CH1131 Biomolecular

Engineering

Week1(Aug14,2015)
Introduction:perspectiveofvirushostinteractions

1
 Position of Viruses in
Living Systems
Virusesaresubmicroscopic
Virusescarrygenetic
information
Virusenvelopesderivedfrom
cellularplasmamembrane
Virusesproliferate through
hosts
Virusinfectionsdisturbcellular
signaling
Virusinfectionsprovoke
immuneresponse
Virusinfectionscausehuman
disease
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 Basic Composition of Virus and Cell

Virus

Cell
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Virus Replication: key features

Virusenterscellvia
cellularreceptors
Virusgeneexpression in
cellnucleus
Virusproteintranslation
incellcytoplasm
Virusmature incell
cytoplasm
Virusexitcelltostart
newcycle

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 Virus Replication: key steps

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ
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 Virus Replication: receptor and entry

Cellularreceptorsarelocatedatplasma
membrane,havedistinctcellularfunctions,but
canberecognised byviruses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q1i_7zQGA4
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 Virus Replication: gene expression

HIVPromoterRegion

Viruscarriesgeneticinformation
Virusgenomemovestocellularnucleus
Virusgenomecontainspromoter (DNAsequence)
Viruspromoterisrecognisedbycellularproteins
Cellularproteins(transcriptionfactors)regulatevirus
geneexpression
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IGQaM0uy9M 7
 Virus Replication and Cellular Cytoskeleton

HBVinfected Racv12expressing
HepG2Cell HepG2Cell

Virusesinducescytoskeleton
InfluenzaVirusandActin reorganizationfortheirmovement
withinthecell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOblMwjwG-s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK-z0i3KaLk 8
 Virus Replication and Cellular Signaling

RegulationofRasrelated Signaling pathwaylinkingreceptor

oncogenes:inactiveGDP activation andactinassembly incells.
boundformandactiveGTP Virusesdisturb normalcellular
boundform pathwaybyactivatingdirectlyRas
relatedoncogenes.
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 Virus Replication and Cell Cycle

Cellcycleiswellregulatedprocess
Virusesinterferewithregulatoryproteins
inordertostimulatecellgrowth
Uncontrolledcellgrowthmayleadtocancer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1rGtduQH90

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Virus Infection and Host Immune Responses

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Learning Objectives

Composition of cell
Compartments of cell
Gene expression
Protein translation
Cell cycle and regulation
Immune response
Biological engineering

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 Perspective Questions

Is virus infection limited to human beings?

What would you to control the spread of new virus

infection?
Molecular Basis of Living Systems

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Learning Outcome - Basic Properties of Cells

Basic organization of cells

Basic components of cells

Basic functions of cellular

components

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 Basic Properties of Cells

Cells are alive

Cells are highly complex and
organized
Cells carry genetic information
Cells reproduce by division
Cells carry out metabolism
Cells respond to stimuli

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2R7lYiuuL-E
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Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized

Cells have consistent

structures
Cells possess organelles
Organelles have distinct
functions
Organelles consist of
polymers
Polymers consist of
building block molecules
Internal Structure of Cell (for example, nucleic acids and
genes, amino acids and proteins)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4L_QO4WKtM 17
Cells Carry Genetic Information

Cells contain nucleus

Nucleus contains chromosomes
Chromosomes contains genes
Genes contain specific information on
cellular activities
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Cells Reproduce by Division

Division: content of mother cell

distributed to TWO daughter cells
Genetic information is copied
before division
Each daughter cell receives ONE
copy of duplicated genetic
information

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnXwm6-BBCQ 19
 Cells Carry Out Metabolism

Cells maintain complexity

and structure by
consuming energy
Energy is generated by
metabolism
Cells carry out
metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism in cell

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 Cells Respond to Stimuli

Cells respond to stimuli

through receptors
Stimuli include growth factors,
hormones, chemicals etc
Receptors are linked to
Membrane Ruffles specific intracellular signaling
cascades
Cascades determine cellular
responses to stimuli
Responses include movement
and division
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Signaling to Stimuli https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LumwOqaJgY
Organelles of Eukaryotes
Mitochondria: generate
energy
Endoplasmic reticulum:
manufacture lipid and
proteins
Golgi complex: transport
materials to specific
location
Lysosome: digest
macromolecules to
recycle

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Learning Objectives Chemical Basis of Cells

Types of biological molecules

Diversity of carbohydrates
Structure and function of lipids
Complexity of protein structures
Basic information on nucleic acids

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Nature of Biological Molecules - background

Hydrocarbons are simplest organic molecules

Functional groups are found to replace hydrocarbon groups in many

organic molecules important in biology

Functional groups include hydroxyl group (-OH); carboxyl group (-

COOH); sulfhydryl group (-SH); amino group (-NH2)

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Functional Classification of Biological Molecules

Macromolecules: form structure and carry out cellular

activities (main types: proteins, genes, polysaccharides)

Macromolecule building
blocks: most macromolecules
have short lifetime compared
with cell (turnover of building blocks)

Metabolites: intermediates of metabolic reactions

Molecules of miscellaneous function: vitamins,

hormones, energy storage (ATP), regulatory (cAMP)

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Four Types of Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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 Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates consist of polysaccharides (CH2O)n and

serve as energy storehouse

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 Carbohydrates - diverse macromolecules

disaccharides Glycogen: animal surplus energy store

Starch: plant surplus energy store Cellulose: plant cell wall 28

Lipids
Lipids are not polymers
Able to dissolve in organic
solvent
Unable to dissolve in water
Important lipids are fats,
steroids and phospholipids

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 Lipids - Fats
Long-term energy storage form
Carbohydrates short term
energy storage
One glycerol linked
(condensation reaction) to three
fatty acids (triacylglycerol)
Triacylglycerol
Fatty acids may be different
Hydrophobic long carbon chain
Hydrophilic COOH head
Naturally stored in adipocytes
Soap is made of fatty acid

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Grease and Soap
 Proteins General Information I
Macromolecules with 20 amino acids as
building blocks
Protein structures are specific and their
functions are unique
Carry out all cell activities
Enzymes influence metabolic reactions
Cytoskeletal elements provide structural
support
Receptors determine cell responses
Motor proteins are basis for movement
Antibodies constitute part of immune
system
Diverse Structures
and Functions
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 Proteins General Information II

Each amino acid has central C with 4

attached groups

2 attached groups are NH2 and COOH

Protein synthesis links NH2 of one a.a. to

COOH of another a.a.

R groups determine inter- and intra-

molecular interaction and protein activity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA4TeS
EWTxI 32
 Proteins Primary and Secondary Structure
Primary structure is a linear
sequence of a.a. in chain
Primary structure determines
higher levels of structures

Primary Structure of HBX

-sheet
Secondary Structure: -helice
Secondary structure shows
maximum possible of H bonds
between neighbouring a.a.
- -helice has cylindrical shape
stabilized by H bonds below and
above
- -sheet consists of segments lysing
side-by-side stabilized by H bonds
perpendicular to segment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUS6CEn4GSA
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wM2LWCTWlrE
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are mainly involved in
storage and transmission of genetic
information
Nucleic Acids consist of 3 groups:
phosphate, sugar and base
DNA has a Deoxyribose
RNA has a Ribose
Purines consist of 2 rings and include
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines consist of 1 ring and
include Cytosine and Thymine (Uracil
in RNA)
ATP provides energy
GTP is involved in cell signaling

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Chemical Basis of Cells - Summary
Biological molecules include carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates consist of simple or macromolecules of
sugar, and involved in short-term energy storage
Lipid molecules are hydrophobic and hydrophilic, and
involved in long-term energy storage
Proteins carry out most cell activities, consist of amino
acids and have different levels of structures
Nucleic acids mainly involved in genetic information, and
consist of purines and pyrimidines

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 Perspective Questions

Lipids are not the same type of macromolecules as proteins or

DNA. Why?

Why is there a dynamic turnover between macromolecules and

building blocks?

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