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Text :
Richard M.Felder and Ronald W.Rousseau,
"Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd Ed.,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2005.
References :
1) D.M.Himmelblau,
"Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering"
7th Ed., Prentice-Hall, Pub. Co., Inc., 2004.
2) R. H. Perry and D. W. Green, "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th
Ed.", McGraw Hill, Pub. Co., Inc., 2007.
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Grade :
Midterm examination : 30
Final examination : 30
Reports : 20
Attitude : 20[ -2/hr, -20(10~12 hrs), Over 13 hrs= F]
-----------------------------------------------------
Total : 100
Course Content :
1) Unit and Dimension
2) Process Variables
- mass[m], volume[V], flow rate[Q], temperature[T], pressure[P]
3) Material Balance
4) Energy Balance
Course Content :
- 2 -
Ch2. Introduction to Engineering Calculations
- 3 -
3) FPS Unit System(AEU : American Engineering Unit)
- Base Unit :
Time ; second[s]
Length ; feet[ft], 1ft=12in, 1in/cm=2.54
weight : pound force[lbf], weight of 1lbm, 1lbf/oz=16
Temperature : Fahrenheit[], 0=32, 100=212
2) Weight[W]
"A force exerted on the object by gravitational acceleration[g]."
gc = =
g gc g/gc
SI 9.8 m/s2 1 9.8 N/kg
FPS 32.2 lbmft/s2 32.2 lbmft/(lbf s2) 1 lbf/lbm
- 4 -
Ch3. Processes and Process Variables
- 5 -
g-mol mol Avogadro's number( 6.02*1023 molecules)
EX) What is the number of molecules in 1 lb-mol?
23
1 lb-mol = 454 g-mol = 454 * 6.02 * 10 molecules
2) Fraction and %
Fraction = % / 100
3.4 PRESSURE
Pressure = Force/Area
If P0 = 0 P = gh P h
2) Atmospheric Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Gauge Pressure
- 6 -
Pabs = Patmos. + Pgauge (3.4-4)
Psia = 14.7 + psig
- 7 -
3.5 TEMPERATURE
1) Measurement
Thermometer : Volume expansion of a liquid
Resistance thermometer : Electric resistance of a conductor
Thermocouple : Voltage at the junction of dissimilar metal
Bimetal : Difference in the thermal expansion of two metals
Pyrometer : Spectra of radiation
2) Scale
Basis : Melting point(Tm) and boiling point(Tb) of water @1atm.
Absolute Temperature : -273.15( -273), -459.67( -460)
Celcius scale : Tb = 100, Tm = 0 : centigrade scale
Fahrenheit scale : Tb = 212, Tm = 32
3) Scale Conversion
Conversion for T :
T[K] = T[] + 273 (3.5-1)
T[R] = T[] + 460 (3.5-2)
T[R] = 1.8T[K] (3.5-3)
T[] = 1.8T[] + 32 (3.5-4)
Conversion for T :
,
,
,
(3.5-5)
- 8 -
3.6 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
1) SGHg = 13.6 Hg[g/cm3]? ,[lbm/ft3]?
SGHg = Hg/H2O = Hg/(1g/cm3) = 13.6
Hg = 13.6 * 1g/cm3 = 13.6g/cm3
[mol/g-air] =
+
=0.0347mol(N2+O2)/g-air
= 28.8 g-air/mol-air
or :
= yN2MwN2 + yO2MwO2 = 0.79*(28g-N2/mol-N2) + 0.21*(32g-O2/mol-O2)
= 28.8g-air/mol-air
- 9 -
Ch4. Fundamentals of Material Balances
4.2 BALANCES
1) The General Balance Equation
- 10 -
4.3 MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS
1) Flowcharts
Symbolic presentation of chemical process ;
Quantity, Condition, Sequence
Block diagram
PFD(Process Flow Diagram)
P&ID(Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
2) Block diagram
Write down the value and unit of known stream variables.
Assign symbols to unknown stream variables.
Determine the required # of equations to get unknowns.
[Solution]
wB = ((2000kg/h * 0.45) * 0.08 = 72kg-B/h -------
By Benzene Balance : In = Out
2000 * 0.45 kg-B/h = 0.95D + 72
D = 870kg/h
By total balance
2000 = D + wB + wT = 870 + 72 + wT
wT = 1060kg-T/h
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4.4 BALANCES ON MULTIPLE-UNIT PROCESSES
- 12 -
Greek Symbols
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
eta
theta
lambda
mu
nu
xi
rho
tau
sigma
pi
phi
psi
omega
iota
kapa
omikron
upsilon
khi
- 13 -
4.5 RECYCLE AND BYPASS
1) General Chemical Process
Feed Storage
Recycle
Fresh Feed
Preconditioning
Bypass
Chemical Reaction
Reaction Mixture
Product Separation
Crude Product
Purge
Product Purification
Final Product
Product Storage
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4.6 BALANCES ON REACTIVE SYSTEMS
1) Stoichiometry(), Stoichiometric coefficient(, )
SO2 +(1/2)O2 SO3
2SO2 +(1)O2 2SO3
excess limiting
reactant reactant
t= 1mol 0mol 4mol
Fractional Conversion
f (moles reacted)/(moles fed) (4.6-2)
Fractional unreacted = 1-f
Extent of Reaction,
ni = ni0 + i* (4.6-3)
- 15 -
[Example 4.6-1] Reaction Stoichiometry
Ammoxidation of propylene Acrylonitrile
C3H6 + NH3 + 1.5O2 C3H3N + 3H2O
C3H6
nNH3
nC3H6 0.1
nO2
nNH3 0.12
nC3H3N
nAir 0.78
nH2O
nN2
[Solution]
2C3H6 + 2NH3 + 3O2 2C3H3N + 6H2O
i [-2] [-2] [-3] [2] [6]
t=0 10 12 0.78*0.21*100=16.4 0 0
5 6 5.47
NH3 % Excess =
* 100 = 20%
O2 % Excess =
* 100 = 9.3%
As f = 0.3
nC3H6 = (nC3H6)0 * (1-f) = 10 * 0.7 = 7[mol]
From Equation(4.6-3),
=
=
= 1.5
- 16 -
nN2 = n(N2)0 + N2 * = 16.4*(79/21) + 0 = 61.7 [mol]
3) Chemical Equilibrium : for reversible reaction
Series Reaction : A B C
Yield =
(4.6-4)
Selectivity =
(4.6-5)
- 17 -
4.7 BALANCES ON REACTIVE PROCESSES
1) Balances on Molecular and Atomic Species
Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Even if chemical reaction occurs, Atomic balance In = Out
- Overall Conversion=
(4.7-1)
- Single-Pass Conversion=
(4.7-2)
- 18 -
4.8 COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Fast oxidation at high temperature(T>1200)
Fuel + O2(air)
Not the product but the heat
Air = 21mole% O2 + 79mole% N2
Stack gas( flue gas)
Wet basis composition Dry basis composition
High calorific value Low calorific value
1) Combustion Chemistry
C CO2, CO
H H2O
S SO2 SO3....(SOX)
N NO, N2O, NO2, ....(NOX)
- 19 -
3) Material Balances on Combustion Reactors
[Example 4.8-3] Combustion of Ethane
C2H6, 50% Excess Air, f = 0.9, 25% CO-75% CO2
Flue gas composition?, H2O/(Dry fue gas)?
[Solution]
C2H6 + 3.5O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
[Basis : 100mol C2H6 ]
Theoretical O2 = 350mol
Theoretical Air =
= 1666.7 mol air
= 0.5
- 20 -
Ch5. Single-Phase Systems
2) Standard Conditions
O, 1atm 22.4/g-mol
32, 14.7psi 359ft3/lb-mol
pA = yA P (5.2-7)
vA = yA V (5.2-9)
- 21 -
5.3 EOS FOR NONIDEAL GASES
1) Critical Temperature and Pressure(TC, PC)
The highest temperature at which a species can coexist in liquid
and vapor is the TC and the corresponding pressure is the PC.
2) Virial EOS
P/RT
v = 1 + B/ v 2 + D/
v + C/ v 3 + E/
v 4 ... (5.3-1)
If B = C = D = ... = 0 Ideal Gas
Truncating after the 2nd term : P/RT
v = 1 + B/
v (5.3-2)
Calculate the reduced temperature(Tr)
Estimate B using equations(5.3-3) (5.3-5)
3) Cubic EOS
The van der Waals EOS
P = RT/( v2
v - b) - a/ (5.3-6)
where a = 27R Tc2/64Pc, b = RTc/8Pc
2
- 22 -
Ch6. Multiphase Systems
............
heat, work
- 23 -
7.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS
Closed system = No mass passing through the system boundary but
energy may passing through as heat or work.
+, - sign
Acc = In - Out (7.3-1)
U + Ek + Ep = Q -W (7.3-4)
U = 0 If no change in T, phase, or xi
Q = 0 If adiabatic
W = Ws + Wf
Ws = 0 If no moving part(shaft)
Wf = 0 If no moving boundary
[Solution]
1) Ek = 0, Ep = 0, W = 0 U = Q = 2kcal
2) Ek = 0, Ep = 0, U = 0 Q = w = 100J
- 24 -
7.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS AT STEADY STATE
1) Flow Work and Shaft Work
Wf = Win - Wout
= Pin*Vin - Pout*Vout (7.4-4)
H =
U + p
V (7.4-7)
H + Ek + Ep = Q -Ws (7.4-15)
- 25 -
7.5 TABLES OF THERMODYNAMIC DATA
1) Reference States and State Properties
As the absolute values of U, H, ... are not known, the reference
state is useful.
2) Steam Tables
Reference State : Triple point (0.01C, 0.00611bar) of water
Adiabatic : Q = 0
Ek = Ep = 0
[Solution]
- 26 -
H in(370C, 10bar) = 3159+[(370-350)/(400-350)] * (3264-3159)
3201[KJ/kg]
Out :
H out(1bar, saturated) = 2675.4[KJ/kg]
From Equation(7.4-15) : H = Q + Ws - Ek - Ep = Ws
From Equation(7.4-17) : H = m
H = Ws
2000kg/h (2575.4-3201)kJ/kg 1h kW
= 292kW
3600s kJ/s
- 27 -
Ch8. Balances on Nonreactive Processes
(Methods to Calculate H/m =
H , U/m =
U)
- 28 -
8.2 CHANGES IN PRESSURE AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
(8.3-6)
Ideal gas : exact
Solid or liquid : good approximation
Nonideal gas(Real gas) : Valid only if V is constant
(8.3-10a)
Ideal gas : exact
Nonideal gas(Real gas) : Exact only if P is constant
Solid or liquid (8.3-10b)
- 29 -
8.4 PHASE CHANGE OPERATIONS
1) Latent Heats
Heat of fusion(heat of melting) : Hm
Heat of vaporization : mv
Heat of sublimation : Hs
Hv Gas Hs
Hm
Liquid Solid
- 30 -
8.5 MIXING AND SOLUTION
gas - gas
liquid - liquid
solid - solid
gas - liquid - solid
- 31 -
Ch9. Balances on Reactive Processes
- 32 -
9.5 ENERGY BALANCES ON REACTIVE PROCESSES
[Example 9.5-1] Energy Balance About an Ammonia Oxidizer
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Standard heat of reaction = -904.6kJ/mol
[Solution]
25, 1atm
O2(g) : 75mol/s
NH3(g) 100mol/s
NO(g) : 100mol/s
O2(g) 200mol/s
H2O(g) : 150mol/s
- Enthalpy Table -
NH3
O2
H2O
Total
-904.6kJ/mol
H = * 100mol NH3/s + [niHi]out -[niHi]in
4mol NH3
- 33 -
- 34 -
9.6 FUELS AND COMBUSTION
1) Fuels and Their Properties
Solid fuels : coal, coke, wood, solid waste
Liquid fuels : Crude oil and its distillates
gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, heavy oil
: Fermented alcohols, liquified coal
Gaseous fuels :
LNG(Liquified Natural Gas) : C1 80%
LPG(Liquified Petroleum Gas) : C3 60 - 80%
C4, Acetylene, Hydrogen
HHV(Higher Heating Value) and LHV(Lower Heating Value)
HHV = LHV + nHvH2O@25
[Solution]
1) Composition on a mass basis
1 mol of fuel = 0.85mol of CH4(g) +0.15mol of C2H6(g) = 18.1 g
1g fuel = 0.751g CH4(g) +0.249g C2H6(g)
2) HHV calculation
(HHV)CH4(g) = (LHV)CH4(g) + (nH2O)*(
H v)H2O
= (802 + 2*44.013)[kJ/mol]/(16[mol/gCH4]) = 55.6 kJ/g
- 35 -
2) Adiabatic Flame Temperature
- 36 -