger and more diffuse so
that the overlap of the C- Cl orbitals is least effective, hence C- Cl bond length is the longest/C-Cl
bond energy is the smallest
8b(ii)
CHFClCF3 has a lower boiling point than CClF2CF2CHClF.
CHFClCF3 has a smaller and less polarisable electron cloud, thus it has weaker van der Waals
forces of attraction between the molecules. Less energy is required to overcome these weaker
interactions and thus CHFClCF3 has a lower boiling point.
8c(i)
8c(ii)
Chlorine dioxide has an unpaired electron thus it has a tendency to take in electrons to achieve a
stable electronic structure.
8c(iii)
Lone pair of electrons on oxygen in chlorine dioxide is able to undergo H-bonding with water.
RIVER VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR 6 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
CANDIDATE
NAME
CLASS 6
CENTRE INDEX
NUMBER S NUMBER
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 22 September 2010
50 minutes
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are
four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
________________________________________________________________________
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
1 3 g of hydrogen gas reacted with 160 g of bromine gas to give hydrogen bromide, HBr,
under standard conditions. How many molecules are present at the end of the reaction?
2 10 cm3 of a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in 100 cm3 of excess oxygen. When
cooled to room temperature, the volume of residual gas obtained was 80 cm3. When the
residual gas was passed through aqueous sodium hydroxide, the volume decreased to
20 cm3.
Which one of the following represents the structure of the hydrocarbon? (All volumes are
measured at r.t.p.)
A C6H12 B C6H10
C C6H8 D C6H6
3 25.0 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 KClO4(aq) required 50.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm3 TiCl3(aq) to
reach end-point. Given that Ti(III) ion is oxidised to Ti(IV) ion in this reaction, which one
of the following formulae represents the reduction product of the ClO4 ion?
A Cl B ClO
C ClO2 D ClO3
4 The table below gives the successive ionisation energies for an element X.
What could be the formula of the chloride of X?
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
ionisation energy
950 1800 2700 4800 6000 12300
/kJ mol1
A XCl B XCl2
C XCl3 D XCl4
Which one of the following species has more electrons than neutrons and more neutrons
than protons?
A P B Q+
C R2 D S3
6 Which of the following ions would be deflected the least when a beam is passed through
an electric field?
24
A 12 Mg2+ B
27
13 Al 3+
C
16
8 O2 D
31
15 P3
A NO3 B H2C2O4
C ICl4 D H2C=C=CH2
8 Which quantity would best indicate the relative strengths of the hydrogen bonds between
the molecules in liquid hydrogen halides?
A Br2(l) 2Br(g)
B Br2(g) 2Br(g)
C Br2(l) Br(g)
D Br2(g) Br(g)
10 It is often said that the rate of a typical reaction is roughly doubled by raising the
temperature by 10 C.
What of the following statements best explains this observation?
11 The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with iodide ions in an acidic solution can be monitored
by an initial rates method.
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2I (aq) 2H2O(l) + I2(aq)
The rate equation was found to be as follows:
Rate = k [H2O2][I ]
What of the following statements is incorrect?
13
11
9
pH
7
12.5 25.0
V /cm3
14 An element X is a solid with a low conductivity at room temperature. It forms only one
chloride, which is a liquid at room temperature and a non-conductor of electricity. The
chloride of X hydrolyses in water, forming a white solid and a strongly acidic solution.
Which of the following elements could X be?
A aluminium
B phosphorus
C silicon
D sulfur
A melting point
B covalent character
C pH of the resultant solution when the oxide is mixed with water
D solubility in aqueous alkali
strongest weakest
A hydrogen sulfide chlorine sulfur dioxide
B chlorine sulfur dioxide hydrogen sulfide
C hydrogen sulfide sulfur dioxide chlorine
D sulfur dioxide hydrogen sulfide chlorine
17 Which of the following is the least likely product formed in the termination step in the
reaction of ethane with chlorine in the presence of uv light?
A HCl B CH3CH2Cl
C CH3CHCl2 D CH3CH2CH2CH3
18 How many isomeric alkenes are there with the molecular formula C4H8?
A 2 B 3
C 4 D 5
19 When compound Y was heated with acidified potassium manganate(VII), a gas was
produced which gave a white precipitate when passed into limewater.
Which of the following could not be Y?
A CH3OH B C6H5CH2CH3
C CH3CCHCHCH3 D CH3CH2CHCH2
21 Aldehydes and ketones are produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of alkenes.
For example, ethanal is manufactured from ethene as shown.
catalyst
H2C=CH2 + O2 CH3CHO
The process is also used industrially with but-2-ene, CH3CH=CHCH3.
Which compound is obtained from but-2-ene?
A CH3CH2CHO B CH3COCH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CHO D (CH3)2CHCHO
X Y Z
A C6H5CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CHO
B CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3C(OH)CHCH3 CH3CHCHCH2OH
C CH3CH2CH2COOH CH3CH2CH2CHO CH3CH2COCH3
D (CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3 CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2OH
A W and X B W and Y
C X and Z D Y and Z
Tamoxifen
What is the number of sp2 and sp3 carbon atoms respectively after subjecting Tamoxifen
to hydrogen gas under heat and in the presence of nickel.
sp2 sp3
A 6 20
B 8 18
C 18 8
D 20 6
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3
may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it useful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is
correct correct correct correct
26 In which sequences are the molecules quoted in order of increasing bond angle within
the molecule?
Kc
T
Which conclusions can be drawn from the given information?
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is
correct correct correct correct
energy
reactants Ea
H
products
reaction pathway
Which of the following will cause both of the rate constants of the forward and backward
reactions, k1 and k1, to be increased?
1 introducing a catalyst
2 heating the equilibrium mixture
3 increasing the concentrations of both the reactants and products
29 Compounds containing CN ions are toxic. It is known that 50 mg of CN ions will be fatal
to human beings.
Which of the following compounds do not contain free CN ions in their aqueous
solutions?
1 CH3CN
2 HCN
3 NH4CN
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is
correct correct correct correct
END OF PAPER
CLASS 6
CENTRE INDEX
NUMBER S NUMBER
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 21 September 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Data Booklet
Write your name, class, Centre number and index number on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all the questions.
Section B
Answer two questions on separate answer paper.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
Section A
B5
B6
B7
Total
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
Section A
1 The Kolbe reaction is an organic reaction named after Adolph Kolbe. It is formally a
decarboxylative dimerisation and proceeds by a free radical reaction mechanism.
When the salt of a monocarboxylic acid, RCOOH, is electrolysed, an alkane (RR)
is produced via the following steps.
Step 1 : RCOO R. + CO2 + e
Step 2 : 2R. RR
Electrolysis of a mixture of salts of two mono-carboxylic acids A (RCOOH) and B
(RCOOH) produces three straight-chain alkanes C, D and E, which can be
separated by fractional distillation.
(a) A solution containing 0.400 g of A required 19.60 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm3
barium hydroxide for complete neutralisation.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of A.
[2]
[2]
(c) A 1.00 g sample of D was burned in an excess of oxygen and the residual
gas was passed through silica gel (to absorb the water vapour) and then
bubbled through concentrated NaOH(aq). It was found that the mass of silica
gel increased by 1.55 g and the NaOH(aq) bottle increased in mass by
3.03 g.
[2]
A:
B:
C:
D:
E: [3]
(e) When acid B is in the liquid state, its relative molecular mass is found to be
almost twice that in the aqueous state.
With the aid of a diagram, explain this observation.
Diagram:
Explanation: ..
....
....
....
.... [3]
(f) The Ka values for three monocarboxylic acids are given below.
acid Ka
CH3COOH 4.73
CCl3COOH 0.63
C6H5COOH 4.20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.... [3]
[Total: 15]
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction in
the Haber process.
amount at
substance
equilibrium /mol
nitrogen 14.0
hydrogen 18.0
ammonia 1.6
(iii) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is slow because nitrogen
is chemically inert.
Suggest why nitrogen is so unreactive.
[4]
(b) Ammonia can also act as a precursor for the synthesis of the cationic
component of ionic liquids.
Ionic liquids are salts which exist in the liquid state at temperatures below
100 C. There is increased interest in these ionic liquids because their
physical properties (e.g. electrical conductivity, ability to dissolve inorganic or
organic compounds) can be easily manipulated by varying the types of
cations and anions present.
An example of an ionic liquid is tetrahexylammonium tetrafluoroborate:
Diagram:
Shape: ..
(ii) Explain why ionic liquids are good solvents for both polar and non-
polar substances.
[5]
[Total: 9]
(i) the melting point of SiO2 is much higher than that of SO2,
[4]
(b) Write equations for the reactions when Na2O and P4O10 are separately added
to water. State the pH of the resulting solutions formed.
Na2O
Equation:
pH:
P4O10
Equation:
pH: [3]
[2]
[Total: 9]
4 (a) Jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate and jasmone are volatile natural
compounds extracted from jasmine flowers.
O O O
COOH CO2CH 3
[4]
(b) State the reagents and conditions for converting jasmonic acid to methyl
jasmonate in the laboratory.
[1]
(c) Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate function as volatile signaling molecules
that are released when plants suffer injury.
State and explain which of the compounds you would expect to be more
volatile.
[2]
[Total: 7]
Section B
Answer two of the three questions in this section on separate answer paper.
(a) Define, with the aid of an equation, the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of ethanol. [2]
thermometer
water
wick
(ii) Suggest a possible reason why only 70% of the heat produced from
the combustion is used to warm the water.
[4]
(c) An accurate value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol
is 1370 kJ mol1.
Suggest why the value calculated in (b)(i) is still less than the accurate value
despite having taken into account the efficiency of heat transfer to the water. [1]
(d) (i) Use the bond energies given in the Data Booklet to calculate another
value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
(ii) Suggest a reason for the discrepancy between this value and the
accurate value given in (c).
[3]
(i) Use the data in the table to deduce the order of reaction with respect to
CH3CH2Br and with respect to NaOH. Hence write an overall rate
equation for the reaction.
(ii) Calculate a value for the rate constant, giving its units.
(v) Explain, in molecular terms, how the initial reaction rate would be
affected by changing the concentration of reactants in a reaction.
[10]
[Total: 20]
6 (a) What do you understand by the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases? [2]
(i) identify the two acids and the two bases present;
(ii) suggest, with reasons, which ion or molecule is the stronger acid, and
which is the stronger base.
(c) (i) The pH of a 0.1 mol dm3 solution of CH3COOH(aq) is 2.4, whereas
the pH of a 0.1 mol dm3 solution of HCl(aq) is 1.0.
Calculate the ratio of hydrogen ion concentrations in these two
solutions.
(ii) However, when 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 CH3COOH(aq) is reacted with
an excess of zinc powder, the same volume of hydrogen (120 cm3) is
evolved as when 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 HCl(aq) is used.
Explain why this is so.
[5]
(d) The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation for the reaction of NaOH(aq)
with HCl(aq) and with CH3COOH(aq) are 57.9 kJ mol1 and 56.1 kJ mol1
respectively.
(i) Explain the difference in the values of the standard enthalpy change of
neutralisation.
(ii) Suggest a value for the standard enthalpy change of neutralisation for
the reaction of NaOH(aq) with H2SO4(aq). Explain your answer.
[Total: 20]
END OF PAPER
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice
Suggested Answers
1 D 6 A 11 D 16 C 21 B 26 D
2 C 7 D 12 A 17 A 22 D 27 A
3 A 8 A 13 D 18 B 23 A 28 B
4 C 9 C 14 C 19 C 24 B 29 D
5 D 10 D 15 C 20 A 25 C 30 B
H1 CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2
Suggested Answers
1 (a) 19.60
nBa(OH)2 required = 0.100
1000
= 0.00196 mol
Ba(OH)2 2RCOOH
nRCOOH used = 0.00196 2
= 0.00392 mol
0.400
Mr of A =
0.00392
= 102
(b) 84.0
nC =
24000
= 0.00350 mol
0.300
Mr of C =
0.00350
= 85.7
(d) A: CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
B: CH3CH2COOH
C: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
D: CH3CH2CH2CH3
E: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
(e)
hydrogen bond
+
O H O
+ +
CH2CH3C CCH2CH3
+
O H O
(f) CH3COOH has the lowest Ka and is the weakest acid as the methyl group is
electron donating and intensifies the negative charge of the COO group,
making the ethanoate anion the least stable.
C6H5COOH has a higher Ka than CH3COOH as the negative charge of the
COO group is delocalised into the benzene ring, making the benzoate anion
more stable than the ethanoate anion.
CCl3COOH has the highest Ka and is the strongest acid as the electron-
withdrawing Cl atoms disperses the negative charge of the COO group,
making the CCl3COO anion the most stable.
(ii) 2
1.6
Kc = 2
3
14.0 18.0
2 2
= 1.25 104 mol2 dm6
(iii) The N%N (triple) bond is very strong / has a high bond energy.
(b) (i)
Tetrahedral
(ii) Ionic liquids can form ion-dipole interactions with polar molecules and
van der Waals forces/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions
with non-polar molecules.
(iii) In the liquid state, the ions are mobile and can migrate to the
electrodes when a potential difference is applied.
3 (a) (i) SiO2 has a giant molecular/covalent structure while SO2 has a simple
molecular/covalent structure. More energy is required to overcome the
stronger covalent bonds between the Si and O atoms in SiO2 than the
weaker van der Waals forces between the SO2 molecules.
(ii) Both MgO and Na2O have giant ionic structures. Since Mg2+ has a
higher charge and is smaller than Na+ (Mg2+ has a higher charge
density than Na+), more energy is required to overcome the stronger
electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged Mg2+ and O2
ions in MgO than that between the Na+ and O2 ions in Na2O.
4 (a) To distinguish jasmonic acid from the rest, use any one of the following tests:
Add Na2CO3(aq). Effervescence (of a colourless odourless gas which
gives a white ppt with limewater) occurs with jasmonic acid, but no gas is
evolved with methyl jasmonate and jasmone.
Add Na. Effervescence (of a colourless odourless gas which extinguishes
a lighted splint with a pop sound) occurs with jasmonic acid, but no gas
is evolved with methyl jasmonate and jasmone.
Add PCl5 or SOCl2. White fumes formed with jasmonic acid, but no white
fumes with methyl jasmonate and jasmone.
To distinguish methyl jasmonate from the rest:
Add acidified K2Cr2O7(aq) and heat. Orange solution of K2Cr2O7 turns
green with methyl jasmonate, but K2Cr2O7 remains orange for jasmonic
acid and jasmone.
(b) CH3COOH with a few drops of concentrated H2SO4, heat under reflux
(ii) Heat produced from the combustion could be lost to the surroundings
during the heat transfer from the flame to the water/ from the warm
water (especially without the use of a lid). or
Some of the heat produced from the combustion is absorbed by the
metal can.
= 764 kJ mol1
(ii) The value for Hc,(CH3CH2OH) obtained from bond energies is not
accurate as the bond energies quoted from the Data Booklet represent
average bond energies derived from the full range of molecules that
contain the particular bonds.
CH3CH2OH and H2O are in the liquid state under standard conditions
but calculation in (d)(i) makes use of bond energies which relate to
breaking of covalent bonds in gaseous molecules.
2
n=1
Hence the reaction is first order with respect to NaOH / the order of
reaction with respect NaOH is 1.
Rate = k[CH3CH2Br][NaOH]
(iii) The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that reactant
particles must possess before a reaction could occur.
(v) The rate of reaction generally increases with the concentration of one
or more of the reactant species. As the concentration of the reactant is
increased, the number of reactant particles per unit volume increases.
Consequently, there will be an increase in the frequency of collisions
between the reactant particles.
6 (a) An acid is a substance that can donate a proton to another substance, i.e.
proton donor, while a base is a substance that can accept a proton from
another substance, i.e. proton acceptor.
(b) (i) (1) acids H2O and NH4+; bases NH3 and OH
(2) acids CH3COOH and C6H5OH; bases C6H5O and CH3COO
(ii) (1) The low value of Kc(1) implies that NH4+ and OH react readily to
give NH3 and H2O / NH4+ and OH is relatively less stable than NH3
and H2O respectively. Hence NH4+ is a stronger acid than H2O and
OH is a stronger base than NH3.
(2) The high value of Kc(2) implies that C6H5O and CH3COOH react
readily to give C6H5OH and CH3COO / C6H5O and CH3COOH is
relatively less stable than C6H5OH and CH3COO respectively. Hence
CH3COOH is a stronger acid than C6H5OH and C6H5O is a stronger
base than CH3COO.
(d) (i) CH3COOH is a weak acid that ionises partially in aqueous solution
while HCl is a strong acid that ionises completely in aqueous solution.
Since ionisation of CH3COOH is endothermic, some of the heat
released from the neutralisation is absorbed to bring about further
ionisation of the weak acid. Therefore, the enthalpy change of
neutralisation of NaOH with CH3COOH is less exothermic than that of
NaOH with HCl.
7 (a) A has molecular formula CnH2n and undergoes oxidation with acidified
KMnO4(aq) to give B with one less carbon atom A is a terminal alkene
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + 5[O] CH3CH2COOH + CO2 + H2O
B undergoes acid-metal reaction with Na and acid-carbonate reaction with
Na2CO3 B is a carboxylic acid
CH3CH2COOH + Na CH3CH2COONa + H2
2CH3CH2COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3CH2COONa + CO2 + H2O
A undergoes mild oxidation with cold alkaline KMnO4(aq) to give C C is a
diol
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O + [O] CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2OH
(C undergoes oxidation to give propanoic acid with loss of one carbon atom
A is a terminal alkene
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2OH + 4[O] CH3CH2COOH + CO2 + 2H2O)
1 mol of C (a diol) undergoes nucleophilic substitution with 2 mol of PCl5 to
give D D is an alkyl halide with two Cl atoms
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2OH + 2PCl5 CH3CH2CHClCH2Cl + 2POCl3 + 2HCl
A undergoes electrophilic addition with Cl2 to give D
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + Cl2 CH3CH2CHClCH2Cl
A: CH3CH2CH=CH2
B: CH3CH2COOH
C: CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2OH
D: CH3CH2CHClCH2Cl
(b) T has a molecular formula with C:H 1:1 T contains a benzene ring
T undergoes acidic hydrolysis with HCl(aq) to give U and V T is an ester
and U and V are carboxylic acid (or benzoic acid) and alcohol (or ethanol)
respectively
U is insoluble in cold water due to the large hydrophobic benzene ring, but
undergoes acid-base reaction with NaOH(aq) U is benzoic acid
V gives a positive tri-iodomethane test with alkaline I2(aq) V has the
structure RCH(CH3)OH V is ethanol
V undergoes oxidation with acidified K2Cr2O7(aq) to give X V is an alcohol
(or ethanol)
X undergoes oxidation with Tollens reagent X is an aldehyde (or ethanal)
X undergoes condensation with 2,4-DNPH X is a carbonyl
compound/aldehyde (or ethanal)
T: C6H5COOCH2CH3
U: C6H5COOH
V: CH3CH2OH
W: CHI3
X: CH3CHO
Name Class
CHEMISTRY 8872/ 01
PAPER 1 21 September 2010
50 minutes
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Data Booklet
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
7. The graph below shows the second ionisation energies (in kJ mol-1) of 8
consecutive elements, A to H, whose atomic numbers are less than 20.
8. Alpha particles, He2+, are commonly emitted by larger radioactive nuclei. A mixture
of an unknown ion, X, O2+ and alpha particles are passed through an electric field,
as shown in the diagram below.
source
alpha particle 2+
O X
[Turn Over
4
time time
C [Y] D [Y]
time time
11. Lattice energy of an ionic salt XY is more exothermic than MgO. Which of the
following about the ionic radii of X and Y and the charges of their ions is correct
when compared with that of magnesium and oxygen?
Ionic radius Charge of ions
X Y X Y
A Same Same Lower Lower
B Smaller Smaller Same Same
C Larger Larger Same Same
D Larger Larger Lower Lower
12. The value of the enthalpy change for the process represented by the equation:
O2(g) + 4e- 2O2-(g) is equal to
A the sum of the first and second electron affinity of oxygen
B the sum of the enthalpy change of atomisation and the first electron affinity of
oxygen
C the sum of the enthalpy change of atomisation, first and second electron affinity
of oxygen
D twice the sum of the enthalpy change of atomisation, first and second electron
affinity of oxygen
Which of the following changes would affect both the percentage yield of sulphur
trioxide and the value of the equilibrium constant?
A Adding vanadium(V) oxide as the catalyst
B Decreasing the temperature
C Increasing the mass of sulphur dioxide
D Reducing the pressure
[Turn Over
6
14. Silver chloride dissolves in dilute ammonia to form a silver(I) diamine complex and
the equilibrium equation is shown below.
AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
What are the units for the equilibrium constant?
A mol dm-3 B no units
C mol-1 dm3 D mol-2 dm6
15. What is the pH of a 0.20 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of methylamine, CH3NH2, at
25C? Given that Kb = 5.0 x 10-4 mol dm-3.
A 2.0 B 10.0
C 12.0 D 16.0
17. Which salt is produced from a strong acid and a strong base?
A CH3COONa
B NH4NO3
C NaHCO3
D NaHSO4
18. Element L, found in period 3, forms an oxide which is insoluble in water but
dissolves in both HCl and NaOH. What is the pH of a solution of its chloride?
A 3
B 6
C 7
D 9
7
19. Which graph shows the trend in electrical conductivity across Period 3 elements?
A Electrical conductivity B Electrical conductivity
Elements Elements
Na Mg Al Si P O Cl Ar Na Mg Al Si P O Cl Ar
Elements Elements
Na Mg Al Si P O Cl Ar Na Mg Al Si P O Cl Ar
OH
A B
OH O
C D
21. Propanal, CH3CH2CHO, reacts with HCN in a nucleophilic addition reaction. What is
the hybridisation state of the carbon bonded to the nitrile (-CN) group in the
product?
A sp B sp2
C sp3 D no hybridisation present
[Turn Over
8
22. Which of the following organic compounds will most likely undergo a nucleophilic
substitution reaction by OH- to give an alcohol?
A chloroethane
B chlorobenzene
C 2-bromomethylbenzene
D 2-butene
23. A series of tests was carried out on Compound X and the following observations
were recorded in the table below.
Tests / Reagents & Conditions Observations
Alkaline aqueous iodine, Heat Yellow ppt observed with a medicinal smell
detected
Acidified KMnO4, Heat Purple KMnO4 decolourised
24. Which carbon atom in the molecule shown will readily be attacked by an
electrophile?
25. Which of the following is the most suitable reagent for the conversion reaction
below?
A NaBr B SOBr2
C Br2 D AlBr3
9
Section B (5 marks)
For each of the questions in this section one or more of the three numbered
statements 1 to 3 may be correct. Decide whether each of the statements is or is not
correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against the statements which you
consider to be correct).
27. 3-chloropropene is heated with aqueous NaOH to form CH2(OH)CH = CH2. The
kinetics of this reaction are given below.
Experiment No. [3-chloropropene] [NaOH] Initial rate
/ mol dm-3 / mol dm-3 / mol dm-3 s-1
1 0.01 0.02 1.4 x 10-3
2 0.01 0.03 1.4 x 10-3
3 0.04 0.20 5.6 x 10-3
28. Which of the following reagents can be used to distinguish the following two
compounds?
C6H5CHO CH3CH2COOH
1 Tollens reagent
2 Aqueous sodium carbonate
3 Sodium metal
[Turn Over
10
*******************END OF PAPER********************
ST. ANDREWS JUNIOR COLLEGE
Higher 1
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2010
Name Class
CHEMISTRY 8872/ 02
PAPER 2 16 September 2010
Section A
Answer all questions.
Section B
Answer any two questions on separate writing paper.
At the end of the exam, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [] at the end of each question or part question.
B6
B7
B8
Total / 80
Section A
Answer all questions.
[1]
A quality control experiment was set up to monitor the current level of
peroxodisulfate in the air of the laboratory to ensure that it does not reach
hazardous levels (above 1000 mg dm-3).
(b) 25 cm3 of air was bubbled into 250 cm3 of water and 25 cm3 of this
solution was taken to titrate against a standard solution of
potassium iodide, with known concentration of 0.0025 mol dm-3.
(i) Assuming that all of the peroxodisulfate particles were
dissolved into the solution, and that it took 10.25 cm3 of iodide
solution to fully react with the peroxodisulfate present,
calculate the mass of peroxodisulfate in 1 dm3 of air.
...
[3]
3
..
..
..
[4]
[Total: 8]
[Turn Over
4
2 (a) (ii) Using the data below, hence calculate the enthalpy change for
the reaction proposed.
Hf(FeO) = 272 kJ mol-1
Hf(Al2O3) = 1676 kJ mol-1
[2]
(b) This reaction could also be used to extract iron from its oxide.
Assuming that excess iron(II) oxide was used during the reaction,
suggest a chemical reaction that could be used to remove the
aluminium product from the reaction vessel, with the aid of a
relevant chemical equation.
[3]
[Total: 5]
5
The result of the investigation was tabulated and the following graphs
were obtained.
-3 -3
[A] / mol dm [A] / mol dm
0.08 0.16
0.06 0.12
0.04 0.08
-3
0.02 [B] = 2.0 mol dm -3
[B] = 1.0 mol dm
0.04
(a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to [A] and [B]
respectively.
[2]
[1]
[Turn Over
6
3 (c) Calculate the rate constant, given that the initial rate for the graph
on the left is 1.39 x 10-2 mol dm-3 min-1, stating its units clearly.
[2]
(d) Suggest a change in condition to increase the amount of D
collected.
[1]
[Total: 6]
a
b
Cl
Cl
compound F
1.
2.
[2]
7
4 (b) In the table below, write down the type of hybridisation expected,
the bond angles a and b, and give a sketch of a hybrid orbital
exhibited by each of the respective carbon.
[3]
(c) During the synthesis of the compound F, a by-product, compound
G, was formed.
O
Cl
Cl
compound G
Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between compounds
F and G. State the reagents and conditions needed, the
observations that you would make, and write a balanced equation
for the positive test.
[3]
[Total: 8]
[Turn Over
8
CH3CHO
Step III
CH3CH2 H
H+/KMnO4
C C heat Compound I + Compound J
CH3 CH3
Step II
CH3CH2 CN
C OH
dilute H2SO4
CH3 heat Compound K
conc. H2SO4,
2 Compound K heat Compound L + 2 H2O
9
Compound H Compound I
Compound J Compound K
Compound L
II
III
[8]
[Turn Over
10
[5]
[Total: 13]
End of Section A
11
Section B
(c) Given that solution Q contains only propanoic acid and its pH was
2.50 under room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) conditions,
calculate the acid dissociation constant of propanoic acid. [1]
(d) Both propanoic acid and butan-1-ol have the same relative
molecular mass, but have different pH values when the same
amount was dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution. Explain, with the aid of
relevant equations, which would have a lower pH value. [3]
[Turn Over
12
7 (c) Another commonly used catalyst for this reaction is FeCl3 and it
54 56
exists as various isotopes such as FeCl3 and FeCl3. Write the
electronic configuration of Fe in 56FeCl3. [1]
(i) Determine the order of reaction with respect to FeCl3, Cl2, and
benzoic acid. Hence write the rate equation and determine
the rate constant of the reaction using information from
experiment 3.
(ii) Sketch a labelled energy profile diagram for this reaction. [7]
[Total: 20]
[Turn Over
14
8 (a) Sulfur, S8, in its yellow solid state, exists in a variety of oxidation
states in its compounds. One of them is that of sulfur dioxide,
which is readily formed during a volcanic eruption or during the
combustion of fossil fuels. Using the relevant information from the
Data Booklet, and given the following data, calculate the bond
energy of S=O in sulfur dioxide.
(b) The key reaction during the Contact process, for manufacturing
sulfuric acid, is as follows:
A 3 dm3 vessel was used and 4 moles of sulfur dioxide and 4 moles
of oxygen were introduced into the vessel. Given that the
o
exothermic reaction, under the conditions of 450 C, 2 atm pressure
and presence of vanadium(V) oxide, ensured a 96% conversion,
calculate the Kc of the reaction. [3]
(c) Predict and explain the changes to the yield and the Kc value if the
following changes were made:
(i) temperature was reset to 200 oC; and
(ii) 2 moles of SO2 were added. [5]
(d) A 25 cm3 portion of the equilibrium mixture in the above part was
extracted and dissolved in 1 dm3 of distilled water, forming a
mixture labelled as mixture V. Given that sulfurous acid, H2SO3, is
a weak dibasic acid, calculate the volume of 1.5 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide solution required to completely neutralise the mixture V
and suggest a possible indicator to be used. [4]
15
Compound W Compound X
(i) CH3
Cl
(ii) H H O
HO C CH
C C
H HH H
End of Paper 2
16
BLANK PAGE
Paper 1
1 D 7 B 13 B 19 B 25 B
2 A 8 D 14 B 20 B 26 C
3 D 9 C 15 C 21 C 27 D
4 C 10 D 16 B 22 A 28 A
5 A 11 B 17 D 23 A 29 C
6 D 12 D 18 A 24 A 30 B
Paper 2
Uncatalysed reaction
Number of molecules
Fraction of molecules
having energy E Ea
having energy E
Catalysed reaction
Number of molecules
TK having energy E Ea
Ea Ea
Energy
The result of the investigation was tabulated and the following graphs
were obtained.
-3 -3
[A] / mol dm [A] / mol dm
0.08 0.16
0.06 0.12
0.04 0.08
-3
0.02 [B] = 2.0 mol dm -3
[B] = 1.0 mol dm
0.04
(a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to [A] and [B]
respectively.
Base on the graph on the left given,
The half life is constant for either graph, hence order of reaction
with respect to [A] is 1
Rate
k= = 8.68 x 10-2 mol-1 dm3 min-1
[ A][ B ]
5
a
b
Cl
Cl
compound F
Cl
Cl
compound G
Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between compounds
F and G. State the reagents and conditions needed, the
observations that you would make, and write a balanced equation
for the positive test.
Possible answers
Using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, warm
the ketone would form an orange precipitate, but the
alcohol would not
OR
using hot acidified potassium dichromate
the alcohol would turn the dichromate from orange to
green, but the ketone would not
AND
Balanced equation
CH3CHO
Step III
CH3CH2 H
H+/KMnO4
C C Compound I + Compound J
heat
CH3 CH3
Step II
CH3CH2 CN
C OH
dilute H2SO4
CH3 heat Compound K
conc. H2SO4,
2 Compound K heat Compound L + 2 H2O
Compound H Compound I
Compound J Compound K
Compound L
8
Section B
[H + ][CH 3 CH 2 COO - ]
Ka =
[CH 3 CH 2 COOH]
= 1.38 x 10-5 mol dm-3
(d) Both propanoic acid and butan-1-ol have the same relative
molecular mass, but have different pH values when the same
amount was dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution. Explain, with the aid of
relevant equations, which would have a lower pH value.
pH is a measure of H+ concentration in water.
Information Deduction
Compound S can decolourise hot acidified Can be oxidised
potassium manganate (VII) solution. Primary or secondary alcohol
The oxidised product, labeled compound Condensation reaction
11
(ii) State the observations that could be made and illustrate your
answer with the aid of balanced equations, when
I compound S was added with hot alkaline iodine solution;
Yellow precipitate will form
CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 + 4I2 + 6OH-
CH3CH2COO- + CHI3 + 5NaI + 5H2O
II compound T was added to PCl5 at room temperature and
pressure conditions; and
white fumes will be formed
(CH3)3COH + PCl5 (CH3)3CCl + POCl3 + HCl
III butanal, an oxidised product from butan-1-ol, was added with
hot Fehlings solution.
Brick red precipitate will be formed
CH3CH2CH2CHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH-
CH3CH2CH2COO- + Cu2O + 3H2O
(b) The reaction between gaseous chlorine and benzene is catalysed by the
presence of AlCl3. Describe, with the aid of a balanced equation, why the
reaction would not likely take place when aqueous chlorine was used
instead.
The catalyst would be hydrolysed and not present to lower the activation
energy of the reaction, thus resulting in a kinetically unfavourable
reaction.
(c) Another commonly used catalyst for this reaction is FeCl3 and it exists as
54 56
various isotopes such as FeCl3 and FeCl3. Write the electronic
configuration of Fe in 56FeCl3.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
(d) A student investigated the kinetics of the reaction between FeCl3, Cl2 and
benzoic acid and the following information was obtained.
(i) Determine the order of reaction with respect to FeCl3, Cl2, and
benzoic acid. Hence write the rate equation and determine
the rate constant of the reaction using information from
experiment 3.
13
KCN(alc)
heat
H H
H H H
H H
H C C
C C
H C CN
H C COOH dilute H SO OH
O 2 4
H heat H
H
H H
H
C C
H+ / KMnO4 H C COOH
heat O
H
8 (a) Sulfur, S8, in its yellow solid state, exists in a variety of oxidation
states in its compounds. One of them is that of sulfur dioxide,
which is readily formed during a volcanic eruption or during the
15
A 3 dm3 vessel was used and 4 moles of sulfur dioxide and 4 moles
of oxygen were introduced into the vessel. Given that the
o
exothermic reaction, under the conditions of 450 C, 2 atm pressure
and presence of vanadium(V) oxide, ensured a 96% conversion,
calculate the Kc of the reaction.
amount of sulfur dioxide at equilibrium = 0.04 x 4 = 0.16 mol
amount of oxygen at equilibrium = 4 0.5 * (4 0.16) = 2.08 mol
amount of sulfur trioxide at equilibrium = 0.96 x 4 = 3.84 mol
[SO 3 ] 2 [3.84 ] 2
Kc = = 3 = 830 mol-1 dm3
2
[SO 2 ] [O 2 ] [ 0.16 2 2.08
] [ ]
3 3
(c) Predict and explain the changes to the yield and the Kc value if the
following changes were made:
(i) temperature was reset to 200 oC; and
temperature was lowered
system favors the exothermic reaction
heat given off to counteract the drop in temperature
equilibrium shifts to the right
both kf and kb decreases
16
Compound W Compound X
(i) CH3
Cl
(ii) H H O
HO C CH
C C
H HH H
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
JC2 Preliminary Examination 25 Aug 2010
Paper 1 MCQ 50 min
Additional Materials: OMS
Data Booklet
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are
four possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
OMS
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
1 A sample of 0.020 mol of an oxochloride of sulfur, SO2Cl2, reacted completely with 250 cm3 of
water according to the following equation.
What would be the volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide required to neutralise
10.0 cm3 of the above resulting solution?
A 16.0 cm3
B 32.0 cm3
C 48.0 cm3
D 64.0 cm3
2 Basic hydrolysis of acetonitrile, CH3CN, takes place according to the following equation:
- +
CH3CN + NaOH + H2O CH3COO Na + NH3
A sample of acetonitrile was boiled with aqueous NaOH and the NH3 gas evolved was passed
into 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 of HCl. The excess acid required 26.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3
NaOH solution for neutralisation. What was the mass of acetonitrile used?
(Given Mr of CH3CN = 41.0)
A 0.492 g
B 0.984 g
C 1.07 g
D 1.97 g
3 In a redox experiment, 15.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 of acidified manganate(VII) ions was used to
oxidise 25.0 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm-3 of an aqueous solution of An+.
A 1
B 2
C +1
D +5
4 Beams of particles travelling at the same speed from different sources are subjected to an
electric field as shown in the diagram below. The path for a beam of neutrons has already been
drawn.
neutrons
C
B
- +
D
source
B C D
4
A He+ 1
H+ electrons
4
B He+ 2 +
H 1 +
H
1 + 2 + 3 +
C H H H
1 + 2 +
D H H electrons
5 Which diagram represents the arrangement of electrons in the 3rd and 4th quantum shell of a
Co2+ ion?
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
A
3s 3p 3d 4s
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B
3s 3p 3d 4s
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C
3s 3p 3d 4s
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
D
3s 3p 3d 4s
6 Which one of the following statements best explains why the boiling point of butanone (79.6 oC)
is higher than that of pentane (36.1 oC)?
7 The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was found to be a first order reaction. Which of the
following graphs is correct?
A B
Rateof of
Rate decomposition
decomposition of Rate
Rate of of decomposition
decomposition of
of H O
N2O5 2 2 N2of
O5H2O2
[N[H
2O2
[H O
] 2]
25O2] [H
[N[H OO ] ]2]
0 0 22O252
C D
Rate of decomposition of
N2O5
[H2O2] Rate of[H 2O2]
decomposition of
N2O5
[Ntime [Ntime
time
2O5]
0 2O5] 0
8 The graph below shows how the percentage of gaseous products present at equilibrium varies
with temperature and pressure.
% products T oC
at equilibrium
(T + 10) oC
pressure
9 The graph below shows the change in concentrations of the equilibrium mixture with time for
the following reaction:
F (g) + 2 G (g) H (g)
time
T1 T2
Which of the following shows the correct conditions applied to cause the change at time T1 and
T2?
T1 T2
A decrease in volume increase in [H]
B decrease in volume decrease in [H]
C increase in volume increase in [H]
D increase in volume decrease in [H]
10 The following graph shows the pH changes when 0.15 mol dm-3 of Ba(OH)2 is added to 20 cm3
of 0.15 mol dm-3 of ethanoic acid.
pH
L
13
J
3
11
H H
C C
H
O
C
H
Compound M
Compound M was reacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of palladium catalyst. What is the
total number of sigma and pi bonds found in the product formed?
12 3-methylpentane was reacted with chlorine gas in the presence of ultraviolet light. What is the
total number of possible isomers formed, assuming mono-substitution took place?
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 14
13 Which of the following shows the correct products formed when buta-1,3-diene undergoes
Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 separately?
Reaction 1 Reaction 2
OH H OH H
A H C C C C H CO2 and H2O
H OH H OH
OH OH
B CO2 and H2O
O C C O
O O O
OH OH
D C C C C
HO OH O C C O
O
15 Which one of the following will be formed when butane-1,3-diol is distilled with hot acidified
potassium dichromate(VI)?
A CH3COCH2CHO
B CH3COCH2COOH
C CO2 and H2O
D CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH
16 1 mol of organic compound N undergoes elimination with ethanolic sodium hydroxide to form
2 mol of HBr.
A B
Br CH3
CH2CHCH3 Br C CH2CH2Br
Br CH3
C D
Br CH3
CH2Br BrCH2 C CH2Br
CH3
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH2 CN
BrCH2CH2CH2Br
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH2
R S T
A sample of 0.01 mol of each compound is heated under reflux with 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
aqueous NaOH (in excess) until hydrolysis is completed and any ammonia produced is
expelled from solution. The excess NaOH is found to require 20 cm3, 30 cm3 and 40 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 HCl for neutralization.
A R S T
B R T S
C S R T
D T S R
18 Which reagent gives the same visible observation with propanoic acid and propanal?
COOH CHO
3 steps
CH3 CHO
Which of the following reagents and conditions are needed for the conversion?
A CH3
C
O
B CH2CHO
C CH3
HOCH2
D CH2CH2OH
O COOH
Compound X
22 Which of the following statement is true when the compound below reacts with hot aqueous
NaOH?
Cl CH2OCOCH3
COOCH3
23 A food chemist wants to create the odour of green apples for a product. An ester with this
odour has the formula C2H5CO2CH(CH3)2. In which of the following will the substances react
together to produce this ester?
24 An unknown element forms a chloride which is able to give an acidic solution and an oxide
which can dissolve readily in an acidic solution.
A Calcium
B Aluminium
C Silicon
D Phosphorus
Second
ionisation energy
(arbitrary units)
2
4
3
Atomic number
A The melting point of the elements increases in the order of 1 > 2 > 3 > 4
B The atomic radius of the elements decreases in the order of 2 < 3 < 4 < 1
C The electrical conductivity of the elements increases in the order 1 < 2 < 3 < 4
D The third ionisation energy of the elements decreases in the order of 3 < 2 < 1 < 4
For questions 26 30, one or more of the numbered statements 1 to 3 may be correct. Decide
whether each of the statements is or is not correct. The responses A to D should be selected on the
basis of
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only
are correct are correct are correct is correct
1 NH4Cl (s)
2 NH3 (l)
3 HNO3 (l)
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only
are correct are correct are correct is correct
27 The kinetics of the reaction between compounds Y and Z were shown in the graph below:
[Y][I2]
2y
[ [Z]
J]=22ax
y
[Z]J =] =x 2x
[[H] a
time / min
5 10
28 In an acid-base titration, 25.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm-3 HCl was titrated with 0.150 mol dm-3 NH3.
The table below shows the data of four acid-base indicators.
Which of the following correctly represent(s) the appropriate indicator(s) used in the above
titration?
1 Congo red
2 Bromocresol green
3 Cresol red
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only
are correct are correct are correct is correct
O
Compound B
-END OF PAPER-
CANDIDATE
NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Preliminary Examination 23 Aug 2010
Paper 2 2hr
Additional Materials: Data Booklet
Writing Papers
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough work.
SECTION A:
Answer all questions in the space provided.
SECTION B:
Answer any two questions on separate answer paper.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
ForExaminersUse
MCQP1 /30
A1 /10
A2 /10
A3 /10
A4 /10
SectionB1 /20
SectionB2 /20
SectionB3 /20
Total /110
Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1 The simplest hydride of boron is boron hydride of molecular formula B2H6. It has been suggested
that gaseous boron hydride can be used as a rocket propellant, using either oxygen or fluorine as
oxidants.
Combustion of boron hydride with oxygen yields a high melting point solid boron (III) oxide, B2O3
and water as the only products.
(a) (i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between boron hydride and
oxygen.
(ii) Using the information given below, calculate the standard enthalpy change for the
above reaction.
(iii)
2B3+ (g) + 3O (g) + 6e
2x H6
2B2+ (g) + 3O (g) + 4e 3 x EA of oxygen
2 x H5
2B+ (g) + 3O (g) + 2e 2B3+ (g) + 3O2- (g)
2 x H4
2B (g) + 3O (g)
3 x H3 Hlatt
2B (g) + 3/2 O2 (g)
2 x H2
2B (s) + 3/2 O2 (g)
H1
B2O3 (s)
Using data from the Data Booklet and information below, identify the
standard enthalpy terms H1, H2, H3 and H4 on the left hand side of
the Born Haber Cycle.
H1 is
H2 is ...
H3 is ..
H4 is ..
[5]
O
HO
Paracetamol
(i) Sketch a graph to show how 1 mol dm-3 of paracetamol decreases to 25% of its initial
concentration.
(ii) Write the rate equation for the reaction and calculate the value of the rate constant, k.
..
.
.
[Total: 10 marks]
OH
CH3 C CH3
C3H 7
(a) Draw the displayed formula of the possible isomers of alcohol B. Label your
isomers for use in (b). [2]
Butene 273 K
Butan-1-ol 390 K
..................................
Compound C was passed through hot alumina and compound E was obtained
as one of the products. When compound E undergoes strong oxidation,
bubbles of gas were observed.
[Total: 10 marks]
COOH
HO OH
OH
Shikimic acid
(a) Draw the structural formulae of the organic products formed when shikimic acid is
treated with HBr followed by hot aqueous NaOH. [2]
(b) Apart from shikimic acids, cinnamic acid, zingerone and vanillin are other
compounds that can be naturally isolated from plants and herbs.
CH3
COOH
HO
OCH3
CHO
HO
OCH3
Vanillin
Observation: ..............................
(ii) State one reagent and condition, other than Br2 and oxidising agent, that will react
with cinnamic acid and not zingerone and describe what would be observed. [4]
Observation: ...........................
(c) The carbonyl functional group undergoes a series of reactions which follow the
following pattern:
catalyst X
C O + HX C
OH
Using the above information, draw the structural formula of the product formed for
the following reactions:
C CHO
(i) O OH
Addition of HCN to , followed by a dehydration process.
[Total: 10 marks]
ionic
radii / nm
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Element
(ii) Explain the trend of the ionic radii for elements in Period 3. [3]
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
(i) State and explain the Group which element G belongs to.
Group: ..................................
Explanation: ..................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
higher than F:
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest a chemical formula of an oxide of element J and predict the type of bonding
present in the oxide of J.
(iv) With aid of an equation, predict a pH value for the resulting solution obtained when
the oxide of J is dissolved in water.
Equation: ....................................................................................
pH = ..................................... [7]
[Total: 10 marks]
Section B
Answer two questions from this section on a separate piece of paper.
5 (a) The kinetics of the acidcatalysed reaction of propanone with iodine can be investigated
experimentally by varying the concentrations of the three substances involved.
time / min
time / min
time / min
(i) Deduce, with reasoning, the order of reaction with respect to (1) I2, (2) H+ and (3)
CH3COCH3.
(ii) Hence, write a rate equation for the reaction and determine a value for the rate
constant k, including its units.
(iii) Predict, with reasoning, the effect of a catalyst on the activation energy and rate
constant of a reaction. [10]
(b) Propanoic acid and citric acid are some of the acids used in the formulation of hair
shampoo. A chemistry student wanted to formulate a shampoo with maximum buffer
capacity so that there will be minimal damage to the hair.
In an attempt to prepare a buffer for the shampoo, she titrated 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide against 0.20 mol dm-3 citric acid.
(iii) Calculate the volume of citric acid required to completely neutralise 20.0 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide.
(v) The pH of 1 mol dm-3 of propanoic acid is 4 while the pH of 1 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric
acid is 1. Explain the difference in their pH.
(vi) Suggest with reasoning, if the same volume of hydrogen gas will be produced if
propanoic acid and hydrochloric acid, of the same concentration and volume are to
react with 2.0 g of zinc metal under the same condition. [10]
[Total: 20 marks]
66 (a) Compound K has a composition of 46.15% C, 7.69% H and 46.15% O. It is formed when
compound L (a bromo-containing organic substance) is refluxed with aqueous sodium
hydroxide followed by acidification.
Effervescence was observed when sodium carbonate was added to K. Upon treatment of
K with acidified potassium dichromate (VI), compound M is produced. Compound M reacts
with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form an orange hydrazone, N. On reaction of M with
Fehlings reagent, the reddish brown deposit was however not observed.
A yellow precipitate was observed when K and M were warmed with alkaline aqueous
iodine. When K is refluxed with concentrated sulfuric acid, a sweet smelling compound P,
C8H12O4 is formed.
(b) Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between the following compounds:
O
O
O
O
and [3]
(c) Antimony pentachloride (SbCl5) decomposes in a gas phase reaction at high temperature.
(ii) Determine the Kc expression and hence calculate Kc for the above equilibrium.
(iii) Using Le Chateliers Principle, state and explain the effect on the position of
equilibrium and the equilibrium composition when:
[Total: 20 marks]
(i) Copy and complete the following graph on your answer script.
pH
(ii) With the aid of equations, state the pH of the solution obtained when aluminium
chloride is dissolved in water.
(iii) A student was instructed to perform tests to deduce the identities of two chemical
bottles with missing labels. The bottles contain either gallium oxide or selenium
oxide.
The student first labelled the two bottles as Q and R. Then, he conducted solubility
tests and record his observations as follows:
(b) Ethanol is a chemical which is widely used as a solvent, fuel and an important
intermediate in large scale synthesis of organic compounds.
When 2.00 g of ethanol was burned under a container of water, the heat released was
found to increase the temperature of 150 g of water from 28oC to 65oC.
(i) Write a balanced equation, with state symbols, to represent the standard enthalpy
change of combustion of ethanol.
(ii) Using the data given above, calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol.
(iii) Using bond energy values from the Data Booklet, calculate another value for the
standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol. Suggest an explanation for
the discrepancy between your answer and the calculated value in b(ii). [6]
(c) Glycolic acid is the smallest -Hydroxy acids (AHAs). It is also one of the main
ingredients used in the manufacture of skin care products due to its excellent capability
to penetrate human skin.
O
HO
OH
Glycolic Acid
(i) Show how glycolic acid can be synthesized from methanol via three steps. In your
answer, show clearly the reagents, conditions and intermediates involved.
(ii) State the product(s) formed when hot acidified potassium manganate (VII) is added
to glycolic acid.
(iii) Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why the relative molecular mass of glycolic acid is
152 when dissolved in a suitable solvent. [6]
[Total: 20 marks]
END OF PAPER
1 A sample of 0.020 mol of an oxochloride of sulfur, SO2Cl2, reacted completely with 250 cm3 of
water according to the following equation.
What would be the volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide required to neutralise
10.0 cm3 of the above resulting solution?
A 16.0 cm3
B 32.0 cm3
C 48.0 cm3
D 64.0 cm3
Solution: B
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
10
Amt of H2SO4 in 10.0 cm3 of solution= 0.020 = 0.0008mol
250
Amt of NaOH required= 0.0008 2 = 0.0016mol
2 Basic hydrolysis of acetonitrile, CH3CN, takes place according to the following equation:
- +
CH3CN + NaOH + H2O CH3COO Na + NH3
A sample of acetonitrile was boiled with aqueous NaOH and the NH3 gas evolved was passed
into 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 of HCl. The excess acid required 26.00 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3
NaOH solution for neutralisation. What was the mass of acetonitrile used?
(Given Mr of CH3CN = 41.0)
A 0.492 g
B 0.984 g
C 1.07 g
D 1.97 g
3
Solution: B
Eqn 1: NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
Eqn 2: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
From eqn 2:
26.00
Amt of NaOH required = 1 = 0.026mol
1000
Amt of HCl in excess = 0.026mol
50.00
Initial amt of HCl = 1 = 0.05mol
1000
Amt of HCl reacted = 0.05 0.026 = 0.024mol
From Eqn 1:
Amt of HCl reacted = Amt of NH3 = Amt of CH3CN = 0.024mol
3 In a redox experiment, 15.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 of acidified manganate(VII) ions was used to
oxidise 25.0 cm3 of 0.6 mol dm-3 of an aqueous solution of An+.
A 1
B 2
C +1
D +5
Solution: C
[R]: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O ---- (1)
[O]: An+ A(n+x) + xe -------(2)
15
Amt of MnO4- = 0.2 = 0.003 mol
1000
25
Amt of oxide of A = 0.6 = 0.015 mol
1000
MnO4- 5 An+
Hence,
x 5
=
5 1
x=1
4 Beams of particles travelling at the same speed from different sources are subjected to an
electric field as shown in the diagram below. The path for a beam of neutrons has already been
drawn.
neutrons
C
B
- +
D
source
B C D
4
A He+ 1
H+ electrons
4
B He+ 2 +
H 1 +
H
1 + 2 + 3 +
C H H H
1 + 2 +
D H H electrons
Solution: D
Positively charged 2H+ and 1H+ will be deflected towards the negative terminal and electron (negatively
charged) will be deflected towards the positive terminal.
1
H+ is lighter hence angle of deflection would be 2 times greater than 2H+.
5 Which diagram represents the arrangement of electrons in the 3rd and 4th quantum shell of a
Co2+ ion?
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
A 3s 3p 3d 4s
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B 3s 3p 3d 4s
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C 3s 3p 3d 4s
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
D 3s 3p 3d 4s
5
Solution: C
6 Which one of the following statements best explains why the boiling point of butanone (79.6 oC)
is higher than that of pentane (36.1 oC)?
7 The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was found to be a first order reaction. Which of the
following graphs is correct?
A B
Rateof of
Rate decomposition
decomposition of Rate
Rate of of decomposition
decomposition of
Nof
O
2 5
H 2O 2 N2of
O5H2O2
[N[H
2O2
[H O
] 2]
25O2] [H
[N[H OO ] ]2]
0 0 22O252
C D
Rate of decomposition of
N2O5
[H2O2] Rate of[H 2O2]
decomposition of
N2O5
[Ntime [Ntime
time
2O5]
0 2O5] 0
Solution: A
6
8 The graph below shows how the percentage of gaseous products present at equilibrium varies
with temperature and pressure.
% products T oC
at equilibrium
(T + 10) oC
pressure
Solution: C
When pressure is increased at constant temperature,
By Le Chateliers Principle, the position of equilibrium shifts to the right to decrease total amount of
gases.
When temperature is increased at constant pressure,
By Le Chateliers Principle, the position of equilibrium shifts to the left to absorb heat, favouring the
backward endothermic reaction.
7
9 The graph below shows the change in concentrations of the equilibrium mixture with time for
the following reaction:
F (g) + 2 G (g) H (g)
time
T1 T2
Which of the following shows the correct conditions applied to cause the change at time T1 and
T2?
T1 T2
A decrease in volume increase in [H]
B decrease in volume decrease in [H]
C increase in volume increase in [H]
D increase in volume decrease in [H]
Solution: A
At T1, [F], [G] and [H] increased at the same time and it is due to the decrease in volume which
increases the pressure of the system.
At T2, [F] and [G] increased while [H] decreased implied that the backward reaction has been
favoured and hence there must have been an increase in [H].
8
10 The following graph shows the pH changes when 0.15 mol dm-3 of Ba(OH)2 is added to 20 cm3
of 0.15 mol dm-3 of ethanoic acid.
pH
L
13
J
3
Solution: D
Both C=C and aldehyde group in compound M will be reduced.
H H H H
H
H C C
H
H H HH
H O C H
H H
The product is
H H H which consist of 28 sigma and 0 pi bond.
9
12 3-methylpentane was reacted with chlorine gas in the presence of ultraviolet light. What is the
total number of possible isomers formed, assuming mono-substitution took place?
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 14
Solution: A
CH3
CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3
H 3-methylpentane
4 possible products are formed:
1-chloro-3-methylpentane; 2-chloro-3-methylpentane; 3-chloro-3-methylpentane;
3(chloromethyl)pentane
10
13 Which of the following shows the correct products formed when buta-1,3-diene undergoes
Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 separately?
Reaction 1 Reaction 2
OH H OH H
A H C C C C H CO2 and H2O
H OH H OH
OH OH
B CO2 and H2O
O C C O
O O O
OH OH
D C C C C
HO OH O C C O
O
Solution: C
H H H
H
C C C C
H H
Mild [O]
Cold alkaline MnO4- strong [O]
H H H OH
H OH OH
H C C C C
H C C
OH O
OH OH O
+ CO2 + H2O
heat
strong [O]
O
HO C C C C OH
O O
O CO2 + H2O
11
Solution: C
15 Which one of the following will be formed when butane-1,3-diol is distilled with hot acidified
potassium dichromate(VI)?
A CH3COCH2CHO
B CH3COCH2COOH
C CO2 and H2O
D CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH
Solution: A
16 1 mol of organic compound N undergoes elimination with ethanolic sodium hydroxide to form
2 mol of HBr.
A B
Br CH3
CH2CHCH3 Br C CH2CH2Br
Br CH3
C D
Br CH3
CH2Br BrCH2 C CH2Br
CH3
Solution: B
Halogenoarene does not undergo elimination.
The 2 Br in option D do not undergo elimination because there is a lack of H on the neighbouring
carbon.
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH2 CN
BrCH2CH2CH2Br
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH
CH3(CH2)16CO2CH2
R S T
A sample of 0.01 mol of each compound is heated under reflux with 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
aqueous NaOH (in excess) until hydrolysis is completed and any ammonia produced is
expelled from solution. The excess NaOH is found to require 20 cm3, 30 cm3 and 40 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 HCl for neutralization.
A R S T
B R T S
C S R T
D T S R
13
Solution: C
18 Which reagent gives the same visible observation with propanoic acid and propanal?
Solution: B
Both do not undergo oxidation with alkaline aqueous iodine, hence brown iodine remains in both
cases.
COOH CHO
3 steps
CH3 CHO
Which of the following reagents and conditions are needed for the conversion?
Solution: C
Methyl side chain can only be oxidised using KMnO4 (a stronger oxidising agent than Cr2O72-) while
acids can only be reduced using LiAlH4 (a stronger reducing agent than NaBH4).
14
A CH3
C
O
B CH2CHO
C CH3
HOCH2
D CH2CH2OH
Solution: D
A cannot be oxidized further.
B doesnt form C8H8O upon oxidation.
CH3 CH3
C undergoes oxidation to form OHC or HOOC which does not gives ppt
with Fehlings.
CH2CHO
D undergoes oxidation to form which is an aliphatic aldehyde (gives ppt with Fehlings).
O COOH
Compound X
Solution: B
The six-membered ring is planar about the carbonyl carbon and tetrahedral about the rest of the
carbon atoms.
X gives an orange ppt with 2,4-DNPH as it contains carbonyl functional group.
X (contains acid functional group) reacts with Na2CO3 to produce CO2 which is an acidic gas. It
will turn aqueous blue litmus red.
22 Which of the following statement is true when the compound below reacts with hot aqueous
NaOH?
Cl CH2OCOCH3
COOCH3
Solution: C
Final product:
Cl CH2OH
COO-Na+
23 A food chemist wants to create the odour of green apples for a product. An ester with this
odour has the formula C2H5CO2CH(CH3)2. In which of the following will the substances react
together to produce this ester?
Solution: D
16
24 An unknown element forms a chloride which is able to give an acidic solution and an oxide
which can dissolve readily in an acidic solution.
A Calcium
B Aluminium
C Silicon
D Phosphorus
Solution: B
Students must be able to find an element which can give acidic properties for both chloride and oxide.
Only aluminium possesses such amphoteric characteristic.
Second
ionisation energy
(arbitrary units)
2
4
3
Atomic number
A The melting point of the elements increases in the order of 1 > 2 > 3 > 4
B The atomic radius of the elements decreases in the order of 2 < 3 < 4 < 1
C The electrical conductivity of the elements increases in the order 1 < 2 < 3 < 4
D The third ionisation energy of the elements decreases in the order of 3 < 2 < 1 < 4
Solution: C
The atomic number increases from Group VIII, I, II and III.
17
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only
are correct are correct are correct is correct
1 NH4Cl (s)
2 NH3 (l)
3 HNO3 (l)
Solution: C
Option 1: The N in NH4+ does not contain lone pair of electrons for H-bonding.
H H
H N H N
H H
Option 2:
O O H O H
N O
N
O O
Option 3:
27 The kinetics of the reaction between compounds Y and Z were shown in the graph below:
[Y][I2]
2y
[ [Z]
J]=22ax
y
[Z]J =] =x 2x
[[H] a
time / min
5 10
Solution: C
The reaction is second order with respect to compound Z because rate of reaction increases four
times when its concentration is doubled. The reaction is independent of compound Y because a
straight line graph was obtained. i.e. rate is independent of [Y] Therefore the overall order of reaction
is 2.
18
28 In an acid-base titration, 25.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm-3 HCl was titrated with 0.150 mol dm-3 NH3.
The table below shows the data of four acid-base indicators.
Which of the following correctly represent(s) the appropriate indicator(s) used in the above
titration?
1 Congo red
2 Bromocresol green
3 Cresol red
Solution: B
For a strong acid-weak base titration, region of rapid pH change lies between pH 3-7.
Only congo red and bromocresol green pH transition range lies within the region of rapid pH change.
O
Compound B
Solution: D
Statement 1 is correct:
- presence of benzene ring thus electrophilic substitution can occur.
- Presence of ketone functional group thus condensation reaction is possible with 2,4-DNPH.
19
Statement 2 is wrong:
- Halogenoarenes cannot undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination.
- The alcohol has no neighbouring H atoms.Thus elimination is not possible.
Statement 3 is wrong:
- There are no acidic groups present.
- Ketones can undergo nucleophilic addition with HCN.
Solution: A
O
CH3
O
O
CH3
-END -
2010 JC2 H1 Prelim Paper Suggested Solution
1 The simplest hydride of boron is boron hydride of molecular formula B2H6. It has
been suggested that gaseous boron hydride can be used as a rocket propellant,
using either oxygen or fluorine as oxidants.
Combustion of boron hydride with oxygen yields a high melting point solid
boron (III) oxide, B2O3 and water as the only products.
(a) (i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between [1]
boron hydride and oxygen.
B2H6 + 3O2 B2O3 + 3H2O Comment: Moststudentsabletowrite
thebalancedequation.
(ii) Using the information given below, calculate the standard [1]
enthalpy change for the above reaction.
2 x H5
2B+ (g) + 3O (g) + 2e 2B3+ (g) + 3O2- (g)
2 x H4
2B (g) + 3O (g)
3 x H3 Hlatt
2B (g) + 3/2 O2 (g)
2 x H2
2B (s) + 3/2 O2 (g)
H1
B2O3 (s)
2+
2B (g) + 3O (g)
nd st nd
2 I.E 1 and 2 E.A
= 2(2420) = 3(702) =2106kJmol-1
2B+ (g) + 3O (g) 2B3+ (g) + 3O2- (g)
st
1 I.E
= 2(799)
2B (g) + 3O (g)
Ha(O) Hlattice of B2O3
= 3(248)=744 kJmol-1
2B (g) + 3/2 O2 (g)
Ha(B)
-1
= 2(573)=1146 kJmol
2B (s) + 3/2 O2 (g)
Hf= -1273 kJmol-1
B2O3 (S)
Hlattice (B2O3) = -1273[1146+744 +2(799) +2(2420) +2(3660)+2106)]= -19027 kJ mol-1 Comment: Moststudentswerenot
abletodothisastheywerenotableto
identifythecorrectstandardenthalpy
changeofreaction.Manydidnot
attemptthisquestion.
(b) Paracetamol is a common analgesic and pyretic drug often
used as a painkiller and for treating mild fever. In a study
carried out to determine the rate of removal of paracetamol
from the body, the reaction was found to have a constant half-
life of 2.7 hours.
H
N
O
HO
Paracetamol
(i) Sketch a graph to show how 1 mol dm-3 of paracetamol [2]
decreases to 25% of its initial concentration.
Let the initial concentration of paracetamol be x.
candidate can start with 1 mol dm-3or any appropriate concentration Comment: Moststudentswereableto
[paracetamol] drawthisgraph.Somestudentsdidnot
labeltheaxescorrectlyormissedoutthe
labelsoftheconcentrationstoillustrate
thehalflives.
Time/h
2.7 5.4
(ii) Write the rate equation for the reaction and calculate the value [2]
of the rate constant, k.
Rate = k [paracetamol] Comment: Moststudentswereableto
writetherateequationbutmajority
ln 2
k= werenotablecalculatethekvalueas
theyhaveforgottenabouttheformula
t1 thatrelateshalflifetotherateconstant.
2
ln 2
=
2.7
= 0.257 h 1
H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H
H
Alcohol 1 Alcohol 2
Butene 273 K
Butan-1-ol 390 K
Butene has weak intermolecular van der waals forces attraction while Comment: Anumberofstudentswere
notabletoidentifythatbutanehas
butan-1-ol and butanoic acid has stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding. intermolecularVDWandthatbutanol
andbutanoicacidhasintermolecular
hydrogenbondingandthoughtthatit
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in butanoic acid is more extensive than that wasduetodifferencesinthenumberof
of butan-1-ol. electrons.Studentsalsofailtorecognise
thatbutanoicacidwereabletoform2
hydrogenbondsandbutanolonlyform1
Energy required: hydrogenbondthustheyhaving
differentextensivenessofhydrogen
Butanoic acid > Butan-1-ol > Butene bonding.Studentsalsofailedtomention
differentamountofenergyrequiredto
overcometheintermolecularforcesof
(d) Organic compound C contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen [4] attraction.
only.
CO2 C ; H2O 2H
Total: 10 marks
3 Shikimic acid, is an important biochemical intermediate in
plants and microorganisms.
COOH
HO OH
OH
Shikimic acid
(a) Draw the structural formulae of the organic products formed [2]
when shikimic acid is treated with HBr followed by hot aqueous
NaOH.
COO-Na+ Comment: Moststudentsdidnotget
HO thecorrectstructure.Somewereableto
recognisethatthecompound
electrophilicadditionbutnotableto
recognisethatthereisalsonucleophilic
substitutionandneutralisation.Some
HO OH
alsodrewtheminorproductfromthe
OH addition.
(b) Apart from shikimic acids, cinnamic acid, zingerone and vanillin
are other compounds that can be naturally isolated from plants
and herbs.
CH3
COOH
HO
OCH3
CHO
HO
OCH3
Vanillin
catalyst X
C O + HX C
OH
Comment: Mostwerenotableto
deducethecorrectstructure.
O O CN
(ii) Addition of CH3OH to vanillin, followed by an oxidation [1]
reaction.
C
OCH3
HO
OCH3
Transition State
Activation Energy
Shikimic acid
Enthalpy change of
combustion
Comment: Mostwereabletodrawthe
Reaction Pathway correctenergyprofilediagram,anumber
gavetheendothermicgraphinstead.
Total: 10 marks
4 (a) (i) On the grid below, sketch the trend of the ionic radii of elements in Period 3
from sodium to chlorine.
[1]
(ii) Explain the trend of the ionic radii for elements in Period 3. [3]
ionic
radii / nm
optional
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Element
Comment: Mostwereabletodrawthe
[1m]. Correct sloping and relative position. correcttrendbutanumberdrawa
generaldownwardslopinggraphandnot
realisingthatanionicradiusislargerthan
Na, Mg and Al (and Si) form cations while P, S and Cl form anions. Anionic cationicradius.
radii are larger than cationic radii because they have 1 more quantum shell Comment: Moststudentsdidnot
of electrons. explainthedifferenceintheanionicand
cationicradius.
Generally, ionic radius decreases across the period. Nuclear charge increase Comment: Manystudentsdidnot
explainthegeneraldecreasingradius
across the period, while the ions are isoelectronic to one another. Thus, trendforbothcationsandanions.
valence electrons experience stronger electrostatic forces of attraction from Insteadtheyexplainedthedifferenceof
cationicradiuswithatomicradius.
the nucleus across the period, pulling them closer towards the nucleus /
reducing the distance between valence electrons and nucleus.
(b) The first six ionisation energies of three successive elements in a Periodic
Table are given below:
(i) State and explain the Group which element G belongs to. [2]
Group V
Drastic increase in ionization energy occur from 5th IE to 6th IE indicating
the 6th electron removed is found in the inner quantum shell, hence, there are 5
electrons in the valence shell of G
higher than F:
and higher than J:
F: ns2np2
G: ns2np3
J: ns2np4
1st IE of G is higher than F because nuclear charge of G is higher than F and Comment: Manystudentshad
forgottenhowtoexplainthedifferences
the valence electrons of F and G are found in the same subshell, thus the inionisationenergyacrosstheperiod.
valence electron on G experiences stronger electrostatic forces of attraction
from the nucleus.
time / min
time / min
time / min
(i) Deduce, with reasoning, the order of reaction with respect to (1) I2, (2) H+ [5]
and (3) CH3COCH3.
Since [I2] vs time graph is a straight line, rate of reaction is independent
of [I2].
Order of reaction is zero wrt I2. Comment: Studentsdidnotgive
reasonfortheorderofreactionwrtI2
Using the 1st graph,
(ii) Hence, write a rate equation for the reaction and determine a value for the [3]
rate constant k, including its units.
Rate = k[CH3COCH3][H+] Comment: Incorrectexpressionfor
rateequation
Using graph 1,
5x10-5 = k (0.1)(0.2)
k = 2.50 x 10-3 mol-1dm3 min-1
(iii) Predict, with reasoning, the effect of a catalyst on the activation energy [2]
and rate constant of a reaction.
A catalyst lowers the activation energy by providing an alternative
pathway for reaction to take place. Comment: Studentsfailedtomention
alternativereactionpathway
The forward reaction is favoured which results in a larger rate constant.
(b) Propanoic acid and citric acid are some of the acids used in the formulation of
hair shampoo. A chemistry student wanted to formulate a shampoo with
maximum buffer capacity so that there will be minimal damage to the hair.
In an attempt to prepare a buffer for the shampoo, she titrated 20.0 cm3 of
0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide against 0.20 mol dm-3 citric acid.
(i) Deduce, with reasoning, whether propanoic acid or 2-chloropropanoic acid [2]
is a stronger acid.
Electron withdrawing Cldisperses the negative charge on oxygen.
This stabilises the conjugate base and 2-chloropropanoic acid is a
stronger acid compared to propanoic acid.
(iii) Calculate the volume of citric acid required to completely neutralise [2]
20.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide.
Amt of NaOH = 20/1000 x 0.1 = 0.002 mol
Citric acid NaOH
Vol of citric acid = 0.002 / 0.2 = 10.0 cm3
(iv) When excess citric acid is added, a buffer solution is obtained. [2]
Explain, with the aid of equations, how the mixture can act as a buffer Comment: Studentsgavethewrong
upon addition of a small amount of acid and alkali. equation
(Citric acid could be represented by C5H7O4COOH)
When H+ is added,
H+ + C5H7O4COO- C5H7O4COOH Comment: Emphasisonthesingle
+
arrowasH andOH isremovedbythe
buffersolution.
When OH- is added,
C5H7O4COOH + OH- C5H7O4COO- + H2O
(v) The pH of 1 mol dm-3 of propanoic acid is 4 while the pH of 1 mol dm-3 of [1]
hydrochloric acid is 1. Explain the difference in their pH. Comment: Thisisasimplequestion
Propanoic acid is a weak acid and dissociates partially to produce low butsomestudentsmakeuseofelectron
withdrawingconceptwhichistotally
[H+] while hydrochloric acid dissociates completely to produce high [H+]. wrongforthisquestion.
(vi) Suggest with reasoning, if the same volume of hydrogen gas will be [2]
produced if propanoic acid and hydrochloric acid, of the same
concentration and volume are to react with 2.0 g of zinc metal under the
same condition.
Reason:
Since H+ reacts with zinc, for (1), [H+] will decrease and by LCP,
equilibrium position of (1) will shift right, hence all CH3COOH will be
reacted eventually producing the same amount of H2 gas.
6 (a) Compound K has a composition of 46.15% C, 7.69% H and 46.15% O. It is
formed when compound L (a bromo-containing organic substance) is refluxed with
aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by acidification.
A yellow precipitate was observed when K and M were warmed with alkaline
aqueous iodine. When K is refluxed with concentrated sulfuric acid, a sweet
smelling compound P, C8H12O4 is formed.
Deduce the structures of K, L, M, N and P. Maximum credit cannot be awarded Comment: Moststudentsfailedto
[10] writethefunctionalgroups.
just by drawing of the structures only.
C H O
% by mass 46.15 7.69 46.15
Ar 12 1 16
Amount 3.85 2.67 2.88
Simplest ratio 4 8 3
CH3 C CH2COOH
H
K
Br
CH3 C CH2COOH
H
L
O
CH3 C CH2COOH
M
O2N Comment: Studentsdidnotknowhow
todrawstructureofhydrazine.
N N NO2
C H
CH3 CH2COOH
N
CH3 H
CH2 C O
O C
O C CH2C O
H CH3
P
and
Test: Add acidified potassium manganate to separate test tubes of each
compound and reflux.
Observations:
O
(ii) Determine the Kc expression and hence calculate Kc for the above [3]
equilibrium.
[SbCl3 ][Cl2 ]
Kc =
[SbCl5 ]
[SbCl5] = 4.614 x 10-3 mol dm-3
[SbCl3] = 0.014398 mol dm-3
[Cl2] = 0.014394 mol dm-3
[SbCl3] and [Cl2] will increase while [SbCl5] decrease until a new
equilibrium is reached.
7 (a) The oxides of sodium to phosphorus (Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2 and P4O10) differ
in their bonding and reactions with water.
You are to indicate clearly on your graph the pH of the resulting solution Comment: Studentsmixedupand
when each oxide reacts with water. drew
pH
13
2
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10
(ii) With the aid of equations, state the pH of the solution obtained when [2] Comment: Studentsonlygaveone
equation.
aluminium chloride is dissolved in water.
Somestudentswrotetheequationfor
AlCl3 + 6H2O [Al (H2O)6]3+ + 3Cl- aluminiumoxideinsteadofaluminium
chloride.
[Al(H2O)6]3+ [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+ + H+
pH = 3
(iii) A student was instructed to perform tests to deduce the identities of two
chemical bottles with missing labels. The bottles contain either gallium
oxide or selenium oxide.
The student first labelled the two bottles as Q and R. Then, he conducted
solubility tests and record his observations as follows:
When 2.00 g of ethanol was burned under a container of water, the heat
released was found to increase the temperature of 150 g of water from 28oC to
65oC.
(i) Write a balanced equation, with state symbols, to represent the standard [1]
enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
Comment: Studentsgotthisstate
CH3CH2OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) symbolwrong,
(ii) Using the data given above, calculate the enthalpy change of combustion [2]
of ethanol.
Comment: Studentsused2gwhichis
Heat absorbed by water, Q = mc T = (150)(4.18)(6528) wrong.
O
HO
OH
Glycolic Acid
(i) Show how glycolic acid can be synthesized from methanol via three steps. [3]
In your answer, show clearly the reagents, conditions and intermediates
involved.
Step 1
O Comment: Asexpectedstudentswrote
KMnO4whichiswrongasitwilloxidise
Reagents: acidified K2Cr2O7 themethanolintoCO2andH2O.
CH3OH H H Conditions: Distlillation
Step 2
O
CN Reagents: HCN with trace
HO
H H amount of NaOH / NaCN
Conditions: cold 10 20oC
Step 3
O
HO CN HO
OH
Reagents: aq HCl / aq H2SO4
Conditions: Heat/ reflux
Alternative:
Step 1: Limited amount of Cl2 or excess methanol
(free radical substitution) Comment: IfFreeRadicalSubstitution
isused,limitedCl2oeexcessmethanol
Step 2: alcoholic NaCN, heat (nucleophilic substitution) mustbeindicated.
Step 3: dilute HCl, heat (acidic hydrolysis)
(ii) State the product(s) formed when hot acidified potassium manganate (VII) [1]
is added to glycolic acid.
CO2 and H2O
(iii) Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why the relative molecular mass of [2]
glycolic acid is 152 when dissolved in a suitable solvent.
Dimerisation occurred. . Comment: Diagramwaspoorlydrawn
aseitherlonepairofelectronsorpartial
+ chargewasnotpresent.
H H O H
O
HO C C C C OH
O H O H
H
+
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question, there are four
possible answers labelled A, B, C, and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer
Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
You may use a calculator.
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.
1 10 11
Boron consists of the isotopes 5B and 5B . In an experiment, the relative abundance of
11
5 B atomsin the isotopic mixture is found to be 60%. What is the relative atomic mass of
boron based on the experiment?
2 Which of the following formulae represents a particle with the composition 1 proton, 1 neutron
and 2 electrons?
(D represents deuterium, 2H)
A D B D- C H- D He
It was suggested that xenon should react similarly and, in this way, the first noble gas
compound was produced.
Xe + PtF6 Xe+ PtF6-
What is the most likely reason for the suggestion being made?
4 Which graph represents the number of unpaired p orbital electrons for atoms with proton
numbers 13 to 18?
A B
C D
H
5 Which one of the following is the correct shape of hydroxylamine, H N O H ?
About N About O
A cyclohexene, sodium
B sodium, graphite
C graphite, silicon
D benzene, ethene
8 The boiling points of ammonia, hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide are given below.
ammonia NH3 33
A NH3 has a higher boiling point than HCl because the hydrogen bonding in NH3 is
stronger than the permanent dipolepermanent dipole interactions in HCl.
B The strength of the induced dipoleinduced dipole interactions increases in the order
HCl < CO2 < NH3.
D CO2 has a higher boiling point than HCl because the permanent dipolepermanent
dipole interactions in CO2 are stronger than the permanent dipolepermanent dipole
interactions in HCl.
of solid of liquid
R S T
A NaF KCl Cu
10 10 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 K2XO4 will just react with 40 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulfate
solution.
If Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ by K2XO4, what is the final oxidation state of X?
A +2 B +3 C +4 D +5
A B
Yield Yield
temperature temperature
C D
Yield Yield
temperature
temperature
12 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 of aqueous NaOH is added to 25 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric
acid.
What is the approximate pH of the final solution?
13 The graph shows the change in pH when ethanoic acid is gradually added to 10 cm3 of 0.10
mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide. An indicator is used to determine the end-point for the titration.
Which of the following contains the correct concentration of ethanoic acid and indicator used
for the titration?
A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1
16 96 26 28
15 Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acidified iodide ions, liberating iodine. In investigations of this
reaction, the following results were obtained.
D The rate equation for the reaction can be written as rate = k [H2O2]2 [I-]
16 The chloride of an element R of the third period is a liquid which has a boiling point of 76 C
and fumes in air.
After mixing 0.010 mol of the chloride with water, the resulting solution required 100 cm3 of
0.30 mol dm-3 silver nitrate for complete precipitation of the chloride ion.
To which Group of the Periodic Table does R belong?
A I B III C IV D V
17 The graph shows how a property of the elements Na to Cl varies with proton number.
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Proton number
A ionic radius
C melting point
D electronegativity
18 Which of the following synthetic routes does not produce ethanoic acid?
D [Ag(NH3)2]+ H+
CH3CHO
heat r.t.p.
21 The ester X, which is used in perfumes, has the molecular formula C6H12O2. It is found that
one of the products of acid hydrolysis of compound X gives a yellow precipitate with hot
aqueous alkaline iodine.
What is the structural formula of compound X?
A CH3CO2CH2CH(CH3)2
B (CH3)2CHCO2CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CO2CH2CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH(CH3)CO2CH3
A CH3CH2CHO
B CH3CH(OH)CH3
C CH3CH2CO2H
D CH3COCH3
23 Which one of the following gives the correct order of acid strength (strongest first) for ethanoic
acid, chloroethanoic acid, and ethyl ethanoate?
Strongest Weakest
A ethanoic acid chloroethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate
B chloroethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate ethanoic acid
C chloroethanoic acid ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate
D ethyl ethanoate chloroethanoic acid ethanoic acid
25 Citrus fruits like lemons contain vitamin C which is essential to prevent scurvy. Vitamin C has
the following structure.
HO OH
O O OH
OH
Which one of the following statements about vitamin C is incorrect?
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements which you consider to be correct).
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
A B C D
27 For which of the following reactions does the enthalpy value represent both a standard
enthalpy change of combustion and a standard enthalpy change of formation?
The second ionisation energy of M could be calculated from the energy values associated with
1 H1 + H5
2 H5 - H3
3 H2 - H1 - H3
29 When a compound W was heated in the tube containing reagent X, a colour change was
observed in the tube. A precipitate was noted when reagent Y was heated with the products
from reaction of W and X. Which of the following combinations could be W, X and Y?
W X Y
30 The two compounds P and Q shown below are important flavours in citrus fruits. These
compounds are commonly used in the food and perfume industries.
CH 3 CH3
CHO CH 2OH
H3C CH 2 H 3C CH 3
P Q
Answers
1 D 11 A 21 B
2 B 12 A 22 B
3 D 13 B 23 C
4 D 14 C 24 A
5 A 15 A 25 C
6 B 16 D 26 C
7 D 17 A 27 D
8 A 18 B 28 C
9 C 19 D 29 D
10 C 20 C 30 D
PreliminaryExaminations2010
Data Booklet
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write in soft pencil.
Write your name and Civics Group on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided.
There are thirty questions in this paper. Answer all questions. For each question, there are
four possible answers, A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
8872_01/1
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one
you consider to be correct.
A C4H8
B C4H10
C C3H6
D C3H8
8872_01/2
4. The table below give the enthalpy change of combustion of enthyne (C2H2),
hydrogen (H2) and ethane (C2H6).
Substance Hc / kJmol1
C2H2 1300
H2 285
C2H6 1560
5. Given the standard enthalpy change of formation of Fe3O4 (s) and Al2O3 (s) is
-1117.1 kJ mol-1 and -1669.8 kJ mol-1 respectively, what is the standard
enthalpy change of reaction for the following reaction?
A +3327.9 kJ mol-1
B -3327.9 kJ mol-1
C -1109.3 kJ mol-1
D - 552.7 kJ mol-1
8872_01/3
6. For which of the following reactions does the enthalpy value represent both a
standard enthalpy change of combustion and a standard enthalpy change of
formation?
7. Lead is the final product formed by a series of changes in which the rate
determining step is the radioactive decay of uranium-238. This radioactive
decay is a first order reaction with a half life of 4.5 x 109 years.
What would be the age of a rock sample, originally lead free, in which the
molar proportion of uranium to lead is now 1:3?
8. It is often said that the rate of a typical reaction is roughly doubled by raising
the temperature by 10C.
8872_01/4
9. Under which one of the following sets of conditions will the highest yield of
ammonia at equilibrium be obtained from the following reaction?
0.8 0.8
A
2.4
0 .8 2 0 .8
B
42
1.6 0.8
C
2.4 2
1.6 2 0.8
D
2.4 2
8872_01/5
11. What is the final pH of the solution formed by mixing equal volumes of two
HCl solutions, one with pH 1.0 and the other with pH 3.0.
12. A titration was carried out between a weak acid, HA, and aqueous sodium
hydroxide. The graph obtained was shown below:
pH
volume of NaOH
A suitable indicator for the above titration is
Indicator pH range
A Thymol blue 1.5 to 2.5
B Bromocresol green 3.8 to 5.5
C Bromothymol blue 6.0 to 7.5
D Thymolphthalein 9.3 to 10.5
13. Silicon carbide is a major industrial abrasive and a refractory material. Which
type of structure explains these properties?
8872_01/6
14. The boiling points (b.p.) of ammonia, hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide
are given below.
ammonia NH3 33
D CO2 has a higher b.p. than HCl because the permanent dipole
permanent dipole interactions between CO2 molecules are stronger
than the permanent dipole permanent dipole interactions between
HCl molecules.
8872_01/7
15. The ions P3, S2 and Cl have radii 0.242 nm, 0.184 nm and 0.181 nm
respectively. This decrease in radius in going from P3 to Cl is due to
16. Which of the following elements form an oxide with a giant covalent structure,
and a chloride which is readily hydrolysed?
A Magnesium C Phosphorus
B Sodium D Silicon
18. How many isomers are possible for the unsaturated compound of molecular
formula C3H5F?
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
8872_01/8
19. Vitamin A plays a role in many functions throughout the human body such as
vision, gene transcription, bone metabolism and skin health. The diagram
below shows the structure of vitamin A.
20. The table below shows the rate of hydrolysis of the halogen-containing
compounds P to S. The rate of hydrolysis is measured by the speed at which
the silver halide precipitate is formed.
P Q R S
8872_01/9
21. A compound has the following properties:
B CH3CH=CHCH2OH
C CH3CH=CHCHO
D CH3CH2CH2COOH
22. Which of the following reagents will distinguish between compounds S and T?
O
H3 C O
H3 C OH
OH
S T
A Aqueous bromine
D 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine
8872_01/10
23. Which observation will NOT be obtained with the compound
CH3CH(OH)CH3?
24. Pentan-2-one is treated with cold hydrogen cyanide in the presence of traces
of sodium cyanide. The product X of this reaction is then boiled with
hydrochloric acid to give Y. What are X and Y likely to be?
A H OH H H
H OH
H3C C C C CH3 H3 C C C C CH3
H CN H H COOH H
B H H H OH H H H OH
H3 C C C C C H H3C C C C C H
H H H CN H H H COOH
H OH H OH
H3C C C CH3 H3C C C CH3
H CN H COOH
D H H OH
H H OH
H 3C C C C CH3 H 3C C C C CH3
H H CN H H COOH
8872_01/11
25. Experiments are carried out on three compounds X, Y, and Z.
CH3(CH2)16CO2 CH2
CH3(CH2)16CO2 CH BrCH2CH2CH2Br
CH3(CH2)16CO2 CH2 CN
X Y Z
A sample of 0.01 mol of each compound is heated under reflux with 50 cm3
of 1 mol dm-3 NaOH (in excess) until hydrolysis is complete and any
ammonia produced is expelled from solution.
The excess NaOH is then titrated in each case and is found to require
20cm3, 30 cm3 and 40 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 HCl for neutralisation.
B X Z Y
C Y Z X
D Z Y X
8872_01/12
Section B
For each of the questions in this section one or more of the three numbered
statements 1 to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or not correct (you may find it helpful to
put a tick against the statements which you consider to be correct).
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of
A B C D
1,2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
correct correct correct
26. The energy profile diagram for the reaction P + Q R is shown below:
Energy
E1
R
E2
P+Q
Reaction coordinate
27. In which sequence(s) are the molecules quoted in order of increasing bond
angle within the molecule?
8872_01/13
A B C D
1,2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
correct correct correct
29. What deductions can be made about the psychoactive drug, W, in cannabis
as shown in the structure below?
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
HO OH
CH2
H2C C CH3
CH3 W
8872_01/14
A B C D
1,2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only are 2 and 3 only are 1 only is correct
correct correct correct
---End of Paper---
8872_01/15
TAMPINES JUNIOR COLLEGE
JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAM
Higher 1
CANDIDATE
NAME
TUTORS
CLASS
NAME
CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 14 Sep 2010
Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper. 2 hours
Additional Materials: Answer Paper
Data Booklet
Graph Paper
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section B
A1
Answer two questions on separate answer paper.
A2
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question. A3
A4
A5
A6
Total
(Sect A)
Question 1 [8 marks]
Gold compounds are present in solution in sea water. It is believed that gold was
present in concentrations as high as 8.00 x 107 g per tonne. (1 tonne = 1000 kg)
About 70 % of the Earths surface is covered by water. The oceans of planet Earth
have an area of about 360 x 106 km2. The average depth of the Earths oceans is
thought to be 3.7 km.
(a) (i) Use the data above to estimate the volume of the earths oceans in dm3.
(1 km3 = 1 x 1012 dm3)
(ii) Calculate the concentration of gold in sea water, in mol dm3, given that the
density of sea water is 1 kg dm3.
(iii) Hence, estimate the total mass of gold thought to be in the oceans.
[3]
3
1(b) Gold can also be extracted from low-grade ore around the world by use of the For
examiners
Elsner Reaction. use only
In this process, the powdered ore is combined with a dilute aqueous solution of
sodium cyanide and air is bubbled through it. The NaAu(CN)2 compound is
soluble in water and the gold is then displaced by adding zinc dust to precipitate
the gold.
(i) What is the change in oxidation state of gold in the Elsner Reaction?
________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest why the gold can be precipitated out of the NaAu(CN)2 compound by
zinc.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
[2]
(c) When 1.00 g of impure gold ore was reacted with aqueous sodium cyanide, the
amount of sodium hydroxide produced from the Elsner reaction was neutralized
with 20 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid present in excess.
The excess acid was then titrated with standard 0.02 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide
and 29.70 cm3 of base is required to reach end-point.
[3]
4
Question 2 [4 marks] For
examiners
The following table shows Ka values for three organic acids. use only
(i) State and explain the trend in Ka values for the three acids. [2]
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
(ii) How would you expect the acidity of benzoic acid to compare with that of the
ethanoic acid? Explain. [2]
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
5
Question 3 [4 marks] For
examiners
use only
A student used the apparatus below to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of
propan-1-ol. It was found that 0.60 g of propan-1-ol was used to raise the temperature
of 200 g of the water. The initial temperature of the water was 21.0C. The specific heat
capacity of water is 4.18 J g-1 K-1.
thermometer
copper can
containing
200 g of
water
burner containing
propan-1-ol
(i) Calculate the number of moles of propan-1-ol burnt. [1]
(ii) Given that the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol is -2021 kJ mol-1, calculate
the final temperature of water at the end of the experiment. [2]
(iii) The actual temperature of the water measured at the end of experiment is 38.0C.
Give an explanation for the difference. [1]
6
Question 4 [5 marks] For
examiners
use only
Aluminium oxide reacts with chlorine trifluoride, ClF3, according to the following
equation:
(i) Write the equation which corresponds to the standard enthalpy change of
formation of chlorine trifluoride. [1]
__________________________________________________________________
Using the data given in the question, calculate the enthalpy change of formation
of chlorine trifluoride. [2]
(iii) Using your answer in (ii) and relevant data from the Data Booklet, estimate the
average bond energy of the Cl-F bond. [2]
7
Question 5 [7 marks] For
examiners
use only
For the reaction scheme below, give the reagents and conditions for steps I to III in the
table provided, and draw the structural formulae of B to E in the boxes provided. [7]
CH3
COOH
Oxidation NC C OH
COOH
CH3
C9H10 H2SO4,
CH(OH)CH3
K2Cr2O7,
CH3
heat
Step II
A C
C9H12O C9H10O
I2, NaOH,
warm
I2, NaOH,
warm
2,4DNPH
C8H7O2Na
Step I
Step II
D
Step III
C15H14N4O4
8
Question 6 [12 marks] For
examiners
use only
(a) Aluminium, silicon, and phosphorus are three elements from period 3 of the
Periodic Table. Describe and explain very briefly the differences in melting point
of these three elements in terms of their structures and bonding.
[6]
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
(b) Aluminium, silicon, and phosphorus combine directly with chlorine to form
chlorides. Write balanced equations for the reactions, if any, of these chlorides
with water. [3]
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
9
For
examiners
6(c) Construct dotand-cross diagrams to illustrate the bonding in the molecules of use only
NH3, NH2 and NH4+, and predict their shapes and bond angles.
Present your answers in the following table. [3]
(ii) NH2
(iii) NH4+
10
Section B
Answer two of the following three questions.
Answer these questions on separate answer paper.
(a) Compound X undergoes hydration and the rate of hydration was followed by
measuring the change in concentration of Compound X with time.
Two experiments were carried starting with different concentrations of H+. The
following results were obtained.
Time/ Expt 1, with [H+] = 0.10 mol dm-3 Expt 2, with [H+] = 0.05 mol dm-3
minutes [Compound X]/ mol dm-3 [Compound X]/ mol dm-3
0 0.0050 0.0050
15 0.0040 0.0045
30 0.0032 0.0040
45 0.0026 0.0036
60 0.0021 0.0032
75 0.0017 0.0029
90 0.0014 0.0026
(i) Using the same axes, plot graphs of [Compound X] against time for the two
experiments.
(ii) Use your graphs to determine the order of reaction with respect to [H+] and
to [Compound X], showing your working clearly.
(iii) Calculate the initial rate from experiment 1, and use it, together with your
rate equation, to calculate the rate constant for the reaction, including units.
[8]
11
Cont Q1
(b) Suggest simple chemical tests by which the following pairs of compounds can be
distinguished from each other. You should state the reagents and conditions for
each test and the observations that would distinguish one compound from the
other.
(i)
H CH3
H3C-HC=CH-CH2-C-CH3 (CH3)2C=CH-C-CH3
OH OH
(ii)
[4]
(c) Write down the balanced chemical equations, reagents and essential conditions
for each of the conversions suggested.
(b) Lemon juice contains citric acid, a weak monobasic acid which dissociates
incompletely in water:
(iii) Explain the difference in the results obtained in parts (i) and (ii).
(v) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of citric acid.
(c) The oxides Al2O3, SiO2 and P4O10 differ considerably in their chemical properties:
the first react with acids whereas all three react with alkalis.
(ii) What type of isomerism is shown by A? Illustrate your answer with suitable
diagrams.
[6]
(b) 0.50 g of hydrated iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) was dissolved in dilute H2SO4
and titrated with 0.02 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII). What volume of
potassium manganate (VII) was required to complete the titration?
[3]
(c) Enthalpy change of reaction 1, H1, can be determined using enthalpy change of
reaction 2, H2, and enthalpy change of reaction 3, H3, in the energy cycle
below.
H2 H3
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(i) H2 can be calculated from the reaction between Na2O(s) and HCl(aq).
When 6.2 g of Na2O(s) is dissolved in 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl(aq), the
temperature of the solution rose by 17 oC. Calculate H2.
[Specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g-1 K-1]
100
0
Temperature/ oC
(iii) Given that in a 3 dm3 vessel, there are 0.2 moles of SO2, 0.3 moles of O2
and 4 moles of SO3 at equilibrium. Calculate the Kc value.
[5]
-- End of Paper --
VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE
JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
Higher 1
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 24 September 2010
50 mins
There are thirty questions. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible
answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choices in soft pencil on the separate
Answer Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
1 Which one of the following has the same number of particles as one mole of copper
atoms?
A The number of ions in 2 dm3 of 0.25 mol dm3 of aqueous nitric acid
B The number of delocalised electrons in one mole of magnesium metal
C The number of atoms in 71 g of chlorine gas
D The number of ions in 58.5 g of sodium chloride
A 0.015 g C 0.031 g
B 0.026 g D 0.079 g
What could be the formula of the compound formed by these two elements?
A LM4 C L3M2
B L2M3 D L4M
A CO32- C NH3
B SCl2 D BrF2-
7 Which one of the following statements about the properties of graphite is incorrect?
C The carbon to carbon distance between different layers is the same as that
within each plane.
75 kJ mol-1
C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
H
C(g) + 2H2(g)
C(g) + 4H(g)
9 A student used the apparatus below to heat a can containing 300 g of water.
thermometer
can containing
300 g of water
burner containing
propan-1-ol
This reaction is first order with respect to azomethane with a half-life of 20 min.
13 Two unlabelled beakers containing equal volumes of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
and 0.5 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid were given.
A The enthalpy change of neutralisation for the two solutions is the same.
B The rate of reaction with Mg ribbon is the same.
C The volume of H2 collected when reacted with Mg is the same.
D The initial pH of the two acids is the same.
15 The graphs below show the variation of the percentage of gaseous products present
at equlibrium, with temperature and pressure.
% products (T + 10) oC
at
equilibrium
T oC
pressure
16 The chloride of an element R of the third period is a liquid which has a boiling point of
76 oC and fumes in air.
After mixing 0.010 mol of the chloride with water, the resulting solution required 0.030
mol of silver nitrate for complete precipitation of the chloride ion.
A V B IV C III D II
18 COCH 3 CH 3
O
CH=CHCH 3 COCH 3
compound A compound B
19 Which of the following 2-stage processes will not yield the final product as shown?
-O C -O C
NC 2 2
A OH- PCl5
Br OH Cl
reflux rt
HO HO Cl
NC NC HO2 C
CO2 H
VJC 2010 HO 8872/01/PRELIM/10 [Turn over
8
NC HO 2C
NC
Na HCl (aq)
C Br
rt reflux
O O
HO
CH 2NH 2
NC
H
N
D H2 / Pt in a sealed tube
Br Br
rt heat
HO HO
Br
20 Which of the following compounds react with hot acidified KMnO4 and the resultant
product formed will give a positive test with both 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and PCl5?
OH Br
O
HO
OH
Which of the following reagents will not undergo any reaction with compound R?
HO OH
Compound M
I II III
HOCH2 CH2CH=CH2 M
I II III
1. concentrated H2SO4
A NaOH(aq), I2(aq) HCl(aq)
2. H2O
1. concentrated H2SO4
B OH/KMnO4(aq) HCl(aq)
2. H2O
C H+/KMnO4(aq) PCl5 NaOH(aq)
D H+/KMnO4(aq) PCl5 H2O
OH O
Br C C O CH(CH3)2
Br
Acarol
A di(4bromophenyl)methanol, Br C Br
B ethanol H
C propan1ol
D propan2ol
25 One industrial preparation of ethanoic acid is the direct carbonylation of methanol using
a rhodium catalyst.
rhodium
CH3OH + CO CH3CO2H
catalyst
CO2H
Which compound could be used to produce HC CH2CO2H by this method?
CH2CO2H
OH
A HC CH2CO2H
CO2H
CO2H
B HC CO2H
CH2OH
OH
C HC CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
D HC CH2OH
CH2OH
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to
3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a
tick against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1 When 20 cm3 of CS2 is reacted with 100 cm3 of oxygen, 60% of the final gas
volume will dissolve in aqueous alkali.
2 38.1 g of CS2 will react exactly with 33.6 dm3 of O2 under standard
temperature and pressure.
3 When 30 cm3 of CS2 is reacted with 60 cm3 of O2, 30 cm3 of CO2 will be
produced.
27 Which trends across the third period (Na to S) are always true?
A B C D
kf
28 The diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction, reactants products
kb
where kf denotes the rate constant of the forward reaction and kb denotes the rate
constant of the backward reaction.
Potential
energy
Ea
products
reactants
Reaction profile
29 Which compounds could undergo elimination reaction when treated with hot ethanolic
sodium hydroxide?
1 (CH3)3CBr
2 (CH3)2CHBr
3 (CH3)3CCH2Br
CN
CO2CH3
CH=CHCH3
CO2CH3
CH(OH)CH3
COCH3
1 A 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 B
6 A 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 C
11 D 12 C 13 C 14 A 15 D
16 A 17 C 18 B 19 D 20 C
21 A 22 D 23 A 24 D 25 C
26 B 27 B 28 D 29 B 30 A
BLANK PAGE
Section A
1(a)
Melting Point
Si
Al
Mg
Na S
P
Cl
Ar
Si:
High melting point due to giant molecular structure.
It involves breaking of strong covalent bonds.
(b)(i)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
(ii)
y y
3pz
x x
3px
3s 3py
z z
(iii)
E is sulfur.
First I.E. of E is lower than that of D as less energy is required to remove the 3p4
electron which experiences interelectronic repulsion.
1
(c)(i)
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72 + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
(ii)
No. of moles of Fe2+ used
= 0.050 x 40.0 x 103
= 2.00 x 103 mol
No. of moles of Cr2O72 reacted with 100 cm3 of polluted water sample
= 5.00 x 103 3.33 x 104
= 4.67 x 103 mol
(iii)
No. of moles of Cr2O72 reacted with 1 dm3 of polluted water sample
= 4.67 x 103 x 10
= 0.0467 mol (allow ecf)
(iv)
O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
(v)
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e
4Cr2O72 + 32H+ + C6H12O6 8Cr3+ + 22H2O + 6CO2
2(a)(i)
Heat evolved
100
= 200 x 4.18 x 46.9 x [ m if missing 100/80]
80
= 49000 J or 49.0 kJ
2
Hc(cyclobutane)
49.0
=
0.0179
= 2740 kJ mol1
(ii)
H1 = Hc(cyclobutane) 2Hc(CH2=CH2)
= 2740 2(1422) (ecf)
= +104 kJ mol1
(b)(i)
The heat change when one mole of ethanol is formed from its constituent
elements in their standard states at 298 K and 1 atm.
(ii)
H = BE(reactants) BE(products)
= 3(436) + (496) (350 + 5 x 410 + 360 + 460)
= 1664 kJ mol1
(iii)
276 kJ mol1
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) CH3CH2OH(l)
By Hess Law,
2Hat = 276 + 39 (1664)
= +1427 kJ
Hat = +713.5 kJ mol1
(c)(i)
Step 1
Reagents: H+ / K2Cr2O7
Conditions: distil
Step 2
Reagents: HCN, NaCN catalyst
Conditions: room temperature
(ii)
B: CH3CH(OH)CO2H
C: CH3CH(OH)CO2CH2CH3
3
3(a)(i)(I)
Reagents: HCN, NaCN catalyst
Conditions: room temperature
(II)
Reagents: alkaline KMnO4
Conditions: room temperature
(ii)
Geometric isomerism
H H H CHO
C C C C
CHO H
cis trans
(iii)
An orange precipitate is seen.
H
NO2
N
OH O NHNH2 OH N
NO2 NO2
CH3 CH3
+
+ H2 O
OH NO2 OH
(iv)
Reagents: alkaline aqueous I2
Conditions: warm (< 70 oC)
Observation: Yellow ppt (CHI3) formed for acetylhydroquinone and no yellow ppt
formed for vanillin.
[OR Tollens reagent, heat, Ag mirror formed for vanillin only (no reaction with
Fehlings solution)]
(b)(I)
OH
HO
CH2CH2OH
+
Na O2CCH2CH=C(CH3)2
4
(II)
O
Cl CH2CO2H
CH2(CO2H)2
(CH3)2CO
Section B
4a(i)
[CH3OH]
Kc =
[CO][H2 ]2
(ii)
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
Initial / mol 2 6 0
Change / mol 1.7 3.4 1.7
Equilibrium / mol 0.3 2.6 1.7
(iii)
1.7/4
Kc = (ecf)
(0.3/4)(2. 6/4) 2
= 13.4 mol2 dm6 (ecf)
(iv)
rate
forward reaction
backward reaction
0 time
forward reaction
backward reaction
(b)(i)
When temperature increases, the equilibrium amount of CH3OH decreases.
The backward reaction is favoured.
By Le Chateliers Principle, the backward reaction is endothermic.
Hence, the sign of H of the forward reaction is negative.
5
(ii)
Too low a temperature will result in a slow reaction rate,
rendering the process economically unviable / not cost effective.
(iii)
Addition of a catalyst.
(c)(i)
An acid is a proton donor.
A base is a proton acceptor.
(ii)
HClO + H2O ClO + H3O+
(iii)
[H3O + ][ClO ]
Ka =
[HClO]
(iv)
Ka = (2.50 x 105)2 / 0.0200
= 3.13 x 108 mol dm3
(d)(i)
A buffer solution resists pH change when a small amount of acid or base is added
to it.
(ii)
Solution contains a high concentration of HClO and ClO.
When a small amount of acid is added, ClO neutralises it.
ClO + H+ HClO
When a small amount of base is added, HClO neutralises it.
HClO + OH ClO + H2O
5(a)
A undergoes addition reaction with Br2 in CCl4.
A contains one C=C double bond since it reacts with Br2 in a 1:1 ratio.
6
A is .
OH
CH2OH
B is .
OH
COOH
C is .
D undergoes addition
to give cyanohydrin E.
D is a ketone.
O
D is .
OH
CN
F is .
(b)(i)
Comparing expts 3 and 4, (OR When [Br] is doubled, rate is doubled.)
order wrt Br = 1.
7
1 a
2 25 120
= +
where a is the order with respect to H .
1 50 60
a=2
Order wrt H+ = 2.
Rate = k[Br][BrO3][H+]2
(ii)
[Br]
t1/2 constant
time
Graph 2:
Show twice [Br] on the yaxis.
Show two constant halflife.
(iii)
number of T1
molecules
with a given
energy
Ea Ea energy
8
6(a)(i)
_
+
Na Cl x
xx
x Cl x
x x
x
xx Al x xx x
x Cl x
x Cl x
xx xx
(ii)
Dative bond is formed where lone pair of electrons on N is donated into the empty
orbital of Al.
CH3
CH3 CH3
N
Al
Cl Cl
Cl
(iii)
Bond angle around N atom in (CH3)3N: 107o
Bond angle around N atom in the product: 109.5o (or 109o)
(iv)
MgCl2 has giant ionic structure with ionic bonding between Mg2+ and Cl ions.
PCl3 has simple molecular structure with dipoledipole attractions between
molecules.
As ionic bonding is stronger than dipoledipole attractions, the melting point of
MgCl2 is higher than PCl3.
PCl3 has covalent bonding instead of ionic bonding due to the low electronegativity
difference between P and Cl atoms. Thus, sharing of electrons occurs. [OR PCl3
has covalent bonding instead of ionic bonding as P has high electronegativity.
Thus, sharing of electrons occurs.]
OR
MgCl2 has ionic bonding instead of covalent bonding due to the high
electronegativity difference between Mg and Cl atoms. Thus, transferring of
electrons occurs. [OR MgCl2 has ionic bonding instead of covalent bonding as Mg
has low electronegativity. Thus, transferring of electrons occurs.]
(v)
MgCl2 is an electrical conductor when molten due to presence of mobile ions while
PCl3 is not due to absence of mobile ions when molten.
[N.B. Both MgCl2 and PCl3 are able to conduct electricity in aqueous solution due
to presence of mobile ions.]
9
(b)(i)
Y: Al
Z: P
The oxide of Y reacts with both NaOH and HCl. Hence, it is an amphoteric oxide.
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
The chloride of Y undergoes hydration and hydrolysis
to form an acidic solution. Hence, it reacts with NaOH.
AlCl3(s) + 6H2O(l) [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + H2O(l) [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Phosphorus chloride and phosphorus oxide will react with water but silicon dioxide
is insoluble in water.
PCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
OR PCl5(s)+ 4H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + 4HCl(aq)
P4O6(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO3(aq)
OR P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)
(ii)
Both the chloride and oxide of Z react with water to form solution with pH = 2.
(c)
CN CN
HCN PCl5
CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH3
NaCN room temp.
O catalyst OH Cl
room temp.
HCl(aq)
heat
CO2H
CH3 C CH3
Cl
[Steps 2 and 3 can be interchanged.]
10
YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE
JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2010
CHEMISTRY 8872/01
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There are 30 questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are
4 possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the OMS.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this question paper.
Section A
For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
1 The diagram shows the mass spectrum of a sample of zinc. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of zinc.
2 A sample of the hydrocarbon C6H12 is completely burned in dry oxygen and the products
are collected as shown.
[Ar : H, 1.0 ; C, 12.0 ; O, 16.0]
The increases in mass of the collecting vessels P and Q of the apparatus are MP and
MQ, respectively. What is the ratio MP / MQ?
A 2.4 C 1.2
B 0.82 D 0.41
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
3
A 90 C 109
B 104 D 120
A 1 1 +5
B +1 1 +5
C +1 1 +7
D +2 +1 +7
5 In an experiment, 0.00130 mole of a metallic salt reacted completely with 20.80 cm3 of
0.0250 mol dm-3 MnO4.
The half equation for the reduction of MnO4 is shown below:
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
Given the final oxidation number of the metal in the salt was +5, what would the
original oxidation number of the metal be?
A +1
B +2
C +3
D +4
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
4
6 The sketch below shows the variation of first ionisation energy with proton number for
six elements of consecutive proton numbers between 1 and 18 (H to Ar).
A Mg B Al C Si D P
7 What is the order of increasing energy of the listed orbitals in the atom of titanium?
A 3s 3p 3d 4s
B 3s 3p 4s 3d
C 3s 4s 3p 3d
D 4s 3s 3p 3d
8 Hydrogen bonding can occur between molecules of methanal, HCHO, and molecules of
liquid Y. What could liquid Y be?
A CH3CO2CH3
B CH3COCH3
C CH3CHO
D CH3CH2OH
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
5
9 The diagram represents the reaction pathway for the following reaction.
W (g) + X (g) Y (g) + Z (g)
10 For which of the following reactions does the value of Hrxn represent both a standard
enthalpy change of combustion and a standard enthalpy change of formation of a
substance?
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
6
11 The equilibrium constant, Kc, to form ethyl ethanoate from ethanol and ethanoic acid at
When 1.00 mol each of ethanol and ethanoic acid are allowed to reach equilibrium at
60C, what is the number of moles of ethyl ethanoate formed?
1 2 1 3
A B C D
3 3 4 4
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
7
14 Which solid-line curve most accurately represents the distribution of molecular speeds
in a gas at 500 K if the dotted-line curve represents the corresponding distribution for
the same gas at 300 K?
A C
B D
15 Element R in period three of the periodic table forms an oxide which has a high melting
point and is insoluble in water. Identify element R.
A sodium
B silicon
C sulfur
D chlorine
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
8
16 Which one of the following chlorides of the elements of period 3 is a volatile liquid which
is readily hydrolysed by water?
A MgCl2 C Al2Cl6
B PCl5 D SiCl4
A C
B D
A B
COCH3
D
CH2Cl
A B C D
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
9
H CH3
C C
H H
propene
H CH3 H CH3
A C
H C C H H C C CN
H H H H
B H CH3 D H CH3
H C C OH H C C Br
OH H H H
Cl CH3
C C
Cl H
Which reagent, when reacted with compound S, causes the most damage to the ozone
layer?
A Steam C Cl2
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
10
21. Pheromone is a chemical compound used by the honeybee to attract other bees
towards itself.
CH CHCHBrCH=C(CH3)2
Pheromone
A 2 C 4
B 3 D 6
CH3 CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH
OH OH
CO2H
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
11
O
How does the compound above reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent
(2,4-DNPH), Tollens reagent and Fehlings reagent?
24. A halogen compound T gave little or no precipitate when boiled under reflux with
ethanolic silver nitrate. Which of the following formulae is likely to be T?
A CH3CHClCH2CH3
B Cl CH3
C CH2CH2Cl
D CH3CH2COCl
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
12
25 A student obtained ethene from ethanol by carrying out an experiment using the
following set-up.
A combustion
B reduction
C elimination
D substitution
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
13
Section B
For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to
3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to place a
tick against the statements that you consider to be correct).
A B C D
1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only is
correct are correct are correct correct
26 Which pairs of compounds contain one that is giant ionic and one that is simple
molecular?
27 k1
Given, reactant products
k1
Which of the following changes will cause both of the rate constants, k1 and k1 to
increase?
1 Introducing a catalyst.
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
14
O O
O O
X Y
Which sets of reagents and conditions can be used to distinguish between compounds
X and Y?
3 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P1/2010
CANDIDATES NAME: ______________________ CTG: _________
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Total /80
Section A
26 27
Al Al
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
(iii) Given that the relative atomic mass of Al is 26.8. Calculate the relative
abundance of both isotopes.
[5]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
3
(ii) Explain in terms of structure and bonding, why solid aluminium chloride
does not conduct electricity.
(iii) Explain, with the aid of an equation, why aluminium chloride is able to
conduct electricity in water.
[6]
[Total: 11]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
4
2 (a) After consuming food the pH in mouth can drop from pH 6.8 to a pH of about
4.8 as the sugar is broken down to lactic acid. In time, the hydrogen
carbonate ions (HCO3) in saliva restore the pH to its original value.
(ii) Write an ionic equation to show how hydrogen carbonate ions restore
the pH to its original value.
[2]
(i) State the typical conditions used in the Haber process and explain how
the yield is affected using Le Chateliers Principle.
Temperature:
Reasons:
Pressure:
Reasons:
[4]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
5
(c) (i) In the space provided below, sketch a graph of the melting point of
oxides of elements from sodium to sulphur.
(ii) Explain as fully as you can why the melting point varies in the way
shown.
[5]
[Total: 11]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
6
A B
C D
[4]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
7
OH I OH
II
Br Br
III
IV
dil H2SO4, KMnO4
heat
(i) What are the reagents and conditions used in Steps I, II and III?
II
III
[4]
[Total: 8]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
8
4 Our bodies get energy by the digestion and metabolism of food. A combustion
reaction occurs in our bodies when glucose, C6H12O6 is burned in the presence of
oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and heat is produced. The energy released in the
combustion of food molecules is converted into heat energy (to maintain our
constant body temperature), mechanical energy (to move our muscles), and
electrical energy (for nerve transmission). The total amount of energy released by
the digestion and metabolism of food is called its calorie content.
50 cm3 of water was added to the calorimeter and 0.35 g of food corn puffs was
combusted. A temperature rise of 20 C was recorded.
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
9
(ii) Calculate the heat energy released by burning the corn puff.
(iv) Convert calories per gram of food to nutritional Calories/ gram of food
(Cal/g).
(v) According to the nutritional information of the package of corn puff, how
does the nutritional Calories (Cal) compare with the students
experimental data?
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
10
(vi) List one possible source of error in this experiment and suggest how
to overcome the error.
[7]
Test:
Observations:
[3]
[Total: 10]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
11
Section B
[5]
(b) The sketch below shows the first five ionisation energy for phosphorus.
-1
Ionisation energy / kJmol
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
number of electrons removed
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
12
(iv) Explain briefly why the fourth ionisation energy of phosphorus is higher
than expected compared to the third ionisation energy.
[5]
(c) (i) Draw dot and cross diagrams of NO and ClO2 and state the shape of
ClO2 drawn.
(ii) The boiling points of chlorine dioxide and chlorine are 11 oC and 34 oC
respectively. Explain the difference in their boiling points.
[6]
(d) The melting points of magnesium chloride and silicon tetrachloride are as
follows:
(i) Briefly relate these melting points to the structure and bonding in each
of these chlorides.
[4]
[Total: 20]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
13
S O
(a) A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics of the
reaction. The following results were obtained.
(b) Using collision theory, explain the effect of adding water on the rate and rate
constant of the reaction in (a).
[3]
(c) With the aid of a suitable diagram, explain why an increase in temperature
causes an increase in rate of formation of H2S.
[3]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
14
(d) One use of hydrogen sulfide is to produce sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The
latter dissolves in water readily to form an acidic solution.
[2]
(e) One of the side products of this reaction is ethanoic acid. When equal
amounts of sodium ethanoate and ethanoic acid are mixed, an acidic
buffer solution is obtained.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
(ii) With the aid of equations, describe how the acidic buffer solution works
as a buffer.
[3]
(f) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Sodium hydroxide can be titrated with aqueous
ethanoic acid or with aqueous hydrochloric acid. Which indicators from the
table below could you use for each of the two titrations. Explain your
answers.
Indicator pH range of colour change
Methyl orange 3.2 4.4
Bromophenol blue 2.8 4.6
Phenolphthalein 8.2 10.0
[3]
[Total: 20]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
15
[1]
(b) Give the structural formula of compound C and give its IUPAC name.
[2]
(c) Suggest a reason why aqueous sodium hydroxide was used in this
procedure.
[1]
(d) The reaction mixture in the flask developed a light brown colour, which
becomes black on heating to about 170 C. Suggest a possible identity for
the black colouration.
[1]
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
16
[1]
OHC OC(CH3)2COOH
Cl CH=CHCH3
(v) Draw the structure of the product formed when mecoprop reacts with
I PCl5
II CH3CH2OH
8872/JC2 Prelim/YJC/P2/2010
2010 H1 Preliminary Examination
Paper 1: MCQ
1 C 11 B 21 A
2 D 12 A 22 A
3 B 13 A 23 B
4 B 14 D 24 B
5 C 15 B 25 C
6 A 16 D 26 D
7 B 17 C 27 B
8 D 18 A 28 C
9 A 19 C 29 D
10 C 20 C 30 B
2
Paper 2
Section A
26 27
Al Al
Protons:
13 13
Neutrons:
15 14
Electrons:
13 13
Isotopes are element with the same atomic number (number of protons)
but different mass number (due to different number of neutrons).
(iii) Given that the relative atomic mass of Al is 26.8. Calculate the relative
abundance of both isotopes.
26 27
Let the relative abundance of Al be x, the relative abundance of Al
be (100-x)
x = 20%
26 27
The relative abundance of Al is 20%, the relative abundance of Al is
80%
[5]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
3
(b) Aluminium reacts with chloride to form aluminium chloride, AlCl3. In the
vapour state, the apparent molecular mass of aluminium chloride is 267.
(ii) Explain in terms of structure and bonding, why solid aluminium chloride
does not conduct electricity.
(iii) Explain, with the aid of an equation, why aluminium chloride is able to
conduct electricity in water.
[6]
[Total: 11]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
4
2 (a) After consuming food the pH in mouth can drop from pH 6.8 to a pH of about
4.8 as the sugar is broken down to lactic acid. In time, the hydrogen
carbonate ions (HCO3-) in saliva restore the pH to its original value.
(ii) Write an ionic equation to show how hydrogen carbonate ions restore
the pH to its original value.
HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2
[2]
(b) Ammonia is manufactured in the Haber process according to the equation:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) (H = -92.4 kJ mol1)
(i) State the typical conditions used in the Haber process and explain how
the yield is affected using Le Chateliers Principle.
Temperature: 500C
[4]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
5
(c) (i) In the space provided below, sketch a graph of the melting point of
oxides of elements from sodium to sulphur.
(ii) Explain as fully as you can why the melting point varies in the way
shown.
Oxides of Na, Mg and Al are ionic, hence they have high melting
and boiling points. Increasing melting points of the oxides are
due to increasing lattice energies of the compounds.
SiO2 has a giant molecular structure. Numerous strong SiO
covalent bonds must be broken before melting occurs. Hence it
has high melting and boiling points as well.
Oxides of P and S have simple molecular structures with weak
VDW interactions between the discreet molecules which need to
be overcome before melting occurs. Hence they have low melting
points.
[5]
[Total: 11]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
6
A B
C CH2CH3 C H
O O
C D
Ethanol Chloroethane
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2Cl
[4]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
7
Br Br
III
IV
dil H2SO4, KMnO4
heat
(i) What are the reagents and conditions used in Steps I, II and III?
[4]
[Total: 8]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
8
4 Our bodies get energy by the digestion and metabolism of food. A combustion
reaction occurs in our bodies when glucose, C6H12O6 is burned in the presence of
oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and heat is produced. The energy released in the
combustion of food molecules is converted into heat energy (to maintain our
constant body temperature), mechanical energy (to move our muscles), and
electrical energy (for nerve transmission). The total amount of energy released by
the digestion and metabolism of food is called its calorie content.
50 cm3 of water was added to the calorimeter and 0.35 g of food corn puffs
combusted. A temperature rise of 20 C was recorded.
8872/YJC/P2/2010
9
(iv) Convert calories per gram of food to nutritional Calories/ gram of food
(Cal/g).
[7]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
10
8872/YJC/P2/2010
11
Section B
8872/YJC/P2/2010
12
(b) The sketch below shows the first five ionisation energy for phosphorus.
-1
Ionisation energy / kJmol
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
number of electrons removed
(iii) On the sketch above, draw an X to indicate a value for the 6th
ionisation energy of phosphorus.
X
-1
Ionisation energy / kJmol
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
number of electrons removed
8872/YJC/P2/2010
13
(c) (i) Draw dot and cross diagrams of NO and ClO2 and state the shape
of ClO2 drawn.
xx xx xx
x x x x
N x
x O x x O x Cl x O xx
ClO2: bent/v-shape
(ii) The boiling points of chlorine dioxide and chlorine are 11oC and
34oC respectively. Explain the difference.
Cl2 has instantaneous dipole induced dipole forces of attraction
between molecules.
8872/YJC/P2/2010
14
(d) The melting points of magnesium chloride and silicon tetrachloride are as
follows:
(i) Briefly relate these melting points to the structure and bonding in
each of these oxides.
MgCl2 has a giant ionic structure.
A lot of energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic
forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
q+ q-
Lattice energy
r+ + r-
[Total: 20]
8872/YJC/P2/2010
15
S O
(a) A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics of the
reaction. The following results were obtained.
8872/YJC/P2/2010
16
(b) Using collision theory, explain the effect of adding water on the rate and
rate constant of the reaction in (a).
Adding water lowers the concentration both reactants (less no of
moles of particles per unit volume). No of effective collision decrease,
rate decreases. Since there are no change to temperature, rate
constant remains unchanged/constant.
[3]
(d) One use of hydrogen sulfide is to produce sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The
latter dissolves in water readily to form an acidic solution.
8872/YJC/P2/2010
17
[3]
(f) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Sodium hydroxide can be titrated with
aqueous ethanoic acid or with aqueous hydrochloride acid. Which
indicators from the table below could you use for each of the two
titrations. Explain your answers.
Indicator pH range of colour change
Methyl orange 3.2 - 4.4
Bromophenol blue 2.8 4.6
Phenolphthalein 8.2 10.0
8872/YJC/P2/2010
18
H3C C C CH3
CH2CH3 [1]
(b) Give the structural formula of compound C and give its IUPAC name.
Br Br
H3C C C CH3
C2H5 H
2,3-dibromo-3-methylpentane
[2]
(c) Suggest a reason why aqueous sodium hydroxide was used in this
procedure.
[1]
To remove traces of conc H2SO4
8872/YJC/P2/2010
19
(d) The reaction mixture in the flask developed a light brown colour, which
becomes black on heating to about 170 C. Suggest a possible
identity for the black colouration.
Carbon
[1]
(e) State the type of reaction involved in the formation of C from B.
Addition
[1]
OHC OC(CH3)2COOH
Cl CH=CHCH3
OHC OC(CH3)2COOH
CH3
Cl C C
H H Cis-isomer
8872/YJC/P2/2010
20
OHC OC(CH3)2COOH
H
Cl C C
H CH3
Trans-isomer
(v) Draw the structure of the product formed when mecoprop reacts
with
I PCl5
II CH3CH2OH
Cl CH=CHCH3 Cl CH=CHCH3
8872/YJC/P2/2010