________________________________________________________

..

2003
 621.383.8(075.8)
498

: . . , . .. ,
- . , . ..

V
200100
071400

..
498 -
: . . : - , 2003.
57 .
.
V ,
,
. ,

.

621.383.8(0.75.8)

, 2003

2
 1

-

,
, -

, .

.
" " ()
"infrared imaging systems".

.1.

. ,
60- ,
-

.
InSb 35 ,
,
Ge, , 8-14 ,

1 2 3

30 .
.1. :
1 , 2 - ,

3
 3 , 4
,
,

. ,
,
- .
,
( 103)
( 105),
-
. ,
: ,
,
. ,
, 812
,
HgCdTe,
, 35
InSb (640x480 ),
"" .

. ,

: -
.

.
( ,
.)
().
.

,
. ,
170200 35
77 813 ,
77 30 .

,
.

4
 170200
-
,
( ) .

.

,
.
,
.


,

,
.

.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
, ,

,
30 .



120 812 180
35 .
(12)106.

5
 2

2.1.

, , ,
.
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
N
.
.
,
.
:
?
, N1
, . ,
99 %
,
1 % (
).

6

, 100 N 1
.
100 ,
99 . ,

.
.
, ,
.

. ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
- n0 . ,
""
,
.

, 99 %
, 100 ()
, .
, ,
,
,
(100) ,
(100)1/2 10. ,
, 1 %
,
. . 1 . , -
0,1, . . ,
.
- ,
, ,
102 104.
. , ,
, . ,

7
 ,
.
,
. ,
k = 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6
,
0,15; 0,023; 1,310-3; 310-5; 310-7; 210-9.
, 105 ,
, . 105
.
,
, , ,

45 .
,
C
-. ,
n0 ,
n01/ 2 , Cn0 , - Cn01/ 2 .
k , n0 = k 2 / C 2

N ph = Nk 2 / C 2 ,
N .
.

10 6 107.
1/ C 2
,
.

, ,
,
:
n ph d 2C 2 = k 2 ,
n ph , 1 2; d
.

8

. :

;
" "
, ;
"-"
, ;

.

. ,
,

.
( ),

,
.
19 .
10

18
3 -

10 ( ).
17
10
-1

1
Q ,

16
10
-2 -1

15
10
14
10
13
10 2
12
10
11
10
10
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
,

. 2.
:
1 300 ; 2 100 , 3 900

9

, , .

300 10 .
,
, . 2. 3

, 1
,

.


, ,
.
,
,

hn DT
C= 100 % ,
kT T
DT
. 1
10 % 1 1 % ~10 .
,


.

2.2.

,
-,
,
,
.

.
t , . .

10
 ,
.
n
tk = nt .
""
,

. ,

,
1/2. ,
-
.

,
,
.

,
,
, , , -
. -n
,
. , -
n ,
- . Si- -

.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,

. , ,

( ) ,
.

11
 ,

.
- .
-

.
35 814
300
DT = 1K 810-5 10-3
.
,

, .

.
.
,
,

.
-
,
,
"" ,
.

, -
,
,
.

.
().

,

,
.

12

. ,
814 ,
, ,

0,1 %.

.
,
- ,
, .

,

.

2.3.

2.3.1.

, L
A0
F ,
T1
. ,

T0 .
,

R ( , T1 ) A0 R ( , T1 ) A0w
P( ) = wL2 =
, (1)
p L2 p
,
R ( , T1 ) A0w
Us = S ( ) , (2)
p
S ( ) ,
/; R ( , T1 )

13
 T1 , / 2 ; w
(
).
-

US Aw
= 0 S ( ) R ( , T1 ) d
U N pU N . (3)
0

S ( ) :
1
D* = ( ADf )1/ 2
Pth , (4)
A ,
a ; Df
; Pth
, -
. S ( ) = U S /PS ,
U U
Pth ( ) = S = N
S ( ) U S =U N S ( ) (5)

A Df
D* ( ) = S ( )
UN . (6)
(3) -


U S A0w 1
= D* ( ) R ( , T1 ) d
UN p a 2 Df 0 . (7)

-
,
.
, ,
. ,
Df ,
te ,

14
 Df = c/te , (8)
c . ,


w = a 2 /F 2 , (9)
, ,
T1
T0 ,

DU A0 at1e/ 2
D* ( )
R ( , T1 ) - R ( , T0 )
U N pF 2 c1/ 2
= d . (10)
0

DT = T1 - T0 << T1, T0

[ dR (, T ) / dT ] DT

DU A at1/ 2 D*

dR ( , T )
= DT 0 e max s () d
UN pF 2c1/ 2 0
dT , (11)
*
Dmax = D* () /s( ) , s ( )
.
te , ,
tk
w
W :
nw
te = tk
W , (12)
n = M N
; M ; N .
,
1/ 2
DU D* A w nt dR ( , T )
= DT max 0 k s ( )
d
UN pF cW dT . (13)
0
,
, tk ,

15
 W , w ,
DT . c
,
. ,

- A0 , F , D* ( )
n.

A0
, .
A0
,
.
A0 /F
.

D* ( )
,
(
BLIP-):
1/ 2
* h0
D ( ) =
2hc0 QB , (14)

h ; c0 ; h0
; QB
, .
, ( n ),
,
,
-

n .

,
, ,

,

16


.
,
,


.
, .
Df , ,
. , ,
,
. ,

tk

.

2.3.2.

,

.
(6)
-

1/ 2
* A S ()
T ( ) =
ti U N , (15)

ti .
(15) (6) , " "
ti te /c = 1/ Df
.
, , (12),
tk ,

.

17
 T * ( ) D* ( )
,
,
. ,
(7), -
,
1/ 2
U S A0w ti
= T * ( )R (, T1 )d
UN p A , (16)
0
(11),
DT << T ,

DU A

dR ( , T )
= DT 0 ( Ati ) T *max
1/ 2
s ( ) d ,
UN 2 dT (17)
pF 0
T *max = T * ( ) / s( ) ; s ( )
.
,

,
, . . .
( )
,

AQB :
U N = (h0ti AQB )1/ 2 . (18)


hc0
PS =
QS A (19)

(
)
U S = h0ti AQS ( ) , (20)

1/ 2 1/ 2
* A S ( ) A 1 U S
T ( ) = =
ti U N ti PS U N (21)

18
 T * ( )
:
1/ 2 1/ 2
A h0ti AQS () h0 ()
T * ( ) = = . (22)
1/ 2
ti hc0QS A ( h0ti AQB ) hc0 QB
T * ( ) (16) (1) (19),

U S A0ti1/ 2 Q ( )
h 1/ 2 ( ) S
1/ 2 0
= d .
UN 1/ 2 (23)

pA 0 QB
(23) ,

-, .
,

t0 , . ,
,
. ,
(
-)
t0 ,


, .
-

t0 N max / h0Q sin 2 q, (24)
N max 10 12 - -2 ,
-;
Q
300 , 61015 -2-1 -1
4 1,71017-2-1 -1 12
(.1); q ,
.
,
-
, ,

19
 10-2
410 4 12 .
-4

,

300 .

DT ,
T0 ,
-
DU / U N ti
.


.
, ,

"" ,
. , ,
,
,
.

, ,
,
,
.

2.4.

:
.

(),
().

,
,

20
 .
-.
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
.

.
-
(
).
.

.
,
.

.
, ,
,
.
.
,

.

.


-
.
-
.
, .
,
,
. e
,

21
 .

.
, . 3.

""
,
.


,
.

"" .

,

, .


.

.

22
 .3.

-
100%-
.
,
" ", - .


.
, -
, , ,
,
.


,
, .
,


.
, -

.
.

.
,
-,

23
,
,
.

,
-, V = Q / C . ,

,

.

.
. -

(. 4 4.
(. 4) -

.
.
-
- .

,
. ,
-
, -
.
,
-, m ( m
) -
.

,

, .
-

- ( -).
, - .

24
 -
.
-
-, ,
,
,
-. - ,

-.

(. 4) ,
(
), -,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
-.
, -
.

.

25

. 4.

.



. -
,
,
.

- ,
- .
,
,
,
.
,
,

.
,
,

, .

,
. ,
,
,
(-
-, -
).


.
,

26
 , ,
,
-
-, ,
.

,

, .



.
,

.

.


:

;
(flip-chip )
, , .



.

25 .
.

,

.

,
. ,
(bS,

27
bS, b), 2010-
6
K-1 ( = 210-6 K-1),
10 2.
- ,

, BaF 2,
InAs CdTe. -
.

, .

, -,
.
1.
< th

.
th 1, 24 / DE , , DE
. th 1,24,
j ,

.
2. ,
,
, ,
(
-).
3. ,

- .
4. , ,
, ,

28
 h0
, .
1 4 ,
2 3.
-
,


.

.

- .
,
.

, -
.
3.1.

,
Df = 1 ,

kT
I N 2 = 4e
eh0QB AG 2 + eRT AdG 2 + ,

eR (25)
e ; QB ,
;
h0QB
; A
; G
, ,
; RT

; d
; R
; k [2, .
4.1.3].

29
 (25) --
,
; -
;
.


eh
Si ( ) = 0 G.
hc0 (26)
(6), (25) (26) ,

h0
D* ( ) =
( h0QB + RT d + kT / e2G 2 RA)
hc0 1/ 2
. (27)

,
-
1/ 2
* h0 1
D ( ) =
2hc0 RT d + h0QB . (28)

3,
kT
h0QB >>
e G RA .
2 2 (29)
,

. , ,
,

,
.

( ,

)

30
 p N - ND DE
RT = 0 = A N v B p exp - A
t 2q kT , (30)
p0 ; t
; N A , N D
; N v
; B p ; q
; DE A
; k ; T
.
,
,
-
- ,
-1/ 2
h10/ 2 (
N
A
- N D ) dN v B p exp ( -DE A / kT )
D* ( ) = + QB .
2hc0 2h0 q (31)

(31),

,

, D* ( )
.
,
, D* ( ) .
,


.
( BLIP-)
D* ( ) = D* (QB ) .
D* . 5.

31
 ,K
1960
1980
2000
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1780
1800
1820
1840
1620
1640
1660
1680
1700
1720
1740
1760
1540
1560
1580
1600
1480
1500
1520
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1320
1340
1360
1280
1300
1200
1220
1240
1260
1160
1180
1120
1140
1100
1040
1060
1080
1000
1020
980
960
940
880
900
920
860
840
820
800
780
760
740
720
700
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
14
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
100 80 60 40 25 20
10
2 1

13
10 q =1,2
0

-1
D ,
12

1/2
0
10 q =12

11 0
q =180
*

10

10
10
0 10 20 30 40 50
3 -1
10 /T, K

. 5. D*
Ge(Hg) (1)
HgCdTe (2)
,
q

T0
,
.
(31), :
-1
( N A - N D ) dN v B p
DE
lnT0 A .
2h0 qQB
k (32)


2
1/ 2
h0
( )= D QB
2hc0 QB .
, T0 ,
DE A .

0 ,
T0 . 0 1, 24/DE A (32)

32
 -1
( N A - N D ) dN v B p
T0 0 1, 24
k ln
2h0 qQB . (33)

,
QB .

,
, .
T0
, ,
B p .
T0 ,
h0 ( N A - N D ) d , ,
(33) .


.

, -
.
B p
() T0
. ,
T0 ,
< 0 QB .

33