Table of Contents

Velocity & Acceleration ....................................................................................................... 1

Distance Traveled ............................................................................................................... 3
Force Balance on Vehicle ..................................................................................................... 3
Power Required .................................................................................................................. 4
Work Required ................................................................................................................... 6
Force Balance on SUV ........................................................................................................ 7
Power Required of SUV ....................................................................................................... 8
Work Required of SUV ...................................................................................................... 10

Velocity & Acceleration

clear; clc;
load city_data.txt;

t = city_data(:,1);
vmph = city_data(:,2);
velo = vmph*(1609.34/3600);

accel = zeros(1370,1);

for n=2:1370
accel(n) = (velo(n)-velo(n-1))./(t(n)-t(n-1));
end

plot(t,velo)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Velocity')
title('Velocity Graph')
figure
plot(t,accel)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Acceleration')
title('Acceleration Graph')

1
2
Distance Traveled
dist_vec = zeros(1370,1);
dist = 0;
for n=2:1370
dist = dist + ((velo(n)+velo(n-1))/(2))*((t(n)-t(n-1))/1000);
dist_vec(n) = dist;
end

plot(t,dist_vec)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Distance Traveled')
title('Distance Graph')

Force Balance on Vehicle

m = 1600;
Cd = 0.3;
rho = 1.22;
Cr = 0.01;
A = 2.5 ;
g = 9.81;

Fd = Cd*(0.5)*rho*A*(velo).^2; % Drag Resistance

3
 Fr = Cr*m*g;
for i = 1:1370
if velo(i) > 0
Fr_vec(i) = Fr;
else
Fr_vec(i) = 0;
end
end

Fr_vec1 = (Fr_vec)' ; % Rolling Resistance

Fnet = m*accel + Fd + Fr_vec1; % Net Force

for j = 1:1370
if Fnet(j) > 0
Fm(j) = Fnet(j);
else
Fm(j) = 0;
end
end
Fm1 = (Fm)'; % Motive Force

for ii = 1:1370
if Fnet(ii) < 0
Fb(ii) = -Fnet(ii);
else
Fb(ii) = 0;
end
end

Fb1 = (Fb)' ;% Braking Force

Power Required
P = (Fm1.*velo)/(1000); % Power

plot(t,P)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Power')
title('Power Graph')
figure
plot(t,Fm1)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Motive Forcce')
title('Motive Force Graph')

avevp = mean(P); % Average Value of Power

[maxp imaxp] = max(P);

4
5
Work Required
%Braking Work
Wb_vec = zeros(1370,1);
Wb = 0;
for jj = 2:1370
Wb = Wb + ((Fb1(jj)+Fb1(jj-1))/(2))*((dist_vec(jj)-
dist_vec(jj-1)));
Wb_vec(jj) = Wb;
end

%Total Motive Work

Wm_vec = zeros(1370,1);
Wm = 0;
for x = 2:1370
Wm = Wm + ((Fm1(x)+Fm1(x-1))/(2))*((dist_vec(x)-dist_vec(x-1)));
Wm_vec(x) = Wm;
end

%Work to overcome drag force

Wd_vec = zeros(1370,1);
Wd = 0;
for xx = 2:1370
Wd = Wd + ((Fd(xx)+Fd(xx-1))/(2))*((dist_vec(xx)-dist_vec(xx-1)));
Wd_vec(xx) = Wd;
end

%Work to overcome rolling resistace

Wr_vec = zeros(1370,1);
Wr = 0;
for y = 2:1370
Wr = Wr + ((Fr_vec1(y)+Fr_vec1(y-1))/(2))*((dist_vec(y)-
dist_vec(y-1)));
Wr_vec(y) = Wr;
end

%Work to overcome inertia

Wi = Wm_vec - (Wd_vec + Wr_vec);

%Plot of the motive work

plot(t,Wm_vec)

xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Motive Work')
title('Motive Work Graph')

%Work per distance

Wipd = Wi(1370)/dist_vec(1370);
Wdpd = Wd_vec(1370)/dist_vec(1370);
Wrpd = Wr_vec(1370)/dist_vec(1370);
Wbpd = Wb_vec(1370)/dist_vec(1370);

Wmpd = Wipd + Wdpd + Wrpd;

6
 ratio = [Wipd Wdpd Wrpd Wbpd]/Wmpd;

mileage = ((dist_vec(1370))/(Wm_vec(1370)))*(125000);
mileage_with_regen_brak = ((125000)/(Wmpd-Wbpd));
mileage_mpg = mileage/(1.60934)
mileage_mpg_with_regen_brak = mileage_with_regen_brak/(1.60934)

mileage_mpg =

163.9325

mileage_mpg_with_regen_brak =

266.8388

Force Balance on SUV

msuv = 2589;
Cd_suv = 0.36;
rho = 1.22;
Cr = 0.01;
A_suv = 3.5 ;

7
 g = 9.81;

Fd_suv = Cd_suv*(0.5)*rho*A_suv*(velo).^2; % Drag Resistance

Fr_suv = Cr*msuv*g;
for i = 1:1370
if velo(i) > 0
Fr_vec_suv(i) = Fr_suv;
else
Fr_vec_suv(i) = 0;
end
end

Fr_vec1_suv = (Fr_vec_suv)' ; % Rolling Resistance

Fnet_suv = msuv*accel + Fd_suv + Fr_vec1_suv; % Net Force

for j = 1:1370
if Fnet_suv(j) > 0
Fm_suv(j) = Fnet_suv(j);
else
Fm_suv(j) = 0;
end
end
Fm1_suv = (Fm_suv)'; % Motive Force

for ii = 1:1370
if Fnet_suv(ii) < 0
Fb_suv(ii) = -Fnet_suv(ii);
else
Fb_suv(ii) = 0;
end
end

Fb1_suv = (Fb_suv)' ;% Braking Force

Power Required of SUV

P_suv = (Fm1_suv.*velo)/(1000); % Power

plot(t,P_suv)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Power')
title('SUV Power Graph')
figure
plot(t,Fm1_suv)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Motive Forcce')
title('SUV Motive Force Graph')

avevp_suv = mean(P_suv) ;% Average Value of Power

[maxp_suv imaxp_suv] = max(P_suv);

8
9
Work Required of SUV
%Braking Work
Wb_vec_suv = zeros(1370,1);
Wb_suv = 0;
for jj = 2:1370
Wb_suv = Wb_suv + ((Fb1_suv(jj)+Fb1_suv(jj-1))/
(2))*((dist_vec(jj)-dist_vec(jj-1)));
Wb_vec_suv(jj) = Wb_suv;
end

%Total Motive Work

Wm_vec_suv = zeros(1370,1);
Wm_suv = 0;
for x = 2:1370
Wm_suv = Wm_suv + ((Fm1_suv(x)+Fm1_suv(x-1))/(2))*((dist_vec(x)-
dist_vec(x-1)));
Wm_vec_suv(x) = Wm_suv;
end

%Work to overcome drag force

Wd_vec_suv = zeros(1370,1);
Wd_suv = 0;
for xx = 2:1370
Wd_suv = Wd_suv + ((Fd_suv(xx)+Fd_suv(xx-1))/(2))*((dist_vec(xx)-
dist_vec(xx-1)));
Wd_vec_suv(xx) = Wd_suv;
end

%Work to overcome rolling resistace

Wr_vec_suv = zeros(1370,1);
Wr_suv = 0;
for y = 2:1370
Wr_suv = Wr_suv + ((Fr_vec1_suv(y)+Fr_vec1_suv(y-1))/
(2))*((dist_vec(y)-dist_vec(y-1)));
Wr_vec_suv(y) = Wr_suv;
end

%Work to overcome inertia

Wi_suv = Wm_vec_suv - (Wd_vec_suv + Wr_vec_suv);

%Plot of the motive work

plot(t,Wm_vec_suv)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Motive Work of SUV')
title('SUV Motive Work Graph')

%Work per distance

Wipd_suv = Wi_suv(1370)/dist_vec(1370);
Wdpd_suv = Wd_vec_suv(1370)/dist_vec(1370);
Wrpd_suv = Wr_vec_suv(1370)/dist_vec(1370);
Wbpd_suv = Wb_vec_suv(1370)/dist_vec(1370);

10
Wmpd_suv = Wipd_suv + Wdpd_suv + Wrpd_suv;
ratio_suv = [Wipd_suv Wdpd_suv Wrpd_suv Wbpd_suv]/Wmpd_suv;

mileage_suv = ((dist_vec(1370))/(Wm_vec_suv(1370)))*(125000);
mileage_with_regen_brak_suv = ((125000)/(Wmpd_suv-Wbpd_suv));
mileage_suv_mpg = mileage_suv/(1.60934)
mileage_mpg_with_regen_brak_suv = mileage_with_regen_brak_suv/
(1.60934)

mileage_suv_mpg =

100.6264

mileage_mpg_with_regen_brak_suv =

162.7617

Published with MATLAB R2015b

11
ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

As part of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy, the government regulations require to

increase the fuel economy for new cars. According to the US Environment Protection Agency,

the fuel economy of vehicles is measured using drive cycle. The given drive cycle data of the

vehicle has the velocity of the vehicle driving in the city with the corresponding time. With this

drive cycle data, the ideal mileage of the car can be calculated. Furthermore, the potential

increase in mileage can also be calculated with the addition of regenerative braking. Along with

the velocity, the distance and acceleration is also necessary to make these calculations. The

derivative of the distance will give the velocity:

( )
() = ( ) +
4 1000

the anti-derivative of the velocity will give the acceleration:

() ( )
() =

ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

The following plots represent the acceleration, velocity and distance of the given drive cycle:

Figure 1: The acceleration of the vehicle driving in the city. The acceleration and deceleration represents the vehicle constantly
stopping and starting up again.

Figure 2: The velocity of the vehicle driving in the city. The velocity constantly coming to zero implies that the vehicle always
stop.

Figure 3: The distance of the vehicle driving in the city. Since the graph is not linear it means that the distance did not increase
proportion with time.
ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

The following is the plot for motive force, power and work:

Figure 4: The motive force is the force required to push the vehicle when acceleration is positive.

Figure 5: Power is the dot product of force and velocity and it represents a force that moves an object at a certain velocity.

Figure 6: The motive work is the total work when the vehicle is accelerating.
ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

Table of the final values

Work (KJ/KM) Percent %
Inertia 217 45.7
Drag 100 21.2
Rolling 157 33.1
Braking 183 38.6
Total Motive Work (KJ/KM) 474
Average Power (KW) 4
Max Power (KW) 36
Ideal Fuel Economy (MPG) 164

Table of the final values of the SUV

Work (KJ/KM) Percent %
Inertia 350 45.3
Drag 168 21.8
Rolling 254 32.9
Braking 294 38.2
Total Motive Work (KJ/KM) 772
Average Power (KW) 7
Max Power (KW) 58
Ideal Fuel Economy (MPG) 101
ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

The Maximum Possible Mileage for the Drive Cycle

To calculate the maximum possible mileage for the drive cycle, divide the distance

travelled by the total motive work. MATLAB integrates the motive force to get motive work.

The motive force is the net force when the car acceleration is positive. MATLAB calculates the

net force by adding the drag force with inertia and forces of rolling resistance. MATLAB

computes the drag force by using the following formula:

1
=
2
where is the drag coefficient, is the air density, is the frontal area and is velocity.

MATLAB computes the inertia by multiplying the mass with the acceleration. And MATLAB

computes the forces of rolling resistance by using the following formula, when the results are

positive:

where is the resistance coefficient, is the mass and is the gravity. Finally, MATLAB

calculates the maximum possible mileage for the drive cycle as approximately 164 MPG.

However, it is impossible to get 164 MPG for any vehicle in real life, because a lot of energy in a

vehicle lost internally through friction

The Work Contributions of Inertia, Drag, and Rolling Resistance

Motive work is how much energy the vehicle gives. And while the vehicle is moving, it

also has to overcome the inertia and the external forces of drag and rolling resistance. The work

to overcome inertia represents how much work is put into accelerating the vehicle. Subtracting

the work to overcome drag and the work to overcome rolling resistance form the motive work

gives the work to overcome inertia. Drag is the force from the air which slows the vehicle down.
ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

The drag depends on how the vehicle is shaped, how fast the vehicle is going, and the air density.

Integrating the drag force gives the work to overcome drag. And rolling resistance is friction

from the tires when the tires roll on the road. Integrating the forces of rolling resistance gives the

work to overcome rolling resistance.

The Maximum and Average Power for the Drive Cycle

Power is the dot product of force and velocity and it represents a force that moves an

object at a certain velocity. Figure 5 is the power graph and it shows that the maximum power is

36 KW at time 196 seconds. This means the highest rate of doing work was at 196 seconds.

MATLAB also calculated the average velocity as 4 KW.

The Potential for Energy Recovery from Braking on a Hybrid Car

When the vehicle brakes some energy is lost, this loss of energy can be recovered with

regenerative braking. MATLAB calculates the energy lost from braking for the vehicle as 183

KJ/KM. With regenerative braking, the kinetic energy coverts into a form that can be used to

push the vehicle. Subtract the 183 KJ/KM from the motive work and divide the total distance by

this amount to get the new mileage:

( )
=
( )

MATLAB calculates this new mileage to be 267 MPG, so with regenerative braking the mileage

will increase
ENGR-120 Drive Cycle Project Gerry George

The Comparison of the SUV to the Car

The tables show that the work requirement for the SUV is much higher than the other

vehicle. The high work requirement of the SUV is because it is much bigger and heavier.

Therefore, it takes much more work to push the vehicle, overcome the inertia, and overcome all

the external resistances. Because all the work increases for the SUV, the power also increases

and the mileage decreases. Even though the work increases, the distribution of the work terms

almost stays the same because both vehicles ran the same distance and have the same velocity

and acceleration.