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Mary Angelyn R.

Martinez August 11, 2017


ECE - 5E
Assignment No. 1

CONTROL SYSTEMS

A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as to


command, direct, or regulate itself or another system, or is that means by which any quantity of interest in
a system is maintained or altered in accordance with a desired manner.
Any control system consists of three essential components namely input, system and output. The input is
the stimulus or excitation applied to a system from an external energy source. A system is the
arrangement of physical components and output is the actual response obtained from the system. The
control system may be one of the following type.
1) Man made
2) Natural and / or biological and
3) Hybrid consisting of manmade and natural or biological.

Classification of Control Systems


Control systems are classified into two general categories based upon the control action which is
responsible to activate the system to produce the output viz.
1) Open loop control system in which the control action is independent of the output.

2) Closed loop control system in which the control action is somehow dependent upon the output and are
generally called as feedback control systems.

Open Loop System is a system in which control action is independent of output. To each reference input
there is a corresponding output which depends upon the system and its operating conditions. The accuracy
of the system depends on the calibration of the system. In the presence of noise or disturbances open loop
control will not perform satisfactorily.

1. Self-filling water tank


Almost every toilet has a self-filling water tank which uses a simple control device to regulate the
level of water stored in the tank. The water inlet valve is operated by a lever with a float on the end. As
the water level rises, lifting the float, the lever turns and gradually closes the valve. Eventually, the water
level rises high enough to close the valve and no more water enters the tank. We can predict the behavior
of this kind of tank by making some simple assumptions about the valve. Given the water level h and the
full level hmax assume that water inflow is proportional to the drop in level below hmax until it is fully
open at h1 below hmax.

Initially the tank is empty, and for a while no water leaves the tank. It fills at a constant rate until
the level reaches h1 and then at a decreasing rate until the tank is full. If all the water is flushed from the
tank, the level drops again. A control system like this exhibits a transient response, when the level is
changing with time, and later a steady state response when the level is effectively constant.

Calculating the behavior of the tank like this is known as simulation. The equations represent a
mathematical model of the tank and, in effect, we have solved a differential equation which governs its
behavior.

2. Safety Circuits

Discrete controls are often used for vital safety functions. Australian and International (ISO) standards
specify the types of safety controls that machines should be fitted with. For example, refer to AS 4024.1
1996 Safeguarding of Machinery.
The picture shows the safety controls for the ABB 1400 robot. A teach pendant provides the main
programming facility. This is normally secured to the front of the robot control cabinet. Above the teach
pendant there are four safety controls: a key operated switch to select automatic mode, a power on button,
the power off button and emergency stop. When the robot is first switched on the operator must press the
power off button to reset the controller. The signal to do this is the fact that the light in the button is
flashing. The light stops flashing once the button has been pressed. Next the power on button has to be
pressed: this provides power to the electric motors. This switches on the main power supply. For manual
control the operator removes the teach pendant from its cradle and presses a hidden button. The operator
must keep this button pressed just enough: the button has three positions. The operator must keep it
pressed and held in the middle position. If the operator presses too hard or not hard enough the robot will
not move. This is a safety device: it is often known as the dead man's handle. It is designed to ensure that
the robot can only be moved under manual control if the operator is maintaining full attention. With this
button pressed in the middle position the brakes are released and power is supplied to the servo motors
that move the arm. The large red button is the emergency stop.

The robot can only be placed in automatic mode using the key operated switch if the teach pendant is
secured in its cradle on the door of the cabinet.

INPUT-operator / a power supplt


CONTROL- Button / embedded programming
PROCESS-With this button pressed in the middle position the brakes are released and power is supplied
to the servo motors that move the arm
OUTPUT- machine's safety control

3. Switch

Mechanical switches come in many configurations. The photograph shows an old-style switch from a
telephone exchange: the mechanism is clearly evident. The insert on the right-hand side shows what
happens when the handle is moved and the switch changes.
There are many kinds of switch including solid-state switches. A common sensor is the Hall Effect
device: these are almost universally used in computer keyboards to sense when keys are pressed. The
switch is operated when a strong enough magnetic field is sensed by the device. A typical application is in
motion control: the Hall Effect device switches when a magnet on the moving object passes the sensor.
4. Hydraulic actuator

Hydraulic servo-actuator. High pressure oil supplied by a pump (not shown) is directed to one end of

the cylinder by the servo valve, and the oil from the other end returns through the same valve to the oil
storage tank. A linear potentiometer measures the piston position, but there are many alternatives such as
electromagnetic sensors (LVDT), magneto-restrictive sensors and digital optical encoders.

Hydraulic servo-actuators are used extensively in aircraft to move the flight controls because they
are fast, light, powerful and, under the right conditions, 100% reliable. When the correct seals are used,
friction is low and the oil does not leak. Similar actuators move robots in response to instructions from a
control computer: the sheep shearing robot is a good example (Trevelyan 1992). A simple actuator can
develop controlled forces of up to several tones in a few thousandths of a second. The position of a load
weighing several hundred kilograms can be changed within a few tens of milliseconds.

The diagram shows the basic principles. A voltage proportional to the required position of the
piston is supplied to an amplifier. Another voltage is generated by the potentiometer a variable resistor
used to produce a voltage that varies with positionthis voltage is proportional to the actual position of
the piston. The difference between the two voltages (which is proportional to the error in the piston
position) is amplified and a current proportional to the voltage difference is supplied to the servo valve.
The servo valve directs oil flow to either end of the cylinder to move the piston. The oil flows at a rate
proportional to the current in the valve coils - thus the piston moves towards the required position at a
velocity which is proportional to the error between the required position and its current position.

The servo valve is the key to understanding this impressive device for it uses an electric current of
approximately 10 mA to regulate an oil flow of up to 120 liters per minute at a pressure of up to 35 MPa.
(The high pressure oil is supplied from a separate pump unit). Typical high performance servo valves
respond in two to four milliseconds. If we look more closely at a servo valve, we would find that it
contains a control system of its own. This control system causes the valve spool to move in proportion to
the electric current, thus influencing the oil flow. Again, the amplifier contains a controller to regulate the
electric current so that it is proportional to the voltage difference. Thus one control system might consist
of several control systems in its component parts.

Parts of the valve must be built to extremely fine tolerances - most notably the clearance between
the spool and the Mechatronics Control Devices (August 2004) page 15 valve liner insert. The mating
surfaces are highly polished and most valves incorporate some form of filtration to minimize the chance
of contaminating particles in the oil causing damage to the surfaces. The slightest damage can cause a
dramatic failure of a hydraulic control system. However, by following appropriate design approaches, one
can eliminate contamination and achieve very high reliability.

5. Washing machine

Nowadays, many families use fully automatic washing machines. There are numerous preset washing
procedures available for the users. When we have chosen the suitable washing procedures, the machine
automatically starts to pour water, add washing powder, spin and wash clothes, discharge wastewater, etc.
After the completion of all the procedures, the washing machine will stop the operation.
Fully automatic washing machine only requires the user to input a suitable procedure to complete
the whole washing process, thus this saves much time for the users. However, this kind of machine only
operates according to the preset time to complete the whole washing process. It ignores the cleanness of
the clothes and does not generate feedback. Therefore, this kind of washing machine is of open loop
control system indeed, and their block diagram of control system of the washing machine
Most (but not all) washing machines are operated in the following manner. After the clothes to be washed
have been put into the machine, the soap or detergent, bleach and water are entered in proper amounts as
specified by the manufacturer. The washing time is then set on a timer and the washer is energized. When
the cycle is completed, the machine shuts itself off. In this example washing time forms input and
cleanliness of the clothes is identified as output.

6. Air conditioner

Nowadays, there are many families using automatic control system for the temperature of the air
conditioner. The Picture shows the interior structure of an air conditioner. The coolant circulated in the
machine will absorb heat indoor, then it will be transported from the vaporization device to cooling
device. The hot air is then blown to outdoor by a fan. There is an adjustable temperature device equipped
in the air conditioner for the users to adjust the extent of cooling. When the temperature of the cool air is
lower than the preset one, the controller of the air conditioner will stop the operation of the compressor to
cease the circulation of the coolant. The temperature sensor installed near the vaporization device will
continuously measure the indoor temperature, and send the results to the controller for further processing.

7. Car Cruise Control


Cruise control (sometimes known as speed control or auto cruise, or tempomat in some countries) is a
system that automatically controls the speed of a motor vehicle. The system is a servomechanism that
takes over the throttle of the car to maintain a steady speed as set by the driver.

Major components of the typical ABS system


Four speed sensors (one at each wheel)
electronic control unit (ABS computer)
a hydraulic control unit
INPUT - electrical power unit
CONTROL-hydraulic control unit and speed sensors

PROCESS- controls the speed of a motor vehicle


OUTPUT- speed control depending on the throttle position

8. Electrical Cloth Drier

Here the electric drier system has three blocks, timer, heating elements and clothes. Primarily, the
user sets the time for drying the clothes in the timer. And the timer control works combined with heating
elements which are used to produce heat and dry the clothes. As there is no feedback about clothes,
humidity, the system stops working after the pre-set time, and it doesnt consider the state of clothes.
Even though the clothes are dry, the system will switch off after the allotted time.

As the system has no feedback, this is also known as non feedback system, in which the output of
the system depends only on the input signal and no control action of the input signal is provided.

The output of the open loop system is not compared with the input of the system for checking
errors occurred in the output. The output of non feedback signal faithfully depends upon its input and on
no other circumstances or parameters of the external systems.

These systems may effect by large deviation in output when the pre-set value of the system drifts. As the
open loop system doesnt have any knowledge of the output occurrence and condition, it cannot correct
errors itself. This is a major disadvantage of the open loop control system.

Another disadvantage is that these systems cannot handle the external disturbances and have very
poor ability to oppose the adoption of changes external system parameters. For example, in this electric
drier, it follows only the pre-set time which is set by user. In the pre-set tie of 20m minutes, if we keep
open the machine door for some time and then closed, then also regardless of the situation of the clothes,
the machine turns off.

Even though the clothes are dry, the machine stops after particular time limit. This happens because
there is no feedback about the constant temperature to maintain in the machine. This is a disadvantage of
open loop system that it doesnt consider the external effects that may decrease the efficiency of the
system.

9. Electric Hand Drier

Hot air (output) comes out as long as you keep your hand under the machine, irrespective of how
much your hand is dried.

The hand drier that works on electric power supply and when we keep our hands in front of it, it will
automatically dry our hands by blowing hot air, irrespective of how much our hand is dried.
10. Bread Toaster

This machine runs as per adjusted time irrespective of toasting is completed or not.
The toasting machine runs as per our adjusted time period. And it toasts the bread piece irrespective
of the toasting completed or not.

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