Lectronic Evices: Floyd

3/29/2011
Summary
Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
AC Quantities
Floyd V
AC quantities are indicated

with a italic subscript; rms rms
Chapter 6: BJT Amplifiers values are assumed unless avg
Vce Vce
Vce
otherwise stated. VCE Vce
The figure shows an example of vce

a specific waveform for the
collector-emitter voltage. Notice
the DC component is VCE and the 0 t
ac component is Vce. 0
Resistance is also identified with a lower case subscript when analyzed

from an ac standpoint.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. Electronic Devices, 9th edition 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved. Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary Summary
Linear Amplifier AC Load Line
A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at Operation of the linear
IC
the output. +V CC
amplifier can be illustrated
Q
IB
Vb
Ic using an ac load line.
Ib
I CQ
VBQ R1 RC
The ac load line is different Ic
Vce C2 than the dc load line because ICQ

Q
VCEQ
Rs C1 Ib a capacitor looks open to dc
I BQ
Vs R2 RE RL but effectively acts as a
short to ac. Thus the 0 V CE
Vce
collector resistor appears to
be in parallel with the load VCEQ
For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is resistor.
inverted between the input and output but has the same shape.
Summary Summary
Transistor AC Model The Common-Emitter Amplifier
The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is
for detailed analysis of a BJT circuit. For most analysis applied to the base and the inverted output is taken from the
work, the simplified r-parameters give good results. collector. The emitter is common to ac signals.
VCC
The simplified r-parameters are
C C
shown in relation to the transistor
RC
model. ac Ib ac Ib R1
C3
Vout
An important r-parameter is re'. It C1
B B re
appears as a small ac resistance Ib
Vin
RL
between the base and emitter. re
R2
' 25 mV RE C2
r =
e E E
IE
1
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Summary Summary
The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier
What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias. Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.
What is the gain of the amplifier?
VCC VCC
27 k +15 V +15 V
VB = 15 V = 4.26 V V R R R
68 k + 27 k RC
Av = out = c' = C ' L RC
R1 3.9 k
C3 Vin re re R1 3.9 k
C3
VE = 4.26 V 0.7 V = 3.56 V 68 k 68 k

C1
10 F 3.9 k 3.9 k C1
10 F
Av = = 127
VE 3.56 V 15.4
IE = = = 1.62 mA 1.0 F RL
3.9 k
1.0 F RL
3.9 k
RE 2.2 k R2 R2
27 k RE C2 27 k RE C2
2.2 k The gain will be a little lower if the 2.2 k
25 mV 25 mV 100 F 100 F
re' = = = 15.4 input loading effect is accounted for.
IE 1.62 mA
Summary Summary
The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier
Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor Multisim is a good way to check your calculation. For an input of
to the emitter circuit of the CE amplifier. The gain will be lower as a 10 mVpp, the output is 378 mVpp as shown on the oscilloscope
result. display for the swamped CE amplifier.
V CC
+15 V
What is the gain with the addition R1

RC
3.9 k
C3
of the swamping resistor? (Ignore C1

68 k
10 F
the small effect on re'.)
1.0 F
input
Vout R R RL RE1
Av = = ' c = 'C 33
RL
3.9 k output
Vin re + RE1 re + RE1 R2
27 k RE2 C2
3.9 k 3.9 k 2.2 k 100 F
Av = = 38.2
15.4 + 33
Summary Summary
The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Collector Amplifier

In addition to gain stability, swamping has the advantage of increasing The common-collector amplifier (emitter-follower) has a voltage gain of
the ac input resistance of the amplifier. For this amplifier, Rin(tot) is given approximately 1, but can have high input resistance and current gain.
by Rin(tot) = R1||R2||ac(re' + RE1) The input is applied to the base and taken from the emitter.
VCC
+15 V
+VCC
RC
C3
What is Rin(tot) for the amplifier if R1
68 k
3.9 k
R1
ac = 200? C1
10 F C1
Vin
C2
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||ac(re' + RE1) 1.0 F
RE1 Iin
RL Vout
33 3.9 k
= 68 k||27 k||200(15.4 + 33 ) R2
R2
RE RL
27 k RE2 C2
= 6.45 k 2.2 k 100 F
2
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Summary Summary
The Common-Collector Amplifier The Common-Collector Amplifier

The power gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the input resistance
divided by the power dissipated in the load. This is approximately equal to Calculate the power gain to the load for the CC amplifier using a ratio of
the current gain. That is, Ap Ai. resistances. Assume Av = 1 and ac = 200. Use re' = 2 .
You can also write power gain VCC VCC
as a ratio of resistances: +15 V
VL2 R1 Rin(tot) = R1||R2||ac(re' + RE||RL)

P R Rin (tot ) C1 R1
Ap = L = 2 L = Av2 Vin = 39 k||220 k||200(2 + 500 ) C1 39 k
Pin Vin RL C2 Vin
Rin (tot ) Vout = 24.9 k C2
R2 0.22 F Vout
Rin (tot ) Rin (tot ) RE RL RL = 1.0 k R2
1 = 220 k RE 3.3 F RL
R 24.9 k
RL RL
Ap = in (tot ) = = 24.9 1.0 k 1.0 k
The next slide is an example RL 1.0 k
Summary Summary
The Common-Collector Amplifier The Darlington Pair

The input voltage-divider in the previous example is not rock-solid but A Darlington pair is two transistors connected as shown. The two
the overall power gain is good. A rock solid stiff voltage-divider is not transistors act as one super transistor. Darlington transistors are
always the best design. Can you spot the problem illustrated here? available in a single package. Notice there are two diode drops from base
to emitter.
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||ac(re' + RE||RL) VCC
VCC
V CC
+10 V
= 10 k||10 k||200(25 + 3.0 k)
R1
R1 RC C1
= 4.96 k
C1 10 k = 200 Vin Q1
RL = 10 k Vin
Q2
C2 C2
Vo ut
Rin (tot ) Vout
4.96 k R2
Ap = =
= 0.496! R2
RE
RL 10 k 10 k RE RL RL
4.3 k 10 k
The problem is the power gain is
less than 1! CE Amplifier Darlington CC amplifier Load
Summary Summary
The Sziklai Pair The CB Amplifier

Another high pair is the Sziklai pair (sometimes called a complementary The common-base (CB) amplifier is used in applications where a low input
Darlington), in which a pnp and npn transistor are connected as shown. This impedance is acceptable. It does not invert the signal, an advantage for
configuration has the advantage of only one diode drop between base and higher frequencies as you will see later when you study the Miller effect.
emitter.
+VCC
What is the purpose of C2?
+VCC
What is the relation between IE2 and IB1?
Vin DC1 RC C
IB1 C2 forces the base R1 3
DC2 C2 Vout
The DC currents are: IC1 to be at ac ground.
IE2 RL
IC1 is DC1 x IB1 and is equal to IB2 C1
RE
Vin
IE2 is approximately equal to DC2 x R2 RE
ITherefore,
C1 I I E2 DC1 DC2 B1
3
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Summary Summary
Multistage Amplifiers Differential Amplifiers

To improve amplifier performance, stages are often cascaded where the A differential amplifier (diff-amp) has two inputs. It amplifies the difference
output of one drives another. This an example of a two-stage direct-coupled in the two input voltages. This circuit is widely used as the input stage to
amplifier in which the input and V CC
operational amplifiers. Differential-mode inputs are illustrated.
output signals are capacitively +12 V
+VCC
coupled.
R1 RC RE3 C3
10 k 1.0 k 330 Vout Vout1 Vout 2
10 F
RC1 RC2
Q2 RL
C1 2N3906 330 1 2
V in Q1
2N3904
VS 1.0 F Q1 Q2
100 mV pp R2 RE1 1 2
1.0 kHz 4.7 k Vin1 Vin2
100
RE2 C2 RE
330 47 F
VEE
Summary Selected Key Terms
Differential Amplifiers r-parameter One of a set of BJT characteristic parameters

The same amplifier as in the last slide now is shown with common-mode
that include ac, ac, re', rb', and rc'.
inputs. Diff-amps tend to reject common-mode signals, which are usually
due to noise. Ideally, the outputs are zero with common-mode inputs. Common- A BJT configuration in which the emitter is
+VCC
emitter the common terminal to an ac signal.
Vout 2
Vout1
RC1 RC2
ac ground A point in a circuit that appears as a
1 2 ground to ac signals only.
Q1 Q2
Vin1
1 2
Vin2
Input resistance The resistance seen by an ac source
connected to the amplifier input.
RE
VEE
Selected Key Terms Quiz
Output The ac resistance looking in at the amplifier

resistance output. 1. The equation for finding the ac emitter resistance of a
BJT is
Common- A BJT configuration in which the emitter is 25 mV
a. re' =
collector the common terminal to an ac signal. IB
' 25 mV
Differential An amplifier in which the output is a function b. re =
IE
amplifier of the difference between two input voltages. 0.7 V
c. re' =
IB
Common-mode A condition where two signals applied to 0.7 V
differential inputs are of the same phase, d. re' =
IE
frequency and amplitude.
4
3/29/2011
Quiz Quiz
2. For a CE amplifier, a swamping resistor will 3. A well-designed CC amplifier has

a. increase the input resistance a. voltage gain > 1
b. increase the gain b. current gain > 1
c. both of the above c. both of the above
d. none of the above d. none of the above
Quiz Quiz
4. In a CC amplifier, the power gain is approximately 5. The amplifier shown is a

a. one a. differential amplifier
b. equal to the voltage gain b. CE amplifier +VCC
c. equal to the current gain c. CC amplifier RC C

3
R1
C2 Vout
d. none of the above d. CB amplifier
RL
C1
Vin
R2 RE
Quiz Quiz
6. An advantage to this amplifier is that it 7. Together, Q1 and Q2 form a

a. has high current gain a. Swamped amplifier
b. has high input resistance +VCC b. Differential pair VCC
c. is non-inverting RC C
3
c. Sziklai pair
R1 R1
C2 Vout C1
d. all of the above d. none of the above Q1
RL Q2
C1 C2
Vout
Vin R2
R2 RE RE RL
5
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Quiz Quiz
8. A CC amplifier with a power gain less than 1 is 9. An npn and a pnp transistor acting together as a single
high transistor is a
a. a buffer
a. Darlington pair
b. an inverting amplifier
b. Sziklai pair
c. unstable
c. Differential pair
d. an example of poor design
d. cascaded amplifier
Quiz Quiz
10. If identical signals are applied to both inputs of a

Answers:
differential amplifier, ideally the output will be
1. b 6. c
a. zero
2. a 7. d
b. equal to one of the signals
3. b 8. d
c. equal to the sum of the two signals
4. c 9. b
d. very large
5. d 10. a

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Доступные форматы

3/29/2011

AC quantities are indicated

Chapter 6: BJT Amplifiers values are assumed unless avg

otherwise stated. VCE Vce

The figure shows an example of vce

Resistance is also identified with a lower case subscript when analyzed

Linear Amplifier AC Load Line

Vce C2 than the dc load line because ICQ

Transistor AC Model The Common-Emitter Amplifier

The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier

VE = 4.26 V 0.7 V = 3.56 V 68 k 68 k

The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Emitter Amplifier

What is the gain with the addition R1

of the swamping resistor? (Ignore C1

The Common-Emitter Amplifier The Common-Collector Amplifier

The Common-Collector Amplifier The Common-Collector Amplifier

VL2 R1 Rin(tot) = R1||R2||ac(re' + RE||RL)

The Common-Collector Amplifier The Darlington Pair

The Sziklai Pair The CB Amplifier

Multistage Amplifiers Differential Amplifiers

Summary Selected Key Terms

Differential Amplifiers r-parameter One of a set of BJT characteristic parameters

Selected Key Terms Quiz

Output The ac resistance looking in at the amplifier

2. For a CE amplifier, a swamping resistor will 3. A well-designed CC amplifier has

4. In a CC amplifier, the power gain is approximately 5. The amplifier shown is a

c. equal to the current gain c. CC amplifier RC C

6. An advantage to this amplifier is that it 7. Together, Q1 and Q2 form a

10. If identical signals are applied to both inputs of a

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