I-Chng ct l mt phng php tch dng nhit tch hn hp ng th (dung dch) ca cc cht

lng khc nhau. Cht rn ha tan, th d nh cc loi mui, c tch ra khi cht lng bng cch kt
tinh. Dung dch mui c th lm c c bng cch cho bay hi. Khi sn phm mong mun chnh l hi
bc ln, th d nh khi kh mui ra khi nc bin, th ngi ta cng gi l chng ct, mc du iu
ny chnh xc ra l khng ng. Mt kh nng khc tch dung dch l ng t. Trong cc ngn ng
chu u, t chng ct bt ngun t ting La tinh destillare c ngha l nh git xung.

Chng ct da trn nhit si khc nhau ca cc cht lng tham gia. Ngi ta cng ni l cc cht lng
c p sut hi khc nhau ti cng mt nhit . Nu a nng lng vo h thng, v c p sut hi
khc nhau, cht c p sut hi cao hn (nhit si thp hn) bc hi nhiu hn cc cht khc. V th
m nng ca cht c nhit si thp hn trong phn ct cao hn l trong hn hp ban u.

Chng ct l qu trnh dng nhit tch mt hn hp lng ra thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo

bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp cng mt nhit o.

1.Chng ct phn on

Chng ct phn on c dng c c mt tinh khit cao ca phn ct hay chng ct nhiu
cht khc nhau t mt hn hp. Nu nhit si gn nhau c th chng ct di p sut thp hn
ci thin bc tch v nh th nhit si s nm xa nhau hn.

2.Chng ct li cun

Chng ct tht ra ch cn thit khi cc cht lng cn phi tch ha tan vi nhau th d nh dung dch cn
v nc. Nu hn hp l ca nhng cht khng ha tan vo nhau, th d nh nc v du th t l
thng l c th tch cc cht lng bng cch lng v gn i.

Trong nhiu trng hp c mt t l nht nh ca hn hp hai cht lng m khng th tip tc tch
bng phng php chng ct c na. Cc hn hp ny c gi l hn hp ng ph. Nu mun tng
nng ca cn phi dng n cc phng php tinh ct c bit khc.

II.S nguyn l chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh

Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, qu trnh chng ct u l qu trnh lin tc. Thit b chng ct l
cc thp chng ct (ct chng ct). S nguyn l hot ng chung ca cc thp chng ct s dng
trong cng nghip ch bin c n gin ho nh minh ha trong hnh . Theo s chng ct ny,
sn phm thu c khng ch l sn phm nh v sn phm y nh cc qu trnh chng ct thng
thng m cn c ly ra gia thn thp. Cc sn phm ly ra thn thp cc a c cu to c
bit. thu hi c cht lng sn phm ph hp, hn hp sau khi ly ra thn c a vo mt
thp sc ph tch phn hydrocacbon c khong nhit si nm ngoi gii hn sn phm nh tch.
Ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu, ng dng c th m ngi ta thit k cc a thu hi cc sn phm gia
thp.
Qu trnh hot ng ca thp c th tm tt nh sau: Nguyn liu trc khi a vo thp c nng ti
nhit thch hp nh h thng thit b trao i nhit v l t. Ti a tip liu cc cu t c nhit
si thp s bay hi v ngng t cc a pha trn thp. Phn cc cu t nng hn, c nhit si cao
hn s chy xung phn chng ca thp (stripping section). phn tch cc cu t nh cn cha trong
phn nng, y thp thng lp t mt thit b gia nhit trc tip hay gin tip ty thuc vo ng
dng c th.

iu khin nhit ca thp, dc theo thn thp ngi ta b tr cc bm tun hon ly pha lng
t trong thp ra lm ngui khi cn thit, nhm mc ch tch cc phn on nm trong cc khong
nhit si ph hp vi im ct thit k. Sn phm nh sau khi ngng t c hi lu mt phn tr
li thp nhm iu chnh hot ng ca thp ph hp. Cc sn phm ly ra t mt thp ny c th tip
tc c a sang thp khc phn tch tip thnh cc phn on nh hn hoc tch trit cc tp
cht.
M hnh thp chng
Thp chng ct

Condeser :Thit b ngng t

Offgas :Kh khng ngng

Reflux drum :Bnh cha lng hi lu

Reflux :Dng hi lu

Overhead product :Sn phm nh

Feed :Nguyn liu u vo

Reboiler tube bundle :Thit b un si dng ng

chm

Bottoms product :Sn phm y

S cng ngh

Condeser :Thit b ngng t

Offgas :Kh khng ngng

Reflux drum :Bnh cha lng hi lu

Reflux :Dng hi lu

Overhead product :Sn phm nh

Feed :Nguyn liu u vo

Reboiler tube bundle :Thit b un si dng

ng chm

Bottoms product :Sn phm y

Mm l Thp chng