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If you have to use a or an, depends on the sound the word begins with.
banana
a sandwich
toffee
orange
an apple
ice - cream
NOTE:
an hour - because the first letter is silent and the word starts with an au-sound.
a uniform, a university - because the first letter starts with a ju-sound.
ARTICLES
There are only three articles in English: a, an (indefinite article) and the (definite
article).
We use a / an when the listener doesnt know what thing we mean. We use the when it
is clear which thing we mean.
Example: I watched a movie last night. The movie was thrilling.
THE PLURAL
Singular + s
parrot parrots apple apples girl girls
Irregular forms
man - men woman - women tooth - teeth
goose - geese ox - oxen louse - lice
foot - feet mouse - mice child - children
person - people
My family lives in Miami. All the members living under one roof.
The team was successful. You see the team as a group.
My family live in towns all over Florida. Each individual is living a separate life in a
different town.
The team were successful. You see the single members of the team
AM IS ARE
We are We're We are late. We are not (aren't) late. Are we late?
You are You're You are sleepy. You are not (aren't) sleepy. Are you sleepy?
They are They're They are great. They are not (aren't) great. Are they great?
POSSESSIVE CASE
The possessive case is used to express that something belongs to someone or
to show a relationship between two or more people. We show this ownership by
adding an apostrophe and an s to the noun if the noun is a person or an
animal. We use the word "of" if there is a relation between two or more things.
's with irregular plural forms: These are our children's cell phones.
's or s' with people's names ending in "s": This is Charles' / Charles's car.
To express an ownership for two or more people put the 's to the final name:
This girl is Ken and Bob's sister.
With things:
of
The colour of the table is black. The second chapter of this book.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Possessive adjectives are used to show that something or someone belongs to
a person. The possessive adjective is always used with a noun.
We use the present simple to express habits, facts, thoughts and feelings.
It is also used with general statements and actions that are repeated. It is
formed with the base form of the verb, except the third person singular where
you have to add an "s".
Key words: often, always, never, every day, month,..., usually,
sometimes, generally, normally, rarely, seldom, whenever, on
Mondays, Tuesdays,...
NOTE
- es after - s / - ch / - sh
Examples: passes - watches - finishes
- ies if there is a consonant before the y
Examples: study - studies / carry - carries / but play - plays
do - does / go - goes / have - has
Negative form: to make commands negative, put "don't" or "do not" before
the verb.
Polite form: if you want to use the polite form, then add the word "please".
Polite form:
Please don't shout at me.
Please tell me your phone number.
Hand out the books, please.
Help me with the homework, please.
SOME - ANY
Disyllabic adjectives ending with y, er, ow, le are compared with -er, -est.
(Zweisilbige Adjektive auf y, er, ow, le werden mit -er, -est gesteigert.)
(Manche Adjektive werden mit -er, -est oder mit more, most gesteigert.)
positive comparative superlative
clever cleverer / more clever cleverest / most clever
common commoner / more common commonest / most common
likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely
pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant
polite politer / more polite politest / most polite
quiet quieter / more quiet quietest / most quiet
stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid
sure surer / more sure surest / most sure
subtle subter / more subtle subtlest / most subtle
simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple
Irregular forms
(not) as ... as
we wir us uns
you ihr you euch
they sie them sie
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
AT ON
We use on with dates and
We use at with times
days
at 5 o'clock - at 11.45 - at midnight - at on 12 March - on Friday(s) - on
lunchtime Friday morning(s)
Tom usually gets up at 7 o'clock. on Sunday afternoon(s) - on
Saturday night(s)
on Christmas Day (but at
Christmas)
We use at in these expressions:
at night - at Christmas - at the moment / at
present - at the same time - at weekends -
at the age of...
IN DURING
We use during + noun to say
We use in for longer periods of time
when something happens
in April - in 1986 - in winter - in the 19th during the film - during our
century - in the 1970s - in the morning(s) / holiday - during the night
in the afternoon(s) / in the evening(s) We met a lot of interesting
people during our holiday.
I fell asleep during the film.
In + period of time = a time in the future:
Jack will be back in a week.
The train will leave in a few minutes.
FOR SINCE
We use for + a period of time expressing We use since + a starting
duration point, a specific time
since April - since 1992 - since
for six years - for two hours - for a week
8 o' clock
It has been raining since one o'
I've lived in this house for six years. They
clock. They've known each
have been watching TV for two hours.
other since they were at school.
UNTIL FROM - TO
We use until/till to say how long a We use from - to + beginning
situation continues and end of a period
Let's wait until it stops raining. I stayed in Last evening we watched TV
bed until half past nine. from 5 to 8 o' clock.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
1 ) AT - IN - ON
General Information
AT ON
We use at for a point: We use on for a surface:
at the window - at the entrance - at the door on the wall - on the ceiling - on the floor - on a page
at the end of the street - at the station - at
on a cover
the top
Bill is waiting for you at the bus stop. Have you seen the notice on the notice board?
IN
We use in for an enclosed space:
in the garden - in the house - in London - in
the water
in her bag - in a row - in a town
There is nobody in the room. She lives in a
small village.
Special Information
AT
1. We say that someone is at an event: 2. We say at with buildings when we say where
the event (film, concert,...) takes place:
at a party - at a pop concert - at a Where were you yesterday? At the cinema.
conference - at a meeting
Tom is at a party. The meeting took place at the headquarters.
ON
1. We use on with small islands: 2. We say that a place is on the coast / on a river
/ on a road:
She spent her holiday on a small island. London is on the river Thames.
Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.
IN
1. We say in when we talk about a 2. We usually say in with towns and villages:
buildingitself.
The rooms of Tom's house are small. His parents live in York.
Note these expressions
AT
at home - at work - at school - at university - at college - at the station - at an airport - at the
seaside - at sea (on a voyage) - at reception - at the corner of a street - at the back / front of a
building / cinema / group of people, etc. - arrive at with other places or events
IN
in the newspaper - in bed - in hospital - in prison - in the street - in the sky - in an armchair (sit) -
in a photograph - in a picture - in a mirror - in the corner of a room - in the back / front of a car -
arrive in a country or town
ON
on a farm& - on the left - on the right - on the ground floor - on the first, second,... floor - on the
way - on the chair (sit) - on the radio - on television - on a horse - on the corner of a street - on
the back / front of a letter / piece of paper etc.
2) TO - INTO - BY
TO INTO
We say go / come / travel / fly / walk /
We say go into / come into etc. = enter a room /
return / drive / have been etc. to a place or
building etc.:
event:
Last year we flew to London. We went to He opened the door and went into the room.
work at seven.
BY
We say by to say how we travel:
We went to Paris by plane. I usually go to
work by bike / by car / by underground / by
bus
BUT:
We say on foot
We cannot use by if you say my car
/ the train / a taxi
We use in for taxis and cars. I was in a taxi when she called me.
We use on for bike / public transport. I rode to school on my bike.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
The present progressive is used to indicate actions happening at the time of speaking
or future actions.
(Zeigt an, dass eine Handlung gerade jetzt im Augenblick des Sprechens vor sich geht. Sie wird auch verwendet
um eine geplante Handlung in der Zukunft auszudrcken.)
Key words: look, listen, now, at the moment, still, at present
Note: take taking no e
make making no e
When a short vowel is spoken doubling of the
run running
consonant
sit sitting Nach kurzem Selbstlaut Verdopplung des Konsonanten
lie lying ie y
REGULAR VERBS
IRREGULAR VERBS
NEGATION
BUT: was not (wasn't), were not (weren't), could not (couldn't)
QUESTION
Key words: tomorrow, next week (month, year, summer, Monday, weekend,...), in
2020...
Examples:
I think I will meet her tomorrow.
I hope he will be back before 9.30.
I think I'll be there at five.
Positive or negative
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
NOTE:
Your holidays were really relaxing, werent they? Yes, they were. We really
enjoyed them.
She visited her aunt last week, didnt she? Yes, she did. She went to her
last Saturday.
You couldnt help him in the garden, could you? No, I couldnt. I had to work
in the office.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
Possessive adjectives and pronouns are used to show that something or
someone belongs to a person. The possessive adjective is used with a noun, the
possessive pronoun is used without a noun.
The possessive pronoun replaces an possessive adjective + a noun:
This laptop is his laptop and not my laptop. This laptop is his and not mine.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
we ourselves
you yourselves
they themselves
An adjective tells us more about a noun. Example: an expensive car, a clever girl
Irregular forms
Double forms
Verb + adverb
The adverb describes a verb.
Adjective + adverb
The adverb describes an adjective.
Adverb + adverb
The adverb describes an adverb.
TIME when, until, till, after, before, since, while, at first, but
then
Janet was in her room when her mother called.
He waited until she came.
After Peter had gone to bed, he read a book.
PLACE where
He didn't know where he had put his purse.
CONTRAST but
This city is nice to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there.
MODAL VERBS
NEGATION EXAMPLE
can cannot We can speak English.
to be able to to be not able to They were able to run faster.
may may not On this road wild animals may cross.
to be allowed to to be not allowed to She wasn't allowed to go to the party
In this park you must keep off the
must Must not
lawn.
The road is dangerous. You should
should should not
drive carefully.
Children only need to pay half the
need Dont/doesnt need
price.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
How to form: I, he, she, it was (not) + ing-form was (not) working
you, we, they were (not) + ing-form were (not) working
1. zeigt an, dass eine Handlung in der Vergangenheit lngere Zeit angedauert hat.
2. Wenn ein Ereignis whrend einer Handlung eintrat, verwendet man fr das kurze Ereignis
(short action) das past simple, fr die lange Handlung (long action) das past progressive.
3. Zwei vergangene Handlungen verlaufen gleichzeitig.
Examples:
The Present Perfect Simple is used, if an action happened in the past and there is a connection to
the present. This action has just stopped or is still going on. There's no exact time expressed when
the action happened.
Key words: already (schon, bereits), just (gerade soeben), yet (noch,
schon), ever (jemals), never (nie), for (seit - Zeitdauer), since (seit - Zeitpunkt), so far (bisher, bis
jetzt), up to now (bisher, bis jetzt), not yet (noch nicht), lately (in letzter Zeit), recently (vor kurzem)
EXAMPLES
PAST PRESENT
Nick has gone on holiday. result He is not in the office.
He has already met Sue. connection with the present He likes her.
He has just eaten something bad. connection with the present He feels sick now.
He has lived in Spain for ten days. connection with the present He is still there.
He has been in Spain since Friday. connection with the present He is still there.
Have you ever been to Italy? connection with the present Do you know Italy?
No, I've never been there.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(aka Present Perfect Continuous)
The Present Perfect Progressive is used when a long action has started in the past and
has just ended (usually recently) or is still continuing. There has to be a connection to the
present. The verbs have to express a long period of time.
Examples:
I have been working all day.
She has been watching TV since 7.30.
Nick has been lying in bed for two days.- He is still in bed or has just got up.
She has been working since 4 o'clock. - She is still working or she has just stopped
working.
How long have they been playing?
RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to describe or tell something more about a person or a
thing. A relative clause always starts with a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns in
English are who, which, whose and that. Whom is also sometimes used, but
very formal.
We use:
Further information:
There are also non-defining relative clauses. We use them to give extra
information about the person or thing that is not important. We use commas in
non-defining relative clauses, but we dont use that.
The relative pronoun can be left out when the pronoun refers to the object of a
sentence.
This is the watch her parents bought her for her birthday.
The girls we met yesterday are very smart.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Conditional clauses are also called conditional sentences or if sentences. They
always have two parts, a main clause and an if clause. These two parts are
closely connected. The action in the main part can only happen if a certain
condition is taking place. This condition has to be expressed in the if clause.
You can start a conditional clause with the main clause or the if clause:
Zero Conditional
The zero conditional is used with general statements, actions that are certainly happening and
facts. We use it with things that are true. In both clauses the present tense is used.
If there is a problem, I can always talk to Carol.
PRESENT TENSE ------ PRESENT TENSE
First Conditional
It's possible that . . . We use the Conditional I to talk about the future situations that are realistic to
happen. We use the present tense in the if-clause and the will-future in the main clause.
Colin is an intelligent boy. It is April 15th. The exam is on April 23rd. He has enough time to learn for the
exam - he can pass it.
If he studies, he will pass the exam on April 23rd.
PRESENT TENSE ------ WILL FUTURE
Second Conditional
It's possible but not very probable . . . We use the Conditional II to talk about the future situations that
are unreal or nearly impossible to happen. We use the past tense in the if-clause and conditional present in
the main clause.
Colin didn't learn. He played football. It' April 22nd. Tomorrow is the exam. It is possible but not very
probable that he will pass the exam.
If he studied, he would pass the exam.
PAST TENSE ------ CONDITIONAL PRESENT (would + infinitive)
Third Conditional
It didn't happen and it is impossible now . . . We use the Conditional III to talk about past situations
that didn't happen. We use the past perfect tense in the if-clause and the conditional perfect in the main
clause.
It's April 23rd. Colin didn't pass the exam.
If he had learned, he would have passed the exam.
PAST PERFECT ------ CONDITIONAL PERFECT (would + have + 3rd form)
Thank you it was very nice / kind of you to help me. It's stupid of her to go out
without a coat.
She has always been very nice / kind to me. Why are you so rude / unfriendly
to Ann?
Why are you so angry about it? They were furious with me for not inviting
them to my party.
I was pleased with the present you gave me. Were you disappointed with your
examination results?
You get bored / fed up with doing the same thing every day.
sorry FOR doing something (I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.)
responsible (17) FOR something (Who was responsible for this noise last
night?)
keen ON (20) something (We stayed at home because Mary wasn't very keen
on going out in the rain.)
crowded WITH (22) (people,...) (The city was crowded with tourists.)
FUTURE TENSES
There are four different ways in English to talk about the future. You can use
the simple future, the going to - future, the present progressive and the
present simple to write or talk about future actions. There is often only a little
difference between the future tenses, especially between the going to - future
and the present progressive. It also depends on the country and region and on
the communication what future tense is used. In written English the simple
future is usually used while in spoken English we use the going to - future more
often.
Examples:
Did you know that Sarah is in hospital? No, I didn't. I'll visit her this afternoon.
(spontaneous reaction will - future)
2. to foretell future actions for which we have proofs that they are going to
happen.
to talk about future things that are fixed, planned or definitely decided
The speaker must refer to the future and not to the present.
Examples:
I am visiting my grandparents tomorrow.
What are you doing next Friday?
Examples:
The train leaves at 10.20.
The bus goes at 8.30.
When does the concert begin?
PAST PERFECT
When you tell a story it's sometimes necessary to tell about actions that had
happened before the past tense. To express the time when these actions happened
you have to use the past perfect.
Examples:
She needed help because someone had stolen her car.
He passed the test because he had studied a lot.
After she had done her homework, she visited me.
When I came home, they had already eaten.
They had sold everything before they moved to Glasgow.
THE PASSIVE VOICE
Sentences can be active or passive. We usually use the active in written and
spoken language. The difference is that in an active sentence the subject
performs the action and in a passive sentence the subject receives the action.
Study the following information to learn how to form a passive sentence, how
to put an active into a passive sentence and how to form the tenses in the
passive voice.
Tenses
Tense Active Passive (form of to be + 3rd form)
Present tense invite // see am / is / are invited // seen
Past tense invited // saw was / were invited // seen
Future tense will invite // see will be invited // seen
Present perfect tense have / has invited // seen have / has been invited // seen
Past perfect tense had invited // seen had been invited // seen
REPORTED (= INDIRECT) SPEECH
Is the reporting verb in the past form (said, told,...) you have to change the
tense.
Example: Peter said, "Carol is a nice girl." Peter said (that) Carol was a nice
girl.
It isn't necessary to change the present tense into the past tense if the
information in the direct speech is still true or a general statement.
Examples:
Frank said, "My sister is a secretary." Frank said (that) his sister is (was) a
secretary.
He told us, "The sun rises in the east." He told us that the sun rises (rose) in
the east.
When you form the reported speech you have to pay attention that
the pronouns refer to the correct persons.
Reported Questions
Reported Requests
Reported Orders
If someone doesn't ask you politely or gives you an order use (not) to +
infinitive
Infinitive (1st form) Past simple (2nd f.) Past participle (3rd f.) Spanish
abide abided / abode abided / abode aguantar
alight alighted / alit alighted / alit iluminar
arise arose arisen levantar, erguer
awake awoke / awaked awoken / awaked acordar, despertar
(to) be was, were been ser, estar
bear bore born / borne levar, aguantar
beat beat beaten batir, golpear
become became become hacerse, ponerse
beget begot/begat begotten engendrar
begin began begun comenzar
bend bent bent torcer
bereave bereaved / bereft bereaved / bereft despojar
beseech besought / beseeched besought / beseeched suplicar
bet bet bet apostar
bid bid / bade bid / bidden ofrecer
bind bound bound atar, amarrar
bite bit bitten morder, picar
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar
bring brought brought traer
broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted transmitir, emitir
build built built construir
burn burned / burnt burned / burnt quemar
reventar(se),
burst burst burst
romper(se)
buy bought bought comprar
can could poder
cast cast cast echar, lanzar
catch caught caught coger, agarrar
chide chided / chid chided / chidden reprender
choose chose chosen elegir
cleave cleft / cleaved, clove cleft / cleaved, cloven lascar, rachar
cling clung clung pegarse, agarrarse
clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad vestir
come came come venir, llegar
cost cost cost costar, valer
creep crept crept arrastrarse
crow crowed crowed / crew cacarear, alardear
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tramitar, operar
dig dug dug cavar, excavar
dive dived / dove (US) dived tirarse, sumergirse
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn tirar, sacar
dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed soar
drink drank drunk beber, tomar
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
dwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled morar, vivir
fall fell fallen reprobar
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar, pelear
find found found encontrar
fit fit / fitted fit / fitted quedar (de ropa)
flee fled fled huir
fling flung flung lanzar, arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forecast forecast forcast pronosticar
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar, disculpar
forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
freeze froze frozen helar
geld gelded / gelt gelded / gelt castrar
get got got conseguir
gild gilded / gilt gilded / gilt dorar
give gave given dar
gnaw gnawed gnawed / gnawn roer
go went gone ir
grind ground ground moler, picar
grip gripped / gript gripped / gript asir
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
heave heaved / hove heaved / hove tirar, estirar
hew hewed hewed / hewn labrar, tallar
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held tener, abrazar
lastimar, perjudicar,
hurt hurt hurt
doler
keep kept kept guardar
kneel kneeled / knelt kneeled / knelt arrodillarse
knit knitted / knit knitted / knit hacer, tricotar, tejer
know knew known conocer
lade laded laded / laden cargar de
lay laid laid poner, colocar
lead led led llevar, guiar
lean leaned / leant leaned / leant apoyarse
leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt saltar
learn learnt / learned learnt / learned aprender
leave left left dejar, abandonar
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar
lie lay lain tenderse, acostarse
light lit / lighted lit / lighted encender, iluminar
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer, crear
may might poder
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar
melt melted melted / molten derretir
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood entender mal
mow mowed mowed / mown segar, cortar
offset offset offset compensar
outbid outbid outbid pujar ms alto que
overtake overtook overtaken adelantar
pay paid paid pagar
pen penned / pent penned / pent escribir, redactar
plead pleaded / pled pleaded / pled aducir, suplicar
prove proved proved / proven demonstrar, probar
put put put poner
quit quit quit renunciar, abandonar
read read read leer
rid rid / ridded rid / ridded deshacerse de
ride rode ridden montar, pasear
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse, elevarse
run ran run correr
say said said decir
saw sawed sawed / sawn serrar
see saw seen ver, mirar
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sew sewed sewed / sewn coser
shake shook shaken sacudir, mover
shall should deber
afeitar(se),
shave shaved shaved / shaven
rasurar(se)
shear sheared sheared / shorn esquilar
shed shed shed derramar
shine shone / shined shone / shined brillar
shit shit / shitted / shat shit / shitted / shat cagar
shoe shod / shoed shod / shoed mostrar
shoot shot shot pegar un tiro a
show showed shown mostrar
shred shred / shredded shred / shredded retalhar, triturar
shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk encoger
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentar
slay slew slain matar
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizarse, resbalar
sling slung slung lanzar
slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunk zafarse
slit slit slit cortar, abrir
smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled oler
smite smote smitten golpear
sow sowed sowed / sown sembrar
speak spoke spoken< hablar
speed sped / speeded sped / speeded correr a toda prisa
spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilled / split spilled / split derramar
spin spun spun hacer girar
spill spilled / split spilled / split derramar
spin spun spun hacer girar
spit spitted / spat spitted / spat espetar, soltar
split split split dividir
spoil spoilt spoilt arruinar
spread spread spread tender, desplegar
spring sprang / sprung sprung saltar
stand stood stood pararse, estar de pie
stave (in/off) stove / staved stove / staved evitar, aplazar
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar
sting stung stung picar
stink stank / stunk stunk apestar
strew strewed strewed / strewn esparcir
stride strode stridden andar a pasos largos
strike struck struck / stricken golpear, pegar
string strung strung ensartar, encordar
strive strove / strived striven / strived esforzarse
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swelled / swollen hincharse
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung mecer
take (away) took taken tomar
teach taught taught ensear
tear tore torn rasgar, romper
telecast telecast / telecasted telecast / telecasted televisar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
thrive throve / thrived thriven / thrived prosperar
throw threw thrown arrojar, echar
thrust thrust thrust empujar, clavar
tread trod trod / trodden pisar
understand understood understood entender, comprender
upset upset upset afectar, disgustar
wake up woke up woken up despertar
wear wore worn usar, vestir
weave weaved / wove weaved / woven tejer
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded casar
weep wept wept llorar
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted mojar
win won won ganar
dejar sin aliento,
wind wound wound
ovillar
wring wrung wrung torcer
write wrote written escribir
ENGLISH TENSES
If you need any further explanations click on the tenses.