Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
AmgH$-gemoYZ-S>b, nwUo-4
gH V AmmoX BVm Zddr (gnyU) ` 58.00
Zdr H$jm
gnyU-gH$V
Wm:
doXH$
oKXV
{V
m
V
n#m
hmam>am-nmR>nwVH$-{Z{{V: VWm AmgH$-gemoYZ-S>b, nwUo-4
$j m
Zdr H
- g H $ V
g n y U
w O a m V r , { h Xr, BJOr
(amR>r, J mZm H$Vo)
X r Z m m
Bm
boIZ
nR>Z
^mfU
ldU
grno {dmZ y. Ama. {M (Q.R.code) mQ>$moZmam "H$Z' H$Vw eVo & "H$Z'
H$dm nmR>nwVH$ AZm/AmnZm CnwV A{YH$ gm{h (URL) mVo &
Amg-2116/(.H$.43/16) EgS>r-4 {XZmL>H$:-25.4.2016 Bw emgZ{ZUH$mL>H$ AZwg Wm{nVmm:
gdg{m: CndoeZo 3.3.2017 {XZo BX nwVH$ AZwm{ZV &
Wmd{m: 2017 hmam>amnmR>nwVH${Z{{V: VWm AmgH$gemoYZS>b, nwUo - 411 004.
A nwVH$ gd} A{YH$mam: hmam>amnmR>nwVH${Z{{V: VWm AmgH$gemoYZS>b gpV&
hmam>amnmR>nwVH${Z{{V: VWm AmgH$gemoYZS>b g#mmbH$ {b{IV-AZwqV {dZm
A nwVH$ H${n ^mJ CXYV H$Vw Z eVo&
gH$V^mfmVkg{{V: gH$V^mfmmgJUgXm:
n. Jwbm XVJra {~amgXma S>m. mYdr Omoer lrVr A{XVr mYdZ lrVr eodVr XmQ>
(Aj:)
S>m. gmX {^S>o lrVr {dkmnZm JmoH$UH$a S>m. mYdr Zagmio
lrVr Va{Ur ImoV
S>m. gmX Hw$bH$Uu lrVr F$Mm d lrVr dmVr OmYd
S>m. mYd Ho$iH$a
lr. OJXre BXbH$a lrVr H$mMZ Omoer lrVr AMZm Omoer
S>m. mYd ^wHw$Q>o
S>m. km XoenmS>o
lrVr g{dVm dmi VmdZm
(gX-g{Md) Amrm: N>mm:,
A>r-H$jmm gH$V^mfmm: gww> n[aM: OmV: mV wmH$& Ho$
gmoOZ {ZwVm: eXm:, H$W eXmZm nanag~Y:, H$se dUmZm CmaU,
lrVr g{dVm A{Zb dmi H$ser dmaMZm M B{V {dfo n>Vm mV& EV: Ed ^mfmgmYZ: AYwZm
{deofm{YH$mar, amR>r gm{hn[aM: A{n m:& gH$Vo Ho$ H$d:, H$m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z, Ho$ wIm:
{MH$mam
JWm: M B{V {dfo eZ: eZ: kmVo ApZ df}&
$mI ZXm$, edV XoewI
^mfmgyofw ZyVZeXmZm, bH$mamUm {d{dYmH$aU{~XZm M kmnZ
wIn>
^d{V& Ahmo! mH$aU{Z~Vm gH$V^mfmm: B{n H$Xm{MV CoJ:
edV XoewI
^doV& qH$ {dZm mH$aU ^mfmZ Z eVo? Am eVo& ApZ
AjamoOZ
nwVHo$ "agH$V' B{V {deofnmR>m{bH$mmam ^mfmm: jmoJ:,
^mfm{d^mJ:
"^mfmgy'mam ^mfm{gmV: M BZmo: {lar{V: Am{^: Am{lVm&
nmR>nwVH$S>b, nwUo.
{Z{{V:
gdXm aV-
g{XmZX Am$io, AmH$aUYrV {^mom Va{UrVaU&
w{Z{{V-A{YH$mar ^ofOng{hV {XH$V da Z H$V&&
amOo {MXaH$a, AdJZoZ {dZm n{R>V a{Q>V M {dV ^d{V, AdJ AmgoZ
{Z{{V-A{YH$mar wV gdXm Ed aUo {V>{V&
H$mJX eXgnX: {dZm, ^mfm{ZmZm kmZoZ {dZm ZyVZ^mfmZ AnyU&
ldU-^mfU-nR>Z-boIZ B{V ^mfmgmonmZm{Z H$e: AmamohV&
wUmXoe: AZoZ nwVH$moZ doXm:, Cn{ZfX:, hmH$mm{Z, n#mV,
gw^m{fVm{Z M B{V gH$VJWgnX wmH$ nwaV: CnWm{nVm& Am
wH$: {MaZyVZmm gH$Vgm{hgQ>m AmmoXoZ ad&
M/S. RUNA GRAPHICS, PUNE
H$meH$:
{ddoH$ Cm Jmogmdr (S>m. gw{Zb Ja)
{ZH$: nwUo gMmbH$:
nmR>nwVH${Z{{VS>b, {XZm$: - 28 E{b, 2017, AjVVrm hmam>amnmR>nwVH${Z{{V: VWm
^mXodr, w~B - 25. ^maVr gma : 8 demI 1939 AmgH$gemoYZS>b, nwUo.
^maV g{dYmZ
VmdZm
d, ^maV OZm:, ^maV gnyU^wdgn, gmOdm{XZ,
gXm{Zanoj, bmoH$VmH$ JUam {dYmVw, V
gVmZ ZmJ[aH$m
gmm{OH$, Am{WH$, amOZr{VH$ M m,
{dMma, A{^o$:, AmWmm:, Y,
CnmgZmm dVVm,
{V>mm:, Adga M gVm mn{Vw;
Vofw gd}fw M
{$Jmad am> EH$Vmm:,
AIS>Vmm gw{Zm{H$m ~YwVm
dY{Vw;
H$VT>gnm: Am AXrmm g{dYmZg^mm
A, pVro 1949 Vo df} Zd~amg 26-Vo {XZo
(2006-Vo {dH$gdgao mJerf} ewbnjo gm {VWm)
EVoZ BX g{dYmZ ArH$V, A{Y{Z{V, Amm{nV M
Hw$ho &
am>JrV
OZJUZ-A{YZmH$ O ho
^maV-^m{dYmVm &
nOm~, {gYw, JwOamV, amR>m,
m{dS>, CH$b, ~J,
{d, {hmMb, wZm, JJm,
CN>b Ob{YVaJ,
Vd ew^ Zmo OmJo, Vd ew^ Am{eg mJo,
Jmho Vd OJmWm,
OZJU JbXmH$ O ho,
^maV-^m{dYmVm &
O ho, O ho, O ho,
O O O O ho &&
{Vkm
^maVmo Xoemo@ ^maVrm ~mYdm: &
namZwapVapZ o Xoeo@pV gdXm &&1&&
gm {d{dYmm m Xoe nanam: &
gpV Vm: {V o {Z{^mZmoV {ea: &&2&&
{Vo gXm MmhmgmX{VwhVm &
oZ Vmgm ^{dm{ lmwV: nXmZwJ: &&3&&
gmZo {nVam dmoo>mZ Jw$VWm &
gmOoZd dV} VWm gdah gXm &&4&&
dH$soZ {h XoeoZ dXoer ~mYd: &
EH$mV{Z>mMma {VOmZo {h gdWm &&5&&
EVofmod H$mUo gwH$f} VWd M &
ZyZ {d{Z{hV gd gmmpVH$ &&6&&
gH$V&
ZdrH$jmN>mmUm gH$V^mfm{dfo AYmo{bpIVmZm jVmZm {dH$mg: ^doV B{V Anojm dVVo&
jo jVm{dYmZm{Z
ldU 1. AmH$medmm VWm Xa{Mdmm gm[aV gH$VdmVmn ldU&
2. {ejHo$U gH$VmoZ XmmZm XZpXZgyMZmZm ldU AdJZ M&
3. nmR> AZwg m: aMZmH$H$Vr {ejH$ gH$VmoZ gyM{V, Vmgm ldU AdJZ M&
4. gH$Vo n N>Xmo~Vm, dmm{Z EVofm ldUoZ A{YH$ Amg&
^mfU 1. gH$V CmaUd{eQ>mZm g^mfUmoZ A{YH$ Amg&
2. {ejHo$U n>mZm mZm gH$VmoZ g{dVa wmam{U&
3. { gh gH$VmoZ gdmX&
4. dVmZ{dfofw gH$VmoZ {H${#mV VXeZ&
nR>Z 1. An{R>VgH$VnmR> AWnyU dmMZ&
2. doX-hmH$m-ZmQ>H$m{Xgm{hofw {dmZm: m: gyV dhmao M{bVm, Vmgm nR>Z&
3. gH$VVmomUm Wmmo nR>Z &
boIZ 1. Xmof{da{hV lwVboIZ&
2. boIZ{ZmZ AZwg n[aN>oXboIZ &
3. gdmXny{V&
4. H$VrZm gjonoU {ddoMZ&
AZ 1. gH$VeXH$mof {ZVmonmoJ eXgL>Jho A{^d{ M&
2. gmny{V-ho{bH$m-AmXrZm H$mH$mamUm agmdmXZ&
3. ^m{fH$H$sS>mZm AmZXmZw^y{V:&
4. JnmZwdmX dmm&
5. dmZw^yVg {M dm gH$VmoZ dUZ&
6. emJWmZm {dfo {Okmgmm d{&
7. AaH$mof A{YH$ AZ&
^mfmmg: 1. gH$VeXOmb ny{V&
2. dhmao gH$VmoZ gabg^mfU bH$mamUm C{MV moJ M& (AmkmW: {dW: M&)
3. AmZm dmofw C{MV moJ&
4. gpY{dJh gpY M H$dm nmR>dmMZ&
5. gmgmZm gX^ AZwg {dJh&
6. EH$V: eVnV (1-100) gL>mZm kmZ&
nmR>nwVH$ Ano{jVn[aUmmW gdmgm jVmZm gwmo{dH$mgmW {Vgmh fQ> (6) Vm{gH$m: Ano{jVm:&
{H$ ApV nwVHo$?
g &
agH$V W ...5
1. qH$ H$d & )
m?
2. dUmZm g qH$ H$Vw? M m a : & (J ...11
...7 :
3. qH$ H$ad
mhM&
. g w > w JhrV & (n) ) ..1
5
m{U? ..14 1. b m J
4. qH$ Hw$m m H$m& ( ...33
V? qH$ ^d ...17 2.A Vm XmVmM )
oV? ... ..36
5. {H$mnX
qH$ H$W{V 32 3 .Ym mbm& (n mVd?
6. H$: H$Vd ?- W d
mZ? H$m H$V 1 ..35 4 . {d m? qH$ ) ..4
0
7. CnnX{d dVr? ..38 q H $ { ( J
^
8. gL>m{ V: 5. dmX:)
g { d nbm& ...44
de . . . 4 3 ( V m
9. gLm{ ofUm{Z-1 . . . d rad{Z & (n)
de
10. {H$mn ofUm{Z-2
. 5 4 6
m o J mbm VH$: hmZ ...46
X qH$ H$W ...59 7. >d ) . ..19
11. Ho$Z H$ {V ?-2 ..62 Z H $ m o S J
V ? 8. {n H$Vk:& ( b-1& ...48
12. {deofU g $me &
& ...80 gw J g H $ V & b oIZH meb-2
... 86 $
oIZH
b
1. gL>m:&
2. {MnXH$mof:& ... 1
3. g:& ...31
AaH$mof:&..95 narjmm$n&98
eXH$mof:&..96 H${Vn{H$m& 100
O^Vo eUmo{V
W:
gm H$m
VX An
} JN>{V aVo AJN>V AaV
Vm nwfm
nwf: Vo H$o
Vo Ano
} JN>V: aoVo AJN>Vm AaoVm
Vo nwfm:
Vm: H$m:
Vm{Z Anm{Z
} JN>pV aVo AJN>Z AaV
aV H$maH$m{U&
H$maH$m{U {d^V: CXmhaUm{Z
1. H$Vm Wm AmewVmof: Jm{V& (~mb) {bI{V&
a{gH$m ImX{V& (arm) dX{V&
mZ Mb{V& (nU) nV{V&
2. H$ {Vrm gwYmew: oK n{V& amOm (godH$) Am{V&
3. H$aU VVrm Ah wIoZ dXm{& ajH$: (XS>) VmS>{V&
4. gXmZ MVwWu mVm nwm ^moOZ n[adof{V&
Y{ZH$: (mMH$) YZ XXm{V&
5. AnmXmZ n#mr yVmV d nV{V& (dj) $b nV{V&
(AmH$me) Vmo nV{V&
6. A{YH$aU gr N>mm: dJ} Cn{depV& IJm: (dj) Hy$OpV&
m: (ZXr) VapV&
* f>r {d^pV: Z {H$mnXg~pYZr& AV: gm Z H$maH${d^pV:&
4
W: nmR>:& gww> JhrV: Mma:& W: KQ>H$:&
XodXm: Zm H$mo@{n Y{ZH$: AmgrV & EH$Xm
V YZyV: bw>:& V Jho fS> ^m: AmgZ&
Vofw Ed EH$: Mma: mV, B{V V V& Mma
JhrVw g: dra~b gmhm AmMV & dra~b:
AdXV, ""{! A gmL>H$mbo Vd gdmZ ^mZ
Jh of'' B{V&
5
^mfmmg:
1. C{MV nm {MZwV&
1. H$ YZyV: bw:?
(A) XodXm (Am) dra~b (B) ^ > (B) Zn
2. Jho H${V ^m: AmgZ?
(A) n#m (Am) g (B) fS> (B) EH$:
3. dra~b: H$ {?
(A) ^ (Am) Y{ZH$ (B) {>H$mm:> (B) Mma
4. ": Mm H${Q>V ^doV&' B{V {MVm H$ {Mmo OmVo?
(A) Xmg (Am) dra~b (B) Y{ZH$> (B) Zn
2. H$: H dX{V?
1. ""nVw EVm: mm{>H$m:&''
2. ""{, A gmL>H$mbo Vd gdmZ ^mZ Jh of&''
3. m^mfV Cma {bIV& dra~boZ Mma: H$W JhrV:?
4. V^obZ Hw$V& 5. {dmWH$eXmZm w {MZwV {bIV M&
{deofU {deo
gmZmoV: YZyV: nyd JVm: XrKm OmJV:
gdmZ Mma: ^: dm gw: dmr
bw: {>H$m:
JhrV: ^mZ Y{ZH$: nMmV AmJVm: X[a:
6. nmR>mV gmZmWH$ eX {Mdm aoIm{M nyaV&
1) 2)
YZmT>: VoZ: nmQ>a:
YZdmZ B:
VH$a: mofH$:
YZgn:
4) godH$:
aH$:
MoQ>H
gw{: dnm
m
n[aM
$:
{H$L
:
Xmg
a: >H$
eZ dmn: Xmgo:
6
agH$V& qH$ H$dm?
~mbH$: nwVH$ nR>{V nmR>embm JN>{V M&
{dm{ZHo$VZ
7
AV: dj Amamoh{V Cn{de{V M&
AV: dj Am Cn{de{V&
dm Xod mWVo {Zm H$amo{V M&
nwfm h Vm jm ^moOZ Hw$V:&
Am, m, jm BoVm{Z nydH$mbdmMH$-~V-Am{Z&
ew^Xm AmnU JN>{V YZ XXm{V nwVH$ AmZ{V nR>{V M&
9
~mbH$m: Jh AmJN>Z Ob M A{n~Z&
~mbH$m: {H$W Jh AmJN>Z? ~mbH$m: Ob nmVw Jh AmJN>Z&
N>mm nwVH$mb AJN>Vm& {H$W? N>mm n{R>Vw nwVH$mb AJN>Vm&
oKm o$ZH$ drH$amo{V& {H$W? oKm dm{U jmb{Vw o$ZH$ drH$amo{V&
w>, nmVw, n{R>Vw, jmb{Vw BoVm{Z hodWH$-VwV-Am{Z&
nR>V AdJN>V M -
1. ewZH$m: Im{XVw BN>pV & 2. Ah dVw EoN>&
3. ^madmhH$: ^ma dmoTw> eZmo{V& 4. Vm: Zm: {Ma nVw$ eZwdpV&
5. OZm: ^moOZ H$Vw Ama^V&
g^mfmn
1. hodWH$ moO{dm gdmX nyaV&
qgh: - ao yfH$, XS>m{ dm&
yfH$: - ^mo:, Ah (J) BN>m{& w#mVw m&
qgh: - {H$W w#mm{? Ah {Zm: Amg& dm {Zm^: H$V:&
yfH$: - hmamO, EH$dma w#mVw& gL>H$Q>H$mbo Ah{n Vd gmhm (H$) AmJN>m{&
naVw BXmZt ~mYdmZ (e) JN>m{& H$nm w#mVw&
2. MVwW nX {bIV&
1. -mVw :: J - 2. {b-o{bVw :: {bI -
3. nyO - nyO{Vw :: H$W - 4. hZ - hVw :: Z -
5. b^-bYw :: a^ - 6. ~wY - ~mo :: wY -
7. -Vw :: H$ - 8. e-w> :: ne -
3. $YmVmo: hodWH$ A w dm nwZ{bIV&
1. eJmb: mjm$b (ImX) CnV{V& 2. H$mH$: Ob (nm-{n~) KQ>o Cn{de{V&
3. eJmb: mgIS> (b^) H$mH$ VwqV H$amo{V& 4. ^r (hZ) Xm}YZ: H$nQ> AH$amoV&
5. eeH$: {Zm (H$) AJN>V& 6. g: n ({bI) boIZr drH$amo{V&
10
{Vr: nmR>:& Ambm& (H$R>WrH$aUmW)
^mfmgw wm Ywam {Xm JrdmU^maVr&
Vm {h H$m Ywa VmX{n gw^m{fV&&
gw^m{fV Zm emo^Z ^m{fV& gH$Vgm{ho {dnwbm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z gpV& Anmjad gw^m{fVmZm
d{e& Ywam{U Jom{Z AWnyUm{Z EVm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z& gw^m{fVmZm nR>ZoZ dmUr gwgH$Vm {ZXm}fm M
^d{V& dVdH$bmm {ZnwUVmgnmXZmW CH$>>-{Z~YboIZmW M Vm{Z AVrd CnwVm{Z& AV: B
gw^m{fVmZm mbm N>m: Ad H$Ro> YmaUrm&
11
WmZ^>m Z emo^Vo XVm Ho$em ZIm Zam:&
B{V {dkm {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV&&7&&
[WmZ^>m: XVm:, Ho$em:, ZIm: Zam: M Z emo^Vo B{V {dkm {VmZ (Za:) dWmZ Z n[aOoV&]
AdaMZm - gm{haMZm {Ym nm Jm M& Jom N>Xmodm~m naMZm& AmXm H$VnX nmV H$nX
AVo {H$mnX B{V gabm H$~m JaMZm& A nXH$: no Z Vo& AV: H$Xm{MV n X~moY
^d{V& n nX{d^mJ H$dm {dH$sUm{Z nXm{Z gmo nwZ: gabH$oU H$Vm aMZm Zm Ad:&
AW~moY gab gmYZ Zm Ad:& AZwdmXmW{n bm^XmH$: Admmg:& ${MV no o eXm:
Z dVVo VmZ H$n{dm AWnyUm dmaMZm ^d{V& nW {H$mnX Apd H$: H$Vm, qH$ H$ B{V
ZmZ H$dm Ad: H$aUr:& Wm- A {H$ {H$mnX? drjVo& H$: drjVo? Za:& H$se:
bmo^m{d>mo Zamo {dm drjVo Z Vw gQ>& Za:? bmo^m{d>:& bmo^m{d>: Za: {H$ drjVo? {dm& {H$
XY n{V mOmamo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V&& Z drjVo? gQ>& mOma: qH$ n{V? XY& qH$ Z
Ad: - n{V? bJwS>mh{V&
Wm bmo^m{d>: Za: {dm drjVo, gQ> Vw Z drjVo VWm mOma: XY n{V, bJwS>mh{V Vw Z n{V&
^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1- cmoH$: 2 -
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) BaoU lmoVw qH$ Xm? A) Ho$ XVd Hw$dpV?
Am) Am H$se? Am) Ho$ Ho$VH$s Am{OKpV?
B) BaoU {dhVw qH$ Xm?
2. g dm Ag {bIV&
2. Vm{bH$m nyaV&
A) gmZm: XVd Hw$dpV&
qH$ Xm qH$ H$Vw? {H$W? Am) fQ>nXm: d AmmpV&
H$Um Xmm lmoVw ldUmW/ldUm B) gmZm: Ho$VH$sJY Am{OKpV&
Am Xm dVw dMZmW/dMZm 3. gmZmWH$eX {MZwV {bIV M&
KmU Xm KmUmW/ gmZm:, ^am:, AmJN>pV&
nmXw Xm /{dhmam 4. {dmWH$eX {bIV&
Zoo Xmo w> /XeZm JwUm:, Xao, AmmpV&
3. obZ Hw$V&
A H$U: Am KmU nmX: Zo hV: nmVw
Am H$a: ajVw bmoMZ lmo VwS> Zm{gH$m MaU:
12
cmoH$: 3 - 2. OyfmV: C{MV nm {Mdm V^nyaU
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& Hw$V&
A) YoZd: qH$ ^wdm XY N>pV? ZrMm: m: Cmm:
Am) YoZd: ObmemV qH$ {n~pV? H$m H$m
B) bmoH$mVa: H$m:?
2. cmoH$mV dmV-Ao {Mdm {bIV& (Z n[apV, H$mmV, Z ma^Vo, {dapV)
3. dmV: H$Vm, H$ {H$mnX M ApdV {bIV M& 3. cmoH$mV Wm{d^Vo: VWm VVrm{d^Vo:
XY N>pV YoZd:& $nm{U {MZwV {bIV M&
4. EH$dMZo n[adVV& 4. nXn[aM Hw$V&
bmoH$mVa: YoZd: ewH$m{U VUm{Z ImXpV& ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwf: dMZ
cmoH$: 4 - {dapV
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& n[aOpV
A) ZwOoZ qH$ Z H$V? 5.dU{dJh Hw$V&
Am) ZwOoZ Hw$ Z JV? ma, {dZ:&
B) ZwOoZ {H$ AZwgV?
cmoH$: 7 -
2. Vm{bH$m nyaV& 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
YmVw: dmV/~V$n Zm$n A) WmZ^>m: Ho$ Ho$ Z emo^Vo?
H$ AH$dm Am) {H$ {dkm {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV?
J-JN> Jdm 2. gmZmWH$eX: dm nwZ{bIV&
CV + gO AZwg WmZ^>m: XVm: Ho$em: ZIm: Zam: Z emo^Vo&
3. cmoH$mV AYmoXmeXmZm H$Vo gmZmWH$eX 3. cmoH$mV Wm{d^Vo: $nm{U {Mdm {bIV&
{Mdm {bIV& cmoH$: 8 -
Jh, X>:, mJ:, VmoH$, ^y[a& 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
cmoH$: 5 - A) Za:$qH$ Z OoV?
1. cmoH$mV ~V-Am{Z {MZwV& Am) AZwoZ qH$ mw Z eVo?
2. mo $n {MZwV& 2. g Ag dm B{V {bIV&
A) f>r- {dh/Xod& A) Za: Xd g{#mVoV&
Am) MVwWu- {dhm/Johm& Am) Za: C g{#mVoV&
B) Wm- Ah/H$W& B) {Vbo: Vb mVo&
cmoH$: 6 - 3. AaH$mofnL>pV {bIV& Xd, Za:&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) Ho$ H$m Z ma^Vo? 4. gmZmWH$eX {MZwV {bIV M&
Am) Ho$ o {dapV? bYw, Amb&
B) Ho$ maY H$m Z n[aOpV? 5.dU{dJh Hw$V&
g{#m, {Vbo:&
13
agH$V& dUmZm gmhM&
AmH$ {^m{Z CmaUWmZm{Z y
A B C F$ OmZrW& d gd} ghd {V>m& AmH$
nanagmhM amoMH$& Xm Amgw mo
b E Eo Amo Am AVrd g{H$f ^d{V VXm X d{Zn[adVZ
^d{V g Ed gpY&
A C
{X Amdmo: A{Ve{V: g{{Y: Amdmo: g{H$f n[aUm$noU
V{h Amdmo: WmZo EH$ma: moa{n WmZo "AmoH$ma' Amm{V&
Cn{V>{V
& Wm JU+Be: Wm-b~+CXa B{Vb~moXa&
B CmaU JUoe:&
Ed AmH$ {W: ^md: Vo& Wm dagpY: VWd {dgJgpY: OZgpY: M A{n ^dV:& gpY$noU
X d{Zn[adVZ Amgw ^d{V V{fH$m: {Zm: dVVo& {X VX d{Zn[adVZ gww> Z AdJV, gpY{Zm: Z
n{R>Vm: V{h AWmd~moYZ Z ^d{V&
14
VVr: nmR>:& Ym Vm XmVmMH$m&
hmH${dH$m{bXmg{da{MV aKwde B{V hmH$m {god& V
JwX{jUm{dfo
n#mo gJ} hmamO aKmo: OrdZo K{Q>V g H${d: dU{V& aKw: {dd{OV-
Ho$fm H$Wm: lwVm:?
k AH$amoV& ApZ ko g: gd YZ XmZ$noU AN>V [aVH$mof: M
Ho$ XmZdram: mVm:?
A^dV& VXm Ed H$mg: Zm wdm N>m: V AmmV:& Jwado X{jUm XmVw
g: YZ EoN>V& g Ed g: A d{UV:&
H$ppMV VnmodZo daVVw: Zm F${f:
AmgrV& g: AmnZo {ZnwU: H$m Xmbw: M
AmgrV & V Amlo ~hd: oYm{dZ: ~Q>d:
AmgZ& Vofw H$pMV H$mg: Zm ~Qw>: AmgrV&
{dmZ gm JwX{jUm XmVwwgwH$: H$mg:
Jw CnmJN>V& g{dZ M d BN>m Jwado
AH$WV& V dM: lwdm Jw: CVdmZ, ""dg
H$mg, Vd AZoZ godm M ^e rVmo@p&
Am H$m{n X{jUm ZoN>m{& JN>, dpV
Vw&'' JwUm daVVwZm {Zdm[aV: A{n H$mg:
dmadma X{jUm XmVw EoN>V&
VXm V nar{jVw daVVw: AH$WV - ""dm gH$memV MVwXe{dm: AYrVm:& AV:
MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: AmZ&'' Jwamo: dMZ lwdm H$mg: {MVmHw$b: OmV:& "EVmdVr: gwdUwm: Hw$V:
AmZm{Z? hmamO aKw {dhm Z H$mo@{n EVmdVr: wm: XmVw gW:& AV: "aKw {V JN>m{' B{V
{dMm H$mg: aKmo: grn AJN>V&
{XpdOmZVa aKw: "{dd{OV'ZmpZ ko
Aeof YZ XmZ$noU AN>V& [aVhV aKw
XQ>m H$mg: {Zdm:& aKw: V Amh AmJZ
moOZ AnN>V& VXm H$mg: AdXV ""aKmo,
Ah JwX{jUmW MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: Jwado
XmVw{N>m{& {H$Vw ^dmZ nydod gddXmZ
AH$amoV& AV: Ah A JN>m{&'' aKw:
AdXV, ""ho H$mg, {V>& kembmm {dlm
Hw$& Ah {ZMoZ Vd gmhm H$amo{&''
H$mg Jw^m ^m{dV: aKw: Hw$~oamH$mVw gn AH$amoV& Hw$~oa: aKmo: ^mV AmH$UmV
nydod ^yVm gwdUd{>H$amoV& VV XQ>m gVw>: aKw: H$mg Amh gd gwdU V XmVwN>V&
{H$Vw {Z:nh: H$mg: AdXV - ""^mo: amOZ, Ah Ho$db JwX{jUmW MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: A{^bfm{&
Z dmN>m{ A{YH$&''
amOm gdd XmVw EoN>V {H$Vw mMH$: A{YH$mXmVw Z AbfV& AZoZ goZ XmZeya: aKw:
VWm {Z[aN>: H$mg: M md{n gmHo$VOZmZm (Amomdm{gZm) H$Vo nyOZrm A^dVm&
15
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) daVVw: F${f: H$se: AmgrV? Am) H$mgoZ H${V {dm: AYrVm:?
B) H$mg: H$ {e: AmgrV? B) aKmo: k Zm {H$?
C) H$: dUd{> AH$amoV?
2. {ZmU Hw$V&
A) daVVw: AmnZo {ZnwU:& Am) aKw: H$mg ^m ^m{dV:&
3. A) gyhoVa nX {MZwV {bIV M&
$ H$) k:, H$Vw:, gVVw: daVVw:& I) nO:, dfm, {>:, d{>:&
J) {dk:, Ak:, A{^k:, nQw>:& K) m^V, mMH$:, dZrH$:, mJU:&
L>) Hw$~oa:, mJ:, YZm{Yn:, YZX:&
Am) {dmWH$eX {bIV& $^yV, grn&
4. dm ew Hw$V&
A) Ah wm: Jw XmVw EoN>& Am) daVVw: H$mg AH$WV&
5. nmR>mV CH$mamVZmm{Z {deofUm{Z M {Mdm {bIV&
6. OyfmV: C{MV: A: H$mo>H$ nyaV&
nydH$mbdmMH$ dmV nydH$mbdmMH$ ~V hodWH$ VwV
hg>V ZXV !
gpYa{n {dZmoXm...
nwam hmam>ofw Om{hVXj: H$mo@{n Zn: AmgrV& V {hfr gH$V^mfmdrUm {dXfr M& EH$Xm Vm
Ob{dhmamW {H${#mV a ObmeJN>Vm& ObH$sS>mm : Zn{V: {hm Ob{~XZ jow ma^V& amkt e
A~mYV& AV: gm bmm Zn gH$V^mfdmdXV, ""moXH$VmS> m&'' Vm: VX dMZ lwdm M{H$V: amOm
godH$ gwdUWmm moXH$mZmZoVwm{XeV& Xm g: VbKwYwaJmobH$: amkt VmS>{VwN>V VXm gm pVnydH$JXV,
""^mo amOZ, e m ~mYoV B{V {MV{dm "m CXH$: VmS> m', Ob{~X{^: (CXH$:) m mg, B{V
dVwH$mmg&'' ^yn{Va{n C: h{gdm A^UV, ""moXH$eXldUoZ AWm JhrV m& VoZ A n[ahmgg:
CV:&''
16
agH$V& qH$ H$adm{U?
gyMZm:
17
g^mfmn
1. dmm{Z nyaV&
(dYVm, Jmm, N>, Amamohmd, nR>Vw, VaV, IZV, ad, b^oVm)
1. A~, ^moOZ & 4. y Obo & 7. wmH$ gwI &
2. g: nmR> & 5. Amdm Amdj & 8. N>mm e: &
3. d JrV & 6. wdm ^yq & 9. d dmmo &
2. ^dmZ/^dVr-WmZo d moO{dm dmm{Z {bIV&
1. ^dmZ A Cn{deVw& 2. ^dVr ~YZ w#mVm& 3. ^dVr mWVm&
4. ^dmZ erK nN>Vw& 5. ^dV: ^m{U nVw& 6. ^d: nmH$ nMVw&
nR>V-~moYV VV d A{g& JmV-ZXV
CmbH$: doVHo$Vmo: {nVm& doVHo$Vw: CmbH$ nw:& {dmZmZ aMm&
EH$Xm {nVm CmbH$: nw doVHo$Vw AnN>V- ""gm, A{n amKd ! mYd ! grVo ! b{bVo !
VV OmZm{g kmZoZ gd kmV ^d{V?'' {dmZmZ aMm&
nw: - Z OmZm{, {nV:& H$nm H$WVw& Zrbo JJZo {dnwbo {dbo
{nVm - ObnyU nm w{>{V bdU M AmZ& (nw: VWm dmw{dhma H$adm&&1&&
H$amo{V&)
CVdj Vw ^dZ&
{nVm - Ob bdU M {l&
H$mdmH$me Ibw m&
nw: - {{lV {nV:&
{nVm - AYwZm ObmV bdU nWHw$& H$dm {hdV gmonmZ
nw: - VV H$Vw Z eZmo{ {nV:& MpXabmoH$ {dem&&2&&
{nVm - AVw& Cn[a^mJW Ob Z{bH$m AmdmX& VV ewH$M: gym} Jw[a{V
H$W ApV? JhmZ {h gdmZ JUm&
nw: - bdU ApV, VmV& {d{dYm: gwXaVmampMdm
{nVm - ^mJW Ob Z{bH$m AmdmX& VV H$W mpVH$hma aMm&&3&&
ApV?
A~wXmbm A~a^yfm
nw: - VX A{n bdU ApV&
AmXmd {h {Vm&
{nVm - Ob ~{h: {jdm AmJN>&
nw: - {jnm{ VmV&(Ob {jdm AmJN>{V) X:{IV-nr{S>V-H${fH$OZmZm
{nVm - Obo bdU gd m Ibw? JUofw hf OZm&&4&&
nw: - Am, VmV& -S>m. {ddmg:, ~|Jbw$&
{nVm - VWd ~ OJV: H$maU AV: gd m& Wm d
Obo m bdU w> Z eZmo{f VWd d gd m
~ w> Z nma{g& {H$Vw VV gd ApV& VXod
kmV&
H${V: - JmeV: bmoQ>$nm{U {MZwV&
(doVmdVa-Cn{ZfX: A gdmX:&)
18
boIZH$meb-1
{Z~Y nyaV&
1) H$m{bXmg: - "H$m{bXmg:' {eamo{U: Bd & V gm{ho gVmaH$m
Bd H$meVo& VoZ Hw$mag^d, aKwde B{V hmH$mo a{MVo& mb{dH$m{{
{dH$moder VWm A{^kmZemHw$Vb{{V ZmQ>H$m{Z {b{IVdmZ& V oKXV Zm H$m
^mfmgw AZy{XV& gh V ZH$m: {gm:&
(Oyfm - gH$VH${dfw, H$Wm:, g:, gH$V:, {d{dYmgw, o, amOVo, ^moOamOoZ)
2) JUoemogd: - ^mnXmg MVwW} JUoemogd:
& VXm ZHo$fw Jhofw WmnZm ^d{V&
Ef: Cgd: Hw${MV gmYH${XZmH$:, Hw${MV n#m dm
g dm Xe {XZmH$:& AZVa yV}: {dgOZ
{H$Vo
& bmoH$m-{VbH$-hmoXoZ gmdO{ZH$-
JUoemogd: AmaY:& ^Vm: XdmL>Hw$a:, nwn:, {>:
M JUoe &
(Oyfm - Obmeo, {XZo, moXH$:, Ama^Vo, JUoeyV}:,
nyOpV)
gdmX nyaV&
1) mVm - A{ H$bmg, erK &
H$bmg: - A~ ! A {dam{XZ: Ibw ! {{XZ:& dam mVw&
mVm - gda XVYmdZ ZmZm{XH$ gmn& A ~{hJV Ibw&
H$bmg: - , {H$W ~{h:? mVw ^mo:&
mVm - H$bmg, A{n {dV? A O{XZ& Vd JV& AV: A{db~
Zmdm, ZdwVH$ Ydm gm: ^d&
H$bmg: - ^mo: ! god ! {dV m& gda H$amo{& mV:, Cnhma$noUqH$ ?
mVm - AZVa {MVmd:& dad BXmZr&
(Oyfm - Zmd, mV:, C{m>, {nV, H$dm, , {gVm)
2) ew^ - ZVo lrZ !> Ah ZmJnyaZJa JVw BN>m{& {M{Q>H$m Xo{h&
{M{Q>H$m{dHo$Vm - Ho$Z JVw BN>{g?
ew^ - "nwUo-ZmJnya-Jar~aW' aobmZoZ BN>m{&
{M{Q>H$m{dHo$Vm - Efm & qeV Xo{h&
ew^ - JVm& lrZ, EV aobmZ H$: ApV?
{M{Q>H$m{dHo$Vm - EVV aobmZ fS> dmXZo ZmJnyaZJa &
ew^ - &
(Oyfm - nwUoZJamV, YdmX:, $H$m{U, g:, JN>{V, JVw, aobmZoZ, H$nm, {M{Q>H$m,
mV:)
19
OyfmV: moeXmZ moO{dm {MdUZ nyaV&
1) ajm~YZ- {M{X& ^mVm AmgZo
Cn{d>:& V grno dVVo& ^{JZr
ajmgy hVo Jhrdm {V>{V& gm VV g
hVo {gm& mVm n{V &
XrnWm{bH$m Wm{nVm & n>V:
{^{mH$m{M gwImgX A{n oVo&
n[aV: Am{b{IVm ApV&
(Cnhma:, ajm~YZ, ~w, adr, AmZXoZ,
AmgZ, ^mVw:, nrR>o)
~gWmZH$
2) ~gWmZH$ - EVV {M& ~gWmZHo$
ZmJnya-
m{H$m: ~gmZ VrjVo& V o {hbo, EH$m
~m{bH$m, EH$: nwf: M & {dHo$Vm
{dH$sUrVo& ~m{bH$m n{V&
nm} gpV& mJ} {M{H$H$m {M{H$H$m
M & EH$m: grno EH$
An {dVo& mVm Anm {dmZ &
(djm:, {V>pV, Xe{V, {dHo$Vma, H$H$Q>r:,
{hbmm:, YmdV:, ~gWmZH$ )
20
^mfmgy - 1
(A) Zmm{Z&
damVeXmZm ^oXm: -
nw{b r{b ZnwgH${b
AH$mamV: Xod - dZ
AmH$mamV: - mbm -
BH$mamV: H${d {V dm[a
BH$mamV: - ZXr -
CH$mamV: ^mZw YoZw Yw
D$H$mamV: - dYy -
F$H$mamV: A) {nV Am) H$V A) mV Am) dg -
{M
{M
21
^mZw (gy:)- "C'H$mamV nw{b Zm CH$mamVZmm{Z& YoZw (Jm:) "C'H$mamV r{b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
^mZw: ^mZy ^mZd: Wm YoZw: YoZy YoZd:
^mZw ^mZy ^mZyZ {Vrm YoZw YoZy YoZy:
^mZwZm ^mZwm ^mZw{^: VVrm Yodm YoZwm YoZw{^:
^mZdo ^mZwm ^mZw: MVwWu YoZdo/Yod YoZwm YoZw:
^mZmo: ^mZwm ^mZw: n#mr YoZmo:/Yodm: YoZwm YoZw:
^mZmo: ^mdmo: ^mZyZm f>r YoZmo:/Yodm: Yodmo: YoZyZm
^mZm ^mdmo: ^mZwfw gr YoZm/Yodm Yodmo: YoZwfw
ho ^mZmo ho ^mZy ho ^mZd: g~moYZ ho YoZmo ho YoZy ho YoZd:
^mZwdV Ao eXm: - Zw, AUw, {dUw, YoZwdV Ao eXm: - VZw, M#mw, amw, hZw
gmYw, BX, new, dm, ^w, Jw BmX:& BmX:&
Yw "C'H$mamV ZnwgH${b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: BN>mWH$-CH$mamV-{deofUm{Z&
Yw YwZr Yy{Z Wm Wm-kmVw BN>m {Okmgm&
Yw YwZr Yy{Z {Vrm {Okmgm ApV g: {Okmgw:&
YwZm Ywm Yw{^: VVrm Ed - nmVw BN>m ({nnmgm) ApV
YwZo Ywm Y: MVwWu g:/gm {nnmgw:, ^moVw BN>m (~w^wjm)
YwZ: Ywm Yw: n#mr ApV g:/gm ~w^wjw:, {dOoVw
YwZ: YwZmo: YyZm f>r BN>m ({d{OJrfm) ApV g:/gm
Yw{Z YwZmo: Ywfw gr {d{OJrfw:& H$Vw BN>m ({MH$sfm)
ho Ymo, Yw ho YwZr ho Yy{Z g~moYZ ApV g:/gm {MH$sfw:&
YwdV Ao eXm:- dVw, A~w, OmZw, Xm BmX:&
CH$mamV-{deofUm{Z& Xmbw, H$nmbw, Zohmbw, ombw&
{Okmgmn
1. mo$n moOV&
1. hmXod: n{V:& (new) 2. ho , aj m& (^w)
3. gd} kmZ nyOpV& ({Okmgw) 4. V Z:& (Jw)
5. ZmaX: eaU JN>{V& ({dUw) 6. H$frdb grno n#m gpV& (YoZw)
7. ya XrKm& (M#mw) 9. ag: Ywa:& (Bjw)
8. {hmb {hmN>m{XVm{Z& (gmZw)10. nyU} Zoo& (Alw)
2. MVwW nX {bIV&
1) e^w - e^wZm :: {eew - & 2) YoZw - Yodm :: amw - &
3) A~w - A~y{Z :: dVw - & 4) hZw - hZy: :: VZw - &
22
3 Vm{bH$m nyaV&
Zm$n m{Vn{XH$ AV: {b {d^{V: dMZ
1. ndmo:
2. gmYm
3. {Okmgw{^:
4. V$Um
5. Xm${U
F$H$mamVZmm{Z&
A) g~YdmMH$m{Z Am) YmVwV: {Z{Vm{Z
nw{b r{b H$V XmV
{nV (OZH$:) mV (OZZr) ZoV dV
^mV (ghmoXa:) X{hV (H$m) hV {dYmV
Xod (nw: ^mVm) mV (Xodw: nZr) lmoV A{^ZoV
OmmV (H$mm: n{V:) ZZm (nw: ^{JZr) mo ~mo
>Z (Zw:) g{dV (nw)(gy:), dg (r.)(^{JZr),
Z (nw.) (nm:/Xm{h:)
"A' H$ma: - {nV "F$'H$mamV nw{b Zm mV "F$'H$mamV r{b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
{nVm {nVam {nVa: Wm mVm mVam mVa:
{nVa {nVam {nVZ {Vrm mVa mVam mV:
{nm {nVm {nV{^: VVrm mm mVm mV{^:
{no {nVm {nV: MVwWu mo mVm mV:
{nVw: {nVm {nV: n#mr mVw: mVm mV:
{nVw: {nmo: {nVUm f>r mVw: mmo: mVUm
{nV[a {nmo: {nVfw gr mV[a mmo: mVfw
ho {nVa,{nV: ho {nVam ho {nVa: g~moYZ ho mVa,mV: ho mVam ho mVa:
"Am' H$ma: (YmVwV: {Z{Vm{Z)
YmVw: Zm AW: nw. Wm E. d. r. Wm E. d.
1. H$ H$V : H$amo{V& H$Vm H$u
2. hV : ha{V& hVm hu
3.Zr-Z ZoV : Z{V& ZoVm Zor
4. aj a{jV : aj{V& a{jVm a{jr
5. lw lmoV : eUmo{V& lmoVm lmor
23
H$V "F$'H$mamV nw{b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V:
H$Vm H$Vmam H$Vma: Wm
H$Vma H$Vmam H$VZ {Vrm
ho H$V:, ho H$Va ho H$Vmam ho H$Vma: g~moYZ
VVrmV: grnV eX$nm{U {nVdV ^dpV& Ed Ed "Am'H$maH$mUm eXmZm $nm{U ^dpV&
"Am' H$maH$mUm r{beXmZm $nm{U ZXrdV ^dpV& Wm -
H$u "B'H$mamV r{b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V:
H$u H$m H$: Wm
H$u H$m H$u: {Vrm
ho H${ ho H$m ho H$: g~moYZ
1. {Z~Y nyaV& - JUoe Hw$Qw>~&
1) eL>H$a: JUoe ------& ({nV)
2) nmdVr JUoe -------& (mV)
3) H$m{VHo$: JUoe ------& (^mV)
4) -----(mV) nmdm: AmXoe EVm -----nmbV:& (^mV)
5) mVmh {hmb EVm AmXem ------& (ZV)
(Am) gdZmm{Z&
WnwfdmMH$m{Z VX, X, EVX, BX, ^dV
nwfdmMH$ wX
CmnwfdmMH$ AX
mWH$ {H$
"BX' gdZm nw{b "BX' gdZm r{b
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
A Bm Bo Wm B Bo Bm:
B/EZ Bm/EZm BmZ/EZmZ {Vrm Bm/EZm Bo/EZo Bm:/EZm:
AZoZ/EZoZ Amm E{^: VVrm AZm/EZm Amm Am{^:
A Amm E: MVwWu A Amm Am:
AmV Amm E: n#mr Am: Amm Am:
A AZmo:/EZmo: Efm f>r Am: AZmo:/EZmo: Amgm
ApZ AZmo:/EZmo: Efw gr Am AZmo:/EZmo: Amgw
24
"BX' gdZm ZnwgH${b -
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V:
BX Bo Bm{Z Wm
BX/EZV Bo/EZo Bm{Z/EZm{Z {Vrm
(VVrmV: grnVm{Z $nm{U nw{bgem{Z& )
^dV AmXamWH$ gdZm&
^dV - nw{b ^dV - r{b(^dVr)
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
^dmZ ^dVm ^dV: Wm ^dVr ^dm ^d:
^dV ^dVm ^dV: {Vrm ^dVr ^dm ^dVr:
^dVm ^dXm ^d{: VVrm ^dm ^dVrm ^dVr{^:
^dVo ^dXm ^dX: MVwWu ^d ^dVrm ^dVr:
^dV: ^dXm ^dX: n#mr ^dm: ^dVrm ^dVr:
^dV: ^dVmo: ^dVm f>r ^dm: ^dmo: ^dVrZm
^d{V ^dVmo: ^dgw gr ^dm ^dmo: ^dVrfw
ho ^dZ ho ^dVm ho ^dV: g~moYZ ho ^d{V ho ^dm ho ^d:
* Ho$db Wnwf {H$mnXoZ gh CnwVo {H$Vw nwf XeH$& Wm -
H$VnX bQ>bH$ma: bL>bH$ma: bmoQ>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
^dmZ/^dVr JN>{V AJN>V JN>Vw JN>oV
d JN>{g AJN>: JN> JN>o:
CnnX{d^V: (Am{Z)&
H$m{ZMZ Am{Z {d{e>-{d^pV$n AnojVo& Vm{Z AY: {Z{X>m{Z&
1. A{^V: = ({Vrm) ^mZw A{^V: Jhm: ^pV&
2. n[aV: = ({Vrm) mVa n[aV: JUoe: X{jUm H$amo{V&
3. C^V: = ({Vrm) ZXr C^V: jom{U {dVo&
4. {V = ({Vrm) gmL>H$mbo dg: YoZw {V doJoZ JN>{V&
5. {dZm = ({Vrm/VVrm/n#mr) Mg/Mgm/MXg: {dZm {Zem Z emo^Vo&
6. gh = (VVrm) {nm gh A{ZHo$V: AmnU JN>{V&
7. Ab = (VVrm) Ab {Zm& Ab ^rm& Ab dmVmbmnoZ&
8. Z: = (MVwWu) JUnVo Z:& Jwado Z:& Vo Z:& hmb Z:&
9. ~{h: = (n#mr) JhmV ~{h: mVm AmJVm&
10. H$Vo = (f>r) dgw: H$Vo ~Yw: Cnhma AmZ{V&
11. grno = (f>r) ZJa grno CmZ dVVo&
25
(B) YmVwgm{YVm{Z Am{Z&
YmVwgm{YVm: Zm YmVwybH$m: eXm:&
{H$mnX Zm {deofU A
nR - nR>{V nR>Z, nmR>: n{R>V n{R>dm
nyO - nyO{V nyOZ, nyOm ny{OV gny
a - aVo am , aU aV adm
dV - dVVo dVZ, d{m: dm d{VVw
A&
: Zm n[adVZ& pZ eXo n[adVZ Z ^d{V, Zm : eX: {fw {bofw, {fw dMZofw A{n M
gdmgw {d^{Vfw gmZ: Ed ^d{V, g: eX: "A' B{V CVo& Wm-
1. ~m{bH$m Xod Zdm nR>{V& 2. JUoe Zdm d JN>{g& 3. AmMm Zdm N>mm: dJ {depV&
A H$VnXmZwgma {H$mnX n[adVVo& na "Zdm' BpZ $no n[adVZ Z ^d{V& AV: VX A&
YmVwgm{YVm{Z Am{Z
nydH$mbdmMH$ hodWH$
dmV ~V VwV
(dm + AV) (n+AV) (Vw+AV)
ybYmVw: + dm (dm) CngJ: + ybYmVw: + n () ybYmVw: + VwwZ (Vw)
nydH$mbdmMH$-A-&
dmVaMZm -
1) am: embm JN>{V& am: dJ {de{V&
A EH$: Ed H$Vm& (am:), {H$m (JZ{H$m, doe{H$m)
nyd H$Vm {H$m JZ& AV: JN>{V B{V {H$mnX nydH$mbdmMH$ ApV& J YmVmo: AJo
dm- Cnw A$n ^d{V - Jdm&
am: embm Jdm dJ {de{V&
2) {Wbr nwpVH$mm {bI{V& VnmV nN>{V&
{Wbr nwpVH$mm {bpIdm nN>{V& AdYo -
~VaMZm - dmV/~VaMZmgo "A{n' "VXZVa',
1) ZraO: dJ {de{V& VXZVa AmgZo Cn{de{V& "VV:', "M', "AW', "AZVa', "VnmV'
ZraO: dJ {d AmgZo Cn{de{V& BmX: eXm: {ZH$mg{Vm:
&
2) ^maVr AmgZo Cn{de{V nwpVH$mm {bI{V M& {VrdmW H$VnX (Zm gdZm dm) A{n
^maVr AmgZo Cn{d nwpVH$mm {bI{V& {ZH$mg{V&
26
hodWH$ A&
hoVw + AWH$ = hodWH$& hoVw: Zm C{>& hodWH$ A {H$mm: C{> H$W{V&
1) am: n{R>Vw embm JN>{V& am: {H$W embm JN>{V? n{R>Vw&
2) Xod nyO{Vw mVm Xodmb JN>{V& mVm {H$W Xodmb JN>{V? Xod nyO{Vw&
3) N>mm: Io{bVw H$sS>mU JN>pV& N>mm: {H$W H$sS>mU JNpV? Io{bVw&
nR>V aV&
YmVd: dm n VwwZ YmVd: dm n VwwZ
Xm Xdm Xm XmVw dh D$T>dm {Zd dmoTw>
nm nrdm {Znr nmVw dg C{fdm {Zd d{gVw
Wm pWdm CWm WmVw dX C{Xdm mo/AZy d{XVw
km kmdm {dkm kmVw H$W H$W{dm [dH$ H$W{Vw
J Jrdm Jm JmVw Mwa Mmoa{dm A{^Mmo Mmoa{Vw
mdm AZwm mVw jb jmb{dm jm jmb{Vw
{O {Odm {d{O OoVw aM aM{dm {daM aM{Vw
Zr Zrdm AmZr ZoVw JU JU{dm {dJU JU{Vw
lw lwdm Cnlw lmoVw nyO nyO{dm gny nyO{Vw
^y ^ydm AZw^y ^{dVw Kwf Kmof{dm gmo Kmof{V
H$ H$dm CnH$ H$Vw ZV Z{Vdm A{^Z Z{VVw
dm {d Vw H$X H$pXdm AmH$ H$pXVw
g gdm AZwg gVw nR> n{R>dm AZwnR> n{R>Vw
{Xe {XQdm Am{X Xow> {bI {b{Idm {dbo {b{IVw
e Q> m g w> hg h{gdm {dh h{gVw
N> nQ>m AmnN w> dX dpXdm AZwdX dpXVw
ne nQ>m gn w> Jh Jhrdm gL>J JhrVw
{gM {gdm A{^{f goVw J Jdm AmJ JVw
wM wdm {dw moVw Z Zdm U ZVw
dM Cdm dm dVw a adm Ama aVw
npV nR>V AdJN>V ! damUm g{>:&
1. mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {ZwL>Vo$& mVod = mVm + Bd& {nVod = {nVm + Bd&
2. {H$m{g{: gdo dg{V hVm ZmonH$aUo& ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo&
2. JwUgpY:&
A) A/Am + B/B = E Am) A/Am + C/D$ = Amo B) A/Am + F$/G = Aa
1. Xod + B: = Xodo:& 1. JUoe + Cgd: = JUoemogd:& 1. Xod + F${f: = Xod{f:&
2. + Bd = MpHo$d& 2. dj + = djmod& 2. hm + = h{f:&
27
EVX{n aUr - dmV/~V A {ZH$mgV&
1. BemZ: embm Jdm nR>{V& 2. ho: Io{bdm Jh AmJN>V&
J (1n.n.)+ bQ>bH$ma: Iob(1n.n.)+ bL>>bH$ma:
dm .nw.E.d. dm .nw.E.d.
{Okmgmn
1. nydH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-Am{Z Cnw dmm{Z {bIV&
1. g: JN>{V& (ImX)
2. Am{X: Jw (AZw + g) XoemVa AdOV&
3. ~Xod: dmr{H$ (Cn + {Xe) AdXV&
4. ^V: {dUw () VnMaU H$amo{V&
5. ~mbH$: Bda () Amg ma^Vo&
6. qgh (e) wHw$b: ^rV:&
7. ZmH$m (Am + Zr) AO: dmg Ama^V&
2. hodWH$-Am{Z w dm nwZ{bIV&
1. ^mJd: (Zm) JmZXt JN>{V&
2. JX^: (J) Ama^V amm&
3. YZ (b^) gmoXm: hmZJa AgaV&
4. (N) g: Y}U AJo AmJN>V&
3. dmV/~V A {ZH$mgV&
1. Xrnoe: JrV dm Jm{V&
2. gwdUm mV: CWm Jm AJN>V&
3. N>mm: Cma {b{Idm apV&
4. amYm XY nrdm $b ImXVw&
5. H${d: H$m {daM JmoV&
28
(B) bmoQ>bH$ma:&
1) am: nmR> nR>{V& (bQbH$ma:) (dVmZH$mb:) 2) am: nmR> AnR>V& (bL>bH$ma:) (W^yVH$mb:)
dmo H$mb ~moY: ^d{V& AYwZm EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V&
1. VrH$, d C{m>& (AmXoe:) 2. H$mbo dfVw nO:& (Anojm) 3. gd} gwpIZ: ^dVw& (ew^megm)
4. A{n Ah dJ {dem{Z? (AZw{V:)
EVm{Z gdm{U dmm{Z H$mb Z ~moYpV& na AmXoe:, BN>m, ew^megZ, AZw{V: BmXrZ
^mdmZ H$WpV& AV: Vm{Z "AW' B{V H$maofw JVo& AW - AmkmW: (bmoQbH$ma:), {dW:
({bL>bH$ma:)&
nanX bmoQ>m:& (AmkmWm:) AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
Vw Vm AVw W: Vm BVm AVm
- V V : d BWm d>
Am{Z Amd Am Cm: Eo Amdh Amh
nwf-EH$dMZ : "{h' ApV& {H$Vw JUmZm W{d^mJo (1,4,6,10) V bmon: ^d{V&
nR> (1 n. n.) a (1 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
nR>Vw nR>Vm nR>Vw W: aVm aoVm aVm
nR> nR>V nR>V : ad aoWm ad
nR>m{Z nR>md nR>m Cm: a amdh amh
ZV (4 n. n.) Z (4 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
ZVw ZVm ZVw W: Vm oVm Vm
Z ZV ZV : d oWm d
Zm{Z Zmd Zm Cm: mdh mh
{bI (6 n. n.) {Xe (6 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{bIVw {bIVm {bIVw W: {XeVm {XeoVm {XeVm
{bI {bIV {bIV : {Xed {XeoWm {Xed
{bIm{Z {bImd {bIm Cm: {Xe {Xemdh {Xemh
nyO (10 n.n.) (10 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
nyOVw nyOVm nyOVw W: Vm oVm Vm
nyO nyOV nyOV : d oWm d
nyOm{Z nyOmd nyOm Cm: mdh mh
29
{Okmgmn
1. Vm{bH$m nyaV&
{H$mnX ybYmVw: JU:, nX bH$ma: nwf: dMZ
1. jd -- -- bmoQ> -- --
2. b^Vm -- 1 Am.n. -- -- --
3. ZVw -- -- -- -- ~hdMZ
4. aM aM -- -- -- --
5. CmaV CV + V-Va -- -- -- --
6. {bIV -- 6 n.n. -- -- --
7. Jmm -- -- bmoQ> -- --
8. ^dVw -- -- -- Wnwf: --
2. AmkmW-$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M&
1) ho am{YHo$, $bm{Z JU& 2) A~, A{n AmnUmV emH$m{Z AmZm{Z?
3) AmMm}, A{n d H$sS>mUo H$sS>m? 4) y am>dO gdXm dXd&
5) N>mm mWZm aVm&
nR>V AdJN>V ! damUm g{>:&
npV nR>V&
1. godm Z {H${#mXVr{V {^jm Zd M Zd M& Zd = Z + Ed
2. aWH$ MH$ ^wOJ{Vm: g VwaJm:& aWH$ - aW + EH$&
3) d{gpY:&
A) A/Am + E/Eo = Eo Am) A/Am + Amo/Am = Am
1. Z + EVX = ZVX& 1. + AmoO: = mO:&
2. + = d& 2. Vd + = VdmXm&
npV nR>V&
1. moJjo dhmh& dhmh = dhm{ + Ah&
2. Awmam {X{e XodVmm {hmbmo Zm ZJm{YamO:& Awmam = ApV + Cmam&
4. UgpY:&
A) B/B + {dOmVr: da: = & Am) C/D$ + {dOmVr: da: = d&
1. B{V + A{n = B{n& 1. Ibw + EVV = IdoVV&
2. H$amo{ + = H$amoh& 2. Zw + = dVa&
B) F$/G + {dOmVr: da: = a&
1. {nV + Amkm = {nmkm&
2. mV + = m{N>m&
30
gwJgH$V
& g:& {Vr: KQ>H$:&
n#mmoZ-{dmXZ XemoZ-{dmXZ nMm{YH$-nMdmXZ Xem{YH$-fS>dmXZ
&&lr:&&
AmH$ {dmb dm{fH$mogd H$mH$n{H$m&
7.30 - N>mmUm AmJZ& 8.45 - gmH${VH$H$mH$m:&
7.45 - g^mJho obZ& 9.45 - A{VWrZm ^mfU&
8.10 - A{VWrZm AmJZ& 10.10 -YmZmMm CnXoe:&
8.15-XrndmbZ emaXmnyOZ M& 10.30 - nm[aVmo{fH${dVaU&
8.30 - A{VWrZm dmJV& 12.05 - H$mH$gm{:&
31
agH$V& qH$ Hw$mV? qH$ ^doV?
d Ah nwVH$ AmZo& EV Vmb wdm nwZnwZ dmXoV& Amdm $bHo$ gw^m{fV {bIod&
n#mXedmm{Z nR>V&
1. g:/^dmZ nR>oV/aoV& 2. Vm/^dVm nR>oVm/aomVm& 3. Vo/^dV: nR>ow:/aoaZ&
4. gm/^dVr nR>oV/aoV& 5. Vo/^dm nR>oVm/aomVm& 6. Vm:/^d: nR>ow:/aoaZ&
7. VV nR>oV/aoV& 8. Vo nR>oVm/aomVm& 9.Vm{Z nR>ow:/aoaZ&
10. d nR>o/aoWm& 11. wdm nR>oV/aomWm& 12. y nR>oV/aod&
13. Ah nR>o/ao& 14. Amdm nR>od/aod{h& 15. d nR>o/ao{h&
32
MVw
W: nmR>:& {dWmbm& (H$R>WrH$aUmW)
gw^m{fVm{Z gH$V^mfmm: d{eQ>nyUm{Z naZm{Z& gw^m{fVm{Z AmH$ Z: aOpV, AmH$ kmZ dYpV,
H$W dhma: H$aUr:, qH$ H$V, qH$ M Z H$aUr B{V gH$ ~moYpV&
^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1-
1) EH$dmoZ CmaV&
3. gmZmWH$eX {bIV&
(A) {dmWu qH$ OoV?
1) {dm 2) {dmWu
(Am) gwImWu qH$ OoV?
4. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
2. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
(A) gwImWu {dm Z b^Vo&
1) Oo{m 2) OogwI
(Am) {dmWu gwI Z b^Vo&
3) Hw$Vmo {dm 4) Hw$Vmo {d{WZ:
33
cmoH$: 2. cmoH$: 5 -
1) EH$dmoZ CmaV& 1) EH$dmoZ CmaV&
(A) H$se Ob {n~oV? A) X:Io H$mZ noV?
(Am) H$set dmUr dXoV? Am) gwIm{YH$mZ H$Xm noV?
2. gmZmWH$eX {Mdm {bIV& 2. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
dmH$, n{d, F$V, CXH$& ewm{d, ZmnoV&
3. V^obZ Hw$V& 3 {dmWH$eX {bIV&
{deofU {deo gwI, A{YH$, emoH$:, ew:&
{>nyV: dmUr 4) OmbaoIm{M nyaV&
dnyV AmMaU
Z:nyV nmX: {d{Y{bL>-
gnyVm Ob {H$mnXm{Z
cmoH$: 3- cmoH$: 6 -
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 1) EH$dmoZ CmaV&
(A) ZwO: H$se YZ H$moV? A) h qH$ dojoV?
(Am) d YZ Hw$ {Z{jnoV? Am) M[aV Ho$Z Vw m@Vw?
B) M[aV Ho$Z Vw AVw?
2. H$mZwgma aMV&
2. gpY Hw$V&
1) YZ ajU& (2) VrW}fw XmZ&
A) new{^: + Vw Am) {H$ + Zw
(3) YZ BN>m& (4) YZ dYZ&
B) gnwf: + B{V B) Za: + M[aV
3. nXn[aM {bIV&
3 gmZmWH$eXmZm w {MZwV&
ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwf: dMZ
A h , Za:, M[aV, new:, Vw:, gnwfm:
H$mL>joV
ajoV Am dVZ, J:, {V{XZ, ZwO:, gmZm:, g:
{Z{jnoV cmoH$: 7 -
cmoH$: 4 - 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& A) Zn: AWmZ H$W {MVoV?
A) H$moY Ho$Z OoV? Am) Zn: H$W namH$oV?
Am) XmZoZ qH$ OoV? B) Zn: H$W AdbwnoV?
B) goZ qH$ OoV? B) Zn: H$W {d{ZnVoV?
2. {dmWH$eX {bIV& 2. {bL>bH$ma {H$mnXm{Z {MZwV&
H$moY:, AgmYw:, g, XmZ& 3. cmoH$mV new {MZwV {bIV M&
4. gpY Hw$V&
3. cmoH$mV VVrmVnXm{Z {Mdm {bIV& A) eedV + M Am) M + AdbwnoV
4. gpY{dJh Hw$V& MmZV& B) {MVoV + AWmZ&
34
"
agH$V& {H$mnX qH$ H$W{V?-1
"{H$mnX' B{V dm hdnyU A& AYwZm EVm{Z dmm{Z nR>V&
~mbH$: JW nR>{V& B{V dmo "nR>{V' B{V {H$mnX& (1) ~mbH$: JW nR>{V&
VoZ H$ ~moY: ^d{V? (2) ~mbH$m JW nR>V:&
(1) nR>Z {H$m P (3) ~mbH$m: JW nR>pV&
(2) nanX P (4) Ah JW nR>m{&
(5) d JW nR>{g&
(3) W: nwf: P
(4) EH$dMZ P EVofw dmofw {H$mnX H$VnX nwf
dMZ M AZwga{V& {X H$VnX n[adVVo
(5) bQ>bH$ma: P
V{h {H$mnX A{n n[adVVo AV:
(6) YmVmo: JU{dH$aU P H$VYmZm{Z dmm{Z Bm{Z&
(7) H$Vw: nwf: dMZ M ?
"nR>{V' B{V {H$mnX ldUoZd H$Vm Wnwf EH$dMZo B{V kmVo& VWd "nR>m{' B{V nXoZ H$Vm
Cmnwf EH$dMZo B{V n> ^d{V& Ed {H$mnXoZ H$VnX nwf dMZ A{n ~moY: ^d{V&
H$Vdm: moJ:& (H$V[a moJ:)
H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
Wm {d^pV: {Vrm {d^pV: H$VnX nwfdMZmZwgma
Wm {Vrm Wm {Vrm
35
n#m: nmR>:& qH$ {m? qH$ dmVd?
AmYw{ZH$ VkmZ mZd H$Vo ^m{VH${dH$mg {dVrU jo CXKmQ>{V B{V Vw
god& VWm{n VkmZgmYZmZm A{YH$mo@nmoJ: ZyVZmZ ZmZ, {dZmZ gmm{OH$gm: Mb^mf: {dZ:
M {Zm{V& {m VWm M dmVd EVmo: o ^oX: kmV:Am{^:& AmYw{ZH$H$mb CV daXmZ?
{X Mb^mf: Z
BodmdH$Vm& - bo{IH$m - lrVr wYm [ag~yS>& ^doV?
(moXedfum VZm gwImgXo Cn{d EHo$Z hVoZ Hw$Hw$[aH$m ImX{V& AnaoU hVoZ
Mb^mf Mmb{V& VXmZt maKpQ>H$m AmH$ mVm ma CmQ>{V& VZmm:
gm mao Ed pWdm Vm AmV:&)
lw{V: - VZo, gda H$sS>Zm AmJN>, ~{h:
Iobm:&
VZm - Ah Jho Ed Iobm{&
amOgr - qH$ Iob{g?
VZm - (Mb^mf Xe{dm) EVpZ Mb^mfo
{>H$XH$H$sS>m, nmXH$XH$H$sS>m,
dmhZH$sS>m, nH$sS>m, MVwaH$sS>m,
BmX: gdm: H$sS>m: gpV& $$H$sS>mU
Jdm IobZ AmdH$Vm Ed ZmpV&
Ah Z AmJN>m{ & (gm H$sS>mW
{ZJN>V:& mVm nmH$Jh JN>{V& VZm
Mb^mfo wH$sS>mm m&)
VZm - (dJV) EVm H$sS>mm Ef: g{ZH$: V: Ana: M maUr:& ..... gd} g{ZH$m: Vm:& ho@@
.....{OV m& Iob: gm:& (VZm nmH$Jh JN>{V&) A~, ~w^w{jVm Ap&
mVm - VZo, Mb^mfo EVm{Z N>mm{Mm{U n& (VZm ImnXmWmZm N>mm{Mm{U n{V&)
VZm - mV:, {nPm, nmd^mOr, {gObg BmXr{Z Imm{Z Q>m bmbm{V o wI& H$nm {H${n
N>Vw&
mVm - Mb^mfo >dVr Ibw? AYwZm ImnXmWmZm AmdH$Vm Ed ZmpV& Ah Z N>m{&
VZm - Mb^mfo ^moOZ Q>m ~w^wjm emVm H$W ^doV?
mVm - {X EVV g, V{h H$W Z OmZm{g V Mb^mfoU H$s{S>dm mm: Z ^d{V? dmajU Z
^d{V?
VZm - na mV:, amoMVo VV Mb^mfoU H$sS>Z&
mVm - VZo, X X amoMVo VV VV gd dmH$a, {hVH$a, AmamonyU Z ^d{V& gH$ H$sS>m,
nm{>H$ A, amm {Zm Amamom ^d{V& Mb^mfo Am^mgmH$ {d Z dmVd&
VZm - V{h qH$ Mb^mf CnmoJ: Ed Z H$aUr:&
mVm - VWm Z& AmdH$VmZwgma mo: CnmoJ: H$aUr: Ed& {H$Vw A{V gd dOoV&
VZm - AmmV:& BV: na Mb^mf mo CnmoJ H$amo{&
36
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A. Mb^mfo H$m: H$sS>m: gpV? Am. Mb^mfo H$se {d?
B. qH$ qH$ Q>m VZmm: wI bmbm{V? B. dmajUm qH$ {H$ AmdH$?
2. m^mfm CmaV& A) mVm VZmm: {dMman[adVZ H$W H$amo{V?
Am) qH$ {m? qH$ dmVd? B{V nmR> Vmn {bIV&
3. Z{ZmU Hw$V& H$) Ah Jho Ed Iobm{& I) mm H$dm Amamo dYVo&
4. A) gpY{dJh Hw$V& $H$) VXod = + Ed& I) ZmpV = Z + &
Am) H$mbdMZn[adVZ Hw$V&
1) Ah Z AmJN>m{& (bL>bH$mao n[adVV&)
2) ~w^w{jVm Ap& (~hdMZo n[adVV&)
3) gm H$sS>mW {VJN>V:& (EH$dMZo {bIV&)
4) EVm{Z N>mm{Mm{U n& (Cmnwfo n[adVV&)
B) eX dU{dJh Hw$V& 1) ma 2) dm 3) ~w^wjm 4) nm{>H$
B) obZ Hw$V&
{deo {deofU
1. ~w^wjm 1. nm{>H$
2. g{ZH$m: 2. emVm
3. Iob: 3. Am^mgmH$
4. A 4. gm:
5. {d 5. Vm:
C) nmR>mV dmV-~V-VwV-Am{Z {MZwV {bIV M&
5. dmVnX {ZH$m dm nwZ{bIV&
A) amm erK {Zm H$dm mV:H$mbo erK C{m>m{&
Am) maKpQ>H$m AmH$ mVm ma CmQ>{V&
6. A) gmZmWH$eX {MZwV& ^Q>:, H$sS>m, OZZr, jwYm, dmn:&
Am) {dmWH$eX {bIV& gm:, dm, Am^mgmH$, V:&
7. Mb^mfmam mo: {mo: gdmX {bIV&
37
agH$V& H$: H$VdmZ? H$m H$VdVr?
^mfmmg:
41
5. nmR>mV YmVwgm{YV-Am{Z {MZwV nWHw$V M&
6. gmZmWH$eX nmR>mV {bIV& A[a:, MaU:, dr, ga:, aUmU, ajH$m:, npS>Vm, dr,
doXZm, AJ{UVm:&
7. {dmWH$eX nmR>mV {bIV& {, H$mVaVm, AgWm, H$mVa:, namO:&
8. [aVWmZ nyaV&
nw{b r{b nw{b r{b nw{b r{b
n{V: ^rV: Zm{H$m
aUHw$eb: EH$mH$s gWm
eyam hVmogmhm amOm
m{IH$H$m-AYmoXm H$m $Ho$Z H$V B{V {bIV&
(A) goZmm: ZmH$d drH$aU& (Am) amo AmH$U&
(B) IobamO nMmV aUa doe:& (B) O mw wJnV AmH$U&
(C) {Jw{UV-CgmhoZ w& (D$) EH$nmXH$VZ&
(E) {e{~a mJZ& (Eo) {dnbmm: XeZmoU YZmeZ&
(Amo) ghm{YH$g{ZH$mZm ghaU& (Am) AmwYhmaoU CgmhZmeZ&
42
agH$V& CnnX{d^V: (YmVd:)&
1. J = ({Vrm) nmS>dm: hpVZmnwa AJN>Z&
2. Hw$n = (MVwWu) mVm {eedo H$Xm{n Z Hw$oV&
3. Hw$Y = (MVwWu) dm{Zr ^m Hw${V&
4. Xm-N> = (MVwWu) {em: Jwado X{jUm N>Vw&
5. H$W = (MVwWu) Agagm Xodom dmmV AH$WVm&
6. aj = (n#mr) H$U: gQ>mV/AmnX: JmonmbmZ aj{V&
7. {d + a = (n#mr) d dWmH$bhmV {da&
8. pZh = (gr) d ^mVfw pZo&
9. M = (MVwWu) Zaom mm: amoMVo&
10.nh = (MVwWu) Jmar Hw$S>bm nh{V&
44
CmmZ eddX ^ym eZ VN>dmgZ&
edmgZ lha {Mm{dlmpVH$maH$&&6&&
[^ym CmmZ eddV eZ VV edmgZ& edmgZ, lha, {Mm{dlmpVH$maH$ (ApV)&]
Amhma: mg Onmo {ZmJh:&
OZg bm M fS>{^m}Jmo {dZ{V&&
[Amhma:, mg:, On:, {ZmJh: OZg: bm M fpS>^: moJ: {dZ{V&]
^mfmmg:
1. m^mfm CmaV&
A) edmgZ H$W {hVH$a ^d{V? Am) omgZ H$qV dUV&
B) nmgZ dUZ H$W H$V? B) moJmgZ: Ho$ bm^m: ^dpV?
2. Omb{M nyaV&
Amhma:
nR>V ~moYV !
moJoZ {Mm nXoZ dmMm
b eara M dHo$Z&
mo@nmH$amoV V da wZrZm
nVOqb mO{bamZVmo@p&&
nmXm hVm OmZwZr o CamW bbmQ>H$&
A>moZ neoX ^yq gm>mU{V gm&&
Am{X ZH$mamZ o Hw$dpV {XZo {XZo&
OmVaghofw Xm[a ZmonOmVo&&
45
A>: nmR>:& {nZH$moS>-dVH$:, hmZ gH$Vk:!
Jmad: - Aao Ao, Hw$ JN>{g?
Ao: - grno Ed nno{Q>H$m dVVo& mVwb {V n of{Vw V JN>m{&
Jmad: - Xe n& A{n ~obwZJao {Zdg{V Vd mVwb:? VV Vw AVrd Xao {H$b? H$Xm n
{dXoV g:?
Ao: - gmmV: r{U {XZm{Z Ano{jVm{Z VXW&
Jmad: - r{U {XZm{Z Ed? EVmdV erK?
Ao: - g&
Jmad: - {H$Vw gL>Ho$V: Vw XodZmJar{bm {bpIV:& H$UmQ>Ho$ Vw H$S>{b{n: wVoZw? V{h H$W
ndmhH$: VV n{R>Vw eZwmV?
Ao: - n EVV& gL>Ho$V AVo AmL>b^mfm H$Z H$mL>H$: {bpIV: ApV& OmZm{g Ibw
V{fo?
Jmad: - Am, g: Vw {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$:& Ah n Z {bIm{ {H$Vw gH$-H$Ugo (Online
Shopping) {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$: A{Zdm: Ed& BVmo@{n M AmH$ {d^mJo ATM emIm:,
Umbm:, {d{e>godm: dm Hw$ gpV B{V kmVw {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$: AmdH$: Ed&
A{ {m{U, ^maVgeo {dembo Xoeo gwXamVo: AmV {V o{fVm{Z nm{U {dZm
{db~ {dZm mX H$W bVo? d AmH$ {Zdmg{d^mJo nno{Q>H$mm n {jnm:& VV: VV
nmb {V JN>{V& VV: M {Z{X> WmZ {V mZmo{V& H$W em ^d{V Efm {dVaUdWm?
"{nZH$moS>Um{b:' Bod EV Cma& {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$: Zm ngoV AVo {b{IVm:
fQ> gL>m:& {nZH$moS> Zm WmZgoVm:& (PIN - Postal Index Number). AmJQ> 1972-Vo
{VmXo dmV{XZgmamoho YmZp-BpXam-JmYr-hmoXm CnhmarH$Vm Efm hdnyUm Um{b:&
Ho$Z Ibw d{VVm B goVmUm{b:? g: nmb-A{YH$mar AmgrV gH$VnpS>V: J{UVk:
lram-{^H$mOr-dobUH$ahmoX:&
g: H$mobH$VmZJao S>mH$Vma{d^mJ {ZX}eH$$noU
H$maV: AmgrV & V H$mH$mbo EH$pZ {XZo
H$mo@{n X:{IV: Ho$ab-Xoer: g{ZH$: hmoX o{bVw
AmJV: & g: V {nmo: dm{dfo {H${#mX{n
kmVw AgW:& V: VXm n dmgH$mb: Ho$abV:
AUmMbXoenV ${MV mgm{YH$mo@{n AmgrV&
VoZ n. dobUH$ahmoX {MVZ AmaY, "H$W
n m{H$mb yZ H$Vw eZmo{?' X~m}Y hVmja,
{^m: mVrm: ^mfm:, AnyU: ngoV: B{V ZHo$ yhm:& AV: J{UVkoZ VoZ AmZm CnmoJ: H$V:&
VoZ Xoe A> {d^mJm: H$Vm:& Vofm M Cn{d^mJ-OZnXmYmaoU H$mZ H$V& VoZ AYwZm{n d {dZmmg
erK n b^mho&
AZwemgZ{ dobUH$ahmoX grV{n {: {df:& g: hmmo{bZdmXZo VWm V~bmdmXZo@{n
46
AVrd {ZnwU:& AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdmU' B{V grV{dfH$ emrJW gH$VoZ a{MVdmZ& H$Wm:,
JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, ZZmQ> B{V ~h{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>boIZ V A{^V:
gm{hH$ma:& boIZ, {XXeZ, ZmQ>{Z{{V:, dWmnZ, grVgmoOZ B{V gdod H$Vw g: gW:
AV: ""g~Hw$N> lr{^:'' B{V V ZmQ>H$mZm m{V: AmgrV&
Y: g: {dao: oZ d {nZH$moS>Umm CnH$Vm:&
^mfmmg:
1. C{MV nm {MZwV&
A) ndmhH$: qH$ n{R>dm n {dVa{V?
(1) XodZmJar{bnr (2) H$S>{bnr (3) AmL>b^mfm (4) goVH$m
Am) {nZH$moS>H$m: A Z AmdH$:&
(1) Umbo (2) gH$-H$Uo (3) ATM emIm-AdofUo (4) nwVH$nR>Zo
B) {nZH$moS>-Um{b: Ho$Z gmaYm?
(1) BpXamhmoXm (2) JmYrhmoXoZ (3) YmZpUm (4) dobUH$ahmoXoZ
B) {nZH$moS>H$mo$ H${V gL>m:? (1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
2. dobUH$ahmoX H$md{eQ>m{Z m^mfm {bIV&
3. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) dobUH$ahmoX H$: {: {df:? Am) dobUH$ahmoX: Ho dmo dmX{V ?
B) dobUH$ahmoXoZ a{MV: grV{dfH$: JW: H$:?
B) {nZH$moS>Um{b{Z{m dobUH$ahmoXoZ Xoe H${V {d^mJm: H$Vm:?
C) dobUH$ahmoX: H$ {d^mJ {ZX}eH$: AmgrV?
D$) dobUH$ahmoX A{^V: gm{hH$ma: H$:?
5. {deofUm[Z Apd {bIV&
A) Um{b:& Am) g{ZH$:&
B) ^mfm:& B)
hVmja& dobUH$ahmoXoZ {b{IVm{Z
E) {df:& Eo) aMZm:& ZmQ>H$m{Z&
grVgm^&
H$m{bXmgM[aV& O ammU&
VZmo amOm ^d{V H$W o? amkr XJmdVr&
aUlra& (r{U ZmQ>H$m{Z) H$m{bXr&
dmVbr: (Z^moZmQ>)&
dmV{MVm{U: (Z^moZmQ>)&
ApdV {bIV M& H$m{Q>brmWZmQ> (XaXeZm{bH$m)&
gH$Vgm{ho dobUH$ahmoXa{MVm: eVm{YH$m:
1. EVm: gL>m: qH$ {Z{XepV&
gH$VJWm:
& Vofw ZmQ>H$-H$m-gr{VH$m-
4 0 0 0 7 9
Z-ZmQ>-{dbmoH$mm{Z BmX: {d{dYm:
? ? ? ? ? ? gm{hH$mam: {gm:&
2. {d{dYXoeofw A{n ngoVmUm{b: dVVo dm?
47
boIZH$meb-2
48
^mfmgy - 2
(A) {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:& ({dW:)
N>mm: nR>Vw& (Anojmm: ~moY:) N>mm: nR>ow:& (eVmm: ~moY:)
{dW: ({d{Y + AW:)
CnXoe:, AmerdmX:, mWZm, H$V, eVm, ^{dH$mb{ZXoe: BmX:&
1. bmboV n#mdfm{U Xedfm{U VmS>oV& (H$V) 2. OrdoV eaX: eV& (AmerdmX:)
3. mo Vw fmoS>eo df} nwo {dX AmMaoV&& (H$V) 4. gd} gwpIZ: ^dow:& (AmerdmX:)
5. b^oV {gH$Vmgw Vb{n ZV: nrS>Z& (eVm) 6. {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV& (CnXoe:)
7. Ah A{^ZoVm/A{^Zor ^do& (^{dH$mb:) 8. N>m: yfo C{m>oV& (CnXoe:)
nanX {d{Y{bL>m: ({dW
:) AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
BV BVm Bw: W: BV BmVm BaZ
B: BV BV : BWm: BmWm Bd
B Bd B Cm: B Bd{h B{h
nR (1 n.n.) a (1 Am.n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
nR>oV nR>oVm nR>ow: W: aoV aomVm aoaZ
nR>o: nR>oV nR>oV : aoWm: aomWm aood
nR>o nR>od nR>o Cm: ao aod{h ao{h
ZV (4 n.n.) Z (4 Am.n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
ZoV ZoVm Zow: W: oV omVm oaZ
Zo: ZoV ZoV : oWm: omWm od
Zo Zod Zo Cm: o od{h o{h
{bI (6 n.n.) {Xe (6 Am.n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{bIoV {bIoVm {bIow: W: {XeoV {XeomVm {XeoaZ
{bIo: {bIoV {bIoV : {XeoWm: {XeomWm {Xeod
{bIo {bIod {bIo Cm: {Xeo {Xeod{h {Xeo{h
nyO (10 n.n.) (10 Am.n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
nyOoV nyOoVm nyOow: W: oV omVm oaZ
nyOo: nyOoV nyOoV : oWm: omWm od
nyOo nyOod nyOo Cm: o od{h o{h
49
{Okmgmn
1) {d{Y{bL>$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M&
1. ~mbm: gdXm Jw$Um Amkm nmbow:& 2. Z H$MZ mVa dm mVXoe dm {daoV&
3. H$Xm{MV Ah{n dm ^do& 4. Amamo ^mH$amV BN>oV&
5. : JUn{VVmo OnoV g: fpS^: mg: $b b^oV& 6. moV AmOmZw~mh lram&
2) $nmmg $$Hw$V&
1. ^dow: 2. VoaZ 3. {ejoV 4. aMo
5. gajo 6. {dXo{h 7. aoWm: 8. nR>oV
w~BZJadUZ&
"w~B' B{V amOYmZr & w~BZJao pXa dVVo &
{d{dYmVo: OZm: CnOr{dH$m w~BZJa AmJN>pV & JoQ>do Am$ B{S>m,
ZohVmamU, mb: EVmem{Z {d{dYm{Z nQ>ZWbm{Z& OrdZ
ww~BZJm: d{eQ>& Ahmoam A OZm: & ZH$mZ CgdmZ gdYum: gmogmh
& aobmZdmg: OrdZdm{hZr& (Oyfm-gmY{Vw, hmam>am, am{U,
w~BOZmZm, H$maVm:, J{Verb, w~mXom:, gnmXpV)
JmV ZXV ! agZm:&
H$dm ZdT>gL>H$n& doXm: H${V? Vo Ho$?
H$dm ZdT>gn Mdma: doXm: - F$doX:, Owd}X:, gmdoX:
{dVaVmo ZdgXoe AWddoX:M&
KQ>mmo ZdgQ>Z gf: Ho$?
aMmmo Zd{{Vhmg&&Y.&& H$n:, A{:, ^amO:, {ddm{:, JmV:,
ZddVa{epnZ: OX{: d{g>: M&
am>gw{VH$m{U: nm{U{ZZm {da{MV mH$aUJW Zm
mJYZm: H$mH$aVm: {H$?
H${V{ZnwUm: d{dfUm:&&1&& A>mmr&
^oX^mdZm {ZamgV: Zd agm: Ho$?
XrZX[amZ gwaV: ema:, dra:, H$U:, AV:, hm:, ^mZH$:,
X:I{dVmZ gmgV: ~r^g:, am:, emV: M&
H$VgnmZ gXm aV:&&2&& n#m ^yVm{Z H$m{Z?
J{VnWm {h {dMbo n{Wdr, Amn:, VoO:, dmw:, AmH$me: M&
nanam gajo n#m mUm: Ho$?
gmogm{hZmo {Zo{JZmo mU:, AnmZ:, mZ:, CXmZ: gmZ: M&
{Z{ZaVaJ{Verbm:&&3&& moJ A> Am{Z H$m{Z?
-lr. OZmXZ hoJS>o :, {Z:, AmgZ, mUmm:, mhma:,
mZ, YmaUm gm{Y: M&
50
(Am) g_mgm:&
gdmX B nR>V&
{ejH$: - Am{X`, `y` gd} : Hw$ JVdV:?
Am{X`:- d` gd} Aa` JVdV:&
{ejH$: - Aa`o qH$ {H$_ AmgrV?
Am{X`:- dZo djm: AmgZ&
{ejH$: - A`V {H$_ AmgrV?
Am{X`:- IJm: ned: M&
{ejH$: - A`V {H$_?
Am{X`:- \$bm{Z, nwnm{U, nm{U M AmgZ&
{ejH$: - Aa`o djIJned: AmgZ&
Aa`o \$bnwnnm{U AmgZ&
1. djm: M IJm: M ned: M- djIJned:&
2. \$bm{Z M nwnm{U M nm{U M- \$bnwnnm{U&
EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z A{n n`V&
1. gy`` H$me:- gy`H$me:& 2. XeaW` nw:- XeaWnw:&
3. {`: Xoe:- {`Xoe:& 4. dm_r{H$Zm a{MV_- dm_r{H$a{MV_&
5. H$m`o _:- H$m`_:& 6. gwI M X:I M- gwIX:Io&
7. am_: M b_U: M- am_b_Um& 8. Zrb: H$R>: `` g:- ZrbH$R>:&
9. EH$: XV: `` g:- EH$XV:& 10. {XZo {XZo- {V{XZ_&
gjon: Zm_ g_mg: &
eXm: g`H$ A`Vo ` g: g_mg:& g_mg: ^mfm`m: _hdnyU d{eQ>_&
g_mgm: AW_ AZwgapV& gpYg_mg`mo: H$Vo nX`_od Amd`H$ {H$Vw V`mo^}X: >:&
gpY: g_mg:
1. CmaU YmZ_& 1. AW: YmZ:&
2. {d^{V``mZm bmon: Z ^d{V& 2. {d^{V``mZm bmon: ^d{V&
3. gYm g_mg: Z e`:& 3. g_mgo gpY: e`:&
4. gy`` + CX`: = gy``moX`:& 4. gy CX: = gy` + CX`: = gy`m}X`:&
gmm{gH$eXo nX`_ 1) nydnX_ 2) CmanX_
gmm{gH$nX nydnX CmanX
gy`m}X`: gy` CX`:
ZrbH$R>: Zrb H$R>:
51
nX` YmZd {H$`mnXoZ {g`{V& YmZdoZ g_mgmZm Mdma: H$mam:& Wm
nydnX_ CmanX_ AWYmZd_ g_mgH$ma: CXmhaU_
1. nydnXYmZ: A``r^md: {V{XZ_
2. CmanXYmZ: Vnwf: XeaWnw:
3. C^`nXYmZ: : am_b_Um
4. A`nXYmZ: ~hdr{h: ZrbH$R>:
C^nXmWYmZ: : gmg:&
1. BVaoVa: gmg:&
{dm{ZHo$VZ
Mgym ~mbH$~m{bH$m: djbVm:
M: M gy`: M& ~mbH$m: M ~m{bH$m: M& djm: M bVm: M&
BVa + BVa- {^nXm{Z EH$ `w`Vo A& 1. bKweX: (yZdawV: eX:) W: ^doV&
2. gVnX {Z` {dMZo ~hdMZo dm& 3. gVnX {b CmanXmZwgma&
4. {dJho {VnX W_m {d^pV: moOZrm& 5. {dJho, {VnX "M' B{V A Cn`moV`_&
6. gVnX ~hdMZo MoV {VnX AWmZwgma& 7. gVnX {dMZo MoV {VnX EH$dMZ&
H${V: 1 - {M Q>m g_VnXm{Z {bIV&
nnwnm{U&
H${V: 2 - {M Q>m g_mg{dJh {bIV&
2. g_mhma: :&
_yfH$mOma_& (OmVdad_) hVnmX_& (earamd`dm:)
_yfH$: M _mOma: M EV`mo: g_mhma:& hVm M nmXm M EVofm g_mhma:&
53
agH$V& gL>m{deofUm{Z - 1& VVr: KQ>H$:&
gdmX B nR>V&
[JrmdH$meo Xm{hm: Xm{h:
M mVmm gh Ho$db gH$VoZ
dmVmbmn Hw$dpV& mVmhr
Vo: gH$V^mfmm: {deofmZ
H$W{V&]
mVmhr - AmH$ ~mH$mbo
XaXeZo EH$mVmm: EH$ JrV
AmgrV& VX Jmm: -
EH$m MQ>H$m, AZoH$mQ>H$m:&
Ym Amw AmmVmQ>H$m:&&
56
^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1 4. gmZmWH$eX {bIV&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& djm:, Z:, eara&
A) H$: YZ$Z rVo? 5. {dmWH$eX {bIV& CnH$ma:, na:&
Am) Ho$fw YZ Z {d^Vo? cmoH$: 4
B) gdYZYmZ {H$? 1. [aVWmZ nyaV&
2. m^mfm CmaV& A) gg{V: {Y: OmS> &
{dmYZ o H$Vo H$W dYVo? Am) gg{V: dm{M {g#m{V&
3. gpY{dJh Hw$V& dYV Ed& B) gg{V: {Xe{V&
4. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& B) gg{V: nmn &
Mmoa:, ^ma:, {Z, {dm, YZ, YmZ& C) gg{V: {Mm &
5. {dmWH$eX {bIV& D$) gg{V: {Xjw VZmo{V&
:, {Z, YmZ& 2. m^mfm CmaV&
cmoH$: 2 gg{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V?
1. gpY Hw$V& cmoH$: 5
(A) na: + dm + B{V (Am) dgwYm + Ed 1. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
2. EH$dmoZ CmaV& ZmVw, Vm:, EVmVw, Vm$bm:, gdmV&
A) "A {ZO:, A na:' B{V Ho$fm JUZm? 2. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
Am) Ho$fm H$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>~H$ ^d{V? A) XodVm: Hw$ aVo?
3. m^mfm CmaV& Am) {H$m: Hw$ A$bm: ^dpV?
bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W A{^kmVm:? 3. m^mfm CmaV&
4. V^obZ Hw$V " Zm: nyVo '& B{V gypV cmoH$
A dr {MVZ A: n{Wdr AmYmaoU n>rHw$V&
Am JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na: 4. EH$dMZo n[adVV&
cmoH$: 3 A) Zm: nyVo& Am) XodVm: aVo&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& B) EVm: Z nyVo& B) gdm: {H$m: A$bm:&
A) namonH$mam djm: qH$ Hw$dpV? 5. "Zmar' BW AaH$mofnpL>V {bIV&
Am) namonH$mam Z: qH$ Hw$dpV? cmoH$: 6
B) H$m: namonH$mam XhpV? 1. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
B) eara {H$W? A) MmVH$: + = MmVH${MVwamZ&
2. m^mfm CmaV& Am) gmo@{n = + A{n&
namonH$ma: Zm {H$? Ho$ namonH$mam:? B) {d + A^gm = &
3. EH$dMZo n[adVV& B) hVm + = hVmwXmaVm&
A) djm: $bpV& Am) Z: dhpV&
57
2. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 3. cmoH$mV gL>mdmMH$m{Z {MZwV {bIV M&
A) MmVH$: n:H$UmZ H$ mMVo? cmoH$: 8
Am) ObYa: Ho$db MmVH$ VUm em{V CV 1. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
gnyU{d? A) nmR>H$d = + M + &
B) hVm CXmaVm H$ >mVoZ kmVo? Am) Mmo = + Ao&
3. m^mfm CmaV& B) g{ZZmo kom: = + kom:&
hVm CXmaVm cmoHo$ H$W d{UVm? B) {H$mdmg npS>V: = {H$mdmZ +
4. $nn[aM Hw$V& + npS>V:&
A^gm, hVm, {nnmgm, n: 2. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
5. gmZmWH$eX moO{dm dm nwZ{bIV& A) Ho$ g{ZZ: CVm:?
MmVH$: ng: H$UmZ ObYa mMVo& Am) H$: npS>V: CVo?
6. AaH$mofnpL>V {bIV& ObYa:, A^: 3. m^mfm CmaV&
cmoH$: 7 nmpS> H$pZ dVVo? WmW: npS>V: H$:?
1. $m^mfm CmaV& 4. gw^m{fVmV gmZmWH$eX {bIV&
"d n#mm{YH$ eV' B{V gypV n>rHw$V& dmMH$:, AmnH$:, em{dX:, H$mH$Vm,
2. cmoH$mV gVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M& {dmZ, ~mom:&
{dd {dgJ&
AdJhg{hV: AmoH$ma$n:
(gmo@h)
A{dH$mar ( H$, I n, $)
{dgJm}@h (H$: na:)
AmoH$ma$n: bmonr
(gy Bd)
(ammo JN>{V>) a $n:
(Va{n)(XodZ)
g $n:
(XodVWm>) f $n: e $n:
(~mbf:>) (h[aeoVo)
58
agH$V& gL>m{deofUm{Z - 2&
gdmX B nR>V&
mVmhr - EH$V: MVw:nV gL>m$nm{U AYrVm{Z Ibw?
n#mV: Vw gL>m$nofw Z {b^oX:& Vm: WmdV moVm:&
doUw: - kmV& V{h n#m AmgXm:, n#m A: n#m ^dZm{Z dm&
gwYoX: - VWm M g ~Q>d:, g amd:, gd M {XZm{Z&
nWm - BVmo@{n A> VmaH$m:, A> wZ:, A> dgy{Z&
mVmhr - Cm& H$mMZ gL>m: {gm:& Wm Zd am: ...
doUw: M nWm M - g F$f:, Xe AmZZm{Z, A> b:... r{U ^wdZm{Z, Zd aZm{Z dm&
mVmhr - nm& Ah AYwZm Hy$Q>Z dXm{& {^: - : - : - AmZm - gw& {H$ EVX?
gwYoX:- (C: h{gdm) Z Ef: Hy$Q>Z:& EVo Vw {d^pVm:& JVdf} Ah n{R>VdmZ gH$
am{ AYwZm A{n&
doUw: - Amohmo gwYoXmo ! god VrUm OmVm Vd ~w{:& V{h EVo gL>mm: VVrmV: grnV&
nWm- Wm n#m, n#m, n#m{^:, n#m:, n#m:, n#mmZm, n#mgw& n#mV: ZdXenV
$nm{U n#m gL>m Bd ^dpV& g Ibw?
mVmhr - Am, AVrd w{XVm@p& y gd} gH$VnQ>d:& BV:na gH$V^mfm Io{bVw gWm:&
gwYoX:- Vmw dm gh g^mfUoZ {H${#mX mH$aUmmgoZ M&
doUw: - gL>m$nm{U gJYr g^mfUo gL>mZm A{YH$ moJ Hw$:&
nWm - A{Jo AdH$meo AmZ gL>m{deofmZ kmVw AmJN>m:&
{Okmgmn
gL>m$nm{U {b{Idm dmm{Z nyaV& gL>m$nm{U
1. V (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX^yV:& ({Z ~hdMZ)
2. (6) {~S>mb: EH$: Ed yfH$: >:& ff A>Z ZdZ {d^pV:
3. (7) XrnmZm EH$m Amd{b: Jho Vo& fQ>/fS> A> / A>m Zd Wm
4. (9) amrUm gyh: Zm Zdam& fQ>/fS> A> / A>m Zd {Vrm
5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm Zmm{Z? fS>{^:> A>{^:/ Zd{^: VVrm
6. H$m{VHo$: (6) wI: dX{V {H$? A>m{^:
7. amdU (10)VHo$: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm:& fS>: A>:/ Zd: MVwWu
8. (8) brfw H${V Zmm{Z OmZm{g? A>m:
9. amOm (9) F${f: XmZ XmdmZ&
fS>: A>:/ Zd: n#mr
10. (6) dVw: (3) dVy{Z
AmdH$m{Z& A>m:
11. Am{^: (8) ^ynVrZm M[am{U fUm A>mZm ZdmZm f>r
n{R>Vm{Z& fQ>gw/ A>gw/ Zdgw gr
fQ>gw A>mgw
59
Xe>: nmR>:& {nV^V: Z{MHo$Vm:&
doXm:, ~mUm:, AmaH$m: Cn{ZfX: B{V doXdmL>nanam dVVo& EVm XmZ Zm {H$?
nanamm wIm: Xe Cn{ZfX: mVm:& Cn{Zfgw VdkmZMMm-{Z$nU {H$ CnmoJey
dVVo& Cn{Zfgw AVm "H$R>mon{ZfX'& H$R>mon{ZfX: CVm -Z{MHo$Vgmo: dVwZ: mJ:"XmZ'
H$Wm& B{V H$W{Vw eVo?
60
AmMV& : AmZXoZ dam mN>V& VV: VVrda$noU Z{MHo$Vm: AmkmZ AmMV& V mWZm
lwdm : M{H$V:& Z H$mo@{n : AnV VX kmVwH$m:& Andg: ~mb H$W{d J^m
kmZVUm? : {d{dYbmo^Z: Z{MHo$Vg VVrdamV {Zdma{Vw mVV& {H$Vw {ZMb: Z{MHo$Vg:
{ZU:& AVo da XmVw dMZ~: : V km{ZZm{n Xb^ AmkmZ Cnm{XeV&
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmooZ CmaV&
A) dmOldm: H$:? Am) X{jUmm qH$ N>oV B{V {Z:?
B) dmOldg: nw: H$:? B) VVrda$noU Z{MHo$Vm: {H$ AmMV?
C) ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: H${V {XZm{Z mdV Vrjm AH$amoV?
2. m^mfm CmaV&
A) Z{MHo$Vm: nwa {H$W AJN>V? Am) Ho$ : dam: Z{MHo$Vgm m{MVm:?
m{IH$H$m
1) WmH$ dXV&
A) MVwW} {Xdgo nwa-AmJZ&
Am) ~mbZ{MHo$Vg: A^wdm Anrdm Vrjm&
B) jwYmV ~mbm{VWo: XeZ&
B) Z{MHo$Vg: r{U {XZm{Z mdV {VVrjm&
C) oZ da Xm&
61
agH$V& {H$mnX qH$ H$W{V? - 2
JU{V gyMVo H$W{V {H$mnXm{Z dmo ApdV&
A {^
1. gwdU gdlo> JVo& 2. gmO
nX {H$? Yma{V nyVo VmS>Vo lo> CVo& 3. {Mo ZXr Vo&
EVofm gmZVm H$m?
KmofVo Mmoa{V jmb{V 1. : - 2. ybYmVw: +
Cma -
VVrm Wm VVrm Wm
63
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
1) {Zm H$Xm Cmm ^d{V? 2) ZmZoZ qH$ ^d{V? 3) H$Xm mWZm dXm:?
4) mVm m MaUm Ho$Z mO{V? 5) d {V{XZ {H$W Vmho?
2. m^mfm {bIV& Zg: dN>Vm{dfo mVm m H$W ~mo{YVdVr?
3. A) gpY{dJh Hw$V & 1. bKw^ma{d 2. B{n 3. BVmo@{n 4. VWd 5. H$Xm{n
Am) dU{dJh Hw$V& 1. nmXVbm 2. ZmZ
B) {deofU-{deo-g~Y:&
{deo nmXVbm Amg: Z: eara
{deofU gVoO: {bZ Amm Cm:
4. gyMZmZwgma n[adVZ Hw$V&
1. Ah {dma ZmZ H$amo{ & ("' {ZH$mgV)
2. d {V{XZ Vmho& (EH$dMZ Hw$V)
5. gmZmWH$eXw {MZwV& eara, {mH$m, MaUm, {, Z:, X, gwX, {Mm, nmXm, Xoh:
6. {dmWH eX {bIV& n{d, ewH$, ZrM:, dN>, A{YH$, gda&
7. CnnX{d^pV moOV&
1. -------nyd d mWZm dXm:& ({Zmm:/{Zm)
2. EH$Xm {Z{d Io{bdm Ah ------ AmJV:& (Jho/Jh)
8. C{MV H$maU {Mdm dm nwZ{bIV&
1. mm dem{Q>H$m Amm H$Vm V: .....&
A) gm dfmm pbm&
Am) VoZ nwoN>m nyUm ^doV&
nR>V AdJN>V ! {dd {dgJ&
hgdoV: ~H$doV: H$mo ^oXmo ~H$hgmo:& d ~m d {dUwd d Bd A{d
Zrajra{ddoHo$ Vw hgmo hgmo ~H$mo ~H$:&& dmwd gyd Mmd ~^y^wddamo&&
hg: hge {dUw: {dUwg
~H$:
H$:
^oX: ^oXmo
hg:
~H$:
H$mo
hgmo
~H$mo
}
~H$e e$n: {dgJ:
} AmoH$ma$n: {dgJ:
:
A{:
dmw:
gy:
Mm:
g
A{g
}
dmwg
gyg
Mmg
g$n: {dgJ:
64
mXe>: nmR>:& AaH$mof:&
gH$V^mfm AVrd gm ^mfm& EH$ eX ^dpV ZHo$
eXgL>Jh H$Vo gmZmWH$eXm:& ${MV EH$ eX {d{dYm: AWm: A{n ^dpV&
{^^mfmgw Ho$$ eXm: AoVUm gwI~moYm gmZmWH$eXmZm nt aMZm H$dm n{S>V-
wVm:? AaqghoZ AaH$mof: J{WV:& AaH$mofnR>ZoZ H$R>WrH$aUoZ M
wmH$ Jho/{dmbo Ho$ eXkmZ ^d{V& {d{dYeXmZm dmo moJoU eX^wd {g{V&
eXH$mofm: gpV?
Wo> JVw eXaZm{Z AmV eXaZmH$amV& AaH$mofegm -
Ho$ eXgL>Jhm: wm{^:
H$doaaqgh H${Vaofm gw{Zbm&
n{R>Vm:?
AmMVmaH$ WomV Zm{bmZwemgZ&&
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) H$mofm: {H$W AmdH$m:? Am) H$mof: Zm {H$?
B) H$: AaH$mof aM{Vm? B) AaH$mof H$R>WrH$aU H$mV gwb^?
C) AaH$mofo H${V cmoH$m: gpV? D$) AaH$mof {H$ AV Zm?
2. m^mfm {bIV&
1. "AaH$mof'- H$R>WrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpV?
3. {ZmU Hw$V&
1. d {dmH$mofo YZ gL>Jh Hw$:& 2. AaH$mof: gH$VeXmZm gL>JhJW:&
4. A) eX dU{dJh Hw$V& (1) gL>Jh (2) moJ: (3) dVVo (4) ${MV
Am) obZ Hw$V&
{deo {deofU
1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^
2. H$mofJW: 2. {dembm
3. H$R>WrH$aU 3. {^m:
4. AWm: 4. n:
5. gyMZmZwgma dmn[adVZ Hw$V&
1. N>mm: AaH$mof H$R>W Hw$dpV & ("' {ZH$mgV)
2. VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V? (~hdMZo {bIV&)
3. d{n AaH$mof H$R>W Hw$m& (EH$dMZ Hw$V&)
6. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& H$mof:, AaH$mof:, {dmV:, gwb^&
7. dm ew Hw$V&
1. JWmbo H$mofm H$Vo EH$m {dembm H$nm{Q>H$m {dVo&
2. N>mm: JWmbo {d{dY nwVH$m{Z npV&
3. AaH$mofo {V: H$mS>m{Z gpV&
66
moXe>: nmR>:& gamm: erb&
doXdmL>o AmJVm H$Wm Efm& nwam nU: Zm
Agwam: XodmZm gdm: YoZy: dXoenmhaZ& YoZyZm
AdofUmW gwnU: B{V XodmZm godH$: JS>: nUrZm Xoe
JV:& V nUrZm Cnhma: de: JS>: YoZyZm {dfo
Z {H${n AH$WV& VoZ dm{moh: H$V:& AV: Xod:
nwZ: gam Zm ewZr o{fVm& {Z^Vm gwXa mJ
A{VH$, agmZXr Cmr gm nUrZm Xoe mm& n{U{^:
H$V Am{V Vm Z drH$V& {V{Zd Xodo:
gd dmmV AH$WV& Vm: dm{^m goZ
BoU, V da: Xm: JS>m M emn:& dm{^o$:
H$VnmbZ JmadH$Wm Zm BX nmodmS>mJrV&
nmodmS>m B{V {g: hmam>r: bmoH$H$bmH$ma:&
draagYmZ BX nmodmS>mJrV a{MV ApV
npS>>V-^mH$a-^mVIS>o B{V AmYw{ZH$-
gH$VboIH$d}U&
m{UZm MmVwH$Wm: H$m:?
H$pZ {MnQ>o H$m H$Wmm dm m{UZm H$V gmhm
d{UV ApV?
^mfmmg:
m^mfm CmaV&
(1) gamm: H$VnmbZo Ho$ {dZm: A^dZ? (2) gam H$VnmbZo {dZmZ H$W Va{V?
(3) nU: gamm: {ZXm H$Xm AHw$dZ? (4) nU: gam {H$W {ZXpV?
68
boIZH$meb-3
69
^mfmgy - 3
(A) OZmVZmm{Z
Am{^: damVZmm{Z n{R>Vm{Z& AYwZm OZmVZmm{Z >m{Z& A ApV OZ {H$?
1. gwZg - g 2. Agag - g 3. {dg - g 4. {Xe - e 5. mdf - f 6. d{UO - O
7. dmM - M 8. ^y^V - V 9. amOZ - Z 10. {Ja - a 11. drY - Y 12. gwX - X
OZmV nw. r. Znw. OZmV nw. r. Znw.
VH$mamV V g[aV OJV gH$mamV Mg Agag ng
V "V'H$mamV nw{b Zm& g[aV "V'H$mamV r{b Zm&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
V Vm V: Wm g[aV g[aVm g[aV:
V Vm V: {Vrm g[aV g[aVm g[aV:
Vm Xm {: VVrm g[aVm g[aXm g[a{:
Vo Xm X: MVwWu g[aVo g[aXm g[aX:
V: Xm X: n#mr g[aV: g[aXm g[aX:
V: Vmo: Vm f>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm
{V Vmo: gw gr g[a{V g[aVmo: g[agw
ho V/X ho Vm ho V: g~moYZ ho g[aV-X ho g[aVm ho g[aV:
V Bd Ao eXm: - ^y^V, hr^V, g[aV Bd Ao eXm: - V{S>V, mo{fV,
m^V, {XZH$V, {dd{OV, B{OV B.& {dwV BmX:&
gwX (nw) gnX (r) drY (r) BmXr{Z X/Y H$mamVeX$nm{U A{n V/g[aV Bd&
OJV "V'H$mamV ZnwgH${b Zm& Mg "g'H$mamV nw{b Zm&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
OJV OJVr OJpV Wm Mm: Mgm Mg:
OJV OJVr OJpV {Vrm Mg Mgm Mg:
OJVm OJXm OJ{: VVrm Mgm Mmom Mmo{^:
OJVo OJXm OJX: MVwWu Mgo Mmom Mmo:
OJV: OJXm OJX: n#mr Mg: Mmom Mmo:
OJV: OJVmo: OJVm f>r Mg: Mgmo: Mgm
OJ{V OJVmo: OJgw gr M{g Mgmo: M:gw,
Mgw
ho OJV ho OJVr ho OJpV g~moYZ ho M: ho Mgm ho Mg:
OJV Bd A: eX: - {dV Mg Bd Ao eXm: - Xwdmgg, doYg,
dZmH$g, {XdmH$g, Z{MHo$Vg, dmOldg,
aOg BmX:&
70
Agag "g'H$mamV r{b Zm& ng "g'H$mamV ZnwgH${b Zm&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
Agam: Agagm Agag: Wm n: ngr nm{g
Agag Agagm Agag: {Vrm n: ngr nm{g
Agagm Agamom Agamo{^: VVrm ngm nmom nmo{^:
Agago Agamom Agamo: MVwWu ngo nmom nmo:
Agag: Agamom Agamo: n#mr ng: nmom nmo:
Agag: Agagmo: Agagm f>r ng: ngmo: ngm
Aga{g Agagmo: Agagw gr n{g ngmo: n:gw,ngw
ho Aga: ho Agagm ho Agag: g~moYZ ho n: ho ngr ho nm{g
Agag Bd A: eX: - Cfg& ng Bd Ao eXm: - Vng, A^g,
VoOg, AmoOg, Z^g, eg, moVg, Vg,
Zg, dg, dmgg, gag, Zg, MoVg&
{Okmgmn
71
5. C{MV{bmZwgma nWw$V&
nw. r. Znw. Xdmgg, Cfg, Vng, A^g, VoOg,
AmoOg, Z^g, eg, moVg, doYg,
dg, dmgg, ng, MoVg, Zg&
6. mo $n {bIV&
F$frUm ----- (VoOg) {X& ----- (Vng) Vo gm mZwdpV& ----- (Z^g) Bd
Am{XVm Vofm {>:& Ho$MZ F$f: ----- (dg) dm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng) dm:& Vofm
----- (MoVg) Hw$gwmV A{n X{Z& Vofm gm ----- (moVg) ApV Vofm Vnm& Vo {dbm{Z
----- (dmgg) n[aYmapV& ----- (wfg) gda CWm Vo ----- (Vng) AmMapV&
YmVo F$f:&
(Am) gdZmm{Z&
"gd' nw{b gdZm& "gd' r{b gdZm&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
gd: gdm gdo Wm gdm gd} gdm:
gd gdm gdmZ {Vrm gdm gd} gdm:
gd}U gdmm gd: VVrm gdm gdmm gdm{^:
gd gdmm gd}: MVwWu gd gdmm gdm:
gdmV gdmm gd}: n#mr gdm: gdmm gdm:
gd gdmo: gd}fm f>r gdm: gdmo: gdmgm
gdpZ gdmo: gd}fw gr gdm gdmo: gdmgw
ho gd ho gdm ho gd} g~moYZ ho gd} ho gd} ho gdm:
72
(B) YmVyZm {Vr: gyh: &
EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V&
A dmofw {H$mnX nV& Vmo: AW: gmZ: {H$Vw JUm {^m& VmV {dH$aUo A{n {^o&
ImX{V = ImX + A + {V (ImX 1 n. n.)
AZm{V = Ae + Zm + {V (Ae 9 n. n.)
73
m:
bQ>bH$ma:
nanX AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{V V: ApV W: Vo AmVo AVo
{g W: W : go AmWo do
{ d: : Cm: E dho ho
bL>bH$ma:
nanX AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
V Vm AZ W: V AmVm AV
: V V : Wm: AmWm d
A d Cm: B d{h {h
Ag (2 n.n.)
bQ>bH$ma: bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
ApV V: gpV W: AmgrV AmVm AmgZ
A{g W: W : Amgr: AmV AmV
Ap d: : Cm: Amg Amd Am
bmoQ>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
AVw Vm gVw W: mV mVm w:
E{Y V V : m: mV mV
Agm{Z Agmd Agm Cm: m md m
74
$H$ (8 C.n.)
nanX bQ>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
H$amo{V Hw$V: Hw$dpV W: Hw$Vo $$Hw$dmVo $$Hw$dVo
H$amo{f Hw$W: Hw$W : Hw$fo $$Hw$dmWo Hw$do
H$amo{ Hw$d: Hw$: Cm: Hw$d} Hw$dho Hw$ho
nanX bL>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
AH$amoV AHw$Vm AHw$dZ W: AHw$V AHw$dmVm AHw$dV
AH$amo: AHw$V AHw$V : AHw$Wm: AHw$dmWm AHw$d
AH$ad AHw$d AHw$ Cm: AHw${d AHw$d{h AHw${h
nanX bmoQ>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
H$amoVw Hw$Vm Hw$dVw W: Hw$Vm Hw$dmVm Hw$dVm
Hw$ Hw$V Hw$V : Hw$d Hw$dmWm Hw$d
H$adm{U H$admd H$adm Cm: H$ad H$admdh H$admh
nanX {d{Y{bL>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
Hw$mV Hw$mVm Hw$w: W: Hw$duV Hw$dumVm Hw$duaZ
Hw$m: Hw$mV Hw$mV : Hw$duWm: Hw$dumWm Hw$dud
Hw$m Hw$md Hw$m Cm: Hw$du Hw$dud{h Hw$du{h
eH$ (5 n.n.)
bQ>bH$ma: bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eZmo{V eZwV: eZwdpV W: AeZmoV AeZwVm AeZwdZ
eZmo{f eZwW: eZwW : AeZmo: AeZwV AeZwV
eZmo{ eZwd: eZw: Cm: AeZd AeZwd AeZw
bmoQ>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eZmoVw eZwVm eZwdVw W: eZwmV eZwmVm eZww:
eZw{h eZwV eZwV : eZwm: eZwmV eZwmV
eZdm{Z eZdmd eZdm Cm: eZwm eZwmd eZwm
75
bQ>bH$ma: lw (e) (5 n.n.) bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eUmo{V eUwV: edpV W: AeUmoV AeUwVm AedZ
eUmo{f eUwW: eUwW : AeUmo: AeUwV AeUwV
eUmo{ eUwd:/ed: eUw:/e: Cm: AeUd AeUwd/Aed AeUw/Ae
bmoQ>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eUmoVw eUwVm eUwdVw W: eUwmV eUwmVm eUww:
eUw eUwV eUwV : eUwm: eUwmV eUwmV
eUdm{Z eUdmd eUdm Cm: eUwm eUwmd eUwm
{Okmgmn
mo nm {Mdm {bIV&
1. N>mm: e: & (mZmoVw, mZwdVw) 2. Ah ~mb: & (Ap, :)
3. gm nmH$ & (Hw$Vo, Hw$dVo) 4. g: JmVw & (eZmo{, eZmo{V)
5. AmMm: nmR>embm &(AmV, Aw:) 6. d gH$VoZ g^mfU & (Hw$, H$amoVw)
7. A{n Ah doe ? (H$admdh, H$ad) 8. mbmH$ma: nwnm{U & ({MZmo{V, {MdpV)
9. eya: namH$oU {dO mw & (eZmo{V, eZwdpV)
$(B) H$Vdm H$dm M&
{H$mnX
H$Vdm (H$V[a) H$dm (H${U)
(H$Vm YmZ:) (H$ YmZ)
YmZdmV H$VnX Wm YmZdmV H$nX Wm
Wm - ~mbH$: JW nR>{V& ~mbHo$Z JW: nR>Vo&
H$: nR>{V? ~mbH$:& H$: nR>Vo? JW:&
moJ: H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
H$Vdm: Wm {d^pV: {Vrm {d^pV: H$VnX nwfdMZmZwgma
H$dm: VVrm {d^{V: Wm {d^{V: H$nX nwfdMZmZwgma
H$dmm{Z {H$mnXm{Z - 2) nm - nrVo& (1 n.n.) Zr - ZrVo& 5) H$ - {H$Vo&
1) nm - nmVo& (2 n.n.) m - rVo& r - rVo& - {Vo&
km - kmVo& Xm - XrVo& J - JrVo& 6) V - VrVo&
- mVo& 3) {O - OrVo& 4) lw - lyVo& - Vo&
- mVo& {M - MrVo& Vw - VyVo& 7) Z - ZVo&
76
- Vo& 9) nyO - nyVo& Y - YmVo& dh - CVo&
J - JVo& JU - JVo& Kwf - KmoVo& dn - CVo&
8) {bI - {bVo& H$W - H$Vo& jmb - jmVo& dM - CVo&
e - Vo& aM - aVo& - Vo& o - hVo&
ImX - ImVo& VS> - VmS>Vo& 10) Xe - XVo& 12) N> - nN>Vo&
nR> - nR>Vo& Mwa - MmoVo& JW - JVo& Jh - JVo&
wM - wVo& d - dmVo& 11) dX - CVo& ~y - CVo&
H$dm{H$mnXgy = ybYmVw: + + AmZonXrH$mbmW:&
{Okmgmn
77
(C) Vnwf:
1. {d^{VVnwf:&
1) IJm: dZ JVm:&
2) VU: a{MVm{Z Vofm ZrS>m{Z&
3) djofw IJmZm {Zdmgm ZrS>m{Z gpV&
4) nO`mV a{jVm: IJm: AmZXpV&
5) IJmZm OrdZ l_: n[anyU_&
6) dH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: `o`erbm:&
1. dZ JVm: = dZJVm:& ({Vr`m {d^{V:) 2. VU: a{MVm{Z = VUa{MVm{Z& (VVr`m {d^{V:)
3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z& (MVwWu {d^{V:) 4. nO`mV a{jVm: = nO`a{jVm:& (n#m_r
{d^{V:) 5. IJmZm OrdZ_ = IJOrdZ& (f>r {d^{V:)6. dH$m`} {ZaVm: = dH$m`{ZaVm:& (g_r
{d^{V:)
A W_nX {Vr`nXoZ H$`m{MV {d^`m g`w`Vo& AV: Ef: gmg: "{d^pVVnwf:' B{V C`Vo&
g_mg- gVnX CmanXmZm_ CXmhaUm{Z gmg{dJh:
H$ma: Amd{b:
{Vr`m djm{lV:& {lV, Am{lV, embmJ_Z, H$_m:, embm JZ, H$ m:,
Vnwwf: JV, Amn, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:, ^wd JV:, ^yq JV:,
AVrV, m H$Um{lV:, JwUmVrV:, H$U Am{lV:, JwUmZ
gwImn:& AVrV:, gwI Amn:&
dj Am{lV: (H$Q>:)&
VVr`m Ho$e{dhrZ: gn, a{hV, YZgn:, ~w{hrZ:, YZoZ gn:, ~wXm
Vnwf: hrZ, {dH$b, MaU{dH$b:, hrZ:, MaUoZ {dH$b:,
d{OV, `wV, eH$am{{lV:, eH$am {{lV:, {MVm
ge, AmT> {MVmg_m, ~Xage:, gm, ~XaoU ge:, dU:
dU{_{lV:, YZmT>:& {{lV:, YZoZ AmT>:&
Ho$e: {dhrZ:/a{hV:&
MVwWu XmZno{Q>H$m AW_ XoemW_, H$`mW_, Xoem B{V, H$m B{V,
Vnwf: {dhmamW_, ajUmW_, {dhmam B{V, ajUm
{enmb`:, VnmodZ_, B{V, {eno: Amb:,
JWmb`:, H$m`e{V: Vngo dZ, JWo:
Hw$S>b{ha, Amb:, H$mm e{$:,
KQ>{mH$m& Hw$S>bmm {ha,
XmZm no{Q>H$m& KQ>m {mH$m&
78
n#m_r hVn{VV& _wV, ^rV, XfU_wV:, XmZdmV:, XfUmV wV:, XmZdmV
Vnwf: mV, n{VV, Agwa^rVm, djn{VV_, mV:, AgwamV ^rVm,
a{jV gna{jV:& djmV n{VV, gnmV
a{jV:&
hVmV n{VV&
(H$ad)
f>r djemIm& {`, H$Vo N>m{`: _H$Vo, N>mmUm {:, H$Vo,
Vnwf: g_we{V:, am_m`U_, gw epV:, am
{dwdmh:, AZ, {dwV: dmh:,
gy`m}X`:, XeaWnw:, gy CX:, XeaW
{nmkm& nw:, {nVw: Amkm&
dj emIm&
g_r Z{ZnwUm& Hw$eb, aV, H$bmHw$eb:, H$sS>mnQw>:, H$bmm Hw$eb:, H$sS>mm
Vnwf: drU, _, H$maV:, Omdgb:, nQw>:, H$m} aV:, Omgw
`J, `mV, J{UVVk:, dgb:, J{UVo Vk:,
{d{XV, emS> ^wdZ{d{XV:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V
OJ{g:& {g:&
Zo {ZnwUm&
{Okmgmn
79
agH$V& Ho$Z H$V? MVwW: KQ>H$:&
mVm ^mVo H$mmb JN>{V& JZmV nyd gm Xmam H$aUrm{Z H$mm{U H$W{V& H$mmUm Amd{b:
Vw XrKm AmgrV& AYwZm gmL>H$mb g:& mVw: mJZg:& Xma: {H$pMV ^rV: V: gdm{U
H$mm{U Z gmm{Z& (mVm {de{V)
mVm - ""ao Xma, H$mmUm Amdqb Xe gda&''
Amd{b: H$V/Z H$V
eZJh dN>Vm P eZJh dN>rH$V& EVV gd Ho$Z H$V /Z H$V?
Jho ObnyaU P Ob ny[aV& XmaoU&
AdH$ajonU P AdH$a: {j:&
mVame^jU P mVame: ^{jV:& XmaoU H$m H$V&
JhmOZ O Jh Z m{OV& mm H$m Xm&
djofw Ob{g#mZ O djofw Ob Z {gV& ~mboZ Ob nrV&
XYmbmV XYH$U P XYmbmV XY H$sV& Am{^: nwVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z&
dmwMwo: dN>Vm O dmwMw{: Z dN>rH$Vm& {hbm AdH$a: {j:&
O Vm{^: dm{U jm{bVm{Z&
{dmH$mofmV YZ-AmhaU {dmH$mofmV YZ Z AmV&
N>mm{^: nwpVH$m: {b{IVm:&
dmm: P dmm: H$V:&
g^mfmn
[aVWmZ nyaV&
1. mYdoZ n & (AmZrV:/AmZrV) 2. H$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m: & (JhrV/JhrVm:)
3. dm Xodm: & (m{WVm:/m{WV:) 4. wm{^: ZmQH$ & (>:/>)
5. Cm: H$m & (AmaYm/AmaY 6. YoZw{^: VUm{Z & (^wV/^wVm{Z)
7. JwUm X{jUm & (m{MVm/m{MVm)
nR>V ~moYV&
am{J{{V ^{d{V gw^mV
^mdmZwXo{V h{g{V nL>H$Olr:&
BW {d{MV{V H$mofJVo {aoo$
hm hV hV Z{bZt JO Cmhma&&
H$MZ ^a: YwnmZo : gmL>H$mb mdV H$bH$mofo Ed {V>{V& Xm am{: OmVm VXm H$bXbm{Z
{Zr{bVm{Z& H$mof~oZ ^aoU {MpVV, am{: Vw J{{V& A{MamXod gw^mV ^{d{V& gyXod:
CXo{V& nwZM H${bZr w${Vm ^{d{V& Ah M H$bH$mofmV wV: ^{dm{& nwZ: dmV
bo& {H$Vw hm hV ! H$mofJV: ^a: mdV BW {MV{V VmdXod H$MZ JOyW: V AmmV:& Vofw
EHo$Z JOoZ Z{bZr Cnm{Q>Vm& ^a: Vw H$bH$mofo Ed {Z~:&
Ahmo Xdr {d{Mm J{V:&
80
MVwXe>: nmR>:& H$mem{dZmoX:& (H$R>WrH$aUmW)
gH$V^mfmm gw^m{fVmZm hm^mS>ma {dVo& H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z MH${VnyUm{Z&
Vofm AWmd~moY: Z gab:& ho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>Zm: gmny{V: M EVo H$mam: AmH$ ho{bH$m Zm {H$?
H$Vo pVH$Im Ed& gw^m{fVmZm aMZm hmagnyUm m M& AV: Ed EVo A^mfmgw H$m:
H$mH$mam: dmMH$mZm Z: {dZmoXpV& ho{bH$m: y OmZrW?
n>rH$aU
cmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX {dnarVH$oU n{R>V MoV "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V& na "gag:' B{V nX WmZwH$ dm
{dnarVH$oU n{R>V MoV "gag:' Bod ^d{V& A H${dH$nZm Ed H${dH$meb {d^m{V&
cmoH$: 2 - g: dj AJo dg{V {H$Vw n{jamO: JS>: Z& V r{U Zom{U gpV {H$Vw g: eybnm{U: eL>H$a: Z&
g: dH$bge d Yma{V {H$Vw g: {gmoJr Z& g: Ob Yma{V {H$Vw g: Z KQ>: Z M oK:& A Cma dVVo
Zm[aHo$b$b&
cmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV, ""ho nw, Amkm n {bI&'' VoZ nwoU n Z {b{IV& VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{Vm&
AWg{V: Z Vo& {X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX {H$Vo MoV " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW~moY: ^d{V& ZVoZ Zm Zd^mdoZ nwoU
n {b{IV& A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{Vm&
81
cmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>Z: A& A Cma - V Am{X: Z, V AV: Z, V o : {V>{V ( VV ) Vd A{n
ApV, A{n ApV&
cmoH$: 5 - Jm: VUm{Z ImXpV& m: Obo {dhapV& gmYd: gVmof N>pV& na ApZ OJ{V bwYH$m:
JmZ, Yrdam: mZ VWm X>m: gmYyZ {ZH$maUod nrS>pV& A WmgL>-AbL>H$ma: {dVo&
cmoH$: 6 - eVM Z^Vb& B{V H$mMZ gm dVVo& AmH$meo MmUm eV H$W eVo? Bofm gm&
gmny{V: - JmZm: Ob H$mobw$ {dVo& Xm JJZo VmaH$m: Mm: M {dbgpV VXm Mg: eV {V{~~m{Z
JmZm: Obo Vo& VXm H${d: H$nZm H$amo{V, "Z^: eVM' Bd Vo&
cmoH$: 7 - ho Hw$a, V d Y{ZH$mZm d wh: Z Bjgo, fm MmQy>Z Z ~yfo, Efm JddM: Z eUmo{f, mem
M VmZ {V Z Ymd{g& H$mbo ~mbVUm{Z ImX{g na {ZmJo {Zm{g& VV o ~y{h, ^dVm qH$ Zm Vn: VV? Efm
Hw$ammopV: dVVo& gmZmZ C{ Efm AmopV:&
^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 3. mo nm {MZwV -
A) {dn: H$pZ eXo XVo? A) n{jamO: djmJo (dg{V/Z dg{V)&
Am) {dn: H$pZ eXo Z XVo? Am) KQ>: r{U Zom{U (Yma{V/Z Yma{V)&
B) mZdm: H$sem: ^dow:? B) eybnm{U: Ob ({~^{V / Z {~^{V)&
B) mZdm: H$sem: Z ^dow:? B) Zm[aHo$b dd (Yma{V/Z Yma{V)&
4. gmZmWH$eXw {MZwV {bIV M&
2. H$mo>H$ nyaV&
n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob, oK:, eL>H$a:, dj:,
gmja: ZwO: $gag: ZwO:
{gmoJr, JS>:, V:, Vmo, ObX:, Vndr&
--- ---
(gagd, amjgd, {dnarVd) cmoH$: 3.
1. H$: H$ dX{V? "n {bI&'
3. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& amjg:, gag: 2. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
4. gpY{dJh Hw$V& A) Ho$Z Amkm Xmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{Vm&
A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmoV = B) n Ho$Z {b{IV?
cmoH$: 2. 3. {deofU-{deo-ApdqV nyaV&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
{deofU {deo
A) djmJdmgr H$:? Am) H$: n{jamO:?
nw:
B) H$: {ZoYmar? B) H$: eybnm{U:?
C) H$: Ob {~^{V? D$) H$: dd Yma{V? {b{IV
2. eXgyh H$Vo EH$ gjoneX {bIV& 4. gpY{dJh Hw$V& mkm, {nVwamkm
A) : dj AJ^mJo {Zdg{V - 5. cmoH$mV "V' mV$nm{U (H$.^y.Ym.{d.)
Am) n{jUm amOm - {MZwV {bIV M&
B) r{U Zom{U - cmoH$: 4.
B) eyb nmUm g: - 1. H$mZwgma aMV&
C) : dd Yma{V - A) {-AjawVo eXo "' o {V>{V&
82
Am) eX Ama^o "Z' {dVo& 2. {deofU: OmbaoIm{M nyaV&
B) eX AVo A{n "Z' {dVo&
2. m Cma -
3. gpY Hw$V&
Z^Vb
A) V + Am{X: (A + Am)
Am) V + AV: (A + A)
B) Vd + A{n (A + A)
B) A{n + ApV (B + A)
3. {deofU {bIV&
4. cmoH$mV fR>VnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M& 1) dm[a{U&
cmoH$: 5. 2) Z^Vb&
1. Vm{bH$mny{V Hw$V& 4. JL>Jm B{V eX AanL>pV {bIV&
VUdmo: dar ^d{V cmoH$: 7.
Obdmo: dar ^d{V 1. [aVWmZ nyaV&
gVmofdmo: dar ^d{V A) d Y{ZZm wh: Z Bjgo&
Oyfm-(gmZ,Yrda:,bwYH$:,J,rZ, Am) d fm MmQy>Z Z &
{newZ:) B) d Efm Z eUmo{f&
2. AYmoXmdmm{Z cmoH$W-gmZmWH$-eX: B) d VmZ {V Z Ymd{g&
nwZ: {bIV& C) d H$mbo ~mbVUm{Z &
A) h[aU: enm{U ^j{V VWm{n mY: V ew: D$) d {Zm{g&
^d{V& F$) ho Hw$a, VX ~y{h&
Am) : Ob {n~{V VWm{n Yrda: V [anw: G ) ^dVm qH$ Zm Vn: &
^d{V& 2. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
B) gnwf: {Z:nh: dVVo VWm{n XOZ: V A[a: A) d Y{ZZm d wh: Z Bjgo&
^d{V&
Am) d {ZmJo {Zm{g&
cmoH$: 6.
3. gmZmWH$eX {MZwV {bIV M&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
dXZ, Ag, en, dmn:, J:, n{g
A) H$m: Zm: dUZ gw^m{fVo dVVo?
Am) eVM Z^Vb Hw$ emo^Vo? 4. cmoH$mV fR>VnXo {MZwV {bIV M&
85
agH$V& {deofU-{dVma:&
Ydb: M: AmH$meo dVVo& Ah {V{XZ Ydb M nm{, Vwm{ M& YdboZ MoU Z^:
{d^m{V& MH$moam: Ydbm Mm nhpV& YdbmV MmV {H$aUm: dpV& ny{Umm Ydb
M gmX Anyd Ibw& ho Ydb M, erVbVm N> gd}:&
{ XdMZ m M {d^pV{deo&
V{ VXdMZ gd {d^pV{deofUm{n&&
gH$V^mfmm Wm {deo {b, dMZ {d^V: M n[adVVo VWd {deofUo A{n n[adVZ ^d{V&
Edod "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "Cm: H${d:', "{Z{~S> dZ', "XrKm ZXr', "oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr
H$Wm', "{: gwX', "Zohmbw: {nVm', "am Cfm:' Bofm {deofU-{deo-wmZm $nm{U dXVw&
86
{Okmgmn
{deofU-{deomo: w nyaV&
nw{b r{b ZnwgH${b {d^pV:
n{d: Obme: (n{d) ZXr (n{d) JmOb Wm
(ZyVZ) S>n ZyVZm ^mfm (ZyVZ) pXa {Vrm
goZ (H$mof) (g) nanam goZ (ZJa) VVrm
(H$mob) d^mdm H$mobm (bVm) (H$mob) nwnm MVwWu
namYrZmV (Cnm) (namYrZm) ~wXm: (namYrZ) OrdZmV n#mr
(Cm) nwf Cmmm: (n{H$m) Cm (dmn) f>r
(Wyb>) nwo Wybmm (H$m) (Wyb>) nmo gr
ho (lo>) F$fo ho loo> (VnpdZr) ho (lo>) AmfY g~moYZ
dmm{Z nyaV&
1. ({demb) dj AY: n$m{Z ($b) AnVZ& 2. (d) {nVm (gagm) H$Wm: amoMVo&
3. {ZnwUm (Jm{H$m) gh Ah (ldUr) JrV Jmm{& 4. o (nm) (erVb) Ob {dVo&
nR>V ~moYV&
[MV, MZ wVm{Z {deofUm{Z =
[MV, MZ EVX A{Z{VVm Xe{V& "{H$' BZoZ gh Vmo: CnmoJ: ^d{V&
(H$: + {MV) H${V Zn:, ({H$ + MZ) {H$#mZ ZJa&
(Ho$Z + {MV) Ho$Z{MV w{ZZm& (H$ + {MV) H${MV ZwO&
ApV H${V Zn:& g: H$p{V ZJao AQ>{V & Ho$Z{MV w{ZZm g: AmhV:& w{Z: AnN>V,
""{H$ Apd{g hmamO?'' Zn: H${#mV H$mb {d{M AdXV, ""Z {H${n& H$U hVmV
n[a^>& VX Ed Apdm{&'' F${f: CVdmZ, ""ho amOZ, ^dmZ Vw Zn:& AV {H${n H$U Yma{Vw
eZmo{f& VWm{n H$U{dfo {H$W EVmdV {MVZ? wV ^dV: amo {H$V: OZm: ~w^w{jVm:,
Ho$MZ X[am: Ho${MV amoJnr{S>Vm: M& H$mZ {hbm: CmoJoZ {dZm {ZamYmam:& H${X ~mbH$: {ejU
V& Ho$fm#mZ {eeyZm Am{X{dfo hVr XadWm& Ho$fwMZ {d^mJofw ObdWm Z grMrZm&
EVofm H$Vo {H${n Hw$& H$U{dfo {MVm m Hw$& am dWm Zn na H$V&''
V/X + b b
Z + b b
CV + bg{V = Cg{V&
VmZ + bmoH$mZ = VmmoH$mZ&
H$Xm{MV + bY = H$Xm{MY&
XodmZ + bg{V = Xodmg{V&
87
fmoS>e>: nmR>:& dmJV VnmoYZmm:&
Ho$ AZyhm?
amm{^foH$mXZVa lramMM[aV pZ ZmQ>Ho$ dVVo VX ZmQ>
CmaamM[aV& ^d^y{V Zm hmH${d A ZmQ>H$ aM{Vm& A wmH$ AZo {X
{dZm
ZmQ>H$ {Vro AL>Ho$ dVVo A dZXodVm-Amor gdmX& AmnVpV V{h y H$W VmZ
{ZamHw$W?
(Zono) dmJV VnmoYZmm&
(VV {de{V AdJdofm Vmngr)
dZXodVm - Am}, H$m nwZ: A^dVr? qH$ moOZ XS>H$madoe?
Amor - ApZ Xoeo ~hd AJmX wZ {ZdgpV& Vo doXmV{dm A{YJVw A
AmJVm& dmr{H$hfo} AmlmV Bh AmJVmp&
dZXodVm - Ahmo Am! Ao wZ doXmVkmZmW dmr{H$ F${f CnJN>pV& H$W A^dVr
V AmlmV A AQ>{V?
Amor - V AZo hmZ AZyh Cn& ^Jd{V, Ho$Zm{n XodVm{deofoU XmaH$wnZrV&
Hw$ebdm B{V Vmo ZmZr& EH$mXedfm{U mdV ^JdVm dmr{H$Zm Ymr Bd nmo{fVm a{jVm
M& CnZZ H$dm r{dm{n Am{nVm& A{VXrkmoYo Vmo& Z Amem gmmm
N>mm Vmm gh AoVw eZwdpV& V,
88
{dVa{V Jw mko {dm Wd VWm OS>o
Z Ibw VmokmZo eqV H$amonhpV dm&
^d{V {h nwZ^ymZ ^oX $b {V VWm
^d{V ew{M{~~Jmho {UZ Xm M&&
dZXodVm - AZyh?
Amor- A&
dZXodVm- AW Ana: H$?
Amor- AWH$Xm g h{f mpXZgdZm VgmZXrVra AJN>V& V djo EH$ H$m#mw
AmgrV& ghgm mYoZ Vmo EH$ ~mUoZ {d& ^ym n{VV {Zo> ghMa Q>m H$m#mr bnV&
Vm: H$U {dbmn lwdm AH$mV hf}: wImV AZww>nN>Xgm AlwVnydm Xdr dmUr w$[aVm
"m {ZfmX, {V>m dJ emVr gm......'
dZXodVm - {M& AmZmmV AZVa ZyVZ N>Xgm AdVma&
Amor- VoZ {h nwZ goZ ^JdmZ ~Xod: V Am{d^yV: "hf}, ~w A{g& aM amM[aV'&
B{V AmXoe~ g: dmr{H$: ammUaMZmm : ApV& VmV ~dr{, BXmZt V
AZg^d&
dZXodVm - wVo&
Amor - {dlmVmp ^o& g{V AJml mJ H$W&
^mfmmg:
dmm{Z nR>V&
1. d gmH$mbo CmZ J{m:& 7. na: mVwb: {M{H$H$m Xm{V&
2. nwVH$ H$Xm Xm{g? 8. AmJm{{Z df} AmH$ embmm gwdUhmogd:
3. ~mbH$m: o>mZ ZpV& gnVo&
4. N>mm: CmmZ AmZ mpV& 9. A{Jo mgo narjm ^{d{V&
5. "qgh, O^d ! XVmZ Vo JU{m{& 10. AmJm{{Z df} Ah MmZo Cndom{&
6. na: mVmhr Jh AmJ{{V& 11. A{J wJ VkmZoZ Ed nyU ^{d{V&
{Okmgmn
AmH$ { A{Jo mgo H$mHw$mat J{{V& g: V qH$ qH$ H$[a{V B{V {MV{dm dmm{Z nyaV&
1. AV: A{Jo e{Zdmgao mma^ & (H$)
2. {dmZmZoZ g V Aow: & ( + Amn)
3. W H$mHw$marpWV Xodmb g: & (e-n)
4. VmV gwVra & (m)
5. VW gymV & (Ad + bmoH$)
91
{H$mnX$nm{U&
YmVw:(JU:, nX) bQ> bL> bmoQ> {d{Y{bL> bQ> H${U
nR> (1 n.n.) nR>{V AnR>V nR>Vw nR>oV n{R>{V nR>Vo
Xm (1 n.n.) N>{V AN>V N>Vw N>oV Xm{V XrVo
nm (1 n.n.) {n~{V A{n~V {n~Vw {n~oV nm{V nrVo
J (1 n.n.) Jm{V AJmV JmVw JmoV Jm{V JrVo
(1 n.n.) m{V AmV mVw moV m{V mVo
Zr (1 C.n.) n.n. Z{V AZV ZVw ZoV Zo{V ZrVo
Zr (1 C.n.) Am.n. ZVo AZV ZVm ZoV ZoVo ZrVo
(1 n.n.) a{V AaV aVw aoV [a{V Vo
(1 C.n.) n.n. ha{V AhaV haVw haoV h[a{V rVo
(1 C.n.) Am. n. haVo AhaV haVm haoV h[aVo rVo
a^ (1 Am.n.) a^Vo Aa^V a^Vm a^oV aVo aVo
ZV (4 n.n.) Z{V AZV ZVw ZoV Z{V{V ZVo
Hw$Y (4 n.n.) Hw${V$ AHw$V Hw$Vw Hw$oV H$mo{V Hw$Vo
Z (4 Am.n.) Vo AV Vm oV Vo Vo
{bI (6 n.n.) {bI{V A{bIV {bIVw {bIoV bo{I{V {bVo
N> (6 n.n.) nN>{V AnN>V nN>Vw nN>oV {V nN>Vo
{Xe (6 C.n.) n.n. {Xe{V A{XeV {XeVw {XeoV Xo{V {XVo
{Xe (6 C.n.) Am.n. {XeVo A{XeV {XeVm {XeoV XoVo {XVo
wM (6 C.n.) n.n. w#m{V Aw#mV w#mVw w#moV mo{V wVo
wM (6 C.n.)Am.n. w#mVo Aw#mV w#mVm w#moV moVo wVo
nyO (10 C.n.)n.n. nyO{V AnyOV nyOVw nyOoV nyO{{V nyVo
nyO (10C.n.)Am.n. nyOVo AnyOV nyOVm nyOoV nyO{Vo nyVo
nh(10 C.n.)n.n. nh{V AnhV nhVw nhoV nh{{V nVo
nh(10C.n.)Am.n. nhVo AnhV nhVm nhoV nh{Vo nVo
Mwa (10 C.n.) n.n. Mmoa{V AMmoaV MmoaVw MmoaoV Mmoa{{V MmoVo
Mwa (10C.n.)Am.n. MmoaVo AMmoaV MmoaVm MmoaoV Mmoa{Vo MmoVo
kmV n>dV
CV a{MVdV
kmVdV
a{jV H$V CVdV a{jVdV
bY n{R>V n> H$VdV n{R>VdV
a{MV bYdV
V-^mS> VdVw ^mS>
amoU nmR>: n{R>V:& am: nmR> n{R>VdmZ&
amoU H${dVm n{R>Vm& grVm nmR> n{R>VdVr&
amoU H$m n{R>V& N>mm: nmR> n{R>VdV:&
amoU nmR>m: n{R>Vm:& {hbm: nmR> n{R>Vd:&
grVm H${dVo n{R>Vo& Ah nmR> n{R>VdmZ&
Am{^: H$mm{Z n{R>Vm{Z& d nmR> n{R>VdVr&
Wm H$nX n[adVVo, Wm H$VnX n[adVVo,
VWm {H$mgyMH$ {deofU A{n n[adVVo& VWm {H$mgyMH$ {deofU A{n n[adVVo&
EVX {H$mnXmV {^&
"n{R>V' B{V "V' mV$n (H$dm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU = ybYmVw: + V) VWm M
"n{R>VdV' B{V "VdVw' mV$n (H$Vdm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU = ybYmVw: + VdV)&
YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw
$n $n $n $n $n $n
{jn {j {jdV nm nrV nrVdV nyO ny{OV ny{OVdV
Amn Am AmdV nm nmV nmVdV ^j ^{jV ^{jVdV
{O {OV {OVdV Ym {hV {hVdV ^yf ^y{fV ^y{fVdV
Zr ZrV ZrVdV J JrV JrVdV AW A{WV A{WVdV
lw lwV lwVdV mV mVdV jb jm{bV jm{bVdV
H$ H$V H$VdV H$W H${WV H${WVdV VS> Vm{S>V Vm{S>VdV
V VdV XS> XpS>V XpS>VdV Kwf Kmo{fV Kmo{fVdV
V VdV JU J{UV J{UVdV Mwa Mmo[aV Mmo[aVdV
93
YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw
$n $n $n $n $n $n
e > >dV nR> n{R>V n{R>VdV Z V VdV
{Xe {X> {X>dV {bI {b{IV {b{IVdV VZ VV VVdV
ne n> n>dV dX dpXV dpXVdV hZ hV hVdV
gO g> g>dV wM wV wVdV a aV aVdV
Xe X> X>dV O V VdV J JV JVdV
Bf B> B>dV ^wO ^wV ^wVdV dM CV CVdV
N> n> n>dV ~wY ~w ~wdV dX C{XV C{XVdV
Ze Z> Z>dV a^ aY aYdV dh D$T> D$T>dV
JW J{WV J{WVdV b^ bY bYdV Jh JhrV JhrVdV
W {WV {WVdV bw^ bwY bwYdV O B> B>dV
$nm{U AdbmoH$V&
H$dm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU H$Vdm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU
n{R>V: n{R>Vm n{R>Vm: (nw.) n{R>VdmZ n{R>VdVm n{R>VdV: (nw.)
n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: (r.) n{R>VdVr n{R>Vdm n{R>Vd: (r)
n{R>V n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z (Znw.) n{R>VdV n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpV (Znw.)
EVm{Z $nm{U Xod, mbm, dZ Bd& EVm{Z $nm{U ^dV, ZXr, OJV Bd&
AYmoXmm{Z dmm{Z nR>V, ^oX AdJN>V&
Ho$Z/H$m H$V& H$: H$VdmZ / H$m H$VdVr?
1. AMHo$U Xod: ny{OV:& 1. AMH : Xod ny{OVdmZ&
2. AMHo$U Xodr ny{OVm& 2. AMH$: Xodr ny{OVdmZ&
3. AMHo$U XdV ny{OV& 3. AMH$: XdV ny{OVdmZ&
4. {nVmm H$Wm H${WVm& 4. {nVmhr H$Wm H${WVdVr&
5. MmbHo$Z $H$m{U J{UVm{Z& 5. MmbH$: $H$m{U J{UVdmZ&
6. H$frdboZ gm{Z Cm{Z& 6. H$frdb: gm{Z CdmZ&
98
MVwW: {d^mJ: - boIZH$meb& (16)
4) A) {Z~Y/gdmX nyaV& 5
(Ho$db 5 [aVWmZm{Z Q>m{Z& dm nwZb}IZ H$aUr& eXOyfm AmdH$s&)
Am) AmZm / YmVyZm CnmoJ H$dm dmm{Z {bIV& (5 V: 3) (CnnX{d^pV:&) 3
B) gL>m{deofUmZm CnmoJ H$dm dm {bIV& (3 V: 2) (Ho$db 1 V: 10 gL>m:&) 2
(1 V: 4 gL>m: AZwg EH$m gL>m Ano{jVm&) (Wg - Wm{d^pV:, {Vrg - Wm {dhm)
B) m^mfmV: gH$V^mfm AZwdXV& (6 V: 4) (gL>m/g AZwg EH$ dm)
AWdm
OyfmV: eXmZ w {MdUZ $$Hw$V& (4 dmm{Z) (eXOyfm AmdH$s&) 4
C) AaH$mofmV gmZmWH$eX moO{dm dm nwZ{bIV& (4 V: 2)
(EH$od nX AYmoao{IV H$V&) 2
n#m: {d^mJ: - mH$aU& (14)
5) A) Vm{bH$m nyaV& 6
(H$) Zm-Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4) (2)
(I) gdZm-Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4) (2)
(J) YmVw- Vm{bH$m nyaV& (bH$maVm{bH$m) (6 V: 4) (2)
Am) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr: Hw$V& (5 V: 3) 3
(H$) moJn[aM Hw$V& (I) nydH$mbdmMH$ A {ZH$mgV/moOV&
(J) H$maH$n[aM Hw$V (K) "' {ZH$mgV/moOV& (L>) bH$man[adVZ Hw$V&
(M) dMZn[adVZ Hw$V& (N>) "^dmZ' WmZo "d'/"d' WmZo "^dmZ' moOV&
B) gmgm:& (8 V: 6) 3
Wg- nWHw$V& (BVaoVa:, gmhma:-8 gVnXm{Z)
{Vrg- V^obZ Hw$V& (V^: A-4 gVnXm{Z, 4 {dJhm:& V^: ~-8 gmgZmm{Z&)
B) dm ew Hw$V& (3 V: 2) 2
(dm XmV& dmo EH$: Ed dmaMZmXmof: Ano{jV:&)
f>: {d^mJ: - An{R>V& (8)
6) A) Jme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Ad~moYZm 50-60 eX{V: gab: Jme: XmV:&) 4
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV (2 V: 1)&
(1)
I) g Ag dm {bIV& (1)
J) m{Vn{XH$ (ybeX) {bIV& (eX AmdH$) (1)
K) {d^V/A/{H$mnX {MZwV {bIV M& (Ho$db 1) (1)
Am) nme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Ad~moYZm gabo nmeo XmVo&) 2
H ) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (2 V: 1) (1)
I) {deofU-{deo-g~Y:/gmZmWH$/{dmWH$ eX {MZwV& (Ho$db 1) (1)
B) nme n{R>dm OmbaoIm{M nyaV& (4 [aVWmZm{Z)& 2
***
99
Zdr H$jm H${Vn{H$m Am: (80 )
gnyU-gH$V g: - 3 hmoam:
W: {d^mJ: - gwJgH$V (5)
1) A) {M Q>m Zmm{Z {bIV& (5 V: 4) 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
100
Am) Jme n{R>dm {Z{X>m: H$Vr: Hw$V& 7
"Efm aUamV mdV Z {ZdmVo VmdV O: gdWm Z mVo' B{V {MV{dm ewg{ZH$m: wJnV
AmH$ Vm AddV:& ewg{ZH$m: Vo AgL>m: AmgZ, {dnbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr! VWm{n Vm:
Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV& wV {Jw{UVoZ CgmhoZ w H$VdVr& wgo ewg{ZH$m: Vm:
EH$ nmX H${VVdV:& AZVa "BV: na EVm: H$maUmV nrS>m Z ^{d{V' B{V {ZU H$dm Vo
{e{~a {VJVdV:&
{n {dnbmm: nmX: ^: VWm{n gm hVmogmhm Z OmVm& MVy{V: gm dramZm Ed AmgrV&
": m w H$aUr Ed' B{V {Z{ gm nmX nwZ: mw EoN>V& AV: gm {ZbVm Cn{d
A{ZrHw$mamo: mZ H$VdVr& Vm: ^Vo$: H$maUmV A{ZrHw$mam bmohwV nmX moO{dm Vm
Wmnyd H$VdVm& EVmV {dnbm Wmnyd M{bVw w H$Vw M gWm OmVm&
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3 V: 2) 2
1. {dnbm H$mo: mZ H$VdVr? 2. wgo ewg{ZH$m: qH$ H$VdV:?
3. A{ZrHw$mam {dnbm Wmnyd H$W H$VdVm?
I) dm nwZ{b{Idm g Ag dm B{V {bIV& 1
ewg{ZH$m: wJnV AmH$ IobamO AddV:&
J) gpY{dJh Hw$V& {n = + 1
K) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr: Hw$V& (4 V: 3) 3
1. Z{ZmU Hw$V& - {dnbm w H$Vw gWm OmVm&
2. JmeV: gmZmWH$eX {Mdm {bIV& - AJ{UVm: = &
3. JmeV: nydH$mbdmMH$-~V-A {Mdm {bIV& (Ho$db 1)
4. eX dU{dJh Hw$V& - AmH$
B) Jme n{R>dm m^mfm AZwdmX Hw$V& 5
AZwemgZ{ dobUH$ahmoX grV{n {: {df: & g: hmmo{bZdmXZo VWm
V~bmdmXZo@{n AVrd {ZnwU:& AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdmU' B{V grV{dfH$ emrJW gH$VoZ
a{MVdmZ& H$Wm:, JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, ZZmQ> B{V ~h{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>boIZ
V A{^V: gm{hH$ma:& boIZ, {XXeZ, ZmQ>{Z{{V:, dWmnZ, grVgmoOZ B{V gdod
H$Vw g: gW: AV: ""g~Hw$N> lr{^:'' B{V V ZmQ>H$mZm m{V: AmgrV&
B) m^mfm Cma {bIV& (2 V: 1) 2
1. mVm VZmm: {dMman[adVZ H$W H$amo{V? 2. Z{MHo$Vm: nwa {H$W AJN>V?
VVr: {d^mJ: - n& (16)
3) A) nmem n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V&
X:Io X:Im{YH$mZ noV gwIo noV gwIm{YH$mZ&
AmmZ emoH$hfmm ewm{d ZmnoV&&1&&
maVo Z Ibw {dZ^oZ ZrM: ma {dZ{dhVm {dapV m:&
{dZ: nwZ: nwZa{n {VhmZm: nmaYwmOZm Z n[aOpV&&2&&
101
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3 V: 2) 2
1. Ho$ maY H$m Z n[aOpV? 2. X:Io H$mZ noV?
3. AmmZ H$mm Z AnoV?
I) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr Hw$V& (3 V: 2) 2
1 {dmWH$eX {bIV& - emoH$: &
2. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
{dZ^oZ ZrM: H$m Z maVo&
2. OyfmV: C{MV nm {Mdm V^nyaU Hw$V&
ZrMm: m: Cmm:
(Z n[apV, H$mmV,
H$m H$m
Z ma^Vo, {dapV)
102
B) gL>m{deofUmZm CnmoJ H$dm dm {bIV& (3 V: 2) 2
(H$) 2 (I) 6 (J) 8
B) m^mfmV: gH$V^mfm AZwdXV& (6 V: 4) 4
1. ~mB, r $im nwgy H$m? / Teacher, may I wipe the board?
2. r Cm nwVH$ AmUVmo. / Tomorrow I will bring the book.
3. ~mH$mZr H$nS>o YwVbo. / Women washed clothes.
4. Vwhr XmoKo ~mJoV Om. / Both of you go to the garden.
5. {dmWu Z {dMmaVmV. / Students ask questions.
6. mm dJmV 44 {dmWu AmhoV. / There are 44 students in my class.
AWdm
OyfmV: eXmZ w {MdUZ $$Hw$V& (4 dmm{Z)
(Oyfm - ya:, qgh:, ZpV,
JO{V, ZmH$m, ObnmV:,
n$dQ>mZ, OZm:,
dfmg, Sy>H$:)
103
Am) gyMZmZwgma $H$Vr: Hw$V& (5 V: 3) 3
1. gwYm JrV JmoV& (moJn[aM Hw$V&) 2. d n& ("^dmZ' CnmoOV&)
3. dgma: BN>Vw& (EH$dMZo n[adVV&) 4. ned: Aao AMaZ& (bQ>bH$mao n[adVV&)
5. Ah Jh Jdm nwVH$ nR>m{& (dmV-A {ZH$mgV&)
B) nWHw$V& (8 V: 6) 3
BVaoVa: gmhma: (h[amHw$L>Hw$, Sy>H$m, nnwnm{U, {VbJwS>,
djbVm:, XYeH$a, H$XJUoem, yfH$mOma&)
B) dm ew Hw$V& (3 V: 2) 2
1. d gdo {{bdm Zmd& 2.gm eya: ~m{bH$m ApV& 3. nwnmZmV amogd: gnVo&
f>: {d^mJ: - An{R>V&(8)
6) A) Jme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& 4
AWH$Xm Zao: ~mb{: gh H$sS>{V Jh Membmm& Vo lrea nyOm AHw$dZ& AZVa
gd: {edmZ H$V B{V {Z{V& Zao: gw{Ma mZ: A^dV& BVao ~mbH$m: BVVV: AMaZ gmX
A^jZ M& AmVao nWwb: ^wO: Zao nwaV: AgnV& $Um C g XmobmVo & VXQ>m ^rV^rVm:
Vo ~mbH$m: ^wdZoarXodt Ym{ddm gH$b dmmV AH$WZ& ^H$mVm gm godH$: gh Membm m{deV&
mZW Zao XmobmmZ ^wO M AnV& VjU g ZmJ: {~bo AnmgnV& VXm ^wdZoarXodr Zao hVoZ
AneV& Zoo Cr Zao: OZZt mUV& ""Z ^rV: qH$ d ZmJXeZmV?' B{V gm V AnN>V& "Z m
>: ZmJ:& Ah Vw namZXo : Amg&' B{V CVdmZ Zao:&
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (2 V: 1) 1
1. ~mb{m{U H$ nyyOm Hw$dZ? 2. Zao nwaV: H$: AgnV?
I) g Ag dm {bIV& 1
^wO XQ>m Zao: ^^rV:&
J) m{Vn{XH$ (ybeX) {bIV& 1
1. Membm - ..... 2. gd: - ........
K) JmemV Ho$@{n 2 Ao {Mdm {bIV& 1
Am) nme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Ad~moYZm gabo nmeo XmVo&) 4
{XZmVo M {n~oV XY {ZemVo M {n~oV Ob&
^moOZmVo {n~oV VH$$qH$ d moOZ&&
H ) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (2 V: 1) 1
1. {ZemVo qH$ {n~oV? 2. VH$ H$Xm {n~oV?
I) gmZmWH$ eX {MZwV& 1
1. Vmo - ..... 2. jra - ......
B) nme n{R>dm OmbaoIm{M nyaV& gadm: {deofUm{Z& 2
dXo gadVt Xodt drUmnwVH$Ym[aUr&
nmgZm ew^dm H$bm{dmXm{Zr&&
Xodr
104
hmam>am-nmR>nwVH$-{Z{{V: VWm
AmgH$-gemoYZ-S>b, nwUo-4
gH V AmmoX BVm Zddr (gnyU) ` 58.00
Zdr H$jm
gnyU-gH$V
Wm:
doXH$
oKXV
{V
m
V
n#m