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RETAIL FACILITIES
General Criteria ....................................................................... 2.1 Department Stores ..................................................................... 2.5
Small Stores .............................................................................. 2.1 Convenience Centers ................................................................. 2.6
Discount and Big Box Stores .................................................... 2.2 Regional Shopping Centers ....................................................... 2.6
Supermarkets ............................................................................ 2.2 Multiple-Use Complexes ........................................................... 2.7
stores should be contracted out to a reliable service company on a Ventilation and outdoor air must be provided as required in
yearly basis. The contract should clearly specify responsibility for ASHRAE standards and local codes.
filter replacements, lubrication, belts, coil cleaning, adjustment of
controls, compressor maintenance, replacement of refrigerant, Design Considerations
pump repairs, electrical maintenance, winterizing, system startup, Heat released by the installed lighting is usually sufficient to
and extra labor required for repairs. offset the design roof heat loss. Therefore, the interior areas of
Improving Operating Cost. Outdoor air economizers can these stores need cooling during business hours throughout the
reduce the operating cost of cooling in most climates. They are gen- year. The perimeter areas, especially the storefront and entrance
erally available as factory options or accessories with roof-mounted areas, may have highly variable heating and cooling require-
units. Increased exterior insulation generally reduces operating ments. Proper zone control and HVAC design are essential. The
energy requirements and may in some cases allow the size of location of checkout lanes in this area makes proper environmen-
installed equipment to be reduced. Many codes now include mini- tal control even more important.
mum requirements for insulation and fenestration materials. System Design. The important factors in selecting discount and
outlet store air-conditioning systems are (1) installation costs, (2)
DISCOUNT AND BIG BOX STORES floor space required for equipment, (3) maintenance requirements
Large warehouse or big box stores attract customers with dis- and equipment reliability, and (4) simplicity of control. Roof-
count prices when large quantities are purchased. These stores typ- mounted units are the most commonly used.
ically have high bay fixture displays and usually store merchandise Air Distribution. The air supply for large sales areas should
in the sales area. They feature a wide range of merchandise and may generally be designed to satisfy the primary cooling requirement. In
include such diverse areas as a lunch counter, an auto service area, designing air distribution for the perimeter areas, the variable heat-
a supermarket area, a pharmacy, and a garden shop. Some stores sell ing and cooling requirements must be considered.
pets, including fish and birds. This variety of merchandise must be Because of the store requirement to maintain high, clear areas for
considered in designing air conditioning. The design and applica- display and restocking, air is generally distributed from heights of
tion suggestions for small stores also apply to discount stores. 14 ft and greater. Air distribution at these heights requires high
Another type of big box facility provides both dry good and velocities in the heating season to overcome the buoyancy of the hot
grocery areas. The grocery area is typically treated as a traditional air. The velocity of this discharge air creates turbulence in the space,
stand-alone grocery. Conditioning of outside air into the dry goods and induces air from the ceiling area complete mixing of the air.
areas must be considered to limit the introduction of excess mois- The designer should take advantage of stratification to reduce the
ture that will migrate to the freezer aisles. equipment load. By introducing air near the customers at low veloc-
Hardware, lumber and furniture, etc. is also retailed from big box ity, the air will stratify during the cooling season. With this method
facilities. An particular concern in this type of facility is ventilation of air distribution, the set-point temperature can be maintained in
for material handling equipment, such as forklift trucks. the occupant zone and the temperature in the upper space can be
In addition to the sales area in any of these facilities such areas as allowed to rise. However, this strategy requires equipment to
stockrooms, rest rooms, offices, and special storage rooms for per- destratify the air during the heating season. Space-mounted fans,
ishable merchandise may require air conditioning or refrigeration. and radiant heating at the perimeter, entrance, and sales areas may
be required.
Load Determination Control. Because the controls are usually operated by person-
Operating economics and the spaces served often dictate the nel who have little knowledge of air-conditioning, it should be
indoor design conditions. Some stores may base summer load cal- simple, dependable, and fully automatic systemsit should be as
culations on a higher inside temperature (e.g., 80F db) but then set simple to operate as a residential system. Most unitary equipment
the thermostats to control at 72 to 75F db. This reduces the installed has automatic electronic controls for ease of operation.
equipment size while providing the desired inside temperature most Maintenance. Most stores do not employ trained maintenance
of the time. personnel; they rely instead on service contracts with either the
Special rooms for storage of perishable goods are usually installer or a local service company. For suggestions on lowering
designed with separate unitary air conditioners. operating costs, see the previous section on Small Stores.
The heat gain from lighting will not be uniform throughout the
entire area. For example, jewelry and other specialty displays have SUPERMARKETS
lighting heat gains as high as 6 to 8 W per square foot of floor area,
while the typical sales area has an average value of 2 to 4 W/ft2. For Load Determination
stockrooms and receiving, marking, toilet, and rest room areas, a Heating and cooling loads should be calculated using the meth-
value of 2 W/ft2 may be used. When available, actual lighting lay- ods outlined in Chapter 29 of the ASHRAE HandbookFundamen-
outs rather than average values should be used for load computa- tals. Data for calculating the loads due to people, lights, motors, and
tion. heat-producing equipment should be obtained from the store owner
The store owner usually determines the population density for a or manager or from the equipment manufacturer. In supermarkets,
store based on its location, size, and past experience. space conditioning is required both for human comfort and for
Food preparation and service areas in discount and outlet stores proper operation of refrigerated display cases. The air-conditioning
range from small lunch counters having heat-producing equipment unit should introduce a minimum quantity of outdoor air. This quan-
(ranges, griddles, ovens, coffee urns, toasters) in the conditioned tity is either the volume required for ventilation based on ASHRAE
space to large deluxe installations with kitchens separate from the Standard 62 or the volume required to maintain slightly positive
conditioned space. Chapter 30 has specific information on HVAC pressure in the space, whichever is larger.
systems for kitchen and eating spaces. Many supermarkets are units of a large chain owned or operated
Data on the heat released by special merchandising equipment, by a single company. The standardized construction, layout, and
such as amusement rides for children or equipment used for prepar- equipment used in designing many similar stores simplify load cal-
ing speciality food items (e.g., popcorn, pizza, frankfurters, ham- culations.
burgers, doughnuts, roasted chickens, cooked nuts, etc.), should be It is important that the final air-conditioning load be correctly
obtained from the equipment manufacturers. determined. Refer to manufacturers data for information on the
Retail Facilities 2.3
total heat extraction, sensible heat, latent heat, and percentage of Each of these problems is present to some degree in every super-
latent to total load for display cases. Engineers report considerable market, although situations vary with climate and store layout.
fixture heat removal (case load) variation as the relative humidity Methods of overcoming these problems are discussed in the follow-
and temperature vary in comparatively small increments. Relative ing sections. Extremely high energy cost may ensue if the year-
humidity above 55% substantially increases the load, while reduced round air-conditioning system has not been designed to compensate
relative humidity substantially decreases the load, as shown in Fig- for the effects of refrigerated display equipment.
ure 1. Trends in store design, which include more food refrigeration Heat Removed by Refrigerated Displays. The display refrig-
and more efficient lighting, reduce the sensible component of the erator not only cools a displayed product but envelops it in a blanket
load even further. of cold air that absorbs heat from the room air in contact with it.
To calculate the total load and percentage of latent and sensible Approximately 80 to 90% of the heat removed from the room by
heat that the air conditioning must handle, the refrigerating effect vertical refrigerators is absorbed through the display opening. Thus,
imposed by the display fixtures must be subtracted from the build- the open refrigerator acts as a large air cooler, absorbing heat from
ings gross air-conditioning requirements. the room and rejecting it via the condensers outside the building.
Modern supermarket designs have a high percentage of closed Occasionally, this conditioning effect can be greater than the design
refrigerated display fixtures. These vertical cases have large glass air-conditioning capacity of the store. The heat removed by the
display doors and greatly reduce the problem of latent and sensible refrigeration equipment must be considered in the design of the air-
heat removal from the occupied space. The doors do, however, conditioning and heating systems because this heat is being
require heaters to prevent condensation and fogging. These heaters removed constantly, day and night, summer and winter, regardless
should be cycled based on some kind of automatic control. of the store temperature.
The display cases increase the heating requirement of the
Design Considerations building such that heat is often required at unexpected times. The
Store owners and operators frequently complain about cold following example is an indication of the extent of this cooling
aisles, heaters that operate even when the outdoor temperature is effect. The desired store temperature is 75F. Store heat loss or
above 70F, and air-conditioners that operate infrequently. These gain is assumed to be 15,000 Btu/h per F of temperature differ-
problems are usually attributed to spillover of cold air from open ence between outdoor and store temperature. (This value varies
refrigerated display equipment. with store size, location, and exposure.) The heat removed by
Although refrigerated display equipment may be the cause of refrigeration equipment is 190,000 Btu/h. (This value varies with
cold stores, the problem is not due to excessive spillover or improp- the number of refrigerators.) The latent heat removed is assumed
erly operating equipment. Heating and air-conditioning systems to be 19% of the total, leaving 81% or 154,000 Btu/h sensible
must compensate for the effects of open refrigerated display equip- heat removed, which will cool the store 154,000/15,000 = 10F.
ment. Design considerations include the following: By constantly removing sensible heat from its environment, the
refrigeration equipment in this store will cool the store 10F
1. Increased heating requirement due to removal of large quantities below outdoor temperature in winter and in summer. Thus, in
of heat, even in summer. mild climates, heat must be added to the store to maintain com-
2. Net air-conditioning load after deducting the latent and sensible fort conditions.
refrigeration effect (Item 1). The load reduction and change in sen- The designer has the choice of discarding or reclaiming the heat
sible-latent load ratio have a major effect on equipment selection. removed by refrigeration. If economics and store heat data indicate
3. Need for special air circulation and distribution to offset the heat that the heat should be discarded, heat extraction from the space
removed by open refrigerating equipment. must be included in the heating load calculation. If this internal heat
4. Need for independent temperature and humidity control. loss is not included, the heating system may not have sufficient
capacity to maintain the design temperature under peak conditions.
110 The additional sensible heat removed by the cases may change
the air-conditioning latent load ratio from 32% to as much as 50%
of the net heat load. Removal of a 50% latent load by means of
refrigeration alone is very difficult. Normally, it requires specially
100 designed equipment with reheat or chemical adsorption.
Multishelf refrigerated display equipment requires 55% rh or
less. In the dry-bulb temperature ranges of average stores, humidity
in excess of 55% can cause heavy coil frosting, product zone frost-
PERCENT LOAD
periods are required, and the display life of products is shortened. 1. Return Ducts in Floor. This is the preferred method and can be
The dew point rises with the relative humidity, and sweating can accomplished in two ways. The floor area in front of the refrig-
become profuse to the extent that even nonrefrigerated items such erated display cases is the coolest area. Refrigerant lines are run
as shelving superstructures, canned products, mirrors, and walls to all of these cases, usually in tubes or trenches. If the trenches
may sweat. or tubes are enlarged and made to open under the cases for air
There are two commonly used devices for achieving humidity return, air can be drawn in from the cold area (see Figure 2). The
control. One is an electric vapor compression air conditioner, air is returned to the air-handling unit through a tee connection to
which overcools the air to condense the moisture and then reheats the trench before it enters the back room area. The opening
it to a comfortable temperature. Condenser waste heat is often through which the refrigerant lines enter the back room should
used. Vapor compression holds humidity levels at 50 to 55% rh. be sealed.
The second dehumidification device is a desiccant dehumidi- If refrigerant line conduits are not used, the air can be
fier. A desiccant absorbs or adsorbs moisture directly from the air returned through inexpensive underfloor ducts. If refrigerators
to its surface. The desiccant material is reactivated by passing hot have insufficient undercase air passage, the manufacturer
air at 180 to 230F through the desiccant base. Condenser waste should be consulted. Often they can be raised off the floor
heat can provide as much as 40% of the heat required. Desiccant approximately 1.5 in. Floor trenches can also be used as ducts
systems in supermarkets can maintain humidity in the lower for tubing, electrical supply, and so forth.
ranges of the comfort index. Lower humidity results in lower Floor-level return relieves the problem of localized cold areas
operating costs for the refrigerated cases. and cold aisles and uses the cooling effect for store cooling, or
System Design. The same air-handling equipment and distri- increases the heating efficiency by distributing the air to the areas
bution system are generally used for both cooling and heating. that need it most.
The entrance area is the most difficult section to heat. Many 2. Fans Behind Cases. If ducts cannot be placed in the floor,
supermarkets in the northern United States are built with vesti- circulating fans can draw air from the floor and discharge it
bules provided with separate heating equipment to temper the above the cases (see Figure 3). While this approach prevents
cold air entering from the outdoors. Auxiliary heat may also be objectionable cold aisles in front of the refrigerated display
provided at the checkout area, which is usually close to the front cases, it does not prevent the area with a concentration of refrig-
entrance. Methods of heating entrance areas include the use of (1) erated fixtures from remaining colder than the rest of the store.
air curtains, (2) gas-fired or electric infrared radiant heaters, and Control. Store personnel should only be required to change the
(3) waste heat from the refrigeration condensers. position of a selector switch to start or stop the system or to change
Air-cooled condensing units are the most commonly used in
supermarkets. Typically, a central air handler conditions the
entire sales area. Specialty areas like bakeries, computer rooms,
or warehouses are better served with a separate air handler
because the loads in these areas vary and require different control
than the sales area.
Most installations are made on the roof of the supermarket.
If air-cooled condensers are located on the ground outside the
store, they must be protected against vandalism as well as truck
and customer traffic. If water-cooled condensers are used on
the air-conditioning equipment and a cooling tower is required,
provisions should be made to prevent freezing during winter
operation.
Air Distribution. Designers overcome the concentrated load at
the front of a supermarket by discharging a large portion of the
total air supply into the front third of the sales area.
The air supply to the space with the vapor compression system Fig. 2 Floor Return Ducts
has typically been 1 cfm per square foot of sales area. This value
should be calculated based on the sensible and latent internal
loads. The desiccant system typically requires less air supply due
to its high moisture removal rate. In most cases, only about 40% of
the circulation rate passes through the dehumidifier.
Being more dense, the air cooled by the refrigerators settles to
the floor and becomes increasingly colder, especially in the first
36 in. above the floor. If this cold air remains still, it causes dis-
comfort and serves no purpose, even when other areas of the
store need more cooling. Cold floors or areas in the store cannot
be eliminated by the simple addition of heat. Any reduction of
air-conditioning capacity without circulation of the localized
cold air would be analogous to installing an air conditioner with-
out a fan. To take advantage of the cooling effect of the refrigera-
tors and provide an even temperature in the store, the cold air
must be mixed with the general store air.
To accomplish the necessary mixing, air returns should be
located at floor level; they should also be strategically placed to
remove the cold air near concentrations of refrigerated fixtures.
The returns should be designed and located to avoid the creation
of drafts. There are two general solutions to this problem: Fig. 3 Air Mixing Using Fans Behind Cases
Retail Facilities 2.5
(3) use of outdoor air for cooling during intermediate seasons and
peak sales periods. It is also desirable to adjust indoor temperature for
variations in the outdoor temperature. While the close control of
humidity is not necessary, a properly designed system should operate
to maintain relative humidity at 50% or below with a corresponding
dry-bulb temperature of 78F. This humidity limit eliminates musty
odors and retards perspiration, particularly in fitting rooms.
Load Determination
Because the occupancy (except store personnel) is transient,
indoor conditions are commonly set not to exceed 78F db and 50%
rh at outdoor summer design conditions, and 70F db at outdoor
winter design conditions. Winter humidification is seldom used in
store air conditioning.
The number of customers and store personnel normally found
on each conditioned floor must be ascertained, particularly in spe-
cialty departments or other areas having a greater-than-average
concentration of occupants. Lights should be checked for wattage
and type. Table 1 gives approximate values for lighting in various
Fig. 4 Heat Reclaiming Systems areas; Table 2 gives approximate occupancies.
Other loads, such as those from motors, beauty parlor and restau-
rant equipment, and any special display or merchandising equip-
ment, should be determined.
The minimum outdoor air requirement should be as defined in
the ASHRAE Standard 62, which are generally acceptable and ade-
quate for removing odors and keeping the building atmosphere
fresh. However, local ventilation ordinances may require greater
quantities of outdoor air.
Paint shops, alteration rooms, rest rooms, eating places, and
locker rooms should be provided with positive exhaust ventilation,
and their requirements must be checked against local codes.
Design Considerations
Before performing load calculations, the designer should exam-
ine the store arrangement to determine what will affect the load and
the system design. For existing buildings, a survey can be made of
Fig. 5 Machine Room with Automatic Temperature actual construction, floor arrangement, and load sources. For new
Control Interlocked with Store Temperature Control buildings, an examination of the drawings and a discussion with the
architect or owner will be required.
from heating to cooling or from cooling to heating. Control systems Larger stores may contain beauty parlors, restaurants, lunch
for heat recovery applications are more complex and should be counters, or auditoriums. These special areas may operate during all
coordinated with the equipment manufacturer. store hours. If one of these areas has a load that is small in propor-
Maintenance and Heat Reclamation. Most supermarkets, tion to the total load, the load may be met by the portion of the air
except large chains, do not employ trained maintenance personnel, conditioning serving that floor. If present or future operation could
but rather rely on service contracts with either the installer or a local for any reason be compromised by such a strategy, this space should
service company. This relieves the store management of the respon- be served by separate air conditioning. Because of the concentrated
sibility of keeping the air conditioning operating properly. load in the beauty parlor, separate air distribution should be pro-
The heat extracted from the store and the heat of compression vided for this area.
may be reclaimed for heating cost saving. One method of reclaim-
ing the rejected heat is to use a separate condenser coil located in the Table 1 Approximate Lighting Load for Department Stores
air conditioners air handler, either alternately or in conjunction Area W/ft2
with the main refrigeration condensers, to provide heat as required Basement 3 to 5
(see Figure 4). Another system uses water-cooled condensers and
First floor 4 to 7
delivers its rejected heat to a water coil in the air handler.
The heat rejected by conventional machines using air-cooled Upper floors, womens wear 3 to 5
condensers may be reclaimed by proper duct and damper design Upper floors, house furnishings 2 to 3
(see Figure 5). Automatic controls can either reject this heat to the
outdoors or recirculate it through the store. Table 2 Approximate Occupancy for Department Stores
Area ft2 per person
DEPARTMENT STORES
Basement, metropolitan area 25 to 100
Department stores vary in size, type, and location, so air-condition- Basement, other with occasional peak 25 to 100
ing design should be specific to each store. An ample minimum quan-
First floor, metropolitan area 25 to 75
tity of outdoor air reduces or eliminates odor problems. Essential
features of a quality system include (1) an automatic control system First floor, suburban 25 to 75
properly designed to compensate for load fluctuations, (2) zoned air Upper floors, womens wear 50 to 100
distribution to maintain uniform conditions under shifting loads, and Upper floors, house furnishings 100 or more
2.6 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook
The restaurant, because of its required service facilities, is gen- units in the small stores with the shell construction, often before the
erally centrally located. It is often used only during the noon hours. space is leased or the occupancy is known. The larger stores typi-
For control of odors, a separate air-handling system should be con- cally provide their own HVAC design and installation.
sidered. Future plans for the store must be ascertained because they
can have a great effect on the type of air conditioning and refriger- Design Considerations
ation to be used. The developer or owner may establish standards for typical heat-
System Design. Air conditioning for department stores may be ing and cooling that may or may not be sufficient for the tenants
of the unitary or central-station type. Selection should be based on specific requirements. The tenant may therefore have to install sys-
owning and operating costs as well as any other special consider- tems of different sizes and types than originally allowed for by the
ations for the particular store, such as store hours, load variations, developer. The tenant must ascertain that power and other services
and size of load. will be available for the total intended requirements.
Large department stores often use central-station systems con- The use of party walls in convenience centers tends to reduce
sisting of air-handling units having chilled water cooling coils, hot heating and cooling loads. However, the effect an unoccupied adja-
water heating coils, fans, and filters. Air systems must have ade- cent space has on the partition load must be considered.
quate zoning for varying loads, occupancy, and usage. Wide varia-
tions in people loads may justify consideration of variable volume REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS
air distribution systems. The water chilling and heating plants dis-
tribute water to the various air handlers and zones and may take Regional shopping centers generally incorporate an enclosed
advantage of some load diversity throughout the building. heated and air-conditioned mall. These centers are normally owned
Air-conditioning equipment should not be placed in the sales by a developer, who may be an independent party, a financial insti-
area; instead, it should be located in ceiling, roof, and mechanical tution, or one of the major tenants in the center.
equipment room areas whenever practicable. Maintenance and The major department stores are typically considered to be sep-
operation after installation should be considered in the location of arate buildings, although they are attached to the mall. The space
equipment. for individual small stores is usually leased. Arrangements for
installing air conditioning in the individually leased spaces vary,
Air Distribution. All buildings must be studied for orienta-
tion, wind exposure, construction, and floor arrangement. These but are similar to those for small stores in convenience centers.
factors affect not only load calculations, but also zone arrange- Table 3 presents typical data that can be used as check figures
ments and duct locations. In addition to entrances, wall areas with and field estimates. However, this table should not be used for final
significant glass, roof areas, and population densities, the determination of load, since the values are only averages.
expected locations of various departments (e.g., the lamp depart-
Design Considerations
ment) should be considered. Flexibility must be left in the duct
design to allow for future movement of departments. The prelimi- The owner provides the air-conditioning system for the
nary duct layout should also be checked in regard to winter heat- enclosed mall. The mall may use a central plant or unitary equip-
ing to determine any special situations. It is usually necessary to ment. The owner generally requires that the individual tenant
design separate air systems for entrances, particularly in northern stores connect to a central plant and includes charges for heating
areas. This is also true for storage areas where cooling is not con- and cooling in the rent. Where unitary systems are used, the
templated. owner generally requires that the individual tenant install a uni-
Air curtains may be installed at entrance doorways to limit or tary system of similar design.
prevent infiltration of unconditioned air, at the same time providing The owner may establish standards for typical heating and cool-
greater ease of entry. ing systems that may or may not be sufficient for the tenants spe-
Control. The necessary extent of automatic control depends on cific requirements. Therefore, the tenant may have to install systems
the type of installation and the extent to which it is zoned. Control of different sizes than originally allowed for by the developer.
must be such that correctly conditioned air is delivered to each zone. Leasing arrangements may include provisions that have a detri-
Outdoor air intake should be automatically controlled to operate at mental effect on conservation (such as allowing excessive lighting
minimum cost. Partial or full automatic control should be provided and outdoor air or deleting requirements for economizer systems).
for cooling to compensate for load fluctuations. Completely auto- The designer of HVAC for tenants in a shopping center must be
matic refrigeration plants should be considered. well aware of the lease requirements and work closely with leasing
Maintenance. Most department stores employ personnel for agents to guide these systems toward better energy efficiency.
routine operation and maintenance, but rely on service and preven- Many regional shopping centers now contain specialty food
tive maintenance contracts for refrigeration cycles, chemical treat- court areas that require special considerations for odor control, out-
ment, central plant systems, and major repairs. door air requirements, kitchen exhaust, heat removal, and refriger-
Improving Operating Cost. An outdoor air economizer can ation equipment.
reduce the operating cost of cooling in most climates. These are System Design. Regional shopping centers vary widely in phys-
generally available as factory options or accessories with the air- ical arrangement and architectural design. Single-level and smaller
handling units or control systems. Heat recovery and thermal stor- centers usually use unitary systems for mall and tenant air condi-
age should also be analyzed. tioning; multilevel and larger centers usually use a central plant. The
owner sets the design of the mall and generally requires that similar
systems be installed for tenant stores.
CONVENIENCE CENTERS
A typical central plant may distribute chilled air to the individual
Many small stores, discount stores, supermarkets, drugstores, tenant stores and to the mall air-conditioning system and employ
theaters, and even department stores are located in convenience variable volume control and electric heating at the local use point.
centers. The space for an individual store is usually leased. Arrange- Some plants distribute both hot and chilled water. All-air systems
ments for installing air conditioning in leased space vary. In a typi- have also been used that distribute chilled or heated air to the indi-
cal arrangement, the developer builds a shell structure and provides vidual tenant stores and to the mall air conditioning and use variable
the tenant with an allowance for typical heating and cooling and volume control at the local use point. The central plant provides
other minimum interior finish work. The tenant must then install an improved efficiency and better overall economics of operation.
HVAC system. In another arrangement, developers install HVAC They also provide the basic components required for smoke control.
Retail Facilities 2.7
Table 3 Typical Installed Capacity and Energy Use in Enclosed Mall Centersa
Based on 1979 DataMidwestern United States
Installed Cooling Annual Consumption, kWh/ft2
Type of Space Btu/h ft2 Lightingb Coolingc Heatingd Miscellaneous
Candy store 44.8 to 78.0 23.9 to 29.6 7.8 to 23.5 9.6 to 5.7 2.4 to 70.1
Clothing store 37.3 to 45.5 14.1 to 24.9 8.0 to 9.6 8.9 to 5.1 1.2 to 6.7
Fast food 48.2 to 78.0 16.7 to 32.4 9.8 to 23.5 9.6 to 3.8 38.1 to 70.0
Game room 33.8 to 44.5 6.8 to 12.5 7.2 to 7.3 13.8 to 4.7 0.2 to 13.8
Gen. merchandise 32.9 to 43.6 13.2 to 23.3 6.3 to 9.7 6.3 to 5.6 1.4 to 9.3
Gen. service 39.3 to 50.3 15.7 to 17.4 7.8 to 9.2 12.0 to 5.9 7.6 to 8.2
Gift store 36.4 to 51.1 12.8 to 22.9 6.3 to 10.0 7.1 to 4.9 0.4 to 2.2
Grocery 69.5 to 86.2 10.9 to 19.3 5.3 to 8.9 6.0 to 7.0 18.6 to 21.0
Jewelry 53.5 to 66.1 37.2 to 44.9 10.6 to 12.3 5.6 to 3.6 7.6 to 9.3
Mall 30.0 to 48.0 5.4 to 12.0 8.3 to 13.7 11.5 to 5.6 0.2 to 1.5
Restaurant 40.0 to 53.0 5.0 to 22.0 7.8 to 12.3 19.0 to 16.7 17.2 to 21.0
Shoe store 36.9 to 50.6 20.4 to 32.1 7.4 to 11.4 7.2 to 4.6 1.0 to 2.3
Center average 30.0 to 48.0 18.0 to 28.0 8.0 to 15.0 6.0 to 3.0 1.0 to 3.0
aOperation of center assumed to be 12 h/day and 6.5 days/week. cCooling includes blower motor and is for unitary-type system.
bLighting includes miscellaneous and receptacle loads. dHeating includes blower and is for electric resistance heating.
Air Distribution. Air distribution for individual stores should be HVAC loads of the various occupancies should be determined inde-
designed for a particular space occupancy. Some tenant stores main- pendently. Where a combined central plant is under consideration, a
tain a negative pressure relative to the mall for odor control. block load should also be determined.
The air distribution should maintain a slight positive pressure
relative to atmospheric pressure and a neutral pressure relative to Design Considerations
most of the individual tenant stores. Exterior entrances should have Retail facilities are generally located on the lower levels of
vestibules with independent heating systems. multiple-use complexes, and other commercial facilities are on
Smoke management is required by many building codes, so the upper levels. Generally, the perimeter loads of the retail portion
air distribution should be designed to easily accommodate smoke differ from those of the other commercial spaces. Greater light-
control requirements. ing and population densities also make the HVAC demands for
Maintenance. Methods for ensuring the operation and mainte- the retail space different from those for the other commercial
nance of HVAC systems in regional shopping centers are similar to space.
those used in department stores. Individual tenant stores may have The differences in HVAC characteristics for the various occu-
to provide their own maintenance.
pancies within a multiple-use complex indicate that separate air
Improving Operating Cost. Methods for lowering operating
handling and distribution should be used for the separate spaces.
costs in shopping centers are similar to those used in department However, combining the heating and cooling requirements of the
stores. Some shopping centers have successfully employed cooling
various facilities into a central plant can achieve a substantial sav-
tower heat exchanger economizers.
ing. A combined central heating and cooling plant for a multiple-use
Central plant systems for regional shopping centers typically complex also provides good opportunities for heat recovery, ther-
have much lower operating costs than unitary systems. However,
mal storage, and other similar functions that may not be economical
the initial cost of the central plant system is typically higher.
in a single-use facility.
Many multiple-use complexes have atriums. The stack effect
MULTIPLE-USE COMPLEXES created by atriums requires special design considerations for tenants
Multiple-use complexes are being developed in most metropoli- and space on the main floor. Areas near entrances require special
tan areas. These complexes generally combine retail facilities with considerations to prevent drafts and accommodate extra heating
other facilities such as offices, hotels, residences, or other commer- requirements.
cial space into a single site. This consolidation of facilities into a System Design. Individual air-handling and distribution systems
single site or structure provides benefits such as improved land should be designed for the various occupancies. The central heating
use; structural savings; more efficient parking; utility savings; and and cooling plant may be sized for the block load requirements,
opportunities for more efficient electrical, fire protection, and which may be less than the sum of each occupancys demand.
mechanical systems. Control. Multiple-use complexes typically require centralized
control. It may be dictated by requirements for fire and smoke
Load Determination control, security, remote monitoring, billing for central facilities
The various occupancies may have peak HVAC demands that use, maintenance control, building operations control, and energy
occur at different times of the day or even of the year. Therefore, the management.