20279

January 1996 NREUTP-411-20279
Photovoltaic tion Equations:

A New Approach
Final Subcontract rt
A. J. Anderson
Sunset Technology
Highlands Ranch, Colorado
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, Colorado 80401-3393
A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
Managed by Midwest Research Institute
for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093
NREL/TP-411-20279 UC Category: 1250 DE96000507
Photovoltaic lation Equations:

A New Approach
Final Subcontract
A. J. Anderson
Sunset Technology
Highlands Ranch, Colorado
NREL technical monitor: L. Mrig

1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, Colorado 80401-3393
A national laboratory of
the U.S. Department of Energy
Managed by Midwest Research Institute
for the U.S. Department of Energy
under contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093
Prepared under Subcontract No. TAD-4-14166-01
January 1996
This publication was reproduced from the best available camera-ready copy
submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL
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I
INTRODUCTION
The author is grateful for the guidance provided by Richard DeBlasio and Laxmi Mrig, managers
for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In addition, the author wishes to thank Ben
I Kroposki, Keith Emery, and Carl Osterwald of the NREL technical staff for their assistance in
gathering test data and for providing many helpful suggestions.
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FOREWORD
The equations and methodology presented in this report are intended to improve the accuracy
and to simplify the translating of PV performance values from one set of temperature and r:n
irradiance conditions to any other set of conditions. It should be noted that many such methods : ll
u
are available, all varying in the degree of mathematical and physical sophistication and difficulty.
The equations presented herein are intended to provide engineers and analysts with a simple yet
accurate means of performing the calculations with an ordinary handheld calculator. The
introduction of dimensionless temperature and irradiance coefficients further simplifies matters
because these coefficients are the same (or nearly so) for a cell, module, panel, or large complex
array, and in many cases are very similar for PV products of different manufacturers.
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INTRODUCTION
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This work was performed under NREL Subcontract No. TAD-4-14166-01. It resulted from a need
to develop a better method for predicting the performance of photovoltaic devices over a wide
range of temperature and irradiance conditions. Frequently such performance is only known at
one condition, and the need to extrapolate these results to some other set of conditions is
essential. The most commonly used method of translating PV performance from one condition
to another was difficult to use and was found to produce poor results at low irradiance levels.
Because the mos! frequently occurring irradiance conditions are either very high (900 to 1000
.,
W/m or very low (200 to 300 W/m*, the translation equations need to be valid over a wide
I range of conditions to be useful.
I
Some initial work on this subject was performed in collaboration with NREL personnel
I participating on the IEEE-SCC 21 PV standards committee. During this work, a test program
was conducted that revealed the inaccuracies of the then-current methods. This, in tum, led to
the support of this new method by NREL. It should be mentioned that work is continuing on the
development of new, improved equations. These will be even simpler to use, they will account
for changes in fill factor, and they will be expanded to include equations for the current and
voltage at the maximum power point (lmax and V..,.J.
* Low irradiance occurs very frequently as a result of overcast conditions, intermittent cloud
passage, and every day at sunrise and sunset.
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CONTENTS
Page
Clause
1 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 3
2 HISTORY..................................................................................................................... 5
3 BACKGROUND ............................... . . . ......................................................................... 6
4 DERIVATION ?
........................................................................................................ . . . . . . .
5 EQUATION CHECKS ................................................................................................. 13
6 PROCESS .................................................................................................................. 20
Appendixes
1 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................. 22
2 APPENDIX 8 ........................................................................................................ ..... 29
3 APPENDIX C ................................................................. . . .......................................... 70
v
vi
PHOTOVOLTAIC TRANSLATION EQUATIONS
I A NEW APPROACH
1 Summary
New equations were developed for the purpose of evaluating the performance of photovoltaic
cells, modules, panels, and arrays. These equations enable the performance values
determined at one condition of temperature and irradiance to be translated to any other
condition of temperature and irradiance. The equations were developed to satisfy the following
goals:
The equations should more accurately translate the short-circuit

I current, lsc. and the open-circuit voltage, V0c . In particular, the
influence of irradiance on V0c should be more accurately treated.
The equations should more accurately and more simply translate

i the 1-V curve data point pairs, I; and V; .
1
The equations should be based on the use of dimensionless
coefficients such that a and J3 have units of oc - , and not, for
example, amps/ oc or volts/ C.
I An equation should be developed for translating the maximum

power without involving the translation of lsc . V0c, or any 1-V data
pairs.
All of these goals were successfully met. The data which is presented in this report shows
good agreement between the analytical predictions made with the new equations versus actual
test measurements, and superior performance when compared to the current translation
equations. The agreement is usually within 5%, which is very good considering that the data
used undoubtedly contain some measurement errors, and that the translations were made over
an extremely wide range of temperature and irradiance conditions:
For device temperatures from 25 C to 75 C
For irradiance levels from 100 to 1000 W/m2
In spite of the success of this program, further evaluation of these equations is necessary.
Additional checks need to be made for other PV technologies, for larger modules, and for
modules that have less-than-perfect performance characteristics, such as shunts. Also, some
improvements to the equations themselves are possible. The equations presented are a
compromise between simplicity, accuracy, and convenience.
A comparison between the currently used equations and the new equations is presented on
Table 1.
I
. '
Table 1
COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL (JPL) TRANSLATION EQUATIONS AND THE NEW EQUATIONS
(
OLD EQUATIONS NEW EQUATIONS
lsc1
1 ). lsc2 lsc1 + lsc 1 -1) +a (T2 T1) 1). 1 SC2 -
[1 +a (T1 - T2 )] [ E1 I E2]
_
=
!!. lsc = lsc2 - lsc1
No equation available for direct computation of V0c2 V. Voc1

OC2- [ 1 + P (T T2)] [1 8 - n(E 1 j
_
2). 2).
1- + l 1 E2)
)
3). 1-V Data Pair Translation: 3). 1-V Data Pair Translation:
A. V2 =
V1 - p (T2 - T1 ) - !!. lsc Rs - k (T2 - T1) b A. v2 = v.,
. (voc2
VOC1
B. b = l1 + !!. lsc B. 12 =I, (IlsczJ

set
4). P2 l2 v2
=
4). P2 = l2v2
l 2 2
5). No equations available for PMAX 5). PMAX2 = PMAX1 . ( lsc ) (Voc ) , or
sc1 . Voc 1
R
PMAX1 . (E2 I E1)
MAX2- [1+y (T1- T2)][1+1lln (E11E2)]
['--:--:_ .: ,..
t;_;:
''j' C::J r : c : b.__ d
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2 History
The history of the translation equations currently used throughout the world dates back to an
IEEE paper' by J. D. Sandstrom of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) published in 1967. This
work was performed in conjunction with Mars and Venus space mission analysis. The paper
presents some very good correlative results between experimental measurements and the
resultant analytical predictions over a cell temperature range from 20 C to 130 C, and over
an irradiance range of 500 W/m2 to 3000 W/m2. The equations presented in this 1967 paper
are the same as those used today:
where E =
iradiance, W/m2
I =
current, amps
lsc =
short circuit current, amps
v = voltage, volts
T =
cell temperature, C
o; =
current coefficient, amps/ C
13 =
voltage coefficient, volts/ C
Rs =
module series resistance ohms
p =
power, watts
k = curve correction factor
1 and 2 =
conditions at a specific irradiance level and cell temperature.
These equations have been in widespread use for nearly 30 years and are employed in ASTM
Standard E1 036 and in IEC Standard 891. Almost all of the field performance measurements,
all system sizings, and all of the PV manufacturer's factory data analysis are based on these
equations.
1"AMethod for Predicting Solar Cell Current-Voljage Curve Characteristics as a Function of Incident Solar Intensity
and Cell Temperature", J.D. Sandstrom, JPL, Conference Record of the Sixth Photovoltaic Specialist Conference,
IEEE, Cocoa Beach, Florida March 1967.
3 Background
Interest in translation equations arose at an IEEE SCC21 meeting in San Ramon, California, on
January 16, 1991. This IEEE group was working on some new versions of the Sandstrom
equations using dimensionless coefficients (actually C ' units) for a and 13. Module testing
was conducted to check on the correctness of these new equations.
To perform this equation check, a matrix of 1-V curve data was generated for a wide variety of
irradiance levels, module temperatures, and PV technologies. It was found that the proposed
equations did not check well with the test data. More importantly, it was found that the original
Sandstrom equations did not check well with the test data either.
The form of the equations for illsc and 12 suggests that the temperature effect on
current is independent of irradiance; i.e., the term a (T2 - T,) gives the same

number of milliamps of change at 100 W/m2 as it would at 1000 W/m2 irradiance.

This is incorrect; the effect is actually proportional to irradiance. Sandstrom noted
this by stating that a is not a constant, but varies with irradiance. However, in
today's usage of these equations, a is treated as a constant. So, the original
equation of Sandstrom is correct, but the usage of it is erroneous. The problem is
easily solved by modifying the current equation as follows:
The irradiance effect on V0c is accounted for by the term illsc R8, and for his data
(single cell with R8 = 0.5 ohm) Sandstrom found a good correlation. However, if one
visualizes an experiment wherein a variable series resistor is built into a PV module
and then V0c is measured at two different irradiance levels, it will be found that the
Vac values measured at these two light levels are the same no matter how much the
series resistance is changed. In fact, for the data presented herein, the
polycrystalline module has a series resistance of 6.1 ohms, and the single crystalline
module has a series resistance of 1.2 ohms, and yet they have nearly identical
voltage - irradiance characteristics (neither of which matches the illsc R8 equation).
However, the V0cs do match the following equation:
Voc1
oc2- [1 + 8 In (E1/E )]
6). V. _
2
Note that this equation is also completely independent of the module series resistance.
The accuracy of the Sandstrom equations can, therefore, be improved by making the two
corrections discussed above. However, even better equations can be derived.
4 Derivations
The modified Sandstrom equations still rely on a and i3 coefficients that carry dimensions,
amps/ C and volts/ C. This means that anytime a manufacturer "rearranges" the circuit by
changing cell size, changing the number of cells in a module, or by changing the series-parallel
cell arrangement in a module, these coefficients change. Also, if a user has more than one
module, the coefficients are different depending on whether he connects the modules in series,
in parallel, or in a combination series-parallel arrangement. It was found that much of the time
the wrong coefficients were being used. So, modified Sandstrom equations were developed
based on "neutered" coefficients because these are independent of the configuration. When
used this was they are constants.
When the a and 13 coefficients have dimensions of amps/C and volts/C, they are defined as:
7).
8).
Transposing these and solving for lsc2 and V0c2 gives the following:
9). lsc2 lsc1 +a (T2 T1 )
= . -
But when the coefficients are "neutered", they are defined as follows:
11).
12).
These equations transpose to the following:
13). lsc2 [1 + a (T1 - T2)

]
=

14).
And, if we now account for any irradiance changes, these equations become:
15).
16).
These are the new equations for l5c and V0c that are being presented and evaluated. These
equations incorporate the following features and characteristics:
The form of the 15c equation has been changed such that the irradiance level
"magnifies" or "shrinks" the temperature correction effect.
A V0c equation has been derived that accounts for the irradiance using a
logarithmic term rather than as a series resistance effect.
The coefficients a. and i3 have been "neutered," and the equation form has been
altered to account for this new definition of a. and !3.
The next major goal pursued was developing a better method for translating 1-V curve data
points. The Sandstrom equations were lengthy and difficult to use and relied upon the
knowledge of the module (or panel, or array) series resistance and on another mysterious
constant, k, known as the curve correction factor. Another bothersome point was the unusual
translation of points; lsc1 did not translate to l5c2 and Voc1 did not translate to Voc2 A new
idea was tried based on translating 1-V data from condition 1 to condition 2 along lines of
constant load resistance. This would result in l5c1 translating to l5c2 along the line R = 0 ohms,
and, V0c1 would translate to V0c2 along the line R = co. The 1-V point pairs in between would
similarly translate along lines of constant resistance with values of R = V; I I; .
R = OO
R = 50
R= 200
R = 500
I
This idea remained dormant until July 4, 1993 when the analysis was resumed. The
idea of translating along lines of constant load resistance was studied, but was never
perfected. In the midst of a very lengthy derivation of the constant load resistance
translation equations, a new concept evolved. A set of equations that satisfied the goal
( )
that lsc1 would translate to lsc2 , and Voc1 would translate to V0c2 was simply to multiply
each current point by the l sc ratio, and to multiply each voltage point by the Voc ratio :
lsc2
l 17). 12 = I, .
ISC1
I
' 18).
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'
19).
j . These equations were given a preliminary check by translating approximately ten 1-V
curve data sets, and then checking these against actual test data. The translations
were nearly perfect.
With equations 15), 16), 17), and 18) verified, it was now a simple matter to theorize a
I new translation equation for the maximum power, PMAX . Because each of the 11 x V1
i and 12 x V2 products represents a power point, if equations 17) and 18) are multiplied
together, a very simple equation for translating any power point (including Pmax) is
( )( )
obtained:
l Vocz
20). _ . 1. scz
RMAX 2- RMAX
lsc1 V oc 1
Frequently, 150 and V00 values are not known (such as would occur with an inverter
operating at maximum power). Therefore, a power translation equation based on
temperature and irradiance measurements is also desirable. Substituting 15) and 16)
into 20) gives:
21).
To keep things simple, assume for the moment that T1 = Tz , so 21) becomes:
22.)
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lj
H.' .
J.
'.
One might be tempted to simplify this by assuming that 8 In (E1I E2) "' 0. However,
n

this will cause significant errors. This term is very important, and it helps explain several
puzzles: :J
For small changes in irradiance (at any irradiance level, low or high), the
maximum power seems to be directly proportional to irradiance. The reason is
that the term In (E1 I E2) is small when ( E11 E2) "' 1 because ln(1) = 0 and the
term [1 + 8 In (E1I E2)! "' 1. Therefore, P2"' P1 (E1 I E2).

o
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t:
A plot of maximum power versus irradiance <Pmax vs E) is usually very linear, but
does not appear to pass through the 0, 0 point on the plot as it should. The
reason for this is because the term [1 + 8 In (E1I E2)] is normally small until E2
gets very close to 0. Then, as E2 -+ 0, [1 + 8 In (E1 I E2)] -+ oo and P2 -+ 0.

Finally, between equations 21) and 22) it was assumed that T1 = T2 to simplify the
derivation of 24). We now need to re-insert the temperature effect. This is best
accomplished by introducing a new power-temperature coefficient, y, which is defined as
follows:
23).
When this is transposed and combined with equation 22), the final equation for PMAX is
obtained:
fl
24).
d
Equations for the maximum power point current and voltage, I max and V max translation
are also being developed, but have not been adequately checked against test data at
this point. However, equations for fill factor (FF1 and FF2) can be stated by definition:
25).
26).
0
.
n
.
n 1
One final point needs to be discussed. The astute reader has probably noticed that
when the coefficients a, J3, y, and o were non-dimensionalized, the neutering
denominator was selected as the condition 2 value; e.g., see equations 11), 12) and 23).
It might be logically asked: "Why was this done, and what would have happened if
condition 1 had been selected as the neutering denominator?" T o answer this question,
consider the following derivation using V00 as the example.
Because the data correction is normally made from some hot field condition (V001 , T1 )
to the standard condition CVoc2 , T2 = 25 C), the "neutering denominator" could logically
be the STC value which in this case is V0c2. Hence, the "neutered J3" is defined as:
27).
Rearranging this equation results in the equation for voltage using the "neutered J3":
28).
Now, one might argue that this equation is good for correcting hot field test data back to
STC, but what if the translation were made the other way, from STC (lsc1 , Voc1 , Pmax 1
, T1 , E1) to the hot field condition Osc2 , V0c2 , Pmax2 , T2 , E2). In this case, wouldn't a
different equation 28) evolve? Because the "neutering denominator" used to calculate J3
was Voc at 25 C, this would now be called V001 as a result of the reverse translation:
29).
Rearranging and solving for V0c2 gives what appears to be a different equation:
30). V0c2 = Voc1

[ 1 + J3 (T2- T1)]

So, one might think that the basic equation 28) is only valid for a one-way translation,
and equation 30) is needed for translating the other way but, it will now be shown that
equations 28) and 30) are nearly identical. Consider an example wherein J3 = -0.004
C _, , V001 = 20.0 volts, T1 = 25 C and T2 = 50 C:
[ 1 + J3 (T1- T2 )]
28). Voc2 =
20
Voc2 = 1-0.004(25-50) = 18.18 volts
V0c2 = 20 [ 1 - 0.004 (50- 25)] = 18.00 volts ./
So, the error is very small (1%), and the same equation can be used for correcting
either from STC or to STC, or actually, between any two points. The bottom line is that
the neutered coefficients and the resultant equations are not exact (they may in fact not
be as accurate as their non-neutered counterparts), but they do give a very good
approximation, and they offer one outstanding benefit .... the neutered coefficients are
constant .... they do not change (significantly) for a cell, a series module, a series
parallel module, a panel, or an array.
The remaining question is: "which numerical value of V0c should be used to "neuter'' the
voltage versus temperature slope?" Because this equation is for general use between
any two conditions (and STC may not be one of them) the best choice is probably a
mid-range value of V0c for the irradiance and temperature range of interest.
5 Equation Check
A matrix of data was obtained on three modules: a Siemens single-crystal silicon
module, a Siemens amorphous thin-film silicon module, and a Solarex polycrystalline
silicon module. This matrix was obtained by warming the module to the desired
temperature and maintaining it at that temperature by means of a flat, heater blanket
located under the module. The entire module and heater assembly was installed in a
solar simulator. When the desired temperature was reached, 1-V curves were taken with
various porous filters covering the module. For the test series described in this report,
very thin paper tissues were employed for filtration. These are actually full of small
openings, so the light that penetrates was not spectrally altered. For each of the six
temperature conditions (25, 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75C) , a total of ten different filter layers
were used (0, 1, 2 .... 9 layers). So, a 6X10 matrix (temperature x number of filters)
was obtained. The 2filter layers were selected to give irradiance levels from
2
approximately 100 W/m to 1000 W/m .
Although it may seem like a complex task to obtain the required 60 1-V curves for each
module, it was actually very simple and was easily accomplished in about 3-4 hours for
each of the 3 modules. Tables 1, 2, and 3 (see Appendix A) present a summary of this
ma trix data (18c, V0c, and Pmax ).
Using the summary data from Tables 1, 2, and 3, the coefficients a, 13, y, and 8
were determined as follows for the three different PV technologies.
Equation Single- Poly- Thin-Film

Coefficient Crvstal C[Ystalline Silicon
oc -1
a, 0.00095 0.00090 0.00036
13 ' oc -1
-0.0031 -0.0040 -0.0028
oc -1
y, -0.0033 -0.0047 -0.0020
8 0.085 0.110 0.063
Note that the coefficient, 8, is inherently dimensionless because of the logarithmic

nature of the equation in which it is used.
The equations in which these coefficients are used are reiterated as follows:
lsc1
I SC2-
[1 +a (T1- T2)] [(E1 I Ez)]
_
Voc1
VOC2-
[1 + (T1 - T2)] [1 + 8 Ari(E1 I E2 )]
_
(ISC2) (Voc2J
_
PMAX 2 =
PMAX1 .
lsc1
--
Voc1
. -
-
, or
PMAX1 (Ez I E1)

PMAX2 = -----"-=-'-------'--..!::...._..
.:__
...! ___

[1 )] [ 1 )j
-
+ y (T1- T 2
+ 8 In (E1 I E2

p MAX2
FFz
=
lscz Vocz
These equations translate lsc, Voc, and PMAX from the measured value at an irradiance level of
E, , and a module temperature of T1 , to a new value at an irradiance level of E2, and a module
temperature of T2 .The equations are valid for translation between any two conditions.
To check on the validity of the equations, analytical calculations were performed using these
coefficients and equations to predict each of the 60 matrix entries using the single STC value
as a starting point. Tables 4, 5, and 6 present these analytically derived matrices (see Appendix
A). In other words, using a single STC value for lsc, V0c, and PMAX, the other 59 entries in each
matrix were analytically predicted . The comparison between these analytical predictions and
actual measurements can be made by comparing Tables 1, 2, and 3 (actual) to Tables 4, 5,
and 6 (predicted). It will be noted that good agreement exists between the analytical predictions
and the actual measurements for all three PV technologies.
These table-to-table comparisons are provided on the following pages (with the actual vs
predicted values shown on the same sheet).
After translating lsc and Voc using the above equations, the complete 1-V curve can next be
translated by using the following equations for each 1-V pair.
for each current point on the 1-V curve, and
for each corresponding voltage point .
A total of 114 1-V curves were translated and were then plotted on the actual measured 1-V
curve plots for this translated condition. These comparative plots are presented in Appendix B.
In these examples, a reverse translation is demonstrated: the 1-V curves at STC are translated
to various non-standard temperature and irradiance conditions.
The Appendix B results show that these new translation equations demonstrate good
agreement for thin film silicon, polycrystalline, and single-crystal modules.
The new equations were next checked against the ASTM E1036 standard equations. A total of
54 1-V curves were translated using the ASTM E1036 standard equations, 18 each for single
crystal, polycrystalline, and thin-film silicon modules. Within the group of 18 translations for
each technology were a matrix of 1-V curve data for three modules temperatures (25, 45 and 65
2
C) and six irradiance levels (approximately 1000, 650, 450, 350, 225, and 125 WI m ). For
each technology, 13-14 1-V data pairs were chosen from the STC 1-V curve, and then a
reverse translation was performed, wherein each data pair was translated to a non-standard
temperature and irradiance data pair. The new equations were also used to make comparative
translations. With the new equations, no modification or algebraic manipulation was necessary
to accomplish the reverse translation; i.e. , the equations work properly between any two
conditions because "dimensionless" coefficients (actually, units of oc-1 ) are used. For the
ASTM E1036 reverse translation, modified equations had to be derived because even though
the current coefficient, a, is "dimensionless," the voltage coefficient, J3, is not and carries units
I of volts/ C.
Appendix C presents the graphical results for the 54 1-V curves that were translated using both
the new equations and the standard ASTM E1036 equations. These analytical results are
shown plotted against the actual test 1-V curve traces. The following conclusions can be drawn
from these plots and the analytical operations:
At 1000 WI m2 irradiance, the ASTM standard equations and the new equations give
nearly identical 1-V curve translations. Agreement with the actual measured 1-V curves
is excellent for all of the module temperatures and for all three technologies.

As irradiance is reduced, the ASTM E1036 equations become increasingly erroneous.
For example, the voltage error for the three technologies and the three module
temperatures averages about 6% at 450 W / m2, and about 15% at 125 W / m2.
As irradiance is reduced, the new equations remain very accurate. For example, the
voltage error for the three technologies and the three module temperatures averages
about 2% at 450 WI m2, and about 5% at 125 WI m2.

The ASTM E1036 standard erroneously treats irradiance and temperature effects on
current as additive effects, whereas they are actually multiplicative effects. This results
in an erroneous translation of lsc , but the error is small.
The ASTM E1036 standard equations contain at least three typographical equation
errors, and possibly six sign errors. The obvious typographical errors were corrected
before the comparative analysis was performed. The remaining sign errors (if they are
in fact actually errors) are believed to have only a small effect on the results, and were
not corrected.
The ASTM E1036 standard equations are very complex and difficult to use,
particularly when hand calculation methods are employed .
The new equations are very easy to use, and are well-suited to hand calculation
methods.

The new equations can be used to translate between any two conditions; STC need
not be one of these conditions.
The new equations are based on neutered coefficients, and hence, the same
coefficients and equations can be used for single cells, series-connected modules,
parallel-connected modules, series/parallel-connected modules, panels, and even entire
arrays with the modules connected in any manner.
6 Process
The complete process for gathering data, evaluating it, computing coefficients, and, finally,
actually using the coefficients, is summarized as follows:
STEP 1 : A matrix of data is first derived. This matrix is obtained by warming the module
to the desired temperature and maintaining it at that temperature by means of a heater
blanket located under the module. The entire module and heater assembly are installed
in a solar simulator. When the desired temperature is reached, 1-V curves are taken
with various porous filters covering the module. Screens or thin paper tissues can be
employed as filters. These have many small openings, so the light that penetrates will
not be spectrally altered. For each temperature condition (25, 45 and 65C as a
minimum) , at least three different filter layers shou1d used. These p 1ters should give
four irradiance levels from approximately 250 W/m to 1000 W/m (0, 1, 2 and 3
layers). So, a minimum 3X4 matrix (temperature x number of filters) will be obtained
resulting in 12 data sets for the module.
Although it may seem like a complex task to obtain the required 12 1-V curves for each
module, it is actually very simple, and can be easily accomplished in about 3-4 hours for
a module.
STEP 2: The 1-V curve summary data is next transferred to data sheets that tabulate lsc
, V0c and Pmax as a function of module temperature and irradiance. An examination of
these tabulations will sometimes reveal erroneous data that can then be discarded or
corrected by re-test.
STEP 3: The irradiance for each filter set is computed using the measured values of
lsc. find assuming that the lsc value measured with no-filter equates to an irradiance
2
level of 1000 W/m .
STEP 4: A plot of Voc vs module temperature is made, and a best-fit line (least squares
fit or eyeball) is made through the data points. Because V0c is (nearly always) linear
with temperature, discrepancies between the data points and the line can be used to
deduce the "true" module temperature. Again, an examination of this plot will
sometimes reveal erroneous data, which can then be discarded or corrected by re-test.
Repeat this process for lsc and Pmax vs module temperature.
STEP 5: Determine the slope of lsc , V0c, and Pmax versus temperature for each
irradiance level (actually for each filter set).
STEP 6: For each irradiance level, determine the slope of V0c versus the natural
logarithm of irradiance (In E) for each module temperature.
STEP 7: The coefficients a, 13, y, and o are next computed. Use the average value of
the slopes obtained for a given variable. For example, for each irradiance level a slope
of Voc vs temperature was determined. These should be averaged. For the "neutering
denominator," use the avere or mid-range value of the dependent variable (for
example, use the V0c at 45 C and 600 W/m2 for neutering the average of the V0c vs
temperature slopes to compute 13).
STEP 8: Now the equations with the coefficients are ready to use for any combination
of module temperature and irradiance.
STEP 9: To translate an 1-V curve from a field test condition to STC, use the equations
and constants wherein:
Subscript 1 = field test condition
Subscript 2 = STC
To translate an 1-V curve from STC to some field condition, use the same equations and
constants, but use:
Subscript 1 = STC
Subscript 2 = field condition
STEP 1 0: The complete 1-V curve (actually the 1-V data point pairs) is very easy to
translate, and can be quickly accomplished using a hand-held calculator:
a). Translate lsc1 to l5c2 using the lsc translation equation.
b). Translate Voc1 to V0c2 using the V0c translation equation.
c). Translate each 1-V current data point by multiplying by the l5c2 / lsc1 ratio.
d). Translate each 1-V voltage data point by multiplying by the V0c2 Noc1 ratio.
STEP 1 1 : Translate Pmax using one of the two equations provided. One is a "stand
alone" equation that does not require any lsc, V0c or 1-V data pair translations. The
other equation is based on the lsc and V0c translation ratios, and is very simple to
use.
In summary, all of the goals have been successfully met. The data that is presented in this
report shows good agreement between the analytical predictions made with the new equations
versus actual test measurement and superior performance when compared to the current
translation equations. In spite of the success of this program, further evaluation of these
equations is necessary. Additional checks need to be made for other PV technologies, for
larger modules, and for modules that have less-than-perfect performance characteristics, such
as shunts. Also, some improvements to the equations themselves are possible.
APPENDIX A
COMPARATIVE VALUES FOR lsc, Voc, PMAX
ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS VS ANALYTICAL PREDICTIONS
TABLES 1 -6
- -
T ABLE 1
ACT UAL MEASUREMENT S- MAT RIX DAT A SUMMARY- SINGLE CRYST AL SILICON
NUMBER OF FILTERS- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
@ C - -----
-- -
lsc
----- -- - --- - ... -
II 'I
------ . ---
315
....... ., ____
17'. .11
-
.
25 5'78 418 -
-
!3.3 'Ill
.ct \_!:! . - ,l,O ?.ll
! ':)1. -- ! P

-
.
__

ol57 133

@35 oc
-L _,_,>!?._]___ L -l'!i. .!.J.18 _D_I'IS II - - -- -- -- ------ --- --- -
.... -- s_: oc-=-=:=

_ __ _ __ ___
- - -
, 'l3 r ,(,0 .L\33 '333 .:.\''1 , liB __ _. 1 85 I ol3_'1 "" . --j3_8_

____ ------- - -- -- - --
-@55 oc ------
@65-"c
.'\38' >'l '13'\ 331. :l'71 117 "lll 1.5"'! , IH .II'!
.11 7
--
j_ _ - ----
-- - --- ---

q'-1?. '{.14 .4'-jo 335 ol70 ''-':l '185 ol !i'l I '3"1 'qo
.

. . .. .___ @15 oc 'l!i3 (,06 .'-\'-\0 3'-1.3 ,?.n .'l lqo ol I 1.18 I l:l'J ,qo;.;
- -
-
- -- r-------
Voc- !Y :, "IJ
0.31 111.so 1'1.0?. 18'. 73 18'.3 17. 17 17.1
1'1.'37 \!!,Ill D.:" -
@35 "IJ '"'' l'lot"l ll'o_"}J I i"i"l _lld-:1 J1. t 11 . 0"8 !1. ;!'l l?.o.a "L17_ lq,,s
@45 \J l'l.l'l. Iii.. li.al 11. 'iS l7.S3 17. y I''! " 70 I' I t.ol 1'1.07
@55 oc l!l.S"I! 1&',0'-J \7, '3 17 :n IC.o&'l I. Sli le., ?.6' lr.,o'! 15"o18 IS', 5'f I,PJ
-
@65 C IS, 1'-l 11. C3 1/.:ll IC.o8'3 "So I. :11 1, li IS,;!. \5" .3'

1)5", II 18, Otf
@75 C 11.1.\'7 I'' q'J 15'5 IC..?.o IS. B'i 15.5'3 15 .25' .I'!, '17 1'-lo?O IJ'l. '15 17.3"1
-- - --
-
-
I:= !'max em b oc
I' t:.'-1 7.'13 5' Pi
. L/,oe '3.5 ,.,57 ';! oq 1.73 1.48 I, :13 1:1, ""
t -- 1,qo 1-J, oq 3.1" lo11 1.18

oc
@35 !), y ;l,Oq 1.4\ 1. I'I
J
1::1.:1'3 :l.5"
@45 oc \ lo 3 1.!5'8 s,Jo \1,93 :3' 0'/ '). '14 I. '19 I. 5 1.3(. 1.17 llo n. ---
:: :g
\1,4?.. 1o2l s,o? 3./i'l :l,qr; ?..:11 I. 87 I. S'7 l .32. 1.13 II, ;:;
llo 07 7.)1 1-\, H 3.t:.'l :An ;;1.3?.. 1.8'-1 lo53 lo C. l.o, '"%
1-J: 75 :lo76 lo'-17 I, O'i 10 '1'1
I-
.. @75 oc 10,57 '73 .5'8 i :/, l!! 178 \. :17.. --
...-
-
3(. g-(. ;l'?3 ICfl I& IS I ClO I

-
"'"ne WI m" IOOO (.35' 45C! 14C..
-- --
.
- -- - -- - ---- - - ---
TABLE2
ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS. MATRIX DATA SUMMARY- POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON
NUMBE_R OF FILTERS- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9 0
- -r;;.; ll
---------- --- ---
0v 'I .\l'l
---- --
'0.5"0 037
at 11.\8 318 ---
-
.OS" ,()\ 07:3 ,oc .0'-/3

--
--- -@

- -- ----- -----------
@35-oc
':23 .lo 'l -. 0.3'i. -- _,_1;]_?,
f-' U_L__ ....!&ll
,074 'Q!,'l_ 'O!}:J..
--
---- IS:l. ,()4 .. ---- --- . . .. . .

, O'lt
__ - .. . -- -
45 c .II:; OC.:l.
.. .
3.:1'1 ol.I'J.. ,0'-15' . 0.3;1._ ...!..12.3
.
-
----@ jo.Jq .en> (}!;':)

! -
55 oc

-
---
Cl '-!
-
.3:!..3 0'12 o 3 -;>.

-
---- --------
, ::11o , IS:l. .ttl

07?.. . o, :1. (JI)'). '3'1
r-

@65 oc
.
.ogg ' oLJ<r

-----.....---
.a I

3?. 7 II4
--- -- --------
O'I3
-
,lJO 15\ 07<; .o'i'l 24

--
----

-------- ----------- ..
75"c .0?-'l

.osr.s ,oy5 ,, 331
--
1-- - 331 :115 ol5"7 llq ,07C. Q :J. ,()5"

-
. -------- -
(,
-- --
---- ------ -
--
. .. ---
--- -
1-- ------ - --- - -------- -
-- -
- - - - - -
..
- -
--
-
-v ll 18. :1'l . I :Jo.4s

'v
--
;l.O,LJ4 l!f,qo I 'I II Hl'.f /7,,0 17 -C>

- ----
17. "'
-
1-- - IF;,H I C.. C'fq
1- --
@ll 0\.i \'!.75 \'!. l'l \F;,,'l . 5' 11.lJf. 17.50 171' \G.. W".3 \,,So I' \ q I Ill'. 10
@45 C 1Cf,0_1_ tF;A8_ \1.'1'1 ,.., .5' :3 11, lo.J J(., 1c> 14o,3q '"" 7 l5, Bl I. ; . 'l'l
@55 C I!(, 33 \"1, 77 li.n I G.. 72 I(., 1-17 If., Ot;, 15".70 \5", 33 15,01 l'i "10 18'.10
1--
@65 V 17.77 1'7' 1'1 11..513 lr.. 15 \5", 7:1. ,\5".3'1 t"l.Rr. \1.-\,7_5' 1'1. 31 !lli I ()!.I '''-1
@75 oc 1'1,07 Jt:..44 lSi '12 t.&;', 4S 15"; 01 !JI-J,C.'-1 14.?.1 13. '15 13, S5 \3,::ll 17.0::2.
1-
- Pax @25 oc; 1.\,Sr.j :;z.7a _lo'lO J.3g 1,07 "'7 4.51
--
+'
8'3 o53 oi.l'-l '
j---- @35 C
I
4 . .1S 1,, G.'l I, !ri 1,'?.5' I, O'l- ,jq '{._1 5'1 .4 34 L3'l
I ?. 1.75 t. ;n

--
4.1'1
r-
@45 oc r.t o,q7 ,?'{ . '0 .'lq 45 .3:1.. l.tS ..
4,01
170
---
:;) ' Lj (, t. \8' o. 'i c3CL___ 3...1.7_____ -

- -
')7 .8
1---- ---- -
_
_@_5 oc ,72 I ,45
:2,3(, I,(. o I. J(, . &. 8 .L_ 1'1 ,1(2
------
__@65 oc 3.1( ;j() '11. .o

@ 75
. I ---------
_ ___
oc 13.1(') I 2, :1'1 I ')'1
' ),\ O,R-5 .GoG 51 ,>.J3 .n -'---- ...3.'-'.:L -- __ - ---- ---- . - . -- - - ---
.
-
- -- -------- ---- - -- - -- ------- --
.. - -
- --
&.43 4bi.J 351 R'S' :>.: q \ \ 15'7 135" II t:.

---
\ooo
---
- lrradiance;--w-hn2 . 'f'1
------
- - - -
.-
TABLE 3
ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS- MATRIX DATA SUMMARY- AMORPHOUS THIN-FILM SILICON
0 1 7 8 9 0
E-=--==--
NUMBER OF FILTERS-+ 2 3 4 5 6
-_ - l sc @25 1.i .t.j, .?..70 ,,9, .143 _,07'/ .o,

. I ll .oqo .051 .O'tl "e
_
@35oc ot.l:/1.\ ,'ll.4 111'7 .IY'l. 112 ,ocu _ 1Ul'f_ ,0,:1. O.S_o O..!:U_ ,l.J:\C.
1.
_
@45oc
,
.4'l7 .:m.. '"' 1'\LL '''3 .o_ti ,o73 ,oo3 ,e;s?. .o - -_ ----
@55oc
-
,431 11.'1 19Q_ 143_ > 113 ,oqo___ o7y .o, , os ,oyy . .<I.'? I
IIY35 lo:ll'l. 11"11
__ __ , _ _
@65oC 114'\ loll3

@ 75oc
l.ocn 1.07.5" l.e>r.?. l.a>:. looYY I.L/l/0
IH I\Y3S j:'l I :-; 1 I , 145 I 1ii I o 9) I o-1r I 6 I os') I , OilI.) I; 4?? I II 11
--
-------r----+--+----+--1
---71::-<>l ----ll-:---:--t-::--:--+- -+--+---+::--t-:-----'l-:----t--:-:--:--t-;-:---t--:--:----t- -------- --
_ .l'l. :11.,_ :n,'l<
+ l 5'5 ;!\. 0'- ;!O,t.5
I
?..ll'lS ,_b,4S :o,oq
l j:: le'.:ll
\i, C.
17 lio
17, -:l'i
.
---jJ---
--- -ll--- - --
1
- -------- 1
- __ lll'l::l. \il\t? _ 17.8'Q_ 17.7_ i.o -
-

- - --
--- -----------jj---f--t---1f--f---+---t----t----+
..
..Pmax@25 oc
..T-- @_"-----f-"<L-"-
.. I
. ..
, ,
__@ 45oc
.
-j __
_
_
"--+-"''-'-'=--+
!.ll --"-'-=-1.-
... . - =
_0,-::C-
____@55
. --IIl" OL f--'L!-l-"'--t--'- .-I---'-'-'U--t-:'-'-'-'"'-- -"-'-'l.L-+ -'-"''- -""" -'- :'-
65oc - - 1 -t-" --t "': -1
"'
==--=.:75oc=------lr"'c'-'--"'---i---"''-"'-+'-'- L
+-'-'--"'"---f--:L'-.:L-t- f..!LL:L!--t --'-'--'----t-''-"-"'-Pc=.--+""-
___,,_____________ _
----.--1:-
----1 ---t---t--
I
- -
;nrnt
: I i
l
I r
i I
t
i
I
"' !
ii:
II..
0
a::
w
m
\ :2:e t tl
.i i
::;:
::I i@l@!@)@ ! i<>
.,
.,
,
I
_I_:
: I
.
! ol
;
z I

._
I! : !
'
I
I
! ! _l I ! ..I I
- -

- -
-
T ABLES
ANALYT ICALPRED ICT IONS- MAT RIX D AT A SU MMARY- POLYCRYST ALLINE SILICON
NUMBER OF FILTERS-+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 0
- .lsc2t '\;
-
319 .:20 5' I L\ !i 1 1 '2 , 0 11 1 -'-031 3/B
-
, O 'tl , o73 . oso OL/ <

3b '\;
..
d?. 1'19 "' o q ,_ 0'14- . o , 050 , O LI3 () <'l ' 3:21

41) '\;
,?.07
-. , os- 1 1 04
-
' \5 \ . O'l 3 . . 0 1\ . ?:1 11

-
:1, oq ' \1'1 074 ' 0"?..

-
-:
bb '\;
1 0 38

:1o .\\ I IS' 1 I I S' o O 'lll 0 1 'i . 03 , OS\ , 0 4</ ' 7

1)1) ' 0 38

' 1.,;
'33 1 :11''1 . \5"'1 , \ I {. 0'14 o 01(. o O C. :J ' 0 I} ;)_ , CJLJ5 330
@ 75 "G

I .
, 1 I 5' I I "I . aH , OS":l.

-
, H4 1 5".5" , o? c. o C}t, o.l . 0'1 5 0 3'"1 , 3J.3 -

--

-
-- -
-
-
..
-
-
-
-
0-"'@'2s---"v
-
-- - -
-
1- V0 -
- ------
- . - .:!.0 .% /'f; .5" I \0. 87 18.35

\1 . 9 8 17. r. l 11 , 3 I 1'7. 0 0 /.{;.1'7 I IG 5'"1 0 . 4 5 -
.)0 .... r.il i l 'l . t.'
- \!!t
--- ---
I
\'7, :18 " 93

---
18. "IC. 1 8 . 14 17 l.4 \ t. , 14. 311 IS, 'l o

-
, q , t,7 .
-
-
\!!t 40 - ... 0 I l li o 7 LI
-
19.'11.\ l't , or. . \/, L.j4 I .'I B 1 1 10 , 44 I Ii . 30 \ . 11;' , 5' 15 3 1 \ ' "' ..,
5b '\; 1e. n 11.1l l t. , !l o; ."i& I G. . 0 5 15. '7:1. 15. 1.{ c. I 15. 18 1'-1. '1'1 1"1'.77 I 1 1> . l t.
ljl) '\; \7, t.LI I(,, 2'l.- IG.,'J-'7 l '.i . j!?, IS. so \S', 18 11\, 'l l I '" '' 1"1 ,i-1(. l"' .?.r. 11. (. 3
lb '\; f'7 I 05 J(,, :10 \ , , , a_ ..lSI q 14 q s 14' fl'l \4. \.f \4 . \1 1 13 . "11 13 1 78 17 0 1.\
--
Pmax_@ 25 .,;
Lf , S4 .;i, 7R I . Q4 I , o.Ji o . 'iL\ . D , 4G. O o3'1 1-j, I '3
@ 56 G '3 ' '18 ':l.. 44 \ o 10 l. :l ,. l.oo 0 . 111! (). I'D4 0 . !i;l.. (J , "J4 o .is I ?, . Cl(.
@ 65 oc 3' _8_:1. :l. 3'"1 \ I (.3 I 0 o,qG. 0. 75 01 (,I I'J . 5o O LJ :l- 0 1 3(, 3. Re
f- --- @ 75 oc 3, ' e ;l., ':l. S I . 5? \."
.
() . q 07 C), 5'1 1'.>. 41?> 0 . 14 1 {),J!) 3 "" .. ----------
-
- -- --

. -
-
- f--
..,2 l\0 00 f.43 Lj '-4 I :? 5' IJC. CiCf'7
:
-- -- -
,., I 351 8 5 :l :l l1 \q I ' " -

r-- 1rradian '
-
"
- -
... f----
-
-
-
-
1-
--
!
I1
l ! I I I I
I
i i i I I I !
I II i I I
2 0
0
(.)
::i
iii "
0
:;;
....1
-
u::
2:
:E co
1-
C/)
:::1
0
:I:
0
:;;
<(
'
:r
0
J
IV">

w I
!:i e
"-
ii:
LL 3::
0
0::
w
m
::;:
:::l
z
APPENDIX B
A COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL 1-V CURVE
TRANSLATIONS VS ACTUAL 1-V CHARACTERISTICS

1-V TRANSLATION EQUATION CHECK FOR
SINGLE CRYSTAL SILICON MODULE

A'
'"
""
' 1'
0
:
"''' .. ,:.. ........::. ..1

'\o G-
If MA.Ne-R IY o.o"' Cml
\
'
S'\ WlTH
f(IINTS
.'
1'"1'"11;11 TO n
I . ..... c. .... .. . 0. '" .....e-'.. .

TRII>uliiTI I
EO.IMTJO.,r I
.t,
..... '
. .. F
OJ" . ... ...... I
........
AMPS TPE s " r;. L

I
I
'l
AMPS nPo S"r;.'
G- IOOo v>(wo " \ & 35 w/w.''

'
K
II
,s- . o oc:...
P>4Til \'OTHTl" TllllHJ"LI'ITI:
r r =- 5 . o " c..
'
l'"nDM STC. U$111G NtW l<OIHITlooU
i, 1\tT/IL r ..j C.Uih' Til 'lflifi!JJ"j

fiG C.Ill?"'!O F TRml.ll{lT JOI,I
l<'t
\
I
I
I
l'
'L
I
0.0 0.0
0.0 25 . 0
""
25 . 0 0.0
UOLTS UOLTS

1.0 1.0
'
T-/PE. '::: S N CT L T'ff'E' = SN G- L

G = 4 S 9 W/ vn' G- 3 4 .,.,,.,....
'J.S , O
=
T :: ?..S, O " c.,. T = 0 C.
AMPS AMPS
' '
rt a
. ...... .. . ... '' .
.. .... .. ..
C. I pI IE" I I=' I
.........J.
1
. .... DIITA P<:>liJTr TIIIIJ ATEII
FR<1l1 $TC. lll'J IH tli:W EGVATr<>r
'2.. .....:. ..... i;.

,
. .
,
- .. . . ... . .. . . ... ... .

. ./
o' G'
... .
F'
/IC:.T'U.. L - v <;.URVIil TO Vlll " POTNTS TRIINSLIIT0
,C.Cill\'1 OF TRFINJI.RTHlN .
.SH. UShH 1-il.W ,EOU/ITlOIIJ"
I'ICTUIII. IV CI.IRV TO VL1'11N

1\I:C:\Ifli'I(Y OF' T"RASLIJT"ION
0.0
,\ 0.0
0.0 25 . 0 0.0 25 0
UOLTS UOLTS
J. tl
A' .... . . '..J. ' '' '

B c
' ' ., . . .... ..
'
.1'
,:.. . . .. ...,
'\. c;.
1.0
I+ MN'TG"R IV '"'" ,.,
\
.J:
P,INTS El:",.0 'rO 0\:.

TYPE SN L
\
Tl?lll{HI'Tt:l>
F WfT!l EO.UATTO f.IJ =
.,. G- = 3 4 "' '"'"'"

T ::; 5" , 0
AMPS T'{PE "" S N <r L
I
I
I
AMPS 9 c..
G- . {000 <-'(VY> '" .,'

r .. f\ 5. o "(....
I< ....:. . .... ...
1 I c_' I
... .... ... .. ' '"'".. ..... .../
0 E'
. F'
. M'TI'I POJNT.r Tflf'IN.f\.IIT'II' O
.
. Ff!Of>\ .STt. I.IJhiC Nt.W EQOII\'TIOII$
IICTI<Ijl. r.v CI.IRVt. TO VUIIN

1\(.l,n?FI('i OF TRI\NSI..FITlOI'I
, ..
9.9 0.0
9.9 25. 9 9.0 25. 0
UOLTS UOLTS
I
1.0 1.0
T'/ PE = S t> L T'/ P S N <i- L

G = ?. 3 3 W/>n ' G- = i").fi W {Y<n'-
AMPS T = ? S . o o c..
AMPS 1 ?.5, 0 C...
f
"
A1 a
'
c' o'
--+ ..... . . . .... e'
. .... .... ..
,::'
..... ......
.
t
- ' ... ..... . . . ..... .. ................;...
'
ll a' c' o' !>' F'
9.9 0. 9
9.9 25. 9 0.0 25. 0
UOLTS UOLTS
A ,
'
,.J\
c
, _.
, , ,,
. : . .... .. ,:..
.... ...:.. 1'
..
'\o ..,.

..,.,.
.. . . .... ..-;. 0 .... .. .
()' t. ,. .

.. . ...
"
....
'I c. '
--,
II MAJ'TGR l-V C1l'"' (IT<) "'
,.
.
\
'
\
PoiNTS ..-rto ro ,.
I I
J"E 'W lTit EO.UI\TTON.I
TRIII>H" TO
. ,. T'/Po = S N GL 'f'.r'
AMPS TiPE S: N <T L
I
\
l
AMPS G- 1 0 oo w lrn ., \
\I
=
\
";
G- \OOO ""(""" -r "'3 $" 0 C..
K
= =
?.5 . 0 C. '
k
T :;
l
.
'- t..'
.
.
9.9 1----t---+--tO-b-- 0. 0 L------+---+----t--------1
9.9 25. 9 0.0 25. 0

VOLTS VOLTS
1.9 1.0
"T'IPE = SNL
G- = L!S"4 w/ ..,'-
. ..... "f".
' " . " . ....,". .... ,.'..... "11:
,. T 3 5, 0
.......
. = " t_
AMPS AMPS
'l -.. -.'..... .... ' .. ......
p'
TYPE: S N 6- L . .. . ... . . ... \ ...... \.
I
1:' F'
.. .:
3S w(Yh'

1
G- :
T 35, o
\
-= 0c...
\k'
l
\
I
\
...
.
9.9 .
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APPENDIX C
COMPARATIVE 1-V DATA POINT PAIRS FOR THE
NEW EQUATIONS VS ASTM E1 036 EQUATIONS
VS ACTUAL 1-V CURVE CHARACTERISTICS

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Photovoaic Translation Equations: A New Approach C: TAD-4-141 66-01
6. AUTHOR($)
TA: PV660103
A. J. Anderson
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

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1 1 . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
NREL Technical Monitor: L. Mrig
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
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13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
New equations were developed for the purpose of evaluating the performance of photovoaic cells, modules, panels, and arrays. These
equations enable the performance values determined at one condition of temperature and irradiance to be translated to any other
condition of temperature and irradiance. The equations were developed to satisfy the following goals: (1) The equations should more
accurately translate the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage (V.J. In particular, the influence of irradiance on V should be
more accurately treated. {2)The equations should more accurately and more simply translate the 1-V curve data point pairs, 11 and V,. (3)
The equations should be based on the use of dimensionless coefficients such that a and have units of c' and not, for example,
amps/" C or volts/" C. (4) An equations should be developed for translating the maximum power without involving the translation of I"'
V"" or any 1-V data pairs. The data presented in this report show good agreement between the analytical predictions made with the
new equations versus actual test measurements and superior performance when compared to the current translation equations.
14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

135
equations ; photovoltaics ; solar cells 16. PRICE CODE
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January 1996 NREUTP-411-20279

Photovoltaic tion Equations:

Photovoltaic lation Equations:

NREL technical monitor: L. Mrig

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Prepared under Subcontract No. TAD-4-14166-01

Available to DOE and DOE contractors from:

Available to the public from:

3 BACKGROUND ............................... . . . ......................................................................... 6

5 EQUATION CHECKS ................................................................................................. 13

2 APPENDIX 8 ........................................................................................................ ..... 29

3 APPENDIX C ................................................................. . . .......................................... 70

The equations should more accurately translate the short-circuit

The equations should more accurately and more simply translate

I An equation should be developed for translating the maximum

For device temperatures from 25 C to 75 C

For irradiance levels from 100 to 1000 W/m2

!!. lsc = lsc2 - lsc1

No equation available for direct computation of V0c2 V. Voc1

B. b = l1 + !!. lsc B. 12 =I, (IlsczJ

number of milliamps of change at 100 W/m2 as it would at 1000 W/m2 irradiance.

These equations transpose to the following:

13). lsc2 [1 + a (T1 - T2)

30). V0c2 = Voc1

Equation Single- Poly- Thin-Film

Note that the coefficient, 8, is inherently dimensionless because of the logarithmic

PMAX1 (Ez I E1)

for each current point on the 1-V curve, and

for each corresponding voltage point .

level of 1000 W/m .

Repeat this process for lsc and Pmax vs module temperature.

Subscript 1 = field test condition

Subscript 2 = field condition

a). Translate lsc1 to l5c2 using the lsc translation equation.

b). Translate Voc1 to V0c2 using the V0c translation equation.

COMPARATIVE VALUES FOR lsc, Voc, PMAX

ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS VS ANALYTICAL PREDICTIONS

.... -- s_: oc-=-=:=

t -- 1,qo 1-J, oq 3.1" lo11 1.18

3(. g-(. ;l'?3 ICfl I& IS I ClO I

ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS. MATRIX DATA SUMMARY- POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON

.OS" ,()\ 07:3 ,oc .0'-/3

---- IS:l. ,()4 .. ---- --- . . .. . .

----@ jo.Jq .en> (}!;':)

.3:!..3 0'12 o 3 -;>.

, ::11o , IS:l. .ttl

.ogg ' oLJ<r

,lJO 15\ 07<; .o'i'l 24

1-- - 331 :115 ol5"7 llq ,07C. Q :J. ,()5"

-v ll 18. :1'l . I :Jo.4s

;l.O,LJ4 l!f,qo I 'I II Hl'.f /7,,0 17 -C>

1-- - IF;,H I C.. C'fq

:;) ' Lj (, t. \8' o. 'i c3CL___ 3...1.7_____ -

__@65 oc 3.1( ;j() '11. .o

- -- -------- ---- - -- - -- ------- --

&.43 4bi.J 351 R'S' :>.: q \ \ 15'7 135" II t:.

ACTUAL MEASUREMENTS- MATRIX DATA SUMMARY- AMORPHOUS THIN-FILM SILICON

-_ - l sc @25 1.i .t.j, .?..70 ,,9, .143 _,07'/ .o,

@65oC 114'\ loll3

, O 'tl , o73 . oso OL/ <

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' \5 \ . O'l 3 . . 0 1\ . ?:1 11

:1, oq ' \1'1 074 ' 0"?..

:1o .\\ I IS' 1 I I S' o O 'lll 0 1 'i . 03 , OS\ , 0 4</ ' 7

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