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34
t
t c.12 I- CJ2
Fi ure I : A corner-su ported element with assumed distribution ofmoments along the
e d e s . The edgesof t l e element are shown in chain-dotted lines, indicating zero shear
forces. Subscriptsx andy stand for directions, S and ffor support andfield (span), and
m f o r mean.
We will here furtherlimit ourselves to thecase where Thus, wherea corner-supported element forms
we assume that: part of strips in the x- and y-directions, the full load q
(8) the bending moment is constant along each half shouldbe carried in both directions. This fact has
of each edge. sometimes astonished people, when they compare it
Figure 1 shows the forces and moments acting on a with the simple stripmethod, where the loadis
corner-supportedelement according tothe above divided between thetwo directions. The difference is
description. that, in the simple strip method, each strip is
From vertical equilibrium, we directly get the supported overits whole width, so that aload has only
comer reaction to be carried in one direction to reach a support;
however, for a comer-supportedelement, the whole
R = qc,c, ........................ (1) load at each point has to be carried in both directions
Moment equilibrium around they-axis gives in order to reach the supported corner. In order to
indicate that the whole load is carried in both direc-
mxfm
- m,,, = qc:/2 .................. ( 2 ) tions in a comer-supported element,such an element
where mXf,and m,,, are the mean span and support is marked with crossing arrows in the plan showing
moments per unit width respectively, Corresponding the load distribution(see Figures 3 to 9 below).
to thereinforcement in the x-direction. One essential pointin the description of the corner-
In the sameway we maywrite supported element is that theedge moments, given in
Figure 1, are thedesign moments for the reinforcing
myh - m,,, = qcjl2 .................. (3)
bars. This means that no bar will meet a greater
Equation 2 is identical with the condition for a design moment inside the element. In order to fulfil
corresponding part of a simple strip, spanning in the thiscondition,a limitation mustbe put on the
x-direction, supported at they-axis and carrying the moment distribution along the edges(?. For thetype
load g . Thus, if the comer-supported element forms of moment distributionshown in Figure 1, the restric-
part of a strip, that part
should carry the whole loadg . tion canbe given in the following simplified form
The same is true in the y-direction according to
equation 3. mxf2-x,,, = aqc;'I2 ..................(4)
176
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The advancedstrip method-a simple designtool
i ,"-
elasticity or on some other choice. In the examples
below, avalue of about 1.5 to 2.0 has been chosen for
the ratio between support and span moments. The
choice of this value will not be further commented
H upon here, as it is of no importance for the under-
standing of the method.
Moment transfer to the columns has been neglec-
ted in the examples (just as it is usually neglected
when yield-line theory is applied). Some comments
on this are made at the end of the paper(Figure 9).
The positions of the moment maxima (zero shear
forces) give the sizes of the corner-supported
elements, and thus the widths of the strips in the
perpendicular directions.
t- c.12 4 The distributions of bending moments across the
width of the strips are made according to Figure 2,
Fi ure 2: Recommend momentdistribution to be used in all cases
w&re this is possible with respect to equation 5. where possible, or else with regard to the more
general Figure 1. Condition 5 (equation 5 ) has to be
fulfilled. Wherea narrow simple strip is included
with parallel to corner-supported elements (see, for
instance, Example l), the width of this strip may be
0-25 5 a 5 0.7 ................... ( 5 )
lookedupon as included in the corner-supported
and a correspondingexpression for the y-direction. elements when moment distributions aredeter-
For most practical applications, it is suitable to mined.
choose (cf. Figure 2) In the comers of the slabs, some parts are not
covered by the stripsdescribed above ('main strips').
m,f , = mXf
,= m,, .................( 6 4 The reinforcement within these parts may be
m,,? = 0 ....................... (6b) designed for one-third of the span moments in the
adjoining parts of the parallel main strips. This is
and
strictly somewhat on the unsafe side, but the erroris
m,,, = 2m,,, ..................... (6c) small in comparison with what is accepted in applying
the yield-line theory.
The spanreinforcement mustalways be carried
The curtailment of the reinforcement in the corner-
through the whole corner-supported element.
supported elements is made according to the rules
Thesupport reinforcement corresponding to
given after equation 6above. The curtailment of the
m,,, - m,,, must be anchored more than 0.6 c, from reinforcement in the simple strips follows normal
the support. The remaining support reinforcement
rules.Inthepartsatthecomers of the slab, all
must be carried through the whole corner-supported
reinforcement has to be carried to thesupports.
element. Where equation 6b is fulfilledthus, only the
first rule applies.
Examples
Rules
for
practical
application For all the Examples, the following conditions are
The comer-supported elements are combined with valid:
each other and with parts of one-way strips to form a
/ -7 denotes afixed edge
system of strips, in which each strip carries the total
load q over its whole length - see the examples below.
_ _ - - - - - denotes asimply supported edge
denotes afree edge
In a strip may also be included an ordinary simple
denotes a column
strip along the corner-supported element, having the
___ - -- denotes aline of zero shearforce
same loadand mean moments.
The concentrated comer supportmay be assumed All sizes are given in metres (in the smaller
to be situated at the edge or comer of a supporting numerals). The design load is 8 kN/m2.Moments are
concrete column or column head. If the support is given in kNm/m. Moment curves show mean
made of some weaker material, e.g. masonry, the moments in the strips.
point of support should be assumed with regard to The numerical calculations of moments are not
permissible compressive stresses (see reference 7). shown, asit is quite evident how they are performed,
The mean moments in the strips are calculated by and thevalues can easily be checked by anyone who is
means of ordinary rules for beams. The moment familiar with the calculation of bending moments in
distributioncanthus be based on the theory of beams.
177
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Magazine of Concrete Research:Vol. 34, No. 121 :December 1982
All columns are supposed to be made of concrete, gives the following four results, which are all within
which means that the supports are assumed to be the limits:
situated at thecolumn edges. 7*28/ (7.28 + 20.8) = 0.26
17*64/(17.64+ 20.8) = 0.46
EXAMPLE 1 11.36/(11.36+20*0)=0.36
Figure 3 shows the size and supportconditions of a 16.0 /(16.0 + 20.0) = 044
slab, the chosen moment curves for the main strips,
The load carriedby the column is
the corresponding widths of the main strips and the
resulting design moments, all according to the rules R=8X6.1X6.05=296kN
given above.
The total width of the y-strip is 2.65+ EXAMPLE 2
0 - 3 + 3 - 1 =6.05 m. The central portion of width
This slab (Figure 4) is identical with the previous
0-3 m, corresponding to the width of the column, is
one except that the simple support along one edge is
divided between the two comer-supported elements
replaced by a column. The moment curves in the
when it comes to thedistribution of support moment.
main strips are therefore identical with those chosen
This gives the values (2.65 +0.15)/2 = 1-40, (3-1 +
for Example 1.
0-15)/2 = 1.625 and 1-40+ 1.625 = 3-025 given in the
When it comes to thedistribution of moments, the
Figure.
simple rules according to Figure 2 and equations 6a to
A check of the a-values according to equation 5
ccannot be followed in the x-direction for the
elements supported on the edge column, as there is
no support moment. Therefore an uneven distribu-
tion of span moment must be used with regard to
0
?
m
-20.0 -20-0
178
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The advancedstrip method-a simple design tool
~//////~////,////,/////t,//,//////,///~~
/
L 4.0
J I
03 5.2
II
03 20
4
179
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Magazine of Concrete Research :Vol. 34, No. I 2 I : December I982
A very similar technique can be applied to theslab then be chosen as even as possible with regard to
in Figure 7, which can be looked upon as the slab of condition 5; thus
Figure 6 with another wall meeting the first one at the
mxfu= 0.7 mxfm = 0.7 x 16 = 11.2
position of the column in Example 1.
The value chosen should not be higher than this, but it
may be alittle lower, e.g. 10 or 11.
O T H E RA P P L I C A T I O N S
The examples above are all based on the assump-
tionthatthe load is evenly distributed and the
momentdistribution followsFigure 1. Where the
load is not evenly distributed, the same method can
also be applied, at least where one of the following
conditions is fulfilled:
(1) the load varies only in one direction (e.g. water
pressure);
(2) the unevenly distributed load is small compared
with the evenly distributed load (e.g. apoint load
of 20 kN in the examples).
Figure 7: Slab with re-entrant corner.
Sometimes there may be a reason for choosing a
narrower band of support reinforcement than indi-
EXAMPLE 5
cated in Figures 1and 2. This ispossible, but the limits
This slab (Figure8) has two free edges, one comer of condition 5 have to be changed. When the band has
column and one edge column. A special problem in zero width, thecondition can be written.
this case is that the span moment in the y-direction
must be unevenly distributed in order to fulfil con- 0-5 5 (Y I0.6 .................... (7)
dition 5. On theotherhand, it should be evenly For other widths, a linear interpolation between
distributed in order toagree with the conditions in the equations 5 and 7 can be used.
one-way-spanning part of the strip. It has, however, One example of a case where a narrower re-
been demonstrated(? that the latter condition does inforcementband should be usedis where the
not have to be rigorously fulfilled, but that a per- moment transfer to a column is taken into account.
missible moment field can be found in that partof the Assume, for instance, that the columns in Example 5
slabalso with an uneven distribution of bending are to bedesigned to take a mean support moment of
moment in the span. The moment distribution should 3.2 kN/m for reinforcement in the y-direction and
180
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The advancedstrip method-a simple designtool
theory is used for design, as any mistake regarding the for design of slabs. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers. Vol. 41,No. 10. October 1968. pp. 285-31 1.
assumed yield-line pattern results in an unsafe design.
7. HILLERBORG, A . Strip method of design. In Swedish 1974.
No corresponding risk exists with the strip method. English translation: Wexham Springs, Cement and Concrete
A practical difference between thetwo approaches Association, 1975. pp. 256. Viewpoint Publication 12.067.
is that the strip method is a design method which
directly gives the design moments and forces, Contributions discussing the above paper shouldbe in the bandsof
whereas theyield-line theory is a methodfor checking the Editor not later than 30 June 1%.
181
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