INGLES 3

SEGURIDAD E HIGIENE
2014
UOCRA
Prof: Virginia Alvarez

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EL PASADO SIMPLE

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El

La forma interrogativa del pasado simple

2 PARTE CUADERNILLO INGLES AO 2014

Verbos Especiales. Modals

PRACTISE

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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE/ MOVEMENT

PREPOSITION TRADUCCION
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About Acerca de / sobre
Above Encima de / por encima de
Across En frente de / cruzando
After Despues
Against contra
Along Por (una va paralela) Go along this street
Among Entre (en medio de)
Around Alrededor de
At En / a
Before antes
behind Detrs de / atrs de
Below Debajo de / abajo de
beneath Debajo de / bajo
beside Al lado de / junto a
Between Entre (usualmente entre 2 personas u objetos)
By Por (de autora The book was griten by Dan Brown) /
Por (va de transporte) I go to school by bus
During durante
Except Excepto / salvo
For Para (destinatario / uso / propsito)
From De (origin / remitente)
In en
In front of En frente de
Inside Dentro de
Instead of En vez de / en lugar de
Into En / a / con (movimiento de entrar) Come into my office
Like Como / parecido / igual que
Near Cerca de / junto
Of De (posesivo)
On Sobre / en on the table , on TV, on Sunday
Outside Fuera de
Over Encima de / por encima de
Since Desde
Through Atravs
To A (destinacin)
Toward / hacia
Towards
Under / Debajo de
Underneath
Until Hasta
With con
Within Dentro de (distancia / tiempo) I am going to traval within
the next week
Without sin

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SIMPLE PAST PRACTICE

5) Complete these sentences in the PAST TENSE, using the correct verb :

* play * enjoy * watch * listen * talk * phone

* stop * walk * travel * like * stay

I watched the late film on TV last night.

1. We really .. the concert last night. It was great!

2. She with friends in Brighton last summer.
3. Italy very well in the last World Cup.
4. Her parents .. by train from Shanghai to Moscow.
5. I .. you four times last night but you were out.
6. We . along the beach yesterday. It was lovely.
7. She . the film but she didnt like the music.
8. The men .. work at exactly one oclock.
9. I . to the new Sting album yesterday. Its great.
10. They to us about their trip to Madagaskar. It was very interesting.

6 ) Complete the conversation with WAS / WASNT / WERE / WERENT.

A: Where were you last night? I phoned you but you at home.
B: I ..out with friends. We . at the Bluenote Caf.
A: Julia there?
B: No, she Why?
A: Oh, I just wondered.
B: She .out with Nick. Theyat the Oasis. I think.
A: No, they .
B: How do you know?
A: Because I .. there!

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7) Complete the mans statement with the PAST SIMPLE form of the verbs in brackets:

Last night I (go) to my favorite restaurant in West Street. I .. (leave) the restaurant at about
11 oclock. It .. (be) a warm evening and I
.. (decide) to walk along the beach.

Suddenly, I (hear) a noise. I .. (turn) and (see) three boys aged about
eighteen. One boy (come) up to me and
.. (ask) me the time. When I . (look) down at my watch, he (hit) me
and I (fall) to the ground. Another boy
. (take) my wallet. I .. (shout) for help. Then they
(run) away.

8) Complete the story. Use the verbs in the brackets:

Last year I went (go) on holiday. I (drive) to the sea with my friend. On the first day we
(look) at the beautiful buildings and . (eat) in lots of restaurants. The next day
(be) very hot so we .. (drive) to the sea. We
.. (leave) our clothes in the car and (sunbathe) and . (swim) all day. At six
oclock we . (walk) to our car, but the car (be) there. We (buy) some clothes
and . (go) to the Police Station. The police . (be) nice and we .. (sleep) in the
police station.

9) Complete the story. Use the verbs in the brackets:

Last year I went (go) on holiday. I (drive) to the sea with my friend. On the first day we
(look) at the beautiful buildings and . (eat) in lots of restaurants. The next day
(be) very hot so we .. (drive) to the sea. We.. (leave) our clothes in the car
and (sunbathe) and . (swim) all day. At six oclock we . (walk) to our car,
but the car (be) there. We (buy) some clothes and . (go) to the Police Station.
The police . (be) nice and we .. (sleep) in the police station.

10) Make negative sentences (x) or questions (?) using the PAST TENSE:

Example: he / stay (x) in a hotel

He didnt stay in a hotel.
you / learn (?) speak Italian when you were in Italy.Did you learn to speak Italian when you were in Italy?

1. she / like (x) the film

2. I / use / (x) the school computer yesterday
3. they / arrive (?) home late yesterday
4. you / ask (?) her for Carolines address
5. he / enjoy (x) the concert in the park
6. we / talk (x) about school at all

12) Read the text. Write the questions below about Tamsins holiday:

Last September Tamsin went to Bali. She went by plane and stayed in a big hotel. It was very hot, so she swam every day.
In the evenings she went to different restaurants, the food was very good. She met some nice people and every night she
danced with them at the disco. She was happy because she wasnt alone.

1. Where did she go? . Bali.

2. Last September.
3. By plane.
4. In a big hotel.
5. It was very hot.

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6. She swam.
7. It was very good.
8. Some nice people.

13) Match the questions with the answers:

1. When did you learn to drive a car? a. By bus.

2. What did you watch on television b. The news. last night?
3. What did you do last weekend? c. 6th September.
4. Who were you with at 4pm today? d. On Saturday I played tennis and
on Sunday I slept.
5. When was the beginning of term? e. January.
6. How did you come to class? f. Three years ago.
7. What did you eat for breakfast this g. John. morning?
8. What was the month before last? h. Toast and coffee.

PRACTICE: Past form of Verb To Be

1) Fill in the blanks. Use WAS / WERE:

1. Mary and Susan were ill yesterday.

2. The weather .. very hot last Saturday.
3. The students .. at the theater last night.
4. Betty .. in Germany last summer.
5. My brother and I .. at the football stadium on Saturday.
6. . it cold yesterday?

2) Put these sentences into the PAST. Use past form of verb TO

BE : T O D A Y YESTERDAY

Example: Im at home. .. I was at home

1. Jane and Michael are tired.

2. Shes in the park.
3. Its a sunny day.
4. Youre late. .
5. They arent hungry.
6. We arent at work.
7. Im thirsty. .
8. You arent at school.
9. Were at the cinema.
10.Paula isnt happy.
11.Everyone is excited.
12.Im not afraid. .

3) Choose WAS or WERE and circle it:

1. He was / were a policeman.

2. We was / were very happy.
3. Was / Were you happy?
4. They wasnt / werent interested in.
5. I was / were at school.
6. It wasnt / werent expensive.
7. Was / Were she your teacher?

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4) Mary spent last weekend in Madrid. Ask her some questions using WAS or WERE:

Example: (your hotel / good?) .. Was your hotel good?

1. (your room / comfortable?)
2. (the weather / nice?)
3. (the streets / full of people?)
4. (the shops / expensive?)
5. (the city / exciting at night?)
6. (the museums / interesting?)
7. (the people / friendly?)
8. (your flight / OK?) .

5) George and Sally have been married for 50 years. They are talking about their first
house. Use WAS or WERE and a word from the box to complete their conversation:

new Italian big green cheap cold bad

Example: George : The house was warm.

Sally : No, it .was cold.

1. George: The garden was small.

Sally : No, it ..
2. Sally : The neighbors were French.
George: No, they .
3. George: The living-room was red.
Sally : No, it .
4. Sally : Our first chairs were expensive.
George: No, they
5. George: The kitchen was old.
Sally : No, it
6. George: The local shops were good.
Sally : No, they

6) Put WAS, WASNT, WERE or WERENT in the gaps in these conversations:

1. Peter : .. Was .. Paul at work today?

Julie : No, he .. in the office. I think hes sick.
2. Henry : you in South America last year?
Steve : Yes. I .. in Bolivia on business, and then my wife and I in Brazil for a
holiday.
3. Paula: Philip and I .. at home in London last week. We at Mikes house
in Cornwall. It was lovely there. Do you know Mike?
Jane :Yes, I . at Mikes party in Oxford in the summer.
you there?
Paula: No, we werent there. Philip and I .. in Portugal in the summer.

7) Make questions using WAS / WERE:

1. Jim / at home / last night. Was Jim at home last night??

2. You / at school / on Monday.?
3. David / here / yesterday... ?
4. the cinema / open / on Sunday... ?
5. Kate and Jane / late / yesterday... ?
6. you / in the football team / last year... ?
7. all your friends / at your party... ?

8) Make negative sentences using WAS / WERE:

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 1. Kevin / at my party. Kevin wasnt at my party...
2. Nick / in class yesterday.
3. It / warm / yesterday.
4. Tina and Jim / late.
5. Etty / on the bus.
6. We / at the match / yesterday.
7. Our teachers / pleased with us. ...
8. I / at the restaurant. ...

9) Fill in the blanks using WAS (NOT) / WERE (NOT):

1. Im here today but I . wasnt here yesterday.

2. Jennifer is tall now but she .. tall two years ago.
3. It is rainy today but it yesterday.
4. Mr. Smith is angry now but he an hour ago.
5. The shops are open today but they .. on Sunday.
6. My car is clean today but it yesterday.
7. My father isnt at home now but he .. an hour ago.
8. The students are in class today but they .. last week.
9. It isnt sunny now but it . an hour ago.
10. We arent hungry now but we twenty minutes ago.

EL PASADO SIMPLE APLICADO A LA LECTOCOMPRENSION

Lea el siguiente texto, identifique todos los verbos en tiempo pasado. Clasifquelos en
regulares e irregulares y provea su traduccin.

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SUBJECT : Simple Past and Past Continuous Practice

A) Fill in the blanks with a correct form of PAST CONTINUOUS:

1. Alice hurt herself while she . (skate).

2. I met my neighbor while I . (walk) home from work.
3. Sally saw a friend while she .. (ride) her bicycle along Park St.
4. Peter fell asleep while he (study).
5. Bob stepped on Janes feet while they .. (dance) together.
6. I cut myself while I . (shave).
7. Mr. and Mrs. Brown burned themselves while they ... (bake) cookies.
8. Tommy had a nightmare while he .. (sleep) at a friends house.

B) Fill in the blanks with a correct form, the PAST SIMPLE or the PAST CONTINUOUS:

1. He .. (talk) with Mary, when Mrs. Smith came in.

2. They (study) two hours last night.
3. Jane . (sleep) when the telephone rang.
4. As I . (walk) to the lab, I met my friend.
5. We .. (watch) TV last night.
6. The customer (pay) his cheque when he dropped his credit card.
7. The barber . (cut) my hair yesterday.
8. She . (dance) when she hurt her ankle.
9. It . (rain) hard when I got up.
10. It . (rain) hard last night.
C) Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses using the SIMPLE PAST or
the PAST PROGRESSIVE:

1. Sally (eat) dinner last night when someone .. (knock) on the

door.
2. I began to study at seven last night. Fred (come) at seven- thirty. I
(study) when Fred .. (come).
3. While I . (study) last night, Fred (drop by) to visit
me.
4. My roommates parents . (call) him last night while we
.. (watch) TV.
5. My mother called me around five. My husband came home a little after five. When he
.. (come) home, I .. (talk) to my mother on
the phone.
6. Yesterday Tom and Janice (go) to the zoo around one. They
(see) many kinds of animals. They stayed at the zoo for two hours. While they
(walk) home, it ... (begin) to rain, so they
.. (stop) at a small caf and (have) a cup of coffee.
7. Yesterday afternoon I (go) to visit the Parker family. When I
.. (get) there around two oclock, Mrs. Parker .. (be)in the yard. She
(plant) flowers in her garden. Mr. Parker.. (be) in the
garage. He .. (work) on their car. He .. (change) the
oil.

D) Fill in the blanks with a correct form of PAST CONTINUOUS:

1. It was very cold. The sun . was not shining. . (not / shine)
2. It wasnt a stormy night. The wind . (not / blow)
3. He wasnt sleeping. He .. (look) at the ceiling.
4. They were having a rest. They .. (not / work).
5. They were very happy. They . (enjoy) the party.
6. He was at home. He . (watch) a movie on TV.
7. He was getting worse. He (not / recover)
8. We . (travel) in the north of Turkey when we were on holiday
9. She . (drive) so fast when the accident happened.
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 10. I (not / sleep) when you came in.

E) Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses using the SIMPLE PAST or the
PAST PROGRESSIVE:

1. While they (travel) to China, Marco . (keep) a diary.

2. Mrs. White . (drive) past a house in Main Street when she(see) the
ground floor on fire.
3. While he . (fly) off the Miami Coast, the pilot .. (see) sharks approaching the
swimmers.
4. The fireman (fight) the fire on a balcony below when he
(hear) someones shouts.
5. She (die) while she .. (run) after a bus.
6. We .. (have) dinner when the electricity (go) off.
7. She (think) of something else while you .. (talk) to her.
8. I .. (see) her while I . (look) out of the window.
9. While the teacher .. (talk), the students .. (look) at an insect on the
ceiling.

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 Verbos Especiales. Modals

Siempre van acompaados del verbo principal en su forma BASE. Los modals ms
comunes son: should must ought to can may could might would-will

CAN Se lo emplea para expresar la posibilidad de hacer una cosa, permiso, habilidad. Se
lo traduce como poder.

Which can better adapt themselves to different climates, men or animals?

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Cules / Quines se pueden adaptar mejor a diferentes climas, los hombres o los animales?

COULD Se traduce como podra.

The testing of new planes could cause accidents.

La prueba de aviones nuevos podra causar accidentes.

MAY Expresa permiso o posibilidad. Se traduce como poder. En algunos casos se lo

puede traducir como quizs; tal vez.

We may discuss the problem.

Podemos discutir el problema.
An error of calculus on the part of the pilot may be disastrous.
Un error de clculo por parte del piloto puede ser / quiz sea / tal vez sea desastroso.

MIGHT Es el pasado de may pero indica una posibilidad ms remota. Se traduce como
poda; podra.

An error of calculus on the part of the pilot might be disastrous.

Un error de clculo por parte del piloto podra ser / quiz fuera / tal vez fuera desastroso.

MUST Se emplea para indicar obligacin, necesidad, consejo o deduccin. Se traduce

como deber.

The engine must be inspected once a week.

El motor debe ser inspeccionado una vez por semana.

SHOULD Se emplea para expresar obligacin, consejo, para dar instrucciones. Se lo traduce
como deber; debiera; debera.

You should protect the surface with a film of oil.

Debe proteger la superficie con una pelcula de aceite.

OUGHT TO Implica obligacin y recomendacin. Se traduce como deber.

You ought to remember the facts and act accordingly.

Debes / Deberas recordar los hechos y actuar en consecuencia.

WILL

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LO DE BIKE ACT

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 Health & Safety at Work: More practice with modals

Remember!

Should: suggestions, wish, an opinion, request, likelihood

Must: law, important not to do it another way-the only, safe way, to emphasise the correct way.

Health & Safety at Work

A. Microbiology: You work in a laboratory. Your new colleague has never worked in a scientific
laboratory. Give them instructions on health and safety.
Using Should/Must or the Imperative, Tell a new employee how to dress in the regulation
uniform/overalls/safety clothes for their work.

B. Protective Clothing: Instruct your new colleague in how to put on, wear and take off the
different items of clothing
Using Should/Must or the Imperative, Tell a new employee how to dress in the regulation
uniform/overalls/safety clothes for their work.

C. Lifting and Carrying: Instruct your new colleague in how to lift and carry heavy boxes or
difficult objects.Using Should/Must or the Imperative, Tell a new employee how to dress in the
regulation uniform/overalls/safety clothes for their work.

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 La Voz Pasiva
En el lenguaje tcnico y cientfico es frecuente el empleo de la voz pasiva. Se construye con
alguna de las formas del verbo to be seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal. Por lo
tanto se la reconoce por dicha estructura: BE + PARTICIPIO PASADO.

Cuando el sujeto realiza la accin el verbo est en VOZ ACTIVA.

Ej. Locusts attack the crops./ Las langostas atacan las cosechas.

Cuando el sujeto recibe la accin el verbo est en VOZ PASIVA.

Ej. The crops were attacked by locusts./ Las cosechas fueron atacadas por langostas.

Traduccin de la Voz Pasiva

a) Cuando va seguida de by + quin o qu realiza la accin (complemento agente) la traduccin es literal.

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- The letters were delivered by the postman.
Las cartas fueron entregadas por el cartero.

b) Cuando no lleva el complemento agente se traduce, por lo general, por una oracin pasiva con se y el verbo
en voz activa.

- The pyramids of Egypt were never used for human sacrifice.

Las pirmides de Egipto nunca se usaron para sacrificios humanos.

c) Cuando va seguida de un infinitivo ( be + participio pasado + to + base) se traducir por: voz pasiva impersonal
+ que + (sustantivo) + verbo conjugado.
- Water is said to boil at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
Se dice que el agua hierve a 212 grados Fahrenheit.
- You are supposed to know the answer.
Se supone que Ud. sabe la respuesta.

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 Verbs Exercise 1

Exercise 2
1) Look at the underlined words in this paragraph.
2) What is the meaning of the word shall? Have you seen it before?
(Taken from ASME B31.3-2008 p. 26)

Chapter I

Scope and Definitions

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(b) Responsibilities

(1) Owner. The owner of a piping installation shall have overall

responsibility for compliance with this Code, and for establishing the
requirements for design, construction, examination, inspection, and
testing which shall govern the entire fluid handling or process
installation of which the piping is a part. The owner is also
responsible for designating piping in certain fluid services and for
determining if a specific Quality System is to be employed. [See paras.
300(d)(4), (d)(5), (e), and Appendix Q.]

TEORIA

En los textos tcnicos, el uso de shall es muy frecuente.

Antiguamente se usaba como futuro (en lugar de Will), pero ha
cado en desuso y en la actualidad, Shall indica una obligacin, un
deber. Se puede traducir como debe Por ejempo, The valve
shall be closed La vlvula debe ser cerrada

1) Work in groups. Underline the phrases with shall

2) Try to translate them with the help of a dictionary.
3) Find all other verbs in the sentences and say whether they are regular, irregular, in the present,
past, future.
4) Complete the envelopes.
5) Now underline all the nouns and noun phrases. Translate them. How many complete sentences
can you understand?
(Taken from GS_EP_COR_450_EN p. 9)

3.3 Approval of alternative painting systems

For SUPPLIERS already approved as per Appendix 1, new systems can be
submitted for approval to COMPANY at any time and at SUPPLIERS expenses.
In that case, a full qualification programme shall be submitted to
COMPANY, with sufficient time to allow for the testing to be carried out,
for approval together with the name of the third party and independent
laboratory which is proposed to perform the test programme. COMPANY
reserves the right to amend the qualification programme proposed and to
witness testing at any stage. Accelerated corrosion testing shall be
carried out according to the latest version of ISO 20340 but with 3mm
maximum corrosion from scribe line for all paint systems to be qualified
for C5M atmospheres. Other testing may be required depending on the
specific industrial application.
In parallel, CONTRACTOR shall present a full contingency plan describing
all the painting systems to be used, should qualification tests fail.
Qualification of alternative systems will not be considered by COMPANY
unless the contingency plan is submitted.
In Any case, if CONTRACTOR wishes to use any painting system which is not
listed in the present General Specification, a formal derogation shall be
requested from TDO/TEC/COR, outlining the reasons for a new painting
system to be used, as well as the steps to be taken, including planning,
to qualify the alternative system. If CONTRACTOR eventually fails to
fulfil its qualification programme in time, then the proposed painting
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system will be refused by COMPANY without any further discussion, and the
contingency plan will be used.

Modal Verbs Exercise 1 (Taken from GS EP PVV 178 p. 9)

1) Look at these paragraphs and underline the modal verbs.

2) Try to translate them with the help of a dictionary.
3) Now underline all the verbs and translate them.
4) Add them to the envelopes.

4.4.2 Vertical lines

It is important to install a support (anywhere along the piping) for

any vertical section more than 3 m high. Figure 8/Appendix 1 shows
typical examples of this type of support. If the vertical section is
supported near its base, guide collars with protecting saddles must be
used, as shown in figure 8B.

Vertical sections of less than 3 m may, as a general rule, be supported

by the horizontal parts of the pipe. In all cases, as part of the
flexibility study, it is essential to check the consequences of
horizontal and vertical movements at changes of direction.

For the vertical parts of the piping, variations in length shall be

permitted by an appropriate support structure.

Very high columns (suspended or riser) must be considered as special

cases and be covered by a specific study taking into account:
supporting structure, variations in length, effects of wind, vibration,
etc. During erection, it is essential to avoid any movement due to the
wind or vibration of the supports during polymerization if bonded
joints are executed on site.

Passive voice Exercise 1 (Taken from GS EP PVV 178 p. 11)

1) Look at these paragraphs and underline the passive voice instances.
2) Try to translate them with the help of a dictionary.
3) Now underline all the verbs and modal verbs and translate them.

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 4) Add them to the envelopes.

6.3.3 Laminated assembly

The piping assemblies by manual lamination shall be avoided on site, as far as

possible. This method is used to clamp, in workshop plant, flanges or collars
on pipes or to make prefabricated parts. These assemblies are performed by
qualified staff, following Appendix 2 for the material
class concerned.
The following information, concerning each laminated assembly performed on
site, shall be gathered in a report:
Date of assembly and realisation
Reference of the used procedure
Temperature and relative humidity recorded at the assembly time
Curing temperature and duration
Tg
Bonder and inspector names and signatures.

Verbos no conjugados: El Infinitivo y la Forma ing

El Infinitivo

Es la forma base del verbo. Por lo general aparece precedido de la partcula to.

Su traduccin depender del contexto en que aparece.

Interpretacin y traduccin del infinitivo

a) to + base = para + infinitivo

- To obtain good results the treatment must be repeated daily.

Para obtener buenos resultados el tratamiento debe repetirse diariamente.

- You must use the dictionary to find the meanings.

Debes usar el diccionario para encontrar los significados.

b) in order to / so as to + base = para + infinitivo

- In order to compare the resistance of different substances,

Para comparar la resistencia de sustancias diferentes,

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- So as to improve its characteristics ...
Para mejorar sus caractersticas ...

c) casos en que se traduce como a / de + infinitivo.

- I came to see you.

Vine a verte.

- He tried to understand.
Trat de entender.

d) casos en que se agrega la palabra que y se traduce el infinitivo conjugndolo segn el

contexto.

- This substance causes the reaction to stop.

Esta sustancia hace que la reaccin se detenga.

- The researcher asked him to carry out the experiment and to report the method used.
El investigador le pidi que llevase a cabo el experimento y que informarse acerca del mtodo
usado.

La forma ing

La forma ing como verbo no conjugado presenta distintas traducciones segn el contexto en que se
encuentra.

a) by + ing

- Psychiatrists may help more people by assisting and advising other medical professions.
Los psiquiatras pueden auxiliar a mayor nmero de personas ayudando y aconsejando a otras
profesiones mdicas.

b) preposicin + ing

- A microscope is an instrument used for looking at small objects.

Un microscopio es un instrumento usado para mirar objetos pequeos.

- You must be careful in analysing this substance.

Debe ser cuidadoso al analizar esta sustancia.

- By allowing some of the steam to escape we can relieve the pressure in the boiler.
Al permitir que escape parte del vapor podemos aliviar la presin de la caldera.

c) posicin inicial

- Reading is always a pleasure for him.

Leer es siempre un placer para l.

d) when + ing
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- When placing an object in the sun, it becomes hot.
Al colocar un objeto al sol, se calienta.

e) ing + sustantivo

- The book deals with the fascinating new field of gravitational physics.
El libro trata del nuevo y fascinante campo de la fsica gravitacional.

f) sustantivo + ing

- These are the forces operating within the liquid.

Estas son las fuerzas que operan dentro del lquido.

EL ADVERBIO

Es la parte de la oracin que modifica a un verbo, a un adjetivo o a otro adverbio.

Los adverbios pueden ser:

Simples: No se reconocen con facilidad por su forma dentro de un texto

They will read the paper again. We often meet at the lab.
Leern el trabajo nuevamente. A menudo nos encontramos en el laboratorio.
Derivados: Se forman agregando el sufijo ly (mente) a un adjetivo

slow (adj) slowly (adv)

lento lentamente

Compuestos: Se forman a partir de la unin de dos o ms palabras

nowadays anyhow

hoy en da de cualquier modo

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 ADVERBS
Exercise 1
1) Below you will find some definitions taken from the list you have.
2) Read them and underline all the adverbs you can find.
3) What are they modifying?
4) Use your dictionaries to understand their meanings.

Fillet weld: a weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces
approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, tee joint, or corner joint. (See
also size of weld and throat of a fillet weld.)

Gas metal-arc welding (GMAW): an arc-welding process that produces coalescence of

metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler metal (consumable)
electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas, or
gas mixture. Some variations of this process are called MIG or CO2 welding
(nonpreferred terms).

Petroleum refinery: an industrial plant for processing or handling of petroleum and

products derived directly from petroleum. Such a plant may be an individual gasoline
recovery plant, a treating plant, a gas processing plant (including liquefaction), or an
integrated refinery having various process units and attendant facilities.

Exercise 2

1) Now use the same definitions to find all the adjectives.

2) Use your dictionaries to understand their meanings.
3) Choose one of the definitions and attempt a translation.

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 LOS CONECTORES

Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir dos o ms frases o
dos palabras dentro de la misma oracin. Aqu se presentan los conectores ms
comunes agrupados en categoras.

Copulativos: and, not only but also , not only but as well, both and , no sooner
than

Disyuntivos: or, either or , neither nor , whether or , else, otherwise

Condicionales: if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of

Concesivos: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of

Conclusivos: therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently

Continuativos: then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to

Adversativos: but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the
contrary

Causales: because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as

Comparativos: as, as as , not as as , not so as , just as so , as if, as though

Funcionales: so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

Recycling exercise for the following class:

1) We have already read and analyzed the text below. However, some of the connectors in this
version have been mixed up. Identify them and place them in the correct parts of the sentences
so that the meaning of the text is not altered.

It is possible for components made of different metals to be welded

together. However, steel can be welded to copper and to brass. Due to, it
is much more difficult to weld components made of two dissimilar materials
than it is to weld those made of the same base metal. While there is no
difficulty in melting two different metals and mixing them together in a
molten state, problem occur once the hot, liquid metal forming the weld
pool starts to cool. As this process takes place, the two metals will not
necessarily fuse properly. Once the joint has cooled, this can result in
33
 discontinuities, such as cracks, at the heart of the weld zone. For instance,
as the metals contract at different rates (In addition different
coefficients of thermal expansion), powerful residual stresses can build up,
not only in the joint, but also in the wider heat-affected zone near the
joint.

ANSWER KEY

It is possible for components made of different metals to be welded together.

For instance, steel can be welded to copper and to brass. However, it is much more
difficult to weld components made of two dissimilar materials than it is to weld
those made of the same base metal. While there is no difficulty in melting two
different metals and mixing them together in a molten state, problem occur once
the hot, liquid metal forming the weld pool starts to cool. As this process takes
place, the two metals will not necessarily fuse properly. Once the joint has cooled,
this can result in discontinuities, such as cracks, at the heart of the weld zone. In
addition, as the metals contract at different rates (due to different coefficients
of thermal expansion), powerful residual stresses can build up, not only in the
joint, but also in the wider heat-affected zone near the joint.

3) Underline connectors and classify them according to their theory

SPECIFIC VOCABULARY
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