3. Lake: Both artificial and natural lakes are found in Rajasthan.

Lakes are age old practice of conserving

rain water. Lakes also help in enriching below graound water in wells, bawri, ponds etc.

4. Bawri: In Rajasthan Bawaris have their own place and importance. This is an old practice of conserving
water. These were artistically rich and had steps to go down.

5. Toba (?): Toba is an important source of catchment of water in Thar desert. This is of a shape of Nadi,
but its depth is relatively more.

12.5: Conservation of coal and Petroleum:

12.5.1: Coal:

Coal is a solid carbon matter that is used as a source of fuel. It is an extremely important source of o
energy. 35 t0 40% of the energy is obtained from coal. The quantity of coal varies in different type of
coals. Number of inflammable and useful thngs are obtained from coal. Due to burial of vegetation
below the ground million of years ago led to formation of coal. About 30 corore of years ago earth was
rich in vegetation and water resources that supported vegetation. Once died the vegetation moved with
water flow to sea beds/lake beds and got covered with clay and very fine sand and due to high
temperature and pressure these biomaterial got converted to coal. Coal mainly has carbon along with N,
O and S. Apart from these P and some inorganic fluids are also found.

Based on moisture content, coal is classified in following four categories: (i) Anthrocite (944-98%), (ii)
Butiminus (78-86%), (iii) lignite (28-30%), and (iv) Peat (27%), When heated in absence of air to 1000 to
4000 degree C, coaltar, coalgas and ammonia are obtained. This process is called BHANJAK ASWAN (?). In
India coal is mainly found in Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.

12.5.2: Petroleium:

Petroleium is extremely useful product that has much utility in our daily life. Like coal it is also a biofuel.
Just like coal petroleum also formed when plant and animal remains are burried in the earth and under
specific high pressure and high temperature hydrocarbons are formed after million of years deep inside
the earth. Naturallily occurring perol is called crude oil, rock oil, fossil fuel, etc. This crude oil is black
coloured liquid and it has number of different useful components. These useful components are
separated by differential fractionation. Products obtained are: petrol, diesel, kerosene, natural gas,
Vaseline, etc.

Coal and petroleum are biofuels that are non-enewable narual resources. Their formation takes million n
of years. Their quantity is limited. If these are used indiscriminanely in future these will get exhaust foed.
Therefore these need to be used very judiciously and conserved for future use. Alternatively more
abundant natural renewable resources like wind, solar and water need to be used. In place of natural
gas, biogas may be utilized.

Biodiesal obtained from plant sources is an excellent substitute for diesel. It is obtained from renewable
resources. Biodiesal can run conventional engines without any alteration. Biodiesal is an excellent
alternative to conventional diesel. This is believed to be fuel for future. It is non polluting and
renewable, Like other fuels these do no harm he environment. To encourage it Rajasthan Government
has established Biofuel mission and Biofuel Authority.

12.5.3: Sustainble Development:

The natural resources need to be used very efficiently so that these are left for use of future generations.

12.6: Participation of people in conservation of naturl resources:

Man is a social animal. Need for clean environment is a basic need for any society. Today development
has become reason for destruction. This has harmed all components of the environment. Although this
has polluted all air, water and land, still man continues to use this for their comfort and development.
Balance between human development and environment conservation has disappeared.
Environmentasists have been cautioning if natural resodurces are continued to be used indiscriminately
there will be serious problem of maintaining a balance between environment and (PARISTITHIKI ?). In
spite of all this some experiments and movements are going on that are contributing in maintenance of
a balance in nature and environment

12.6.1: Chipko Movement:

Chipko movement is a progressive move to conserve forests. Its main objective is to save forests and
trees from cutting. This movement started from Khejarli village in Jodhpur District.