Levelling NN Barsak

Leye
lll.
C h a p te r 5 =
5 1 0 B JE C T A N D
U SE O F LEVELU N C
O b je c t
T he a i n o f
e v e n in
g is to d e lte rm in e th e re la ti
o r b e lo w th v e he i ht
e s u r fa c g s o f d i
e o th e e a r th re n t
a n d to d e te r m in ob
e th e un d u la tio je c ts
n of O
the
U s e s gro o
m
Le ye l
n g is d o
n e fo r th e
fo llo w in g u r o
p p se s
1 To
p r e p a r e a c o n to
ur m a
p fo r fixing s ite s f
o r re s e r v o ir s d a
, m s
irr ig a tio
W
W ays
,
n ca r
2 T o d e te rm i l
n e th e a ltih de s o f d ifle re n t i
P o in ts
m p o r ta n t
3 T o p re a r
On a h iu O r to
m o
p e a
o n g itu d i y
na l se c tio n a n d
c ro s s s e
c tio n s
o f a
W o p r o je c t (ro a ds ,
4 To p re p a re
a
a yo u t
m ap fo r w a te r
sup
p ly sa n ita ry
,
or d r a in a e
S 2 D EF g s c he m
NT
o NS es
Le ve l
lin g V
T he a rt o f d e te r m i
n in g th e
r e la tiv e h e ig h ts o f d if e r
en t
p o in ts o n or b e lo w the
A n y lin e ly in g O n a le v e t s u rf
ace is ca lle d a
e v e l lin
e T h is li e is
n n o rm a l to th e
Scanned by CamScanner
h \ ,
"
F ig 5 l D if[e re n t L in es
'
T 4 H o r iz o n t a
l P la n e
tia l to th e le v s u r fa d e h o ta l
A n y p la n e ta n g e n e c e a t a n y p o in t is k n o w n a s z o n
ly in g th e h o r iz o n ta p la is id to b e h o r iz o n ta l lin e I t is a s tr a ig h t
y lin e on n e sa a
A n
o w th e . .
'
'' /
i
ec t o n s o f
'
R n e 6 v e r t ic a L in e
a p r Je c t
e r m in e th e T
vv o l u T h e d ir e c tio n in d ic a te d b y a p u m b
l in e t h e d ir e c tio n o f g r a v ity ) is k n o w n a s th e

n e
0 e at
al v e r tic a l lin e T h is li n e is p e rp e n d ic u a r to th e h o r iz o n ta l lin e (F ig 5 1)
ta r y o r d r a in a 7 V e r t ic a l P la n e
ge s c he
tn
q g h th e v e r tic a l lin is k n a s th e v e r tic a l p la n
p a s s in g th r o o w n e
A n y p la n e u e
8 D a tu m S u r fa c e o r L in e /
h ic h th e v e r tic a l d is ta n c e s
T h is is a n im a g in a r y le v e l s u r fa c e o r le v e lin e fr o m w
i t a b o v e o r b e lo w th is lin e ) a r e m e a s u r e d In In d ia th e tu m
o f d if e r e n t p o n s (
,
P u n
beJ eu G r e a t T r ig o n o m e tr ic a l S u r v e y (G T S ) is th e M e a n S e a L e v e l M B L )
u m ta i o r
a d o p te d fo r th e
e a Js w ith m eas
e en b at K a ra c h i
/
9 Redu ce d Le v e (R L )
a p o i nt a b o v e o r b e l ow t he d a t um l ine i s k n o wn as t he
he v e r t ica l di st an c e of
e a r th is sa id to i: re d u c e d le v e l (R L ) o f t a t p o n
h i t T h e R L o f a p o in t m a y b e p o s itiv e o r n e g a tiv e
th e d a tu m
s u r Ta c e o f a s till Ja k
b
a c c o rd in g a s th e p o in t is a o v e o r
e w
)
10 L in e o f c o im a t io n
It is an im a g in a r y lin e p a s s in g th ro u g h th e in te r s e c tio n o f th e c r s s h a ir s a t th e
h e is a to th dia p h r a g m an d th e i ti
o p tic a l c e n tr e o f th e o b je c t g la s s a n d its c o n t n u a o n
It is a
so
:j'
5
14 8
11
un w d n a t
,fd
v a ot
A x is o f th e T e
esco pe
T h is u x i i5 i
irn n g in n ry lin e p a s s n g
ou gh th e o p tic a l c en t
an r
e
oF
h e y c p ie c e
l c e n tre o f t c
g la u b im tJ th c n p tic
lh
,
B u b b le T u b e
/ "
i
12 A x is o f
o n g itu d in a ] c u r v e o f th
th e
l is
nn im n g in a ry
in c rin g c n lia l ro e b
lrb , " o e
t
13 e n c h M a r k s M ) /
P la rc
M r k in
t
B ra s s p la te
g o n
F rg 5 2 G TS B en c h M a r ks
e rm a n e n t e n l
c t M a rk s Th
l G e s e a re lix e d
n o vc
T )m c n l dcpn rm e n ts lik e p o in ts o r m a r k s e s ta b lis h e d b
pw D R a ilw y
, ays
,
Ir r ig a tio n e tc T he R L s o f
,
1g
L
be optil c e r
i t
re
O r
ri a n m
t p o in ts ik e th e p in t h o f b u ild in g
o n pe r
a p a r a p e t o f a b r id g e o r c u Yv m
cu r v e S o m e t im e s t h e y a r e k
o f tj d so o n t o n u n d e r g r o u n d p illa r a s h o w n in F IB 5 3
Je a r
B r ic k P i lu
In d ic a tin
g B M
6
- -
F ig 5 3 P r rm a n e n r Bm ch M a rk s
Be h M a rk s f s o m e fix e d p o in ts a r e a s s u m e d ,
(c ) A r b it r y
a r n c W h e n th e R L s o
a re re r m e d a f b itr a r y bm c h m a rk s T h e se a re a d o p te d in s m a ls u r v e y o p m tio n s
th e y
he n o n ly th e u n d u la tio n o f th e u n d s u r fa c e is r e q u ir e d to b c d e te r m in e d
w
B h M ks w he th e be h a rk s b lis h e d
(d ) T e m p o ra r y e n c a n n c m a re e s ta
a t th e e n d f d a y 's w o rk th e s a id to b c te m p o ra r y b e n c h m a r k s
te m p o ra r i y
l o a , y a re
e ra lly m a de o n th e r o o t o f a tr e e th e p a r a p e t o f a n e a r b y c u
v en a
T h e y a re g e n ,
s im i
a r p la c e
fw lo n g p o s t ,
o r o n a
14 Ba c k s ig h t R e a d in g (B S )
d in g ta k e n in a n y s e t u p o f th e in s tr u R e r th c
e v c \\in s
T h is is th e fir s t s ta f re a m en t a
p o in t o f kn o w n R L
ha s y d o n e T h is r e a d in g is a lw a y s ta k e n o n
b e a p e r fe c t a ,
o n a b e n c h m a r ic o r c a n g e p o n t ( g
e h i Fi 5 4)
n t (C P )
C h a g e P o i
F ig 5 4 .
B S , F S , 1S an d CP R ea d in g s
e s tab lis h e d y
c T he R s of 15 Fo r e s ig ht R e a d in g (F S )
d in d ic a te s e sM in g
a n d a re k p
t Jt is th e la s t s ta f d in g in se t u f th e In s tr u n e n an
re a an y p o
of th e la tte r (F ig 5 4 )
in th e sa m e se t
d
up
of
.
If th e fo c u s s in g is no
an d do w n
o v in g
th e e y e u p
i t te d by m
a r a Jla x s e s
The p lim in a ted
lla x m a y be e
h a ir s T h e p a r a
rs Jix e d to th e c ro s s
th e im a g e a pp e a
p e r fe c t
,
le s c o p e
u ssi
n g th e te
b y p r o p e r ly fo c
Y PES O F LEV E
LS
5 3 D IF F E R E N T T
d ille re n t typ e s o f le v e ls
T h e fo llo w in g a re th e
J D u m p y Le ve l
It c a n n o t o
c
f th e d u m py le v e l is rig idly p p o r ts
fix e d To its su
T ile te le s c o p e o
l a x is T e h
it b t t d a b o u t its lo n g itu d in a
re m o v e d fr o m
its s u p p o r ts n o r c a n e ro a e
This
lo n g tiTle
q ,
d f
in a ru m m t is s ta ble a n re a n s s p e rm a n e n a j
d t i it t u s tm e n t o r a
in s tr u m e n t is c o m m o JrJy u s e d
L e y m ,
#
t (Y e v e )
e Le v e 19
\\ l c l\ in lw
iti o
'
Y '
s u p p o r ts
t ca n be
d T hu
: is: se
'
,J
! B , th e te l
e c o
pe c an be r o la u d
: o o
ke s
'
R e v e r s ib le Le v g l
l
i
: k c [s T ire te le s c o p e can bc r o ta tc
llc u a bo u t its lo n g itu d ira l ax is , w ith d r a w n
ir
'
s Le v e t
1
c s h g
"
c ca n n o t be re m o v e d fr o
11 o m th e s o c k
n "u
n c r e ts a n d
r o ta te d
a b o u t it s
o n g itu d in
,
a
: ..d
o r tlle te le s c o p e to th e o e r cn d
T i
t in g Le j
o de rn v e
5 M
s c re w
In th is in s tr u m e n t th e li
n e o f
in g
l
,
co llim a tio is
by m ean s o f th e ti tin g s c r e w
n m a d e h o r iz l fo
n tio n o n ta r eac h
,
se n

m a t ic Le v e l
6 Au t
o
a ls o kn o w n a s th e lf
T his is ig n in

se a
g le v e l T h is in s tr u
ll w ith in c e r ta in tilt r a n e m e n t is le v e l
ed
m a tic a y
a
a u ro g by m ean s o f a co m tin g d e
pen ic e (th e
n t e n s a to r )
sa v
tut c o p
e s c r ip t io n o f D Le
A D u m w v e l
t)
F ig .
5 5 .
D u m py L ev e
{-
lm d l u I
r s r,n t l rk
o rn
n g H e a d
2 Le v e

e t Sta ff
T a ro
1"
n n ib
# n f
d n u
n v a\
n rp

J . I; '' j " \ \, y r u

" ' ' "' . w M ll
Hn
M
rhNChmnn
isdor;'omobrig

b
N1lc :r .

o ll.. ,\
l
sc N n s
:
..
' XTU I

!
*l :I
l
, cc
im c
;
.
\r e H u r e lilo d
c t,

, "
:
"
d o u b le co ncn vc le n s '"
, " N
.. , d n g M
e t r ic S ta f
b lw hc
l
cc cye p ie c e n n t t
c o b je c tiv e T h is I (b ) F o
u r ra n g c m c n
l c n$ \, \
iu \ \h
ta c k a n ti p in io n is lurned 11 n t n re a im age is fo m n 7 5 11 w
n 1 111
lh c Ib c u s s in g s
c re w
m oN s o a n d fo r w h e n o 1 le n g th h a v
r2 i\ \u c \ in H
o
h a irs i grualed
o n tJw p la n e o f c ro s s rc q u ire t \ \t # lik
(C ) O n e Le n g t h S t a ff
b
lle d ilie /o lg irn tlm a l b tb b / tt e n n d o th e r th c c r o s
Tw o b u b b le tu be s ,
o n e ca
lim b c r \t is 3 m lu n g a n d
h h T h e s e tu b e s c o n ta i
a r e p la c e d a t r ig h t a n g e
l s to e a c o t e r n s iri
b u b b /e u b t p l
b u b b le is b r o u g h t to ih e c e n tr e w ih th e h e lp o f fo o t s c r e w s t he (d ) ln v a r s t a ff t he i
b u bble t h e
b u b b le tu b e s a re lix e d o n [o p o f th e te le s c o p e w oo de n s ta ir h c b a n tis
w o rk
6 C o m pa ss
Ju s t b e lo w th e te le s c o p e fo r ta k in g th e m a g n e tic b e a rin g
o a lin e w n e n re q u ir c o
T he T h c d ia p h r a g m \s b ra
com p a s s is g ra d u a te d in such a w ay th a t a '
p o in te r
'
h ic h is fix e d \o
w
a
,
th e b o d y o f th e com p a s s in d ic a te s a r e a d in f o h e n th e
eyc p ic c e
t c an bc a d ju s
g o w te
e s c o p e is d ire c te d
a
o n g th e n o rth lin e Gc tm a g n itic d w h e n v ie
in th c fo llo w in g w a s
n s o n ic c o m
p a s s e s , the p o in te r s h o w s a r e a d in y
te le s c o p e is g o a fe w d e g re e s w h e n the
d ir e c te d to w a r d s th e
n o r th T his re d i a n g sho u ld b e ta k e n a s th e in itial
u o ta m e d b y d e d u c tin 2 B y
e a din f th e g th e in itia l r e a d in fro m th e fin al
g
v e ry fin e 8(
g o co m pa ss
3 B y m ean s o f
L [F ig 5 8 (a )1

\
'
' " he r
s ta fr
is g r a d u a te d in su c H
7lre
a w a y th a t th e sm lle s t d iv is io
a n is o f 5 m m
n )
T h e v a lu e s in m e tr e s a re a rk e
o oo 5
m d in re d o n th e le ft d th o in
( m a rk e d in b la c k th e
a n se
e tr e s
a re o n r ig h t (F ig 5 6)
de c im
ld in g M e t r ic S t a ff T h is s ta fF is d e o f w e ll s e a s o n e d t im b e r a n d is
(b ) F
o m a
w id th 18 m m th ic k n e ss an d 4 le n g th It is d iv id e d in t o tw o
,
75 m m , m
of p a r ts
,
le n g th h a v in g a lo c k in g a r r a n g e m e n t It c a n b e fo ld e d o r d e ta c h e d w h e n
olt
m
d u a te d lik e th e te le s c o p ic s ta ff F i
re q u
ir e d It is g r a ( g 5 7)
Le n g th S t a ff T he le n g th
o n e ft is lid
(c ) o d
ne s ta so an m a de o f se a so n e d
It is 3 m Jo n g a n d g r a d u a te d in th e a s th e te le s c o
tim be r sam e w a y p ic s ta ff
S t a ff T h e in v a r s ta f is a ls o 3 lo g A n in v a r b a n d is fitte d to a
(d) In v a r
m n
s ta fr T h e b a n
d is g r a d u a te d in m illim e tr e s It is u s e d fo r p r e c is e le v e u in g
w o o de n
w ork
g fitte d in s id e th e te le s c o p e ju s t in fr o n t
b ra s s r in f th e
n e d ia p h r a g m is a ,
o
be a d ju s te d b y fo u r s c r e w s T h e r in g c a m e s th e c r o s s
h a ir s w h ic h
e ye pte c e t c a n
,
h e n v ie w e d th r o u g h th e e y e p te c e T h e c r o s s h a ir s m a y b e a rk e d
i d
ge t m a g n fie w
m
r in
f p la tin u w r e s or s ilk th r e a d s s tr e tc h e d a c r o s s th e g
3 By m ean s o m
h
L n d
:a * e
f s ta d ia h a ir a n d
U ppc
3 t
ia h a ir s a r e m
he st
a
T
s it io n o f le v e l
th e po
to b e R e m i
in t s
po
P T he
s t a s h n n ld b e
1
d in g b e h in d it
s ta n
f s h o u ld b e
T h e s ta
2
th e t e le s c o p i
w he n
3
r fe c t ly s tr e t c l
It is p e
o f th e
4 T h e b o tt o m
ts to b e R e n
E p o in
T he le v e llin g in s tr
1
r e a te s t n u m ber ol
g
e n t sh
2 T h e in s tr u m
T h e le v e llin g s h o \
3
T h e le v e llin g in s
4
c e n tr e lin e o f th e
T he e y e p ie c e s h c
5
fr o n t o f th e te le s
6 T h e o b je c t iv e sh
s ta ff
7 T he p a ra lla x sh c
8 T he v e r tic a lity
h a ir s an d by n c
a lo n g th e lin e
9 W ne n lo o ked a
re a d in g sh o u
d
10 A fte r ta k in g th r
If it is d is t u r b
F P ro ce d u re fo
1 T he n ee d le o l
2 T h e te le s c o
)
p
p e r fe c tly
3 T he n ee d le
:
s to pped
j
J e W
4 T he re a d in g
ss ha jr c o n s is

s of M
1 \o e th e m a n e tit
g
=
H ,
H H r1
P,
for'"ntaining h
re s e n ti
ng th e li
t e y c a lit
y o f th e s ta fr
5 A
bea n
sm
g of
a ll p in
ne o f co llim , o b s e r v a tio n
a tio n
, an d
T "
1

155
lt /lin g
e b e tw een
t fo r d e te rm in in g th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c
1
A , 5
/," l '
h a i
i
r s a re m e a n
v e in d th a t o f th e s la fl (F ig 5 8 ( b
o s it
io rr o f le
t
c p
1 b e h in d it
n d i g
5 l:\
th e s p r in g c a tc
he r
t s tre tc h e
d a n d p ro p e r ly fix e d o n
3 e r fe c y
is p
tto m o
f th e s ta fr s h o u ld b e k e p t c le a n
b o
4
h e
he
o s itio n s u a
it b le fo r t
, i i s tr u m e n t s h o u ld b e p la c e d a t a p
v e l ng n
T h e le
b e r o f o b s e r v a tio n s to b e ta e n
1 k
e a te
st n m u
h o u ld n o t b e to o h ig h o r to o lo w
g r
tf u m e n t s
T h'e in s
ld b e d o n e p e r fe c tly
"
2 l v e llin g s h o u
i e Th e
th e p r o file lin e (
e
i t m e n t s h o u ld n o t b e p la c e d o n
llin g n s r u
4 T
h e le v e
i a she e t o f w
h ite p a p e r in
h ld b e fo c u s s e d b y h o ld n g
ie c e s o u
e e ye p
5 Th
w a r d s th e
b i
e fo c u s s e d b y p o in t n g
th e te le s c o p e to
i h o u ld
o b je c t v e s
6 T he
s [d ir
i l
th e tw o v e r t c a
li f th e s ta fr s h o u d b e v e r ifie d b y o b s e r v in g
i
v e rt c a ty o d
8 T he i d in g o n th e s ta r
f w h e n it is m o v e
b notng i th e m in m u m r e a
h a ir s a n d y
in v e r te d S o , th e
k d h t le s c o p e , th e s ta ff a p p e a r s
a t th r o u g h t e e
l e
9 w he n
o o
n w a rd s
h o u ld b e ta e
k n c a r e fu lly * o m th e to p d o w
d i s i d
g b u b b le s h o u ld b e v e r if e
re a n
h t f r e a d in g th e p o s itio n o f th e
ta k in g t e s a
10 A fte r
,
b lik e n a g a in
If it is d is tu r e ,
b d th e r e a d in g s h o u ld e
r e fo U se o f Co m pa ss
F p ro c e d u
r
d b y o p e n in g th e c la m p s c r e w
,
T h e n e e d le o f th e co mp a s s is r e le a s e
1
F r a n g in g r o d a n
d is b is e c te d
is d ir e c te d to th e s ta f o r
2 T h e te le s c o p e
to r e s t, ie Th e r o ta tio n is co m p le te ly
n e e d le is llo w ed to co m e
3 T he a
th is is
i k l w e r in g th e m a g n ify in g g la s s
e n b y r a is in g o r o
,
4 T he r e a d in
g s ta
th e m a g n e tic b e a r in g o f t
h e lin e
h o f th e c o m p a s s
b o x w ill in d ic a te th e
5 A s m a ll p in fix e d o n th e p e r ip e ry
i f th e p in s h o u ld b e n o te d b e fo r e
b e a r in g o f th e lin e T h e in itia l r e a d n g o
o b se r v a tio n
: e
i
d p o s it o
n
q u ir
e
th e re
T he tr ip o d s ta n
d is p la c e
d a
:
o d s ta
o f th
e tr ip
h e ro p
d o n t Jt s h o
T ll c le v e i is lix la r le v e l
e
th t p a r tic u
t p r o v id e d
io r a
i t a lo n g
an angem en o r po n
s ta tio n
b s e t up a t an y
Ic v e J is n o t to e
ip d S ta
s o f T r o n d
Le ve llin g b y L e g
3 A pp r o x im a te
4 Pe f
r e ct Le v e
p a r a te l to a n y p a ir o f fo o t s c r e w s (
i e fir s t p o s itio n ) a n d th e b u b b l,
ih
th e c e n tr e b y turning th e lo o t s c r e w s e q u a lly e t e r
b o th in w a r d s o r b o th
T h e te le s c o p e is th e n turned th r o u g h 9 0 (j e s e c o n d p o s itio n ) a n d b r o

o u w
a rd
s
jf
u g ht
o ye
th e th ird fo o t s c r e w , a n d th e b u b b le is b r o u g h t to th e c e n tr e b y r
th is
fo o t turning
s c re w c lo c k w is e o r a n tic lo c k w is e (F ig 5 9 ) T h e te le s c o
p e is a g a in b r o u
o r ig in a l p o s itio n (th e
g h t to i
irs t p o s itio n ) a n d th e b u b b le is b r o u h t to th
g e cent
re T
p r o c e s s is r e p e a te d s e v e ra l tim e s u n til th e b u b b le r e m a in s in t he
h e c e n tra l
h th e ir s t a s w e u a s th e s e c o n d o s itio n T h p s itio n
o
p e n th e te le s c o e i
p s turned
thr o u
gh
F'"
ir d F o o t S c r e w
1 .

1
tt pe llin
g
is lh e p e rm a n e n t n dju s
\s nl \tSO tn l c n t
,t h BJ Uu Tt
ilr th e b
i t e p c n r t u bb
cL
'
r po s i
t o n ,
a n e n a d j u s tm e
n t is n c is d e fl
e c te d fro m its
i o t
-
e r fe c t
a j d p
d u s tm e n t s e s ib n d n ee d
' " c r e d in s a
s t o be d ifie d
.. ec 5 21 m o
'
t h e E y e p ie c e
s s in g
Fo c u
n of
o ut by turning t c lo c k w is e O r a n ti
c ock w is e u n til th e
c ro s s h a ir s can
# .
P E S O F L E V E L L IN G O P E R A T I
55 T Y
, O NS
L e v e llin g
\ Sim p e
f le v e l b e tw
W he n the d ifre re n c e o ee n tw o p o in ts is d e t
e rm in e d b
id w y s e ttin g th e
i t m ent
lev e llin g n s ru
m ay b e tw een th e p o in ts th e
, p ro c e s s is c a lle d s im p le
leve llin g
Su ppo se a n d B a r e tw o p o in ts w h o s e d if e r e n c e o f le v e l is to b d
e e te rm in e d
le v e l is s e t u p a t O , e x a c tly m id w a y b e tw e e n A a n d B A n e r
p r o p e r te m p o ra ry
h f
adju stm e n t t e s ta r r e a
d in g s o n a n d B a re ta k e n T h
, e dif e r e n c e o f th e s e
rea din g s g iv e s t e
h d iffe r e n c e o f le v e l b e tw e e n A a n d B F i
( g 5 10 )
2 D iffe r e n t
D ie re n tia l l ll
e v e in g is a d o p te d w he n , (i) th e p o in ts a re g r e a t d is ta n c e a p a r t
a ,
(ii) the d ifr e re n c e o f e

e v a tio n b e tw e e n th e p o in ts is la rg e , a n d (iii) th e re a re
o bsta c l
es b e tw e e n th e p o in ts

s e c t io n a l
C ro s s
5 i
t io n o f t a k n g
ra
o pe
The o ss s e c t io n a l
w n a s c r
k ro 20 m 40 m
e v e Jlin
,
5 11 D in e re n ria L g h a s
F ig (s u c in o rd e r to kn o
e
is d
o n
t (F ig 5 14 )
tn e n
3 F y L e ve
lin g a lig n
\\e n i
n e n tia J Je \ ? llin g is d o n e in o r d e r o
t c o n n e c t a b e n c h m a rk
to tL
ta
;: I
'" s
p o tt o f th e a Jig u n e n r o a n y p ru ie c r,
i i t is c a lle d n y le v e llin g F 1 itr
y e v e J '" g
d o n e ro c o n n e c r rh e B A F ro a n y in le m le d ia re p o in t o f th e a ]ig n m e n f g ls a l
o r c s
i X
c
a c a u a c y o f th e w w k Jn s u c h In T J in g , lll' '" b , c k , ig h ' " d fo . . h'
.
oy.(Fig. 5 l2 ) T h e le v e . h U
d
beupj.st,aH \ I
C /S 1
. J
s ta r tin
g p o \n
t o f
c
)
6 C h e c k Le v e

Z
+
T h e fly le v e llin g d o
C w ith th e s t a r tin g p a
CP =
C h a n g e p o in t
B M L IL - P o s itio n o f L u n d e r ta k e n in o r d e r
2 ev el
F fg 5 12
F Jy L e v e lli S ta r tin E
n g
b
4 Lo n g it u
e tc ) a t regu
a r in te r
v a ls I

s kn o w
n as Jo n itu d i
g n a l le v llin
C p
e
a l e v e
y s et u g In th is
p o f th e in o p e r a tio n the
le v e l b o s tr u m ,
o k T is
o p e ra ti
en t T he c h a in a
on is d e r ta k e ges o r th e
un
n in or, p o jn ts a r e n o td
to d e te in th e
r m in e th
e u n d u la tio n s o f (

"

tlrn g
dw

L,
ing
159
r ir is n e g a li
u la r
d
e " .
-i
h t'
c-x :e = ,

l#fi}
M
: V
o f F ig 5 M C r o s s s e c tio n a
C lL e v e u in g
6 C he c k Le v e
in g
D
th e y le v e llin g d o n e a t th e e n d o f a d a y s w o r k to c o '
n n e c t th e fin is h in
g p o in t
w ith th e s ta r tin g p o in t o n th a t p a r tic u la r d a i k
y s n o w n a s c h e c k le v lli
e n g It is
u d e r ta k e n in o r d e r to c h e c k th e a c c u r a c y o f th e d a '
y s w o r k ( g 5 15 )
F i
:v e

" '
w m e n t (r o a d , ra iJw a y ,
fn th is o p e r a tio n , th e
L P o s itio n L ev el
a t r e g u Ja r in te r v a Js, . 4 C P- h a n g e Po i nt
ts a r e n o te d in tbe BS B ack S ig h t
th e u n d u Ja tio n s of FS F o r e S ig h t

1
W 5 7
- a u c qaaE
4
W o b e c n !
T m e n
P
il5
llr u

d (5 4 1
(5 3 )
a n
ro
F lo
T n ]e
d iflc r c rc e t
D L D
F ig 5 16 L in e o f C o lJim a tio n In c lin e d U p w a rd s

i$ 1
T b u s it ,
Lct a g Je f in c lin a tio n f J

im a tio n lin e te
y c \
p
-
an o o co e
co n
A a - tr u e r e a d in g
J 4
E rr o r - a i a -
a a j- D ta n a
So T ru e re a d ig a - a i a a i - a D ta n
i a
S im ila r l
y, (5 1)
b =
tr u e r e a d in g
5 7 C O R R EC
B bt bse rv e d d in g
.
o s ta fr r e a
=
o n B
E rr o r -
B b, Bb bb , C u r v a tu r e I
= -
D ta n
So
T ru e r e a d in g b B b
=
bb - B b, D
F ro m ta n
(5 ) an d (5 2 ),
a
(5 2 )
T r u e Uirence f le v e l b e tw
o
een an d B =
a Bb (fa ll fr o m B to )
a B b + D ta
n a
T hu s
-
A a i B bJ
it is ,
, seen th a t th e e
rr o r d u
com
p le te ly e lim in a te d
e to in li
c n a tio
a n d th e n o f th e c o llim a ti
a p p a re n t d o n lin e is
iife r e is
c a se // w he n th
n ce e qu a l to th e t
e lu te r u e d iff
T he s ta n r e a d i
o f co ltim a tio n
ere n ce
n gs is in c li
on an d B a re ta k e n a ft
n e d do w n w a r ds
e r s e tti
n g th e le v e l a t
o s u p p o s e th e
L e v e llin
g
T ru e L in e 16 1
r
D + B
.
F ig 5 17 L in e o f C o llim a tio n In c lin e d D

o w n w a rd s
a - tr u e s ta lT r e a d in g
1le re ,
- o b s e r v e d s ta fl r e a d in
a 2 g o n A
E rT o r -
Aa l a 2 -
aa2 -
D ta n a
T ru e re a d in g A a -
la2 + aa
2
-
A a 2 + D ta n a
5o ,
Bb tr u e re a d in
=
g
Sill
B b2 =
o b s e rv e d s ta fr r e a d in
g on B
E T o r =
Bb B b2 bb 2
- -
D ta n a
T r u e r e a d in g Bb = B bz + b b
2
-
B b2 + D ta n a
5 3) a n d ( )
54
Fro rlr (
,
r e n c e to le v e l b e tw A d B )
T ru e d if e Bb (fa ll fr o m B to A
een an =
a
- Aa + D ta n a B b D ta n a
is s e e n th a t th e e rr o r d u e to in c lin a tio n o f th e co llim a tio n lin e is

T hu s it ,
i a te d
co m p
le te ly e lim n
b e r la t th e
e v e t s h o ttd b e placed e ra c
y m id w ay be h v e e n
So ,
a lw a ys re m e n
No te d fo r e s ig h t in rd e r {o e lim in a te a n y e m o r
Ba c ks ig h t a n o
.
O N S T O B E A P P L IE D
R EC T
57 co R
,
re Co r r e c t io n
I C u rv a tu T h e lin e o f s ig h t is
h h e a r th a ffe c ts s ta ff re a d in g s
u r v a tu re o f t e
i
Fo r lo n g s g h ts t e c
f e
,
e d a n d p a ra lle
l to th e m e a 1 s p h e ro id a l s u r a c
l b t th e le v e l lin e is c u r v
ho riz o n ta , u
o f the e a r
th (F ig 5 18 )
m a tu r e C o f e c tio n
F ig 5 18
d L n lin g
. N
s . r v t y i. g
"
p la c e
.'
is
' "
co
i. . ' " .' ' "
ile d th e c u
b ' '"
r v a lu f c
e 11
c o rr e c
th . '"
e o
tio n D
f
u e
t iv e )
, :
F ,
T-XHi tn
c tiv e (
ie N ega
b tr a
d a s fo lo
l
l ya s s w s
tio n is a l
c u - . Tu r e c o r,e c
e c tio n
is d e r iv e
c o rr
Th fo ru i rr
la c u r v a tu r e
m e tr e s
e m
ce in k ilo
h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n
L e t D -
c o rr e c
tio
B D = c c - c u r v a tu r e
d iu s o f e a r th
D C = C R ra
d 12 7 4 2 k m
c o n s id e r
e
D D
'
diamete
Je c (F ig 5 1 9 )
F ro m r ig ht an g le d tr ia n g
I L in ,
b in e d
c o m
so ,
s ta fF
T ru e
e v in a fo
C tu r e C n r r e r tin n
F ig 5 19 D g Fo rm u r u rv a
BC Z _ AC
2
+ A B'
4 V is ib le
2 2 2
R + 2R C + C R + D
,
-
2 Let
C .
x 2R = D -
q ' t i \ W T
L u r v a ttu e c o r r e c tio n
D
C. =
R
(C is n e g le c te d a s jt js v e ry s m a ll in co m pa n so n i
to l l. D ia m e te r o f th e a r th )
2
D X J 0 00 . J \h i r (.
: ' ' C, =
,
0 0 7 85 D 2
(n e g a tiv e )
_
m
H en ce Tru e s ta fF r e a d in g
, -
O bs e r v e d s ta ir r e a d in g C u r v a tu r e c o r r
e c tio n
2 Re fr a c t io n Co rre c t io n
o f th e e a r th in a c u rv e d p a th The r a d iu s o f th is c
rv e is se v e n tim e s th a t o f
o b je c ts a pp e a r ig h e r th a n th
ey re a lly a re B u t th e
aospheric c o n ditio n s e f e c t o f c u r v a tu r e v
. ,
J a r ie s w ith
Y
1

"

L h llin
g e3
n a v e ra g e , th e re fr a ' "O . c o n e
on a d io n is m ee n a s " " s e v e n th D
f
C, =
x 0 0785 D 2
0 0 1 12 D 2
tie)
.
m s
is a h pa y s
d d itiv e (L ea
p o s itiv e )
- O b s e r v e d s ta f re a d i "
n g + R e fra c tio n c o r r e c tio n
Co r r e c t io n
ire d
:-J
-
ct u r v a tu r e a n d r e fr a c tio n is as fo llo w s
, o tio n -
C u r v a tu r e c o rT e c tio tio n
n + R e fra c tio n c o rr e c
0 0785 D 2 2
-
+ 0 0 1 12 D
-
0 0673 D 2
m
c o rT e c tio n is a lw a y s s u b tra c tiv e

com
b in e d (i e N e ga tiv e )
So ,
d in O b se rv e d ff
s ta ff r e a g s ta r e a din C b in e d c o rr e c tio n
-
T ru e g om
c o r re c tio n a ls o be
C o rn b in e d m a y ex p re s s e d a s
2 2 Z
D 1 D 6 D
-
(n e g a tiv e )
ZR 1 7
e H o r iz o n D is t a n ce
4 V is
ib
D v is ib le h o r iz o n d is ta n c e in k ilo m e tr e s (F ig 5 20)
B
=
-
Let
)i = h e ig h t o f th e p o in t a b o v e m ean se a le v e l, in m e tr e s
F ig 5 20 V is ib le H o z o n D ista n c e
c u rv a tu re an d r e fr a c tio n T e c tio n s l
cO
f ' ! l i ;r \
9 Z -in mttrJ
2
/ = 0 0 67 3 D q , : r
in Ji (

\
164
h at
th e e a rt
ta r\ n
t to o B
B D d ic u la r to
e rp e
n ta l lin e p

B D = ho zo " :;
f ho zo n lin e L
d ip t .
Q = o
th e ta r g e n
lin e a i d tb e a rc C A a t e =
de d by
cp
b te n
m e a n g le
X th e a n g le su
/
,
in ra d ia s
a rc
D ip 0 =
f th e e a r t}
\ '
T I
;t .M
u s o
C approx E qu a l to B )
D
in ra d ia n s (T a k in g
j J l r O
R
H e re D an d R m u st be ex p r e s s e d jn th e sa m e u n its
,
6 Se n s it iv e n e s s o f th e B u b b le
T e te rm s e n s iiiv e n e s s in th e con te x t o f a b u b b le th e e ffe c t
m ean s c a u se d b y th e
d e v ia tio n o f th e b u bb le p e r d iv is io n o f th e
g r a d u a tio n o f th e b u b b le tu b e
S e n s itiv e n e s s is e x p r e s s e d in te rm s o f th e
r a d iu s o f c u r v a tu r e o f th
e u ppe r
s u rc e o f th e tu b e o r b y a n a n le th ro u h h i h
g g w c th e a x is is tilte d fo r th d fl
e e e c tio n
o f o n e d iv is io n o f th e
g ra d u a tio n
D e te r m in in
g S e n s itiv e n e s s C o n s id e r F i
u p a t O a t a d is t
g 5 2 2 S u p p o s e th e le v e l w a s s e t
i a n c e D fr o m th e s ta fr a t p T h
e s ta fr r e a d i
b u b b Je a t th e e x t n g is ta k e n w ith th e L et
re m e r i h t e n d i
ta k e n w ith th
g ( e ,
a t ) s a
y it is pA A n o th e r s ta f r e a d in g is
e b u bb le a t t
h e e x tre m e le ft en d (i e At E )
r L e t it b e p B
0 m m M T nn r
F ig 5 2 2 D e te rm in in g S e n s itiv e n e s s o f th e B u b b le
th e le v e l a n d s ta f ,
dis ta rc e b e tw e e n
D .
th e u p p e r a n d lo w e r s ig h ts ,
vt S - in te rc e p t b e tw e e n
be r o f d iv is io n s th r o u g h w h ic h th e b u b b le is d e fle c te d ,
nu m
o f c u r v a tu re o f th e tu b e ,
b te n d e d b y E E .. d
g ie su a rc An
- an
a
h
le n g th o f one d iv is io n o f th e g r a d u a tio n , ex p r e s s e d in t e
d -
n its as D an d S
sa m e
M ovem en t o f c e n tr e o f b u bb le - EE ,
-
n d
d C B a r e s im ila r
OEE , a
n
Ta irg le
s
R a - a rc EE ,
Here y (5 5 )
,
, r l
'" l a -
R R
of
(a s rc E E r
-
c h o rd E E )
I
n r X D
v a lu e fo r d iv is io n in ra d ia n s
g u la r
'
a =
an on e
or a
2 0 6,2 6 5 se c o n ds (1 r a d ia n - 20 6 ,2 6 5 se c o n ds)
D n
=
j
P po b le n t 2 A la m p a t th e to p o l a lig h th o u s e is v is i b [e ju s t a b o v e th e h
om on
le v e l T h e d is ta n c e o r th e la m
T ro m a s tctio n a t se a
p Jio n the
s ta tio n is 3 0 a n F in d th e h e ig h t o th e ig h th o
use
S o lu tio n T h e la m p is v is ib le a b o v e th e h o r iz o n d u e to th e b in e d
co m e ffe c t o f
c u r v a tu r e a n d r e fr a c tio n
W lc n o w th a t 2
e h =
0 0 6 73 D (h e re AL = D =
30 km )
2
- 0 0 6 73 (3 0 ) _ 60 57 m
H e n ce ,
th e h e ig h t o f th e lig h th o u se is 6 0 5 7 m
D = 30 k m
L am p A (S ta tio n )
\, L ig h th o u s e
F ig P 5 1 .
P ro b le m 3 W ha t is th e v is ib h o r iz o d is ta
e n n ce fr o m a 50 m h ig h to w er?
to b e 6 3 7 0 ]a ?
,
y a I is th e d ip o th e h o r iz o n ,
a ssu m in g th e ra d its o th e e a r th
th e r e la tio n
Fril
,
2
h - 0 0673 D w h e re D =
v is ib le h o z o n d is ta n c e , an d
D = h i h e ig h t o f to w er - 50 m
D 27 2 6
D ip o f ho z o n -
r a d ia n s -
r a d ia n s
R 6, 370
x
18 0 6 0
m i. - 14 7 1 . In
10
D r
- 12 19 k m
0 0 673
d b je c t D + D
H e n c e , d is ta n c e b e tw een m an an o =
l 2
27 26 + 1 2 19 = 39 4 5 km
bien5 J m a n a t a p o s itio n Jo m a bo v e se a I o b s e ?v e s th e p ea k H
h itt T h e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e n ia n a n d th e h ilt is 8 0 km F in d
a
\he he igllt o th e h i
l
S o lu io l W e lc n o w th a t co m b in e d c o rr e c tio n
2
6 1 000 D
,
X
2R
2
6 1 00 0 D

,
(R =
ra d iu s o f th e e a r th )
7 12 8 80
,
0 0 66 5 D
2
(2R = d ia m e te r =
12 , 8 8 0 k m )
D t

3 8 7 8 km (1
10 0 m )
an d
D is ta n c e B = D ]
+ D 2
- 38 78 + 47 49 .
= 86 2 7 k m
.
p ro b
em 7 w h e n th e b tb b
e is a t th e c e n tr e th e r e a d in g on th e s toi
,
M
,
d e v ia te d by Jv
ie
fro m th e le v e l is 2 5 5 0
, m le b b b
e is th e n
d iv is io n s a n d th e s ta B re a di
b u b b le is 2 m a td t
iit
m ,
c a lc u la te th e r a d iu s o f c u r v a tu r e o th e b u b b le tu b e
a n g u la r v a h e o o n e d iv is io n o f th e b u b b
e

L e v e
s ta fr
in te r c e p t, S 2 550 2 5 00
ile e ,
' ' 0 0 50 m
Q
i
a l
Jv ll
Jr n - 5 d iv (d e v ia tio n )
d - 2 m m - 0 002 m (le n g th o f o n e d iv is io n )
D = 10 0 m (d is ta n c e b e tw e e n le v e l a n d s ta f )
Ei f d iv is io n
th a t th e a n g u la r v a lu e o one
w e kn ow

a
'
2 0 6 , 2 65 s
n D
a
'
= 20 s,
S = ? (s ta fr in te r c e p t) ,
2 d iv is io n s (d e fle c tio n ) an d
n = ,
D d is ta n c e o f th e s ta f fro m le v e l =
A '
\ 1[J? 20 = X Z UO ,
z o J
2 10 0
20 2 10 0
S
0 0 19 m
2 06 265 ,
So th e e rr o r is 0 0 19 m
,
59 A U T O NG
L EV E L L
ii u u iu ;. .
p y le v e t o r b u t e r du c v c T ,
a u to m a tic le v e l, a ls o kn ow n as m
h r iz o n ta l p la n e T h e
e r m a r kin g o p tic a l m e a s u n g d e v ic e u s e d to e s ta b lis h a o
ti
,
in sh u n e n t c a n b e u s e d fo r s m a ll s c a le s u c h a s r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g c o n s tr u c o n
to a bi c iv il n in e r in its w id e r a n \ s o f u s e th is in s tr u m e n t
g g p ro je c t D u e to
,
e g e
ba s be c o m e v e i l
r y p o p u la r a m o n g p r o fe s s o n a s
T he te rm a u to m a tic te v e l c a n a ls o r e fe r to d ig ita l a n d la s e r le v e ls th a t u s e
dife re n t tio n , w h ic h is v e r y
te c h n o lo g ie s to e n s u r e th e a c c u r a te le v e llin g o p e r a
m a
m a

c i
T a n ge " t
(d j e o f th e
in a g
S id e V ie
A
m t t e d o v er
ip
e o f
B p r in c
le v e l h a s
a u to
T he
sp u n to ho
pr
"
e
s e
m a r k e r is
:
a
th e Ja s e r . Th e c
o n it,
l m o u n te d i ke d u p by a se ns o
th e Ja s e r le v e l b e a m is p c g m e el
o n ta l p a
ln e 7 r e
ing t ha t a I e A dan p ln
ilJtm in a tin g a h o z r d i nd i ca t in g v
u d i bl e b e e p so u w a n te
d w
a ima k ing a
n a
u t m a so n u n
r ad u a t ed st f fu l fo r s e ttin g o y w o
i d T Jris is u s e T he r e t ic u le is
h e v e
p la n e h a s b e e
n a c
b u iJd in g T he eye
o f fo u n d a tio n w o rk o f a r e fe r
e n c e
i
4 D ig it a l L e ve l internal fo c u ss n g
to
th e t e le
i
o re a d di i t sc o pe
s a n e le c tr o n c e y e
,
T h is is th e fo rm o f e v e ] th a t u s e
a u to g ta l b a r
o f th is in s r u m
t e n t is its a b ilit to
co : .
d a ta o n M e g r a d u a te d s ta fF T h e b e a u ty y re c
i f r m a tio n o n c u r v a tu r e a n d ord
d a ta b e in g m e a s u r e d a Jo n g w ith c o rr e Ja tin g n o re fr a a
e fu l in r o a d p r o je c ts
j
v a Ju e s g iv e s a b e tte r q u a lity jo b T h s s u s
i i
,
5 La ser L in e L e v e l
T is is th e m o st com m o n Je v e J u s e d b y th e g e n e r a l p u b lic T h e
y a re c o m
p a c t an d
e a s y to u s e A h o r iz o n ta l o r v e r tic a l la s e r lin e is d is la e d a c r
p y s th e s u r f
o s
a c e the
Je v e s e t on p r o v idin g a le v e l lin e to x u p in te r io r d e ta ils o f a h ,
o u s e T hi
,
be e n u s e d in e Je c t c a l lu m b in g w o r k s in d o m e s tic s h
, p
a n d c o m m e rc i l
a b u ild in
gs
A T y p ic a l
P a r ts o f a n A u to
Le v e l
.
T h e a u to
e v e J h a s th e f JJ
o o w in
g c o m p o n e n ts in th r e e d i O b je
f e r e n t v ie w
R ig h t s id s
.
e V ie w
Te Je v e Jin U ) 7P
g h e a d js a v e im p o rta n t
t l
y com
(a ) A c ir c u la r p o n e n t in th is ie w
p a te
v It h a s t e e pm
o r tr ib a h
,
c
, w h ic h i
c a rr e s
a sp r it le v e l a n d th e in s tru m ent C
(c ) A fo o t Ja t . A dv a n t
p e or tr iv e t a t
ta c h e d
to th e t T h e le v ll
ri
T e h o riz o n t in g
a l c irc po d he a d e
e , ju s t a bo v e th e tr ib
T h is le
v el cai
ra c h a llo w s th e n in
in s tr u m ro tate g e e r in g
,
e en t to p
fo r r
p o fe s s io
. .


'" g iv
'"'"'"
e
e ' = th e b u b b le
n e ' ' " iit'e m
T he o b je c t fo c u s s in
g s c re w to fo c
(c ) e n t s c re w s
u s th e
s ti ff o
Tan g o n e ac h s id e h e l r o th e r o b je c t im
a ge p ro p e rl
p i y
er a d ju s tm en t fo r f c u s s in
q g th e
S id e V ie w
L e ft
3 fitte d o v er th e sp h e r ic a l le .
ir ro f v e l is th
A

r e o n ly n ew
TP
" in th is
l U !
li
iii
o ? '
" v ie w
ip
e o f o p e r a t io n
$ p r in c
u to
le v e l h a s a co m
p e n s a to r m e c h a
. e a n is m th a t u s e s
ir r o r a n d in g P r is m
' " v a c o m b in a t io n o f fi
x e d
" " ,
su s e n d
p e d o n .
e n d u lu m
: re n c
e B y s e tt in g u P t h e c o m
Th e c e n tr e o f th e r e tic
p e n s a to r c o r r e c tl
p to g iv e a
y it w ill e n s u r e th a t th e
h o z o n ta l
ra y o f
,
tt h r o u u e is e x a c tl
y h o r iz o n ta l
i m e c h a n i s m i l
s a s o in tr o d
A da m p g
n .
u c e d w ith i
n th e
w in g in g d u r in g m o v e m e n t
p e n d u lu m s y s te m to p r e v e n t
a n te d s o f th e A u t
u rrw o le v e l
i u le is a g la s s p la te w ith n e
Tire r e t c c r o s s h a ir
e m b e d d e d to
p r o v id e h e ig h t
: . u s s in g le n s is c o n tr o lle d b y th e fo c u
to b r in g th e o b je c t im a
s s in g s c re w
,
s itu a te d " " s id e . '
dle te le s c o p e ,
g e c le a r '
" t
. l
: p a r ts
u m en t C Adva
, n ta g e s
r a te ly b y u s in g a n a u to le v e l
Je v e Jlin g p e r a tio n c a n b e p o s s ib le m o r e a c c u
o
Tis le v e l c a n b e u s e d in s m a ll s c a le r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g p r o je c ts to la r g e c iv il
en gin e e r i n t is a d v a n ta g e o u s
ro ta te n g p r o je c ts T h e w id e r a n g e o f u s e o f th is in s tr u m e
fo r ro fe i
p s s o n a ls T h e te le s c o p e o f th is in s tr u m e n t n e e s
d o n ly b e a p p r o x im a te ly
T h e p r in c ip le is ex p Ja in e d as fo llo w s
h =
Pro ce du re
F ro m (5 8 )
s up p o s e dB a re tw o p o in ts o n th e o p p o s ite ba n ks o f a r iv e r
l
l,
an
T he len i 2 1
is se t up v e ry n e a r an d a fte r p r o p e r te m p o r a ry a d ju s tm e n t, s ta ff
ta k e n a t a n d B S u pp o s e th e r e a d in
readi
a re
gs a re a l a n d b ] [F i 5 2 4
2 T e
g (a )]
e v e is s h ilte d a n d s e t u p v e ry B
near an d a fte r p r o p e r
s ta fF r e a din g s a r e ta k e n t d B Su pp o
adjusm
a an se th e r e a d in s a r e
g a 2 an d b
t
et =
tr u e d ifre r e n c e f It m a y be
o le v e l b e tw
een A an d B
e -
com bin e d is equ al
e iT o , d u e to c u r v a tu r e
r e fr a c tio n a n d c o i m ti d B
a o n (Th an
,
e rr o r m a be p o s itiv e
y Or n e a
g tiv e h e r e th e
p o s itiv e ) , e rr o r is a s su m ed
) rL C
i ' i
5 11
. PR O
; . J
'
,
P

ro b le m 1
l is v e r
1
" L tlc le v e
B y n ear )
' " -.
Db , e .
Tr u e d i re
,

nc up
e w
w w be tw A t}
n ea r
,
een an d b W h e n th
h -
a ,
e le v
3 055 F
(fa ll fr o m in d r
B to ff th a t
,
) (5 8 o f L
()
F ig 5 24 R e c ip r o c a l L ev e
lin g
d ca se
n th e se c o n ,
r e a d in B b2 (a s le v e l is
C o rre c t s ta f
g at =
n ear B )
re a d in
C o rre c t s ta ff g at =
a 2 e
f le v e l,
S o , t m e d iffe r e n c e
o
h =
(a 2 e ) b, (5 9 )
F ro m (5 8 ) a n d (5 9 ) ,

a i (b e ) + (a 2 e ) b2
It m ay be o b s e r v e d th a t th e e rr o r is e lim in a te d an d th a t th e tr u e d if e r e n c e
is e q u a l to th e m ean o f th e tw o ,
a p p a re n t d if e r e n c e s o f le v e l b e tw een
an d B
5 11
, PRO B LEM S O N NG
R E C IP R O C A L L E V E L L
3P " I
iw o lu n 1 n a n o p e r a tio n in v o
v in g e v e lli
ip r o c a l re c
B a
z ta ke n o n o p p o s ite b a n k s o f a r iv e r W h e n th e le v e t w a s s e t
lrp n e a
r A ,
th e s ta fF r e a d in g s o n A a n d B w e r e 2 2 4 5 a n d 3 3 7 5 r e s p e c tiv e y
le v e l w a s se t\ n ea r B th e r e sp e c tiv e s t $ re a di
,
F in d th e d if e r e n c e d B W h a t is th e RL B
tn te o f le v e t b e b v e e n a n o ,
/ IL 2 595 D is ta n c e A B .
5 00
B O 9 85 Z 4 / o f

525
500
F in d
(u ) T h e In te R L o B .
(b ) T h e c o m b in e d c o r r e c tio n To r tu r e a n d
cu n ?a
'
e fr a c tio n
(c ) T h e c o im a tio n e lT o a n d
,
@ W ie lhe r h e tm e o c o tttb ta lio n ls in c lin e d u p w a cs i o 7 do v M J

ar a
S o ttio n
(a ) T r u e d i e r e n c e o f
e v e l b e tw een A an d B
-
(2 595 J
5 5)+ (2 4 15 0 9 8 5)
"
-
4 3 5 '
m (fa lfr o m A to B
fB
)
:, o =
52 5 5 0 0 4 3 5 52 4 0 6 5
,
=
m
(b ) C o m b in e d c o rr e c tio n io r 5 00 m -
0 0 6 73 (0 5 )2 _
0 0 16 8 m (n e ga tiw
et Co
im
, a tio n e rr
or in 5 0 0
m =
, ) o s itiv e as it is in c Jin e d
u p w a rds
,
W *e n th
e e r ro r )s p os it{v q c o n e c li
uo n w itt b e
W h e n th
n e g a tiv e d v ic e v e so
a
e in s tr '
i J ;
u m en t . ,
c o rr e c t is a t A
s ta lT r e
;15 5
'
a d in
,

'
1
g at .
nl
(a s le v e l is n ear )
00
T u
-
e d iffe
(1)
re n c e
an d 62 1
"
io d B
, , 15 5

(2 )
1 4232
e -
1 4 350
e -
0 0 1 18
L o tllim
a t i
u o n e rro r
pe r 10 0 m 0 0 1 18
= 10 0
iD
b
o oo23 m
i T he c o llim a t io n e rr o r w as
(d) a ss u m
d

( e a d in g s
S t] R is e F a l R L R e n a r k
BS s FS
1 905
10 0 0 0
2 6 52
. . y y 2 53
3 245 0 59 3 9 8 660
1 350 1 550 0 2 00 98 18
1 8 15 0 4 65 9 7 6 19
2 05 0 0 235 9 7 3 84
3 14 5 1 095 9 6 2 89
o
1 72 5 1 42 97 709
E 5 10 9 7 4 1 724 4 0 15

H

- b le n ],

F i
.
e re ,
by c p ro
7 4 2 29 1
5 10 9
=
E BS FS -
1 72 4 4 0 15 =
2 29 1
E F a li
=
E R is e
9 7 70 9 10 0 0 0 =
2 29 ]
F ir s t R L
-
L a st R L
" h el
b t /ow ng
ar v lev e J , he ) i l
re we
. f e 4r ) n I slfrg l
co m
h e.
l le v e l
l
;
.i in g "L
u n d e r ta M n g re c ip r o ca
I t\ r m J t t l u f
I
ttflit( i
\ 13 t..
.-(: A 72 5 1 3 70
B 1 560 1 235
r t h e t rin e co ttrin z l io li i) ahnenl ? m a l s lo u

ar b e
th e
j ; ; XX X t e o f C o
l
+
S o Ju o W h e n th e in s tr u m
n e n t is a t ,
A p p a r e n f d i e r e n c e
t,

o f Je v e = 72 5 1 3 70 -
0 355
m
w n e n th e in s tr u m t is a t B
\i j:
'
en
:
:
A p p a r e n t d iiTe r e n c
e o f Je v e J I 560
=
I 235 -
0 3 2? 5<J
S in ce th e tw m
o ap p a re n f d ilk r e n c e s a re n o t e q u a l th e
lin e o f
c o lli
,
m a tio
T r u e d iT e r e n c e ,
n is TI
o r le v e
b e tw een 0 355 + 0 325

an d B =
_
0 340
2 m
(fa ll o m B to A
))? t he )
s am d se tuq
C o rre c t re
a din B
g at -
1 235 m
(a s th e te v e l is n ear B)
B u t th e
o bs e r v e d
s ta fF re
a d in
g 5 6o m
) a t A is le s s
th a n th e c o rr e c t r ea dir
A m o un t
o f co J
im a tio n
e rr o r =
5 6 o
1 575 =
o o 15 m

) i L e ve
H ng
F ir s t
50 le v
t . " " " ' 24 5 , 725 ' 520 .
d iffe re n c e o f le v e l 3 04 5
fe n t 2 14 5
=
A pp a
=
0 900 m
th e tw o a pp a re n t d iffe r e n c e s a re n o t e qu l th e lin
s in c e a , e o f c o l m n t in n is n o t
en t
u sbn
jn a j
d
0 52 0 + 0 900
d if re n c e o f le v e l =
T . '"
0 7 10 (fa ll fr o m )
_
J u A to B
h e i n s t m m e n t is a t B
vhe n t
C o r r e c t s ta fF re a d in g at B 3 045
=
m (a s th e le v e l w as n e ar B )
C o rr e c t s ta fr re a d in g at = 3 04 5 0 7 10 2 335
=
m
n ol fr d in g a t A (2 14 5 m ) is le s s th a n th e tr u
u t th e o bs e rv e d s ta re a e s ta ff re a d in g
So th e Jin e o f c o llim a tio n is in c lin e d d o w n w a r d s
Q 335 m )
C o llim a tio n e rr o r -
2 14 5 2 335 =
0 19 0 m
So a c o rr e c tio n o f + 0 19 0 m sho u ld b e a p p lie d at A

,
RL o fB = 4 50 0 00 0 7 10 = 4 4 9 290 m
5 12,
O N O F R ED U C ED LEV EL
M ET H O D S O F C A LC U LA T
fo Jlo w in g a re th e tw o s y s te m s o f c a lc u la tin g re du ce d le v e l
J T he co llim a tio n s y s te m o r h e ig h t o f in s tr u m e n t s y s te m (H I)
2 T he r is e a n d ta ll s y s te m
I T he C o
im a t io n S y s te m
e re d u c e d f im
l tio n is id to b e th e h e ig h t o f th e
sa
le v e l o f th e lin e o co a
1sb u m o f c o m m a tio n
is fo u n d o u t b y
en t In th is s y s te m th e h e ig h t o f th e lin e
B S is ta k e n T h e n
,
ig the b a c k s i h t r e a d in
add n o n w h ic h th e
g g to th e R L o f th e B M
d w e llin g
a r
S n pe y iw
\ di f r e n t s e tu p s o f th e 1
l
p
e chan ge p o in t b y a
te d a t :h n F
c o rr e la
d ja c e n t p la n e s o f c o
llim a tio n a r e t s e ttin g
fr o m th e
a n e x
fr o m o n e s e tt in g a n d a
B S r e a d in g
Xgs ix
'
* o m th e R L o f th e i
s ta fr
t b y d e d u c tin g
th e
to b e fo u n d o u
in s tr u m en t
C o n s id e r F ig 5 25
J0 0 00 0
ig 5 25 C o llim a tio n S y s te m
x H
(a ) R L o f H in tir s t se ttin g - J0 0 0 0 0 + 1 2 55 = 10 1 2 5 5
'
R L o f = JO J 2 5 5 J 75 0 = 99 5 05
R L o f = JO ] 2 5 5 2 15 0 = 9 9 10 5
(b ) R L o fH I
n se c o n d s e ttin g - 9 9 10 5 + 2 7 5 0 10 1 8 5 5 a r ith re t
T l e
=
R f C 1 0 8 5 5 9 5 0 9 9 905 It d t
e r ifie d
o
N o te
= =
v
R fD 0 8 5 5 5 5 0 10 0 3 0 5 e R Ls
o
d t
=
=
an so
o n o n
Lr
th m e tic a check E B S E FS = L ast RL 1s t R L
h e d iTr e r e n b e tw th e s u m
ce een o f b a c k s ig h ts d th a t '
a n o f fo r e s ig h ts
to th e d ife r e n c e b e tw be m u st
R L a n d th e r s t R L
een th e Ja s t
rc u la tio n o f th e R L
T h is c h e c k v
o f th e H a n d th e r ifies
a t o f th e c h a n
: R s o f th
e in te r m e d ia te
g e p o in t T h e r e is n1o h
i
p o n ts
c e c k
2 R is e d
M a n fa ll S y s te m

n th is s y s te m th e
, dirence o f te v e J b e tw een tw o c o n s e c ti
u v e ' o in t i
P s s d e te r m in d
e
p r e c e d in g p o in t
re a d in g , a r is e is
s a id to h a
v e o c c u rr
o in t e d T he r i
P to g e t th e R
o f th e f se is a d d e d to th e R
o r w a rd L o f th e p r e c e d in
p o in t g
r e a d in
g , jt m e a n s th
e r e ha s
be e n fa JJ T h e f
p r e c e d in g p o in t t a
o g e t th a ll is b tr a c te d
e R of su
th e fo r o m th e RL f
w a rd
p o in t
o
Ute B M
t (w ith re sp e c t to ) =
0 75 1 25 0 50 (fa ll)
po in ith re sp e c t to A ) 1 25
t B (w 2 75 =
1 50 (fa w
r855 p o in ith re sp e c t to B ) 2 75
t C (w =
1 50 = + 1 25 (fa ll)
p o in ith r e s p e c t to C) 1 50
ttT
t D (w =
1 75 =
0 25 (fa ll)
p o in
10 0 0 0
fBM
=
o
R 0 50
f - 10 0 0 0 = 9 9 50
o
99 50 1 50 = 98 00
o fB -
98 00 + 1 25 99 25
f C =
RL o
99 2 5 0 25 =
99 00
fD -
RL o
E B S
e tic a l che ck E FS = E r is e E fa ll la s t R L 1 st R L
i
=
rT . , A r th m
d , th e d iffe b e tw th e s u m d th a t f FS th e
m e th o f B Ss
re n c e een a o s
In th is
o ,
th e s u m o f r is e s an d th a t f fa lls d th e d iffe re n c e b e tw een

n ce b e tw een o an
dire d th e fir s t R L m u st b e l
t RL an e qu a
the
la s
be
T he a r ith m e tic a l c h e c k is 1. t h e a c c u r a c y o c a lc u la tio n
m e a n t o ly to
g
n
e t o e s n o very
d h y o ie ld w o r k T h e r e is a c o m p le te ch e c k
v e r iie d
t t e a c c u r a c
L in fe r n e d ia te p o n ts n
i i t h e r is e a n d l s y s te m
o n th e R s o
f th e T w o S y s te m s
c o m p a f is
o n o
e s ig h ts m u st be
c h e ck v er ilie s R is c a n d F a ll S ! s t e m
C o llim a t ifn S y s te m
e r e is n o c he ck
It i la b o r io u s in v o lv in g s ev e ra
it in v o lv e s fe w ,
1 It is r a p id as
la tio n
c a lc u s
c a lc u la tio n s
th e R L f in te rm e d ia te 1
T h e r e is a ch e c k o n o
che ck o n th e RL of :
12 T h e re is n o
is d e te rm in e d p o in ts
in te rm e d a te p o in ts
im m e d ia te ly
a n b e d e te c te d
E r r o r s in in te r m e d ia te R L s c
A s a ll th e p o n
i ts a r e c o r re la te d
e c e d in g s ta fF de te c te d
o f
:h e p r e c e din g T h e re a re th r e e c h e c k s o n th e acc1Jacy
c he c k s o n th e a c c u r a c y
4 T he r e a r e tw o
RL c a lc u la tio n
ofR L c a lc u la tio n
:c ed in g s ta f T
l fo r n y le v e u in g
h is s y s te m is s u ita b e
lo n g it d in a l
5 T his s y s te m is s u ita b le fo
u
th e R L o
f r
e n o in te r m e
d ia te s igh ts
b e r o f w h e r e th e r e a r
n u m
le v e llin g w h e r e th e r e a r e a
in te rm e d ia te s ig h ts
r
, a re
, X . L o f th e Jin e o co
t r e d in th e s a m
Jlim a tio n is e n e
f
e h'
"zontal Ih
B S w a s e n te r e d ,
in w h ic h th e c o rr e s p o n d in g
o in ts s h o u ld b e le a r ly
h m a rks a n d c h a n g e p
c
6 Im p o r ta n t n o te b e n c
,
lu
de
Shd
in th e re m a rk c o m n
fo r th an d n in h :e rd in gs
3 5 0 , 2 2 4 5 , j 2 5 , 0 8 6 0 , 3 12 5 , 2 7 6 0 ,
8 3 5 , 4 7 0 , 1 9 6 5 , 1 2 2 5 , 2 3 9 0 , a n d 3 035 m
M a r k r u le s o n a page o f y o u r n o te b o o k in th e fo r m o f a le v e l b o o k pa e
tr it th e i g an d
e on a bo ve re a d n gs a n d fin d t e R L o f a ll th e
h p o in ts b y
T he co l
im a tio n s y s te m an d
,
2 T he se an d fa ll s y s te m
M ith m e tic a \ c h e
S ta tio n C h a in a g e BS JS FS RL o f l
i 1
p o in t
co
gL
(e m a r L 1
Wn :
m a
in : :
e L a st
16 5 3 15 0
2 ]0 1 2 3 5 5 14 PR O BT
80 98 085 .
2 245
3 98 9 90
19 5 P r o b le n 1 T
12 5
4 2 10 10 0 1 10
0 86 0 10 3 5 0 0
10 0 3 7 5 C h a ig e d 2 3 75 I 7 3 0
5 , 0
225
2 76 0 p o in t 3 630 m
6
24 0 10 0 7 4 0
8 3 5 Th e in s tr u n
10 1 6 6 5 la s t
re a d in g w
C o n td p o in ts
E BS E FS =
7 500 5 86 0 = + 1 64 0
i TL aq sq t R L lls t R T
\
9 72 5
o o y }c
9 9 0 85
n n n n r
= + l 6L 4 0n
1
an d fa ll s y s te m
r is e
dte
}'

i
5 s
(iw

Itmar k
in ;l t
( \lJ
( ) )
d 50
3 1Il50
2 24 5 0 90 5
9 8 0 85
9 8 9 90
12 5 1
2o 1o 0 1 10
3 12 5 0 86 0 0 265 10 0 3 7 5 C ha n ge d
p o in t
2 7 60 0 36 5 10 0 7 4 0
22 5
IP 24 0
1 835 0 92 5 10 1 6 6 5
1 4 70 0 365 10 2 0 3 0
2 55
P 2 70 1 225 ! 96 5 0 495 10 1 5 3 5 C ha n \ d
p o in t
2 390 1 16 5 10 0 3 70
2 85
:
99 725
7 5oo 3 ,5
h k: E B S E FS = 7 500 5 860 = + 1 64 0
Alhm e tic a l c e c
E R is e E fa ll = 3 94 5 2 30 5 = + 1 64 0
RL 1s t R L =
99 72 5 98 085 = + l 64 0
L ast
5 14
,
PR O B L E M S O N R E D U C T IO N O F L E V E L S
M o n s e c u tiv e d in g s ta ke n w itti a le v e llin g

e llowing re a w e re
3 4 5 0 2 8 3 5 2 0 70 l 8 3 5 0 9 8 5 0 4 3 5 l 6 3 0 2 2 5 5 , ,
a n d
,
J ga
5 64 5
.
.
-
P ro c e d u re
1 F ir s t c a c u la te th e
r is e an d fa ll T h e n n d
E B S E FS = 5 64 5 8 065 -
2 420
E R is e E fa ll = 3 6 10 6 030 =
2 4 20
2 Th e n L a st R L 1s t R L = 2 420
,
1s t R L = 1 10 2 0 0 + 2 42 0 =
1 12 6 2 0
o r
S b s t ih rte th is v a lu e fo r th e R L o f th e fir s t p o in t an d c a lc u la te th e th e r
u o s
in th e u su a l w a y
i
l '
E BS E F S T 7 4 8 0 . 7 2 5 0 = + 0 230
E R is e E F a ll = 5 12 5 4 89 5 = + 0 230
d c p to th e la s t p o in t a s u su a l T he n
t th e fr o m th e s e c o n
,
a lc u la e
N ow c
2
Is t R L = + 0 2 30
L
L a st R
! 1
10 3 7 9 5 0 230 = 10 3 5 6 5
R L
-
la te th e R L s
o f th e re m a in in g p o in ts
lc u
en c a
o v in g c o n s e c u ti\
di
W te J o re a
a 4 n e tr e
le v e
in te r v a ls o 30 m
M on

5 4 5 2 3 3 5 3 1 15 3 8 2 5 0 4 55 3 8 0 2 0 5 5
(o r ) rn ,
0 8 55
, , ,
, , ,
,
0 5 1 8 5 0 2 7 5 5 3 8 4 5 (o B)
2 855 3 4 5 5 0 5 8 5 ,
n
, ,
, ,
,
tr ie s in a e v e l bo o k
d p p ly th e u su a l
38 0 50 0 M ke en a n a
the p o f w as a
t r a d ie n t f B
thecl[s D e te r m in e t e g
so
trtio n
a tiu r
\ c
in a g c
i BS
Is Fs R is e F a l R L R e m a r k
FT? 0 855 3 80 500
30 5 4 5 0 690 3 7 9 8 0 Scanned by CamScanner

"
L
-
pj
0
2 2 85 5 0 80 0
.
.
240 0 5 85 3 4 55 0 6 00 3 74 5 '
30
T o ta l =
1 895
.
1 1 12 5 0 9 230
ro c e d u re o b s e rv e th a t th e g iv e n re a d in g s a re g r a d u a lly in c r e a s i
n g i" i
a II
f
1a t th e in s tr u m en t w a s s h ifte d a fte r 5 th a n d 1 0 th re a d in g s T h e n r
p o ceed
aS u
ie th o d slial
:h e c k E B S E FS = 1 89 5 l l 12 5.
= 9 230
E R is e II 0 9 230 = 9 230
La st R L 1s t R L = 3 7 1 2 70 3 80 5 0 0 =
9 230
d iffe r e n c e o f le v e l
F a llin g g r a d ie n t o f B
h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e
-
(i e 1 in 3 9 )
360 39
ro b le m 4 In N le v e tlin g fr o m a BM o R L J4 0 6 0 5 th e , jo
o w in g r e a d i\
w e re o bs e r v e d
B a c k s ig h t 5 4 5 2 69 5 , ,
4 5 2 9 2 5
,
F o r e s ig h t 0 575 ,
1 235 0 59 5 ,
F ro m th e la s t p o s itio n o th e in s tr u m e n t, s ix p e g s a t 20 ? in te r v a ls a re to be
io mj R
t o u t o n a u ? y r is in g g r a d ie n t o J in 5 0 th e jir s t p e g is to a v e a n
,
r 1 4 4 0 0 0 F in d th e
. . s ta F r e a d in g s a n d R s o tit e p e g s Scanned by CamScanner

\
1 54 5
r W
14 0 6 0 S
0 B M
." 035
14 3 8 5 5
0
2 7 80 i
0 14 5
14 4 0 0 0
2 3 80
0 40
IP W Q u u
1 4
1 9 80
40 0 400
3 ~ " 14 4 8 0 0
_ .
1 5 80
l r T : 60 0 400
1 4 5 '" 0 0 r
ce
d u re
rro r is e a n d fa ll fr o m th e g iv e n B s a n d F s
in d th e a n d c a lc u la te th e R L u p
1 F B S
l t
to th e
a s
is a t a r is e o f (1 4 4 0 0 0 14 3 8 5 5 ) 0 1 4 5 w ith r e s p e c t to
te r s t p e g
=
2 T
i t S th t ff d in g o n th e fr s t p e g is 2 9 2 5 0 14 5
la s t B S p o n o e s a e
r a ,
2 7
80
d ie n t is 1 in 5 0
in th e r is in g g r a
3 A ga ,
20
R is e p e r 2 0 0 400
So
c a lc u la te d a s u su a l
d in g s d RL s o f th e o th e r p e g s m a y be
s ta fr r e a
an
T he
E r is e E fa ll la s t R L 1s t R L
E FS
=
E B S
=
n ' "
5 395 0 14 6 0 0 0 14 0 B U ) + ) V
3 18 5
=
8 5 80
=
- + 5 39 5 = + 5 39 5
D u
m a lle
35 m
4 0 5 2 6 55 2 4
0 6 5 0 2 5 5
,
BS
,
,
,
0 5 5 5 2 4 0 5 111
FS 2 4 5 5 30 5 ,
,
th e la s t
F 0 1H
,
0 m RL
B M o 9 0 50
.
: =X,Xt'. D is ta n c e Ju '' " " " ' " -

b
ea c / a t .
\
a te th e
cu
RLs o f th e s e fo u r pe gs
gradie n t o f in o o c a


P eg 1 30
0 300
Peg 2 60 3 035
0 300
P B 3 90 3 335
.
3 635 0 300
Pg 4 12 0
T b ta = 9 300 10 3 5 5
.
1 95 0 3 00 5
P ro ce d u re
1 F in d th e
2 T h e fa llir
So ,
3 F ro m th e la s t B S th e fa ll o f th e fK s t p e g is 0 3 0 0 So th e s t
,
a ff read
fo is b ta in e d a s 2 7 3 5 (2 4 3 5 + 0 3 0 0 ) in
r th is p eg o g
4 E h p e g h a s a fa ll o f 0 3 00 a n d th e s ta f re a d in g an d RL
ac , can be t a lc u l
ard
y in th e u s u a l m a n n e r
a c c o r d in g
C he c k E BS E FS =
9 300 10 3 5 5 =
1 055
R is e E F a ll = 1 950 3 00 5 = 1 055
L ast R L 1s t R L = 89 4 4 5 90 50 0 = 1 05 5
p ro b le n 6 T l e fo llo w in g is th e p a g e F
oi a e v e bo
o k .
w he r e s o m e re a di

w e re m is s in g F izi in th e
.
m is s in g re a d in g s a n d cu
ca a te the
re du ce d le v e ls o r a li th e p o in ts .
n . Ri. . /, /s = R if , in / a L , L
1 8 95 6 5 0 Cp
1 35 0 0 7 50
JQ
IJ .
s
FS liw ull

( a r k

ni
BM
CP
1 34 0 1 00 0 2 5 0 84 5
2 8 5 0 84 5 2 50 0 00 CP
8 50
W 1 575 0 2 75 2 50 2 7 5
3 54 5 1 970 2 4 8 30 5
1 89 5 1 6 50 14 9 9 5 5 CP
li;;: 2 10 0
1 350 0 7 50 2 50 70 5
1 1 3 50 5 205 3 7 60
Tod . 12 7 9 5
pro ce d u re
2 3 2 50 0 750 4 000
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin + =
e =
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin e 4 = 2 34 0 + 1 500 = 3 84 0
M iss in g d a ta fo r lin e 6 = 2 34 0 1 00 0 = 1 34 0
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin e 9 = 1 89 5 + 1 6 50 = 3 54 5
M is s in g d a ta fo r lin e 1 0 = 1 3 50 + 0 75 0 = 2 10 0
ec k
E B S E FS = 12 7 9 5 1 1 3 50 = + l 44 5
E R is e E F a ll = 5 20 5 3 4 60 = + 1 445
L a st R L ls t R L = 2 50 70 5 2 4 9 2 60 = + l 445
AWSeqf,db00kM,h . A H. s in g . A din g ' " w " . i

m iu in n e ' ''' '' ' ' '' '' ' '' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' ''
S im
s
s R iw ll
R L
3 6 50
10 8 2 6 0
Z 0 9bo
_
2 750 1 1 10 10
3 2 83 0 1 930 10 9 0 80
3 64 0 0 8 10 10 8 ? 7 n

T
\$i{ i E BS
da t
d a ta fo
E FS
fo r
f
lin
lin
=
e
6 490
5
10
= 2 4 10
(F S ) =
6 070
1 32u
2 17 0
= +
=
0 4 20
( 2
1 Uu
7 50) =
, . .
+ 0 580
, ' .
v /
:
C p
/ E F a ll = 9 230 8 8 10 = + 0 420
, R is
e
1st R L = 10 8 6 8 0 10 8 2 6 0 + 0 420
R =

ast
:N

e g a tiv e
rg a
di
' " a ' "
Wti A d
-
a g a in s t c e
n g
p
j
ld t a fa ir n ber f illa g e s , to w an d o th e r
sho u
n s
ro a d co n n e c u m o v
() T h
,
e
c
la c e s
im p o r ta n t p
rc R i
s u r v e y , th e te n ta tiv e a l g n m e n
t m a y b e a lte r e d in s o m e
D u r in g th e
c n a r
k
i i
b e a r in g in m in d th e fo llo w n g p o n ts
p la c e s ,
d s burning g h a ts ,
2 60 d s h o u ld n o t p a s s th r o u g h b u a l g r o u n ,
(a ) T h e r o a i
th e r p la c e s o f w o r s h p
u e s , c h u rc h e s o r a n y o
10 te m p le s , m o s q
l b le p e r m a n e n t s tr u c tu r
es
s th r o u g h a n y v a u a
I h o u ld n o t p a s
(b ) t s
id is lik e ly to b e m o re
080
w h e re t e
h c o m p e n s a tio n to b e p a
70
90 CP
e tc
th e r ds c a n a ls , r iv e r s
ith ro a ,
ith in te r s e c tio n
70 s w o ,
d an d w
o f th e g r o u n
the n a tu r e
is sho w n in F ig 5 2 1
f th e ro a d A sam p le m ap
f th e c e n tr e lin e o
on bo th s id e s o
0 N g a tiv e
"
e
re a d in g
in d ic a te s
s ta fr h e ld
a g a in s t
ilin g
c e

CP
su rv e y M ap
5 27 c o rn p a ss
F ig
J iE Scanned by CamScanner
0 7UU J
u
0 83 5
1 2 60
24 8 580
0 9 55 0 305
0 67 5
0 830 24 7 7 5 0
1 2 75 1 50 5
0 77 5 24 6 97 5
1 655 2 05 0
2 16 0 0 50 5 24 6 4 70
0 4 50

su pp o se B B c c
q

.
,D a id D E
,
a r e th e d ir e
u in g in s tr u m e n t is c tio n s o f th e c
1 c
p la c e d a t s u ita b l
e p o s itio n s
em p o r a r y a d ju s tm e n ts , th e s ta tf (s a y ' " i )
r e a d in
. ading
'" n ' ' " g s a r e ta k e n T h e fir s t s ta fF m a d in
' ' " S c o lu m n A g
n d th e a st ' ' "
a r e e n te r e d in th
.
' " " h e
e IS c o lu
m n T h e fo r e b e a r in
M r lin e s h o u ld b e m e a s u r e d a n d g a n d b a c k b e a r in g
c
b e n te r e d in th e
ev el bo o k
ol

o ra r y
b en c h m a r k s s h o u ld
b e p la c e d a t s
Jie m p o m e c h a in a e in te r v a ls (s a
g y of
n th e r o o ts o f tr e e s o r s
o o o m ) o o m e p e rm an e n t
o in ts A t th e e n d o f th e y .
'
1, p
o ra ry b e n c h m a rk
a te m p m u st be
rk , p la c e d a t a s u ita h le p o in t F 1y le v e llin g
1 llo
l e v e llin g ) s h o u ld b e d o n e to
ck c o n n e c t th is T B M to th e s ta r tin g p o in t o f
(d e
'
o rk A t th e tim e o f fl l
da y s w y e v e llin g a 1th e T B M s (w h ic h w e r e p la c e d
i y ,
) a r e a ls o c o n n e c te d in o r d e r t. D e te c t th e la c e o f e r r o r T h e n e x t d a s
p y
:h is s ta r te d fr o m th e T B M
p la c e d o n th e p r e v io u s d a
le v e llin g a r e e n te r e d a s fo llo w s F i
y T h e r e c o r d s p e r ta in in g
r o lile ( g 5 2 8)
ro p
F ig 5 28 P ro file L e v e llin g
S ta r tin
// g P o in t o
ro a d p r o je
ct
C he c k E B S E FS = 7 075 6 000 = + 1 075
E R is e E F a ll = 9 94 5 8 87 0 = + 1 075
L a st RL 1s t R L = 24 6 990 2 4 5 9 15 = + 1 075
'
5 C r o s s s e c t io n a L e v e llin g
w n i ti
e p ro file le v e llin g is in p r o g r e s s c r o s s s e c o n a
l le v e llin g s h o u ld a ls o b e d o n e
,
T h e c r o s s s e c tio n s a r e ta k e n p e rp e n d ic u la r to th e c e n tr e lin e o f th e a lig n m e it a t

s o m e r e g u la r in te r v a ls (s a y 2 0 m 4 0 , e tc ) T h e p u r p o s e o f c r o s s s e c tio n a l le v e H in g
,
is to k n o w th e u n d u la tio n o f th e g r o u n d s u r fa c e tr a n s v e r s e th e c e n tr e o f th e r o a d
T h e le n g th o f c ro s s se c tio n depen ds u p o n th e n a tu r e o f th e w o rk In c a se o f
a lo n g the
,
o n e lin T he
o rd in a ry w o rk , th e le n g th m a y b e 2 0 o r 40 m o n e a c h s id e o f th e c e n tr e e
) If r e q u ir e
le v e ls a re ta k e n a t a n in te r v a l o f 5 m on each s id e A d d itio n a l re a d in g s m a y be
s Jo o f the d d e n ly ch an
pe ta k e n if th e n a tu r e o f th e g r o u n d s u r fa c e s u ge s
0 A B 80 3 0 5 2 5
p ro je c t C /S 1
1 40 2 650 0 50 0 2 4 -4 7 9 0 C / 2
60 0 950 0 850 8 0 0 24 6 59 0 C P
80 2 055 1 0 5 24 5 4 85 C /5 3
0 0 9 6 5 0 090 24 5 5 7 5
' " 20 30
B 2 60 30 ' 305
, 850
' 25 5 7 J0
0 545
2 4 6 2 8 5 C P
24 5 74 0 C /W
14 0
2 36 0 0 5 10 2 4 5 2 30
6 0
0 5 5 0 755 1 605
18 0 24 6 835 C P e /S 5
8 6 0 0 805
2 00 24 6 03 0
2 950
C 22 0 C D 1 .0 9 0 2 4 4 94 0
3 0 5 B C 300 30 0 890 J5 5 I 795
C P C /S 6
7 5 5
2 60 0 865 2 4 5 870
D 2 680
4 0 0 C D 2 10 0 925 244 945
15 J 350
300 2 7 0 4 0
246 355 C /S
32 0 2 10 5 7
0 75 5 2 45 600
340 2 655
E
0 55 0 245 050
3 60 3 250
TB M
D E 320 0 0 5 9 5
76 0 2 44 4 5 5
4 9 0
0 7 5 2 4 5 9 45 0
t o 4 5 W
T ta l 2 4 6 9 9 0 M Jr e p t o
/
L L '

s s s
( i\ t \

(L'n\rl
{ ig h
R
0 760
2 4 5 9 15
'
\

i C e n tr e a t
I 1 5 244 800 h a in

c ge a
10 2 3 60 0 R L is
0 4 85 2 4 4 3 15
ta ke n fr o m
r
+
1) U y ) 1 375 lo n g tu d in a i
24 5 690
s e c tio n
1 3 75 0 6 10 24 6 30 0
2 0 15
244 6 6 0

1 550 0 465 6 4 0 2 4 5 12 5
1 525 0 735 2 4 5 15 0
vt l
tin g
j
du
rMi g

5 2 62 0
2 4 3 9 75
0 7 70
J0
1 850
! d
0 875
15 0 9 75
4 04 0 3 980
20 0 975
1 103 5 : 2 44 R 50
8
-
2
T o ta l . E R is e E fa ll + 0 1 60
E FS
E BS
+
. 4 04 0 3 9 8 0
C he c k - 0 9 75
-
1 035
. . + 0 060
0 0 60
i a l S e c t io n )
l i o f p r o fi le (L o n g it u d n
6 p o tt n g
tw o s c a le s a r e a s s u m e d O n e is
o ttin g th e lo n g
itu d in a l s e c tio n ,
B e fo r e p
a lly o f I :
1 0 0 0 o r 1 : 2 0 0 0 a n d th e o th e r is t
h o r iz o n ta l s c a le w h ic h is n o m
,
,
h
i h 1 1 0 0 o r I : 200 A h o r iz o n ta l lin e is d
i
v e r tic a l s c a Je w h ic h s o
f e t e r : raw n
i h h i m a r k e d a lo n g th is lin e a c c o r d in t
as th e d a tu m ln e T e c a n a g e s a r e g o t u
h o z o n ta J s c a Je T h e n th e o r din a te s (p e r p e n d ic u la r lin e s ) a r e d r a w n a t e a ch
o f
th e c h a in a g e p o in ts T h e R L o f th e d a tu m lin e is a s s u m e d in s u c h a w ay th a t e
g ro u n d s u rfa c e can be s ho w n a bo v e th e d a tu m N ow th e v e r tic a d is ta n c e s (RL
f G RL f d a tu m ) p lo tte d a lo n
o o a re g th e o r d in a te s a c c o r d in g to th e v e ra l
sca
e The p o tte d p o in ts a re jo in e d to o b ta in th
e o u tlin e o f th e
g r o u n d s u r face,
(a s s h o w n in F ig 5 30) T h e fo rm a tio n lin e to b d
e r a w n in r e d in k O th
e r c o lor)r
c o n v e n tio n s a r e m e n tio
n e d in s u b s e c tio n 9
7 P lo tt in g o f C r o s
s S e c t io n
an d
v e r tic a l sc a
e s a re c
( ig 5 3 1)
F
om m on ly a do
p te d as 1 4 00
: an d 1 : 10 0 l
r e s p e c tiv e y
d
t,
E .
g
OQ
\:i
F
g
5
3
.
L
e
.
g
t
U
d
n
a
5
e
C
.
n
340
S L
}n a n a p


w iM l \a
lin!s
T he b .
(b ) b m k
w ith ?
D e sig
C u r v e
V
m e n t c h a
a lig n
T he d o u t an d
fb u n
a te
c a
1C
n a t e
'
d a n d ta b u l
ic a l c 1 r v e s
1f v e
t a r
th e m o u
1
i C h a p te r 1
o m p u ta t
C
o anu n 2 11
c o m p le t io n
A lte
r
G ro n d L e \r l en
t re i
C h a p te r
g
n
iv e n
(g th e t o ta l
. _ on Le ve l
C
m o f
T h
w
e n
o rk a s p er g
D IF F
D is tm cc
g H O R Seal 5 16

.
1 40
V E R Scal th
e 1
10 i 1 W h e n
f C S e c tio n le v e llin g
p lo ttin g o ro ss
tf th e
F ig 5 3 1 h e s ta ff a r
o f t
an d
d o w n a lo t
a t io n T 1
c o llim
is
t h e r e a d in g
s
W llin
a s th e w o r
k in g p r o file 2 L e v e
is a
so m a rk e d T h is s k n ow n
d as fo llo w s
S u p p o s e th e
T e fo rm a tio n Je v e ls a r e c a lc u la te
d ie n t 1 in 50 ha s b e e n
tio n lin e o f fa llin g g r a
a d o p te d W e kn ow
S u pp o se a fo rm a
m T h e r e fo r e , a l
e n F a ll p e r 2 0 m - - 0 4 00 m
x ed o n o pt
:
w ith th e w a
Fo m a tio n le v e l a t c h a in a g e 0 = 24 5 000 m
b y t a k in g a
en F o rm a tio n Je v e J a t c h a in a g e 2 0 = 24 5 0 0 0 0 400 24 4 600 th e le v e l is
=
m
F o rm a tio n Je v e J a t c h a in a g e 4 0 24 4 6 0 0 0 4 00 2 4 4 200 d
c o n t in u e
=
=
m
SO o n
9 . C o lo u r Co n v e n t io n
1
fa ) T h e d a tu m RL o f th e
,
g ro u n d a n d o u tlin e s f g ro
c h a in a e s a r e
, o u n d suces
g to b e ta k e n in b l
a c k in k
(b ) T h e o r din a te s a r e to b
e ta k e n in b l
u e lin e s
(c ) T he fo rm a tio n in e a n d le v e l
s a r e to b
(d ) T h e e ta k e n i
in is h e d s u r n re d in k
a c e is to b
e s ho w
(e ) T h e d e p th o f c n in b lu e i
u ttin n k
g is to b e w r it
( T h e h e ig h t o f b te n in re d in k
a n k in
g is e n te re d i
n b lu e in k
h1 9 7
fd
ad ie n ts (s a y 1 in 5 0 ) s h o u ld b e sho w n b e tw
i e en th e o r d i a te s a s
1 c gr
i th b la c k a r r o w s a t th e e n d s

: :M
C U L T IE S F A C E D
D IF F N L E V E L L IN G

5 16
,
h E n th e S t a ff is T o o N ea r th e
n s tr u m e n t
1 W d tio n s
v e llin g s
ta ft is h e ld v e r y n e a r th e le v e llin g in s tr u m e n t th e g r a u a
h le
,
if t e
is m o v e d u p
h e s ta t
f a r e n o t v is ib le In s u c h a c a s e a p ie c e o f w h ite p a p e r
,
f t
b th e lin e o f
l n th e s ta fr u n til th e e d g e o f th e p a p e r is b is e c te d y
o
d d ow n a o g
il S o m e tim e s
T h e n th e r e a d in g is n o te d fr o m th e s ta ft w ith th e n a k e d e y e
a
a tro n
co llim
ki h h th e o b je c t g la s s
d i is ta k e n b y lo o n g t r o u g
the re a n g
lin g A a La rg e Po n d o r La ke
2 Le v e
c ro s s
l v e llin g is to b e d o n e a c r o s s a v e r y w id e p o n d o r la k e
Su ppo s e th e e
f c e o f a s till la k e o r p o n d is c o n s id e r e d to b e le v e l
W e kn o w th a t th e w a te r s u r a
n a w a te r s u r fa c e h a v e th e s a m e R L
T w o p e g s A a n d B a re
The re fo re , a ll p o in s o
t
f th e la k e o r p o n d T h e to p s o f th e p e g s a re ju s t flu s h
h e d o n o pp o s ite b a n k s o
w ith th e w a te r s u r
fa c e T h e le v e l is s e t u p a t O l a n d th e R L o f is d e te m n in e d
f i m e d to b e e q u a l to th a t o f N ow
by ta kin g a n F S o n T h e R L o B s a s s u
the le v e l is s h ifte d a n d s e t u p a t 0 2 T e n
h b y ta k in g a B S o n p e g B , le v e llin g is
F ig 5 32 L eve llin g a c ro ss a L a rg e P o rd o r L a ke Scanned by CamScanner

S ) g d m
i l

% su \
O f E R O f + E R L o f F sa
m
Le v e lin g A
o n g a s te e p s l
c vw s s h jjje d d rj 6 o pe
h e ig h t B F i
an sc t u p a t o z The s ta R re a d in g B D is N o rc
s m ea su re d d aM
d F S d is m n ces In su c h
'be
the n Bs an ca s"
Th '
R L o f R o fF B F . u p a . " z
Ekp
m ay
lin g / . 2 A r e th e e t e u
H a t O z RL o B + B D ;r le T P o s itio n s o f in cl
q l L
e b c th E d
i t o im
g
d S
(F ig 5 3 5 )
n Sz 5
Th e
tJing is s 3 1h c
Posis
m c o n tin u e d by & in g e o f
w o o ut H J o f tJre s e ttin
g (F i& 5
3 3
ll

O j '
c
8 5 33
h*g Ac na as ot id wm
5 W h e n is A b o L in Fi 5 35 La in
e \
ve e o f c o im a t io n g a ltM g a S t p s lo pe
i s p = S a i
n $ i 2 3 b bE n n o f a n d z e ird c r
S = o f i\ g o r o n th e b o t Ln e llin g is co n tin u e d in th is m a n n e r a n d th e R 1 s f e
a C= iTL I ipps l ie om o p o in ts a re calcula
z o f p o im s a b o
e thhzightof T Le v e
in g A cro ss a R is n g G ro u n d or D e p r e s s io n
S e B $ x 5 i& a 0 J c e ra m ile le v e llin g a c r o s s h ig h g r o u n d e le v e l sh o u ld n o t b e p la c e d o n W o f 1h is
o cuJm an d th a t ji5 r q u ir r d M g h g r o u n d b u t o n o n e s i s o th a t th e lin e o f c o u im a tio n ju s t p as s es ni o u d r
B ! i5 e a pex
% jJ mi a n . eg m e s ig n
m i x r c H e e i n T 11 c r e n
z W i
e le v e llin g depressio th e In e l s ho u ld be se t u p o n o n e s ide a n d
S r = E e
a pp r t
p r ia e c o u r n n L e t th e B S a n d n a c ro s s a
r p= d {F 5 34 ) n o t a t th e b o tto m o f th e de p re ss io n [F ig$ 5 3 6(a ) a n d (b )1
a o s
: an

\\w in * a rc th e P m n i
T ru ib l
c m

n fo r d
lfe r
m l
i\

Jw * Z u tu ' " n
c n
M W t o 0 25
J
c
) A c e u r c v c llin

N LE V E L L
NC t o o 12

5 17 S O U R C ES O F E R R O R J
'
e In
w ln
c
n u r

n b lin
*
1 o oo6 J
T he fo
h r d m
o w ln a rc D H =
D E T E R M IN A T IO
m \ p u m n t* E m 5 9 N OF S
T A D IA
C O N ST
1 m c 0
th e M l o l i nut nn m ) n

d b p w
lu
y
a \H
u m
-

F n m
h c h c u ry o f th e *
w
o p c il
kn m
A NT
hu
n
q
q
T h * n
c m . M # m M *
IT a y n t4
b
a w n n N
b* * t rm
"
(f) "
V Uj
(c ) T h o n d = u n o f b b

1) d ir ta n e c b ew
w he n ce n v en i
l u i o f
q
2 P * r s o n a E r r o r i lc l c c o *
a n d h n
n tw
h I m
y le n g th n f lrru
la ) T h c n m e n l n u ) n
m i gc
l u y n b D ilTc rc n c c
t y p m l o i
b M 1 o f re a d in
(b ) T e fiuuin) r l= m g b * cc n
hc
\ to w
lla \ r lm ia n l cr
in y n an d rp ln r su d ia
la m m a
y n and
h w m y b hc c
al u n gc
(c ) T h c
w o n o f
su n
o \ in * F S
f m d tls n ln p 1o o T h e q u a n i
y (f + d ) il lle d th t
ca
alli w co n u a nl
cf o B u t w m c tim es i
s \a
uc lie s bc w c an d i
s v a lu e is
m n o rm a ll
an d 30 y
T hc m f th e

uc o c o n 5 1a n a rc cm
o b ta in e d b
y co m pu
aio m m lie ld m ea s u re m e n
p ro ce du re s
b r l A lin e O r a bo ut 20 0
m lo n
(n A w m n g cntry m ay b n w k h
n
B is m ca s u n d o n l
e v e l ro u n d
2 Pe g s a rc fix e d a lo n g
(g ) T h e s ta lT y n o l bc p m pc rly l lN a tc n d l g h is lin e a l a k n o w
m n n in tc n u l s
a y o f 2o m
3 \c in s tru m
T e n t i5 5c l u
p a O a n d s b dia h a ir
t
3 re a d in g s a r c la k
Er ro rs du e to N a tu r a C a u s e s u f hc gs en a t ea c h
b e c u n a tu m 4 T h u s l
\c v a lu e s fD dS
(a ) W h c \ th e l s hn c t o f s ig h t i& W u r lh c e a r th n
o an a re kn o w n fo r each o f the p e g s
y 5 P u tin g lh c s c lu c s
th c s
a lT n cu d in g \n o fD an d S in M e e q u a tio n
(b ) T h e c n ix f faction lr
(f)
tu m a y c ]u j c a u m g ta m d in 8 o t
l a "
lc ) T h e e t o f hig h w n ls
i a n d * s h in in g su n n a y m u lt in
" " ' '
a w
o nB m
re a ilin g
w e gc t a n u m ber o f e q u a tio n s
18 pER M
4
S S IB L E E R R O R
N LEV ELL
N G
rh e p re c is io n o f c \r lin g is a s c e rta in l a L c rd in
g [o th c c r ru r i r c
oa ue Tk '
re m r is s ib le
im it o F c lo s in e m Jr d e e n d s u n h
g p p o c n a tu re o [ w o rk fo r w hic h
e v e l
in g is to b e d o n e P e r m is s ib l
e c o s in g e rro r is e x n H d O l2 l
p as
2 00 m
E c
h e re E D a in in g S ta d ia C
c lo s in g e rr o r il m e
e s
F ig 5 3 7 c rm o n su n t
a
a d
uAi
se v c r
(H i)
to get

6 th e s
ta
m as
+ d) is -
:" sho u ld a \s o bc m cn o d \n O = y o a l c

d i cn pl r
s t
bt dB
n db l d e with a le e l
* m a fe m
a
tio n s
d b s e rv a U ppe d ia
ie o r s ta W

fo o w in g tid ia
T he cf s
Ex a m p
e Low 3 64 5
m eu es 0
D in I 645 2 850
F i= 5 38 D m w n
20 0 0 5 0
m ts M d \u
co n s S u p po se e u p pe r m M = m r * 3 ' 5o \ \w
d a
a
d d itiv e m
in g
m u ltip y
Le t u s fin d th c
A B (3 2 5 0 1 150 ) 100 t0 m
t
at d)
W e
an o w
L s + +
Then
0 A D JU S T M E N T O F
d) y PER M A N EN T
L X m + 5 21 n \a tio n sh \p b c m m
d e s ir e d f m d a u a t o f
b l\s h m c n t o
f D
i (5 lq c s ta
L et m c \ is te r m e d n r m a n c n \ d J S
xs
+ y in s tru m c n
D \ c \lin g o f \ n m m c m \ c n o m
r e c tific a t o n
i
C
n s o \\o w x
f n d i m c n ta \ lin e s a r e
T hc u
i l o m m a t io n
\n n c
t T hc
c
is u \h c b u b b le tu b e
2 T hc ax
r t ic a l a l is
3 Thc ve
x is o l \h c
tc \e S C O
4 T h c a
\a tio n ih ip s b c
m e c n th e \im an
i r e
M e fo \to g
w n
m ti h o u ld b e n \\c \ to 1h e a x o f C
o f co n
m n o s
\ T h e lin e w \rh 1h c a x u o
C 1d c * U Pc
i \d i k
: T hc l n e
i o l c o \lim n t o n s h o u c o \n c
Th
1o U w n ir a & m
d b
3 T hc a\ q
i n r th c b u b b \c s h o u \ e
F ro m E q (5 I I) 2 000 10 0 0
Y 2 00
J i 10 0
th c tc \c s c o
ta n t w
M tip ly in g c o
ns
T h c n fo r c (f + d ) O
n t
A d d itiv e c o n s a u m W o f& e
\\ \ c
2 000 \ \ tb m c i& a y cn m
3 64 5 1 64 5 l rw c rs a \ s u tc ) *
n m *
S T h c p r in c \p lc m w
n b \
c a se \C
(a ) ]n th e rs l
1 80 0 \\\ b c u b \c d b y m m m
s 2 8 50 1 0 50 in s n u m cnt Th e n \\ u
d c a se
( e s c o n
A M ET H O D
ST A D
D E T E R M IN IN C
D IST A N C E B Y
5 20
B m m N y
d is ta n c e B h e re c n a n l r e \ c ts a \
is t le q u ir e d Io m e a s u e
r th e
w
p n c ip lc n
1 S u p\
c \ at\onhip . "
V
p o s s ib le r c v e rs n \
e
pn n c ip lc n \
la\
a ra
lim in a tin g th c p
3 T e s ta fl is h e ld a l B A fte r p ro pc f fo c u s s in s (e
t ke n
a n d lo w e r s ta dia re a d in g s a re a
U e u pp e r
p
g
2 04
n d A a iu s tm e n t 2os A
Se co
A n er b n g in g th e h h h \ " \h c Cent e
o fi ru n t l) Rh su Ai G
: "ad\ngs a r c " d b
d iffe
re n c e a s th
is th e tr u c \ v e \ is s e t
up i M id
l 5 4 0 1a 11 y b t n B s an d
c ip
e o F R e v e rs a F s tF ig
9 pM i f N
n g 5 3 T he n th e r s e o r is d e te r m in e d b
y c m p a in g 1h e s u
e a di g s
h e le l is s
h ifte d a n d s c T u a t
(b ) T p P \ ( Er n e
f D u m py Le v e
h ft y a A ) sa
y a t a o lm a m d
n t o fro m A T e n a e r p r o p e r \e "li g o l\o i
A d ju s tm e g th e u s u a \ EM d) su
A pe rm a n e n t i s a t A a n d B a e m k n S u p p o s e th e
re a d n g
"dinga i c \ a n d b
a ke
th e a x is
o f th e b u b b le tu be Perp T h e n th e a p p a r e n
t d ie r e n e c o f \e
c \ is t a le t \m d
lr ig 5 40411
d ju s m en t is 1o m
(c )
1r th e tr u e d iffe r e n c e a n d a p p a e n t d ic re n c e a r e e q u l th e lin e f
1 T 1e firs t a
t io n is in a d ju s tm e n t 1f n o t th e li
f co m a tio n p a r a lle l h co m n a n e o f c o M m a o n is in c lin e d
k e th e lin e
o
is to m a th e s e c o n d s e t u p \e t e b e th e s ta n r e a d in g o n B a t th e s a m e \w e \ o f
se co n d a d ju s m e n t d ) In
2 T te a d in g a \
th e s t a r e
is o f th e b u b b le tu b e
ax
T hen e a \ tru e d ife r e n c e
in
f co im a tio n p a ra lle l to s ig n in th e
p o s itiv f fa \\
he e o e c a se o d th e n e g a ti e s ig n w hen e n
d 1o m a k e t the a
th e an
a d o p te (U se
e d u re is
T h e fo llo w in g p ro c )
is a r is
e
bu b b le tu b e
a x is o f th e
T le v e l is s e t u p o
n fa ir ly
ic
(a ) T h e
f fo o t s c r e w s a n d b y tu rn is
l to y p a ir o
l c e d p a r a lle
an g
(h ) T h e te le s c o p e is p a b o th o u tw a r d th e b u b b le is b ro u
ith e r b o th
in w a r d o r
s e
(h e fo o t s c re w
rT th e c e n th e th ir d
s o th a t it lie s o v e r
to re
u h 90
h n turned th r o g
(c ) T h e te le s c o p e is t e fo o t s c r e w th e b u
b b le is b r o u g h t to e
i
ng th e th ird
s c re w T h e n by m D
ii c e n tr e e is in th e
th e b u b b c e n tral
l tim es u n til
(d ) T h e p r o c e s s
is re p e a te d se v e ra
d th e p o s itio n o f th e b u bble
18 0
is turned th r o u g h
an
ll (e ) N ow th e te le s c o p e
iti n th e d e s ir e d r e la tio n ship

i s in th e c e n tr a l p o s o
If th e b u b b le s till re m a n b b le is n o te d
B
t f d e v ia tio n o f th e b u
is p e rfe c t If n o t th e a m o u n o
is o f 2 n d iv is o i n s N o w b y turning th e c a p sta n lb )
i
(f) s u p p o s e th e d e v ia t o n
Pr
d o f th e tu b e ) th e b u b b le is b r o u g h t halF
ev el
h e a d e d n u t (w h ic h is a t o n e e n d iv is io n s) j ofD u m py L L
t A d u s tm e n t
i i h lf d e v ia tio n (i e n F ig 5 4o p e rm a n en
w a y b a c k (i e / d iv s o n s )
ii T he r e m a n n g a
l d s a n d \f
h p is in c lin e d u p w a r
t e s c o e
is a d ju s te d b y th e fo o t s c re w o r s c r e w j
s u st e b l o w t e e
i the r th a n e t
h e lin e o f cNimation
t i c o n tin u e d till th e b u
b b le r e m a in s n (e ) If b \ is g re a te
(g ) 7 e p ro c e d u re o f a d ju s tm e n s do w n w a r d s
i s c lin e d
i in
i f th e te b , is le s s th a n e t D)
c e n tra l p o s itio n a t a n y p o s it o n o
e sc o p e
i ! (\n d is ta r v
b\ e
c n \lim a tio n e
n or
# w a w

P
.

R
.
.

d

f

.

e
.

e
n

C

.
.
. ?

f

.

V
e

b
.

W

.
.
n

E n

2

-
5
2 2
. 4
5
.
- -

7
0

n

2
5

)

.

, C S
. =
n 4 n .
.
C
R 2 . .
. h \
) L .
e .
P .

4
. U . .
T h P
.

f . . . .
e
)
)
B .
. e
.
.
.

. . d .
,

- .
(

. .
. .

d
.
a
.
R 1 . .

.
.
P C
. . 5 L P

.

. .

.
. U
U
.
. . .
. , P , .
f C .

n
.

3 ) n
d . .

. 2 .
,
. u
a
.
i

-

. .
w
W
f
w .

5 . .

. .
.
w ,
.

,

- .
.
,

4 .

.

. : .
U

m

. .

a q m

g .
n
U
.
.
.

-

m

.
,

2

W
. 2
-

. 5

\

U .

-

.
.
.

.
. .

N
2

. . U
W
q u

- .

. 9

#

a .
. u
u

m

. .
m .

\

.
.

h
.

"

.

-

( .

?
\ g

-
:
.

L
W 2 oe
e o g ln c e r
n g w or k how
yo u g c t th e R L o f tb w
lg p o in t?
y e ta r
Fo f a n
6 in t is c o n n e c \c d to th c G T S o r in
w in g p p c rm a n c n l B M b y fy le v c l
o
T hc s o f th c s ta r in g p o in t is c a lc u la lc d b h
h c
R L y t e u s u a l m e th o d
T h e r
l d lffe r e ic e b e tw e e n a le v e l s u r h c t n d h o r iz
l is c o n la s r fc t ?
w ba
7 l le l to th c m e n s p h e r o id l
a s u r fa c e o f th e e a r th is k n o w n a s a ]w c l
fa c e p a r a
A su r h o r iz o n ta l s u r fa c e is m
g e n ia l o c ]c v c l s u r fa c e a l a n y p o in t
fa c e B u
t a
su r i
r fa c e o
f a s til a e s c o n s id e r e d to b lc v c
l l k
T he su
e r p e n d ic u la r Io th e d ir e c tio n o g ra v i (i n d i c a b th c
r in c e p w y p lu m b lin e )
T hc su
d o b c h o r iz o n ta l
co n s
ic re
8
& t h e d iffc r c n c c e
a is
b h v e e n h e lin e o f c o m m a l
i5 h c lin e
o n a n d a i ls o f th e m m o pe?
f co im a tio n jo in in g th e p o in t o l in lc r s e c tio n o f th e c r o ss
T h c lin
e o
t h c o p tic a
l c e n tre o f th c o b je c t g la s s
to
h a ir s
a x is o
f th c te le s c o p e i5 th e lin e jo in in g th e o p tic a l c e n tr e o f th e o b je c t g la s s
T he
f th c c y c p ie c c
[o th a t o
h a t is th c r e la liu n b e tw een th e lin e o fco

lim a do n a n d th e a ls o f a tc
co pt?
9 w
lin e s s ho u ld c o in c id e
B o th th e s e
r s c l u p o f th e le v e l, s u p p o s e fo a r r e a d in
i la ta k e n H o w
p a r c u g] arr
l a
10 b t r c d tn t h e le v e l b k ?
sho u
ld th e y c c n c o o
T h c fir s t r e
a d in g s h o u ld b e e n te r e d in C B S c o lu n u t th e la s t ,
r e a d in g in th e F S
h o th e r tw o r e a n g s in th e S c o lu m n
d i
co lu m n a n d t c
W h a t ls a c ha g e p o in ?
n
in d ic a te s s h i in g f th e in s tru m A th is p o in t fo re s ig h r e a d in g
p o in t ent
o a
Such a
ke n fro m o n c s e ttin g an d a b a c k s ig h t re a d in g fr o m th e n e x t se tt in g
is ta
s ta lT re a d in g s o n a n d B a re ! 735 a n d 0 965 r e s p e c tiv e ly c h p o l

W t
2 T he
is h ig h e r ?
p o in t B is h ig h e r
w h a t is t h e p r o c e
d u r e o f le v e llin g b y fo o t s c r e w s ?
13
b b b le is
p e is fir s t p la c e p a r a lle l to a n y p a ir o f fo o t s c r e w s a n d th c u
te le s c o
d
T hc
tw a r d
b r o u g h t to th e c e n tre y turning t c o o t s c r e w s e q u a lly e t e r n w a r o r o u
b h f ih i d
e
h
T h e n th e te le s c o p e is turncd th r o u g h 9 o a n d th e b u b b le is b r o u g h t Io t c c e n

b y (u m in g th e th ird fo o t s c re w T h is p r o c e s s is re p e a te d s e v e ra l tim es
H is t h e le v e l red
cen ?
14 o w
s u itrb lc
In a le v e llin g o p e r a tio n th e le v e l is n e v e r cm tr e d t can be sct u p at an y
h l v e l is c e n tr e d o n ly w h e n th e m a g n e tic b e r in g f a n y lin is ta k e n
p o s it io n T e e
o e
w ith th e c o m p a s s a tta c h e d to th e le v e llin g in s tr u m e n t
h l f i ti n o t ln a d ju s tm e n t
15 S p p o s e a le v e l i5 g iv e n to y o u w o s e n e o c o m a o n s
u
W h a t i5 th e p r o c e d u r e th a t y o u w o u ld fo llo w n o r d e r to w o r k w it h tM s
in s tr tt m e n t?
T h e p r n c ip le a f e q u a lis in g b a c k s ig h t a n d fo re s ig h t d ista n c e s s h o u ld b e fo llo w e d

T h is n le a n s th a t th e le v e l s h o u ld a lw a y s b e p la c e d e x a c tly m id w a y b c h w e e n B S
a n d FS
16 H o w w ily o u co n tin u e e v e llin g
a c ro ss a r lv e f ?
R e c ip r o ca l le v e llin g s h c tu ld b e un d e tt a k e n a cT o s s a v er
17 H o w w ill y o u co n lin g a c r o s s a la k e
ln u e le v e po n d ?
o r
fix e d
W e kn o w th a t th e w a te r s u r fa c e o f a la k e o r p o n d is le v e l S o ,
tw o pe g s a re
r fa c e T h e n a n F S r e a d in g is ta k e n o n
p p o s ite b a n k s flu s h w ith th e w a e r s u
o n o t
ft (h is , a B S re a d in g is ta k e n o n th e o th e r
o n e p e g a n d th e R L is c a lc u la te d A e r
sa
n\gd1
dM " 4g pp
\
R f th d
21o L th
i l e
M
A th
t
th H I th d
taming
c h c ks f W t d tl t
i
d e 8 2 11
th u itb it i f b b bl i
m n i b
1& w n t
f l i M t f b bbk H
Hl m th o d i a o s i &

h
k fo r
ith ti l h t R L w i t th difrent h d
Th la s t
BS
FS o
f ?
f d \ im fl r? M hi h

f ll th d is p f
k f th d m
w t h p i t t b
m1lta
id ti l h l st R L ls t 11 b d
Th E fll i M
r is e w h t M f g m t i kvarn
.
FS 2 i \ ui g?
E BS
W n t i p t dj l ?
13
ly B S a d Fs re a d in g s D b th twc peg m d f 4j
n T w h ic h on t t l g irh
T h Inelling \ is
ed m o n as fly e llin g F ly
14 i n g ny \ \ m bm h k
m s c d
b se r f R L \ 39 60
intenneliate ig h t ar
s ta r ti g p
o in t o f a n y p o je c t Fn S db fol
)*r d p
BM t th e
f ti g th a s u re d
d t b e m B k ig h l
eq i \ 4 4 5 2 59 5
o
i t l di t e re \ 3 \5 2 8 2 5
h F ig h O A 7 5 \ \3 S O 4 9 5
F C 1 t P i fM i m \ i p g 2o i
ut if is i g g d i t f b
i 5 o th t p g i m RL f
14 3 0 0 0
ch m a r k
? E t M di g n l e\ \d b
21 w b t f te m p ra y be k d k t h t lf di
d a ` y s f
o rk a b e n f th B
f o g itu d i ] l
le e llin g a t th e e n o ch
\
t p pe g s
I a se \
e u it a b l p o in t T h is b e n c h m a r k is c a e
ld a te m p o ra r y b e n
e
"
\ 15 Th f l i g c ti r d i gs m k m w i l \ d 4 \ ui g f
at o
d g a e e u i g po e r a t i ? a c ti o ly s lo p in g g d
e d fo r p lo t
o n m t c it
a i d t a s s u m f 3o
22 w y s u m
t b e p lo tte d to th e fu ll s c a l e h
s o w in
g its frd 0 905 ( A ) I 7 4 5 2 3 4 5 3 125 3 7 2 5 0 5
T he R L f a n y po i t c a n n o 4 5 13 9 0 2 O S S 2 9 5 5 3 4 5 5 0 5 9 5
S o a u t m (a e fe re n c e in c o f a s s u m e d R L ) is s u ita b ly a s s u m e d to 1 0 1 5 I 8 5 0 2 6 5 5 a d 2 9 4 5 (o B )
d u l tio n o f th e g o u n s u r a d f c e
f A 3 9 5 50 0
th e T he o as Cal ul t e RL f d i
o t p i t d d 1h
n te m p o r a r y a n d p e r m a n e n t a d ju s tm
2 3 w a t i th d ifle r e c e b e m e e e n t? g d ie t f th e lin e B
a d ju s tm e n t is d o n e a t
e v e r y s e t u p o f th e in s tn m e n t b e f T h e fo llo in g r e a d in i ly W
T m po w o re 16 gs a re su e e iu * \m
p e m a n e n t a ju sd m t i d e i n o rd t if
s
\
e n o n e r o r e c t
s t ir re a d i g s y an y 0 355 0 4 85 0 62S \ 7 5 5 1 8 9 5 2 3 50 1 7 8 0 0 3 4 5 0 6 85 _ 3 0 d 2 \ s0
fu n d a m e n ta l in e s
re l tio n s h ip s b e t e e n e
T h e in st m en t w a s s h ifte d a R e r e to \h a d h
d P
24 W h a t o u ld y o u m e a n b y p o s it i e R L a n d n e g a ti v e R L ? e e g ep e
le v e l b o o k d c a lc u la te e RLs f d iffe is
an o m t p o in ts T h R L f f s p o im
T he e r tic a l d is ta n c e f a p o in t a b o v e th e ` ttm s u r fa c e is k n o w n a s the o si
o
p h 2 5 5 50 0 m
RL d th e v e r tic a l d s ta n e o f a p o in t b e lo w th e ` tu m s u r fa c e is sa id t
an o be h
\7 A pa ge o f a e v e l b o o k is s h o w
in rh c tNowing F i\\ i tb e n
is s in g m d in g s a d
n eg a tiv e R L
c a lc u la te th e R L o f a
\ p o in ts A p p ly e u s u a he c k s
25 H o w w a l yo m ea s u re
th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n tw o p o in ts w lt o n
y lev d d
s ta m
T D e d is ta n ce c a n be m e a s u re d b y th e s ta d ia m e th o d T h e d ifre r e n c e o f the sM r
h a ir rea d in g s is m u lt p lie dt b y 10 0 (s ta d a c o n s ta n t) to g e t th e re q u ire d
Ex e r c is e s
J D e n e e fo llo w in g da tu Jn s u r fa c e lin e o f c o ]lim iio n

a re d u c e d le v e l b e n e
c
ia n g e p o in a n d p a ta lJa x
2 D e s c rib e a d u m py le v e l a Jo n w ith
g a s ke tc h
3 W a t a re e d i0 r e n t l e s f l
}p o e v e llin
g s ta v e s ?
4 W h a t is te m p o ra r a d u s t
y j m e n t? H o w is it d o n e ?
5 W n a l a r e th e dirent
yp e s o f le v e llin g opration?
6 E x p la in th e r in c i Je o f
p p e q u a lis in
g b a c ks ig h t a n d fo r e s ig h t d is ta n c e s
'
!
i
' W fu t a te h e d ifre r e n t c o rr e ti
c ons a
pp lie d to :e v e ln g ? n
3 2 9
0 T T T
h h C
h
4

e e

n
PC B d 6
?

8

M
P

n e
E

0

a
X

0
c
d =

U

9

.

V
h e

n
e

1
)

m d g
8
.
. .

(
6
6
.

3

3 d

d
f
h
e
y
a
n

4

W n

n
.
e

(

k h
e
=

g e

P
6 a
.
v

h

3

n e

d 6
=

g
6
V
h
e
h
e

h

C

e
e 0

=
=

n n n n
g
6
P

p
C
n

B
3

B

0
- "
- - -

;

.

.

-
4
(
- .

.
-

C

.
.
:
.
.
.
=

.
:
:

.

.

.

:

.
:

:

;

:
.

.

- .

.
.

:
R
-

-

: .

- s

.
- -
-

m

2

. - g

a

-
.
.
-
.
.

8
.
.

.

.
.

.


Levelling NN Barsak

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Levelling NN Barsak

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Leye

(ii) the d ifr e re n c e o f e

F ig 5 16 L in e o f C o lJim a tio n In c lin e d U p w a rd s

Lct a g Je f in c lin a tio n f J

F ig 5 17 L in e o f C o llim a tio n In c lin e d D

is s e e n th a t th e e rr o r d u e to in c lin a tio n o f th e co llim a tio n lin e is

n g + R e fra c tio n c o r r e c tio n

c o rT e c tio n is a lw a y s s u b tra c tiv e

@ W ie lhe r h e tm e o c o tttb ta lio n ls in c lin e d u p w a cs i o 7 do v M J

r t h e t rin e co ttrin z l io li i) ahnenl ? m a l s lo u

b e tw een 0 355 + 0 325

So a c o rr e c tio n o f + 0 19 0 m sho u ld b e a p p lie d at A

th e s u m o f r is e s an d th a t f fa lls d th e d iffe re n c e b e tw een

M o n s e c u tiv e d in g s ta ke n w itti a le v e llin g

FT? 0 855 3 80 500

30 5 4 5 0 690 3 7 9 8 0 Scanned by CamScanner

: =X,Xt'. D is ta n c e Ju '' " " " ' " -

AWSeqf,db00kM,h . A H. s in g . A din g ' " w " . i

T h e c r o s s s e c tio n s a r e ta k e n p e rp e n d ic u la r to th e c e n tr e lin e o f th e a lig n m e it a t

F ig 5 32 L eve llin g a c ro ss a L a rg e P o rd o r L a ke Scanned by CamScanner

iti n th e d e s ir e d r e la tio n ship

h a t is th c r e la liu n b e tw een th e lin e o fco

s ta lT re a d in g s o n a n d B a re ! 735 a n d 0 965 r e s p e c tiv e ly c h p o l

w ith th e c o m p a s s a tta c h e d to th e le v e llin g in s tr u m e n t

T h e p r n c ip le a f e q u a lis in g b a c k s ig h t a n d fo re s ig h t d ista n c e s s h o u ld b e fo llo w e d

J D e n e e fo llo w in g da tu Jn s u r fa c e lin e o f c o ]lim iio n

Вам также может понравиться