.

TRANSFORMERS

1 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Transformers are used in distribution networks in order to:

Minimise energy losses

Minimise voltage drops

Ensure electrical separation between networks

boundary limits

changes in neutral configuration etc.

2 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Mainly two different types

Dry air cooled transformers

Liquid immersed transformers

3 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Example of step-up transformers ( liquid immersed )

Total output 96 MW

4 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Design requirements in marine application

In general transformers shall comply with following standards:

IEC 600092-303

Dry type IEC 60726

Liquid cooled IEC 60076

5 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Dry type transformers

Normally used

Appropriate for locations with controlled environment

Usually have good fire resistant behaviour

Windings treated to resist moisture, sea-air, oil vapours

6 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Liquid immersed type transformers

Normally sealed type

Liquid non-flammable

Suitable for unsupervised installation ( no maintenance )

Cyclic consumption applications

7 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Equipped with breathing device trapping moisture from entering into the
insulating liquid

Equipped with liquid gauge

Accidental leakage arrangement

8 Wrtsil
 Transformers

According to standards the following items are to be monitored:

Liquid level

Liquid temperature

Gas pressure ( Buckholz relay )

Interturn short circuit

9 Wrtsil
 Transformers

In addition to previous most standard transformers have also winding

temperature detection

Max temperature rise is defined in the standards

Depending on the insulation

Dry type transformers

Depending on liquid temp rise

Liquid immersed transformers

10 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Transformer with electrical connection boxes for temp sensors and local
indication of temperatures

11 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Operation criteria's

Parallel operation
Compatible coupling groups and voltage regulation ensuring equal load
sharing

Voltage regulation
Maximum 2,5% voltage drop from no load to full load at resistive load

Short circuit withstand

Time limited ( 1s )

12 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Enclosure
Complying with IP protection requirements

Rating plate
Information about make, type, performance values etc.

Transformers are tested by manufacturer and are documented

Temp rise test

Insulation resistance
Voltage ratio
Winding resistance

13 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Overloads of transformers

Generally an overload will increase the temperature of the windings and

can possible damage the insulation

Overloads usually generates from other part of the system, low voltage
side or high voltage side. E.g. short circuit in either system

Local conditions ( ambient temperature ) can have an effect on the amount

of overload

14 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Both low voltage distribution networks and high voltage distribution

networks usually have protection devices to limit possible under /
over voltage, current and frequency and force breakers to open
thereby disconnecting circuits and also transformers

It is however common that also transformers have protection devices.

E.g. differential protection, earth-fault protection

15 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Transformer & cable connections

16 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Faults that can occur

Faults between MV winding turns ( interturn fault )

Most frequent fault

Result from localized deterioration of conductor insulation

Due to thermal or dielectric stresses

Difficult to detect

17 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Faults between MV windings

Rare but can happen

Certain locations ( windings neighbouring neutral point connections of a

star coupling ) are similar to interturn faults

18 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Faults between LV windings

Usually exceptional since these windings are placed closest to the core
and are surrounded by MV windings

In case of multiple LV windings on the same magnetic core column (

zigzag coupling ) there exist a possibility of fault

Progression ( of fault ) can be rapid due to the presence of an arc of

significant intensity

19 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Faults between MV and LV windings

A fault between windings can also lead to a contact between primary and
secondary sections

This will lead to the appearance of a dangerous potential on the low

voltage side

In some applications the use of a shield connected to earth and positioned

between the primary and the secondary windings and thereby having
means of detecting earth-fault current can eliminate this type of faults

20 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Faults between MV windings and earth

Usually originates from a break in insulation due to over voltage

Can also be a result of mechanical type faults

Result from progression of electrical faults

21 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Following examples of faults and results

Over voltage

Caused by network switching, lightning strikes

Can cause breakdowns between winding turns and windings and earth

Signs can be smoke release, slight increase in currents, earth-fault

currents

22 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Over currents during operation

Caused by overloads

Faults on low voltage network

Destruct windings at hot spots by short-circuiting winding turns

Signs can be smoke release or slight increase in currents

23 Wrtsil
 Transformers

High over current

Can be caused by nearby fault in low voltage network

Destruct windings at hot spots by short-circuiting winding turns

Signs are quick and random progression towards a fault between

windings

24 Wrtsil
 Transformers

Ageing

Caused by cumulative effects of past faults

Can cause breakdown between MV winding turns

Possibility of progress of faults toward earth

Signs can be smoke release, increase of currents and earth-faults

25 Wrtsil