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What is GPS?

GPS or Global Positioning System is a satellite navigation system that furnishes location and time information
in all climate conditions to the user. GPS is used for navigation in planes, ships, cars and trucks also. The
system gives critical abilities to military and civilian users around the globe. GPS provides continuous real
time, 3-dimensional positioning, navigation and timing worldwide.

How does GPS System Work?


The GPS system consists of three segments:

1) The space segment: the GPS satellites

2) The control system, operated by the U.S. military,

3) The user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and their GPS equipment.

Space Segment:

The space segment is the number of satellites in the constellation. It comprises of 29 satellites circling the earth
every 12 hours at 12,000 miles in altitude. The function of the space segment is utilized to route/navigation
signals and to store and retransmit the route/navigation message sent by the control segment. These
transmissions are controlled by highly stable atomic clocks on the satellites. The GPS Space Segment is
formed by a satellite constellation with enough satellites to ensure that the users will have, at least, 4
simultaneous satellites in view from any point at the Earth surface at any time.

Control Segment:
The control segment comprises of a master control station and five monitor stations outfitted with atomic
clocks that are spread around the globe. The five monitor stations monitor the GPS satellite signals and then
send that qualified information to the master control station where abnormalities are revised and sent back to
the GPS satellites through ground antennas. Control segment also referred as monitor station.

control segment

User Segment:

The user segment comprises of the GPS receiver, which receives the signals from the GPS satellites and
determine how far away it is from each satellite. Mainly this segment is used for the U.S military, missile
guidance systems, civilian applications for GPS in almost every field. Most of the civilian uses this from
survey to transportation to natural resources and from there to agriculture purpose and mapping too.

User segment

How GPS Determines a Position:


The working/operation of Global positioning system is based on the trilateration mathematical principle. The
position is determined from the distance measurements to satellites. From the figure, the four satellites are used
to determine the position of the receiver on the earth. The target location is confirmed by the 4th satellite. And
three satellites are used to trace the location place. A fourth satellite is used to confirm the target location of
each of those space vehicles. Global positioning system consists of satellite, control station and monitor station
and receiver. The GPS receiver takes the information from the satellite and uses the method of triangulation to
determine a users exact position.
GPS is used on some incidents in several ways, such as:

1. To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the coordinates of your
position location so the pilot can pick you up.
2. To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout to the fire perimeter.
3. To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot spots.
4. To determine distance between two different points.

3 Advantages of GPS:

o GPS satellite based navigation system is an important tool for military, civil and commercial users
o Vehicle tracking systems GPS-based navigation systems can provide us with turn by turn directions
o Very high speed

2 Disadvantages of GPS:

o GPS satellite signals are too weak when compared to phone signals, so it doesnt work as well indoors,
underwater, under trees, etc.
o The highest accuracy requires line-of-sight from the receiver to the satellite, this is why GPS doesnt work
very well in an urban environment.

Using a GPS Receiver:


There are several different models and types of GPS receivers. While working with a GPS receiver it is
important to have :
o A compass and a map.
o A downloaded GPS cable.
o Some extra batteries.
o Knowledge about the memory capacity of the GPS receiver to prevent loss of data, decrease in accuracy of
data, or other problems.
o An external antenna whenever possible, especially under tree canopy, in canyons, or while driving.
o A set up GPS receiver according to incident or agency standard regulation; coordinate system.
o Notes that describe what you are saving in the receiver.

GPS Error
There are many sources of possible errors that will degrade the accuracy of positions computed by a GPS
receiver. The travel time taken by the GPS satellite signals can be changed by atmospheric effects; when a
GPS signal passes through the ionosphere and troposphere it is refracted, causing the speed of the signal to be
different from the speed of a GPS signal in space. Another source of error is noise, or distortion of the signal
which causes electrical interference or errors inherent in the GPS receiver itself. The information about
satellite orbits will also cause errors in determining the positions, because the satellites are not really where the
GPS receiver thought based on the information it received when it determine the positions. Small variations
in the atomic clocks on board the satellites can translate to large position errors; a clock error of 1 nanosecond
translates to 1 foot or .3 meters user error on the ground. A multipath effect occurs when signals transmitted
from the satellites bounce off a reflective surface before getting to the receiver antenna. During this process,
the receiver gets the signal in straight line path as well as delayed path (multiple paths). The effect is similar to
a ghost or double image on a TV set.

Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP)

Satellite geometry can also affect the accuracy of GPS positioning. This effect is refers as Geometric Dilution
of Precision (GDOP). Which is refers to where the satellites are in related to one another, and is a measure of
the quality of the satellite configuration. It can be able to modify other GPS errors. Most GPS receivers select
the satellite constellation that will give the least uncertainty, the best satellite geometry.

GPS receivers usually report the quality of satellite geometry in terms of Position Dilution of Precision, or
PDOP. PDOP are of two types, horizontal (HDOP) and vertical (VDOP) measurements (latitude, longitude
and altitude). We can check the quality of the satellite positioning the receiver is currently available by the
PDOP value. A low DOP indicates a higher probability of accuracy, and a high DOP indicates a lower
probability of accuracy. Another term of PDOP is TDOP (Time Dilution of Precision). TDOP refers to satellite
clock offset. On a GPS receiver can set a parameter known as the PDOP mask. This will cause the receiver to
ignore satellite configurations that have a PDOP higher than the limit specified.

Selective Availability (SA):

Selective Availability occurs when the DOD intentionally degraded; the accuracy of GPS signals is
introducing artificial clock and ephemeris errors. During the implementation of SA, it was the largest
component of GPS error, causing error of up to 100 meters. SA is a component of the Standard Positioning
Service (SPS).

Photo Credit:

o control segment By gstatic


o User segment By gstatic

DTMF or Dual Tone Multi Frequency is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in
voice frequency band between telephone handsets, other communication devices and the switching center.

There are many DTMF based projects developed for engineering students. So, here we are listing out few good
and important DTMF Project Ideas which are more helpful for final year engineering students.

DTMF Project Ideas:

Following are few DTMF Projects Ideas. Click on those project ideas to get more information about that
particular project.

o DTMF Based Load Control System


o Cell Phone Based DTMF Controlled Garage Door Opening System
o Display of Dialed Telephone Numbers on Seven Segment Displays
o Automatic Dialing to Any Telephone Using I2C Protocol on Detecting Burglary
o Cell Phone Controlled Robotic Vehicle

1. DTMF based load controlled system:

This project defines a way for automatic control of any electrical appliances. The switching of any load can be
achieved by just pressing a number on the cell phone. A person can dial a number from his/her mobile and this
number is redirected to another mobile from where the tones are taken and decoded and the number is used as
a command to operate the loads.

Here a number of lamps are used as loads and each lamp is driven by a relay. All the relays are operated by a
relay driver which has inputs and outputs for each relay. Each load is assigned a particular number. When a
particular number is dialed on the user mobile, the call gets directed to the system cell phone. The audio output
of the cell phone is connected to the DTMF decoder which decodes the received DTMF tone to get the original
number and feeds this information to the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives this information and
accordingly gives proper signal to the input pin of the relay driver IC such that it energizes the particular relay
and the required lamp is switched on. In a similar way the lamp can be switched off.
2. Mobile Phone based password system for home automatic door opening:

This project demonstrates automatic opening and closing of home door based on input from a cell phone. The
input commands from the cell phone are sent to a control unit using DTMF communication technique and
accordingly the door motor is operated so as to close or open the door. Thus the door can be controlled from
far off distance just by using a cell phone.

This system consists of two parts the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter is the cell phone of the
user. The command to open or close the door is given by pressing an appropriate number on the cell phone
such that a call gets diverted to another cell phone or the landline.

At the receiver side, a cell phone or a landline is present which receives the call from the user cell phone. It is
interfaced to a DTMF decoder which receives the DTMF tones and decodes it get the original data. This data is
given to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed such that based on the input from the user
phone; it gives proper signals to the input pins of the motor driver. The motor driver IC then accordingly gives
the output so as to rotate the motor in the desired direction to open or close the door.

3. Display of dialed telephone numbers on 7 segment display:

Here a digital display technique is designed to display the numbers dialed on a land line phone. Whenever a
number is dialed on the phone, it is instantly shown on the 7 segment display.

Here a DTMF decoder is connected to the telephone line such that the when a number is dialed on the phone,
the generated tone signals are fed to the DTMF decoder. The decoder decodes these tones to get the original
data or the number pressed and feeds this information to the microcontroller. The microcontroller, on receiving
the input, displays the number on the 7 segment LED display panel. Thus as we keep on pressing any 10 digit
number, each digit gets displayed on the display panel accordingly.

4. Automatic Dialing to any Telephone using I2C protocol on detecting burglar:

Here a system is designed which detects any unauthorized entry to any place and accordingly dials a telephone
number. The particular number is stored in the EEPROM interfaced to the Microcontroller and whenever any
means of burglary is detected, the Microcontroller automatically dials the stored number through an encoder
interfaced to it.

5. Cell Phone Controlled Robotic Vehicle:

A robot is an automatic machine designed for human ease and convenience to carry out various tasks. A robot
can be completely automatic with the control being automatic or can be a semi automatic machine with control
in the hands of human beings. Here the secondary category is designed with an advanced control technique
such that a button pressed on a cell phone can be used to provide proper motion to the robot in desired
direction.

The user is required to press a specific number button on his/her cell phone. Pressing any number directly
redirects to the cell phone which is embedded on the robot circuitry. The cell phone on the system is connected
to the DTMF decoder which decodes the DTMF tone to receive the actual input. This input is fed to the
microcontroller, which accordingly gives proper signals to the input pins of the motor driver IC to rotate the
motors in desired direction, so as to achieve the proper motion for the robotic vehicle.

Look at the following some more interesting and useful DTMF project Ideas.

o DTMF Based DC Motor Control


o DTMF Based Home Appliance Control
o DTMF Based Stepper Motor Control
o Mobile Switching Device Using DTMF
o DTMF Based Human less Boat Control for Oceanic Research Applications
o DTMF Based Remote Control System
o DTMF Based Home Automation System
o DTMF Based Car
o DTMF Based Device Control System
o DTMF Based Prepaid Energy Meter
o DTMF Based Electronic Voting Machine
o DTMF Based Switching System for Power Efficiency
o DTMF Based Industry Automation
o DTMF Based Irrigation System
o DTMF Based IR Proximity Sensor
o DTMF Based Land Rover
o DTMF Based Pick and Place Robot
o DTMF Based Spy Robot
o DTMF Based Water Pump Controller

Are you interested to know more about various other electronic projects? Then refer the following links:

o Electronics Project Ideas


o Embedded Systems Projects Ideas
o Communication Projects
o Robotics Project Ideas

ntroduction:
SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It is a type of software application program for
process control. SCADA is a central control system which consist of controllers network interfaces,
input/output, communication equipments and software. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the
equipments in the industrial process which include manufacturing, production, development and fabrication.
The infrastructural processes include gas and oil distribution, electrical power, water distribution. Public
utilities include bus traffic system, airport. The SCADA system takes the reading of the meters and checks the
status of sensors in regular interval so that it requires minimal interference of human.
A large number of processes occur in large industrial establishment. Every process you need to monitor is very
complex because each machine gives different output. The SCADA system used to gather the data from
sensors and instruments located at remote area. The computer then processes this data and presents in a timely
manner. The SCADA system gathers the information (like leak on a pipeline occurred) and transfer the
information back to the system while giving the alerts that leakage has occurred and displays the information
in a logical and organized fashion. The SCADA system used to run on DOS and UNIX operating systems.

Architecture:
Generally SCADA system is a centralized system which monitors and controls entire area. It is purely software
package that is positioned on top of hardware. A supervisory system gathers data on the process and sends the
commands control to the process. The SCADA is a remote terminal unit which is also known as RTU. Most
control actions are automatically performed by RTUs or PLCs. The RTUs consist of programmable logic
converter which can be set to specific requirement. For example, in the thermal power plant the water flow can
be set to specific value or it can be changed according to the requirement.

The SCADA system allows operators to change the set point for the flow, and enable alarm conditions incase
of loss of flow and high temperature and the condition is displayed and recorded. The SCADA system
monitors the overall performance of the loop. The SCADA system is a centralized system to communicate
with both wire and wireless technology to Clint devices. The SCADA system controls can run completely all
kinds of industrial process.

EX: If too much pressure in building up in a gas pipe line the SCADA system can automatically open a release
valve.

1. Hardware Architecture:
The generally SCADA system can be classified into two parts:

o Clint layer
o Data server layer

The Clint layer which caters for the man machine interaction.

The data server layer which handles most of the process data activities.

The SCADA station refers to the servers and it is composed of a single PC. The data servers communicate
with devices in the field through process controllers like PLCs or RTUs. The PLCs are connected to the data
servers either directly or via networks or buses. The SCADA system utilizes a WAN and LAN networks, the
WAN and LAN consists of internet protocols used for communication between the master station and devices.
The physical equipments like sensors connected to the PLCs or RTUs. The RTUs convert the sensor signals to
digital data and sends digital data to master. According to the master feedback received by the RTU, it applies
the electrical signal to relays. Most of the monitoring and control operations are performed by RTUs or PLCs
as we can see in the figure.

2. Software Architecture:

Most of the servers are used for multitasking and real time database. The servers are responsible for data
gathering and handling. The SCADA system consists of a software program to provide trending, diagnostic
data, and manage information such as scheduled maintenance procedure, logistic information, detailed
schematics for a particular sensor or machine and expert system troubleshooting guides. This means the
operator can sea a schematic representation of the plant being controlled.
EX: alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving; polling controllers on a set of parameter, those are
typically connected to the server.

Working Procedure of SCADA system:


The SCADA system performs the following functions:

o Data Acquisitions
o Data Communication
o Information/Data presentation
o Monitoring/Control

These functions are performed by sensors, RTUs, controller, communication network. The sensors are used to
collect the important information and RTUs are used to send this information to controller and display the
status of the system. According to the status of the system, the user can give command to other system
components. This operation is done by the communication network.

Data Acquisitions:
Real time system consists of thousand of components and sensors. It is very important to know the status of
particular components and sensors. For example, some sensors measure the water flow from the reservoir to
water tank and some sensors measure the value pressure as the water is release from the reservoir.

Data Communication:
The SCADA system uses wired network to communicate between user and devices. The real time applications
use lot of sensors and components which should be control remotely. The SCADA system uses internet
communications. All information is transmitted through internet using specific protocols. Sensor and relays are
not able to communicate with the network protocols so RTUs used to communicate sensors and network
interface.

Information/Data presentation:
The normal circuit networks have some indicators which can be visible to control but in the real time SCADA
system, there are thousand of sensors and alarm which are impossible to be handled simultaneously. The
SCADA system uses human machine interface (HMI) to provide all of the information gathered from the
various sensors.

Human machine interface:

The SCADA system uses human machine interface. The information is displayed and monitored to be
processed by the human. HMI provides the access of multiple control units which can be PLCs and RTUs. The
HMI provides the graphical presentation of the system. For example, it provides the graphical picture of the
pump connected to the tank. The user can see the flow of the water and pressure of the water. The important
part of the HMI is an alarm system which is activated according to the predefined values.

For example: The tank water level alarm is set 60% and 70% values. If the water level reaches above 60% the
alarm gives normal warning and if the water level reach above 70% the alarm gives critical warning.

Monitoring/Control:
The SCADA system uses different switches to operate each device and displays the status at the control area.
Any part of the process can be turned ON/OFF from the control station using these switches. SCADA system
is implemented to work automatically without human intervention but at critical situations it is handled by man
power.

SCDA for Remote Industrial plant:


In large industrial establishments many process occur simultaneously and each needs to be monitored, which is
actually a complex task. The SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the equipments in the industrial
processes which include water distribution, oil distribution and power distribution. The main aim of this
project is to process the real time data and control the large scale remote industrial environment. In the real
time scenario, a temperature logging system for a remote plant operation is taken.

Block Diagram by Edgefx Kits

The temperature sensors are connected to the microcontroller , which is connected to the PC at the front end
and software is loaded on the computer. The data is collected from the temperature sensors. The temperature
sensors continuously send the signal to the microcontroller which accordingly displays these values on its front
panel. One can set the parameters like low limit and high limit on the computer screen. When the temperature
of a sensor goes above set point the microcontroller send a command to the corresponding relay. The heaters
connected through relay contacts are turned OFF and ON.

For example SCADA for Remote Industrial Planet:


This is a temperature logging System. Here 8 temperature sensors in multiplexing mode are connected to the
microcontroller through ADC 0808. Then the values of all the sensors are sent serially by microcontroller
through Max 32 to the com port of the PC. A Software DAQ System loaded on the PC takes these values
and show them on its front panel, and also logs them to the data base daq.mdb .One can set by interactive
way some parameters like set point , low limit ,and high limit on the computer screen . When temperature of
some sensor increases beyond set point, the microcontroller sends commands to relay driver IC. The heaters
connected through relay contacts are (specific for that sensor) turned OFF (or ON in opposite case).High limit
and low limits are for alarm. When temperature goes above high limit or below low limit the alarm will be
turned on.

Applications:

o Power generation, transmission and distribution


o Water distribution and reservoir system
o Public buildings like electrical heating and cooling system.
o Generators and turbines
o Traffic light control system

Advantages:

o The SCADA system provides onboard mechanical and graphical information


o The SCADA system is easily expandable. We can add set of control units and sensors according to the
requirement.
o The SCADA system ability to operate critical situations.
Photo Credit:

o General SCADA Network by mycpanel


o SCADA Diagram by eeweb
o Architecture of SCADA system by eeweb
o SCADA Experimental diagram by wikimedia

efining GSM
GSM technology stands for Global System for Mobiles and its foundation can be credited to Bell Laboratories
in 1970. It basically uses circuit switched system and divides each 200 kHz signal into 8 25 kHz time slots
and operates in 900 MHz, 800 MHz and 1.8GHz bands. It uses a narrow band transmission technique-
basically Time Division Access Multiplexing. The data transfer rates vary from 64kbps to 120kbps.

Structure of GSM Network

Need for GSM in Medical Services:


Consider Two Situations:

o A person is critically injured or has fallen ill and needs to be immediately taken care of. All he or the person
accompanying him has is a mobile phone.
o A patient is discharged from the hospital and thinks of taking rest at his home, but still has to go to the hospital
for regular checkups. He may have a mobile phone and also some medical sensor devices like health
monitoring devices.

In both the situations, the only way which can provide a solution is by using the mobile communication
system. In other words using communication technologies any situation like above can be handled just by
transmitting the patient details through the communication network and receiving them and processing them at
the receiver section-either a healthcare centre or at the doctors home. The doctor simply monitors the patient
details and gives back the instructions to the person(in the 1st case)so that he can at least take some precautions
before finally reaching the hospital and in the 2nd case monitors the test results of the patient and in case of any
abnormalities, takes the next step for further treatment.

This whole situation is the telemedicine services. Telemedicine system can be used in either of the three ways.

o Using Video conferencing, where patients sitting at one place can have direct interaction with the health care
providers and accordingly carry on the curing process.
o By using health monitoring sensors which keep updating about the health of the patient and accordingly guide
the health care providers to carry on the treatment.
o By transmitting the acquired medical data and transmit the acquired data for consultation and processing.

For the above three ways, a wireless communication technique is used. The medical services require many
ways of getting access to stored resources. These can be medical databases or online hosts with devices that
can help recover and monitor patient health. Different access options are broadband network, through medium
throughput media and narrow band through GSM.

Now among all these, GSM is the most widely used option owing to its immense popularity, improved
spectrum efficiency and low cost of implementation.

Advantages of GSM technology in telemedicine system

o It is more cost effective.


o GSM receivers are widely available- mobile phones and GSM modems
o It has high data transfer speed.

Basic Telemedicine System:


A basic telemedicine System consists of 4 modules:

o The Patient Unit: It collects information from the patient, sends it as an analogue signal or converts it to the
digital signal, controls the data flow and transmits the data. It basically consists of various medical sensors like
heart beat sensor, blood pressure monitor, skin temperature monitor, spirometry sensor etc which outputs a
electrical signal and sends these signals to the processor or a controller ( a Microcontroller or a PC) for further
processing of the signals and then transmits the results through a wireless communication network.
o Communication Network: It is used for data security and data transmission. The GSM technology is used
which uses mobile station, base substation and the network systems. Mobile station consists of the basic
mobile access point or the mobile phone and links the mobile phones with the GSM network for
communication.
o Receiver Unit/Server Side: It is basically a healthcare system where a GSM modem is installed which
receives and decodes the signals and sends them to the presentation unit.
o Presentation Unit: It is basically the processor which converts the data received into a well defined format
and stores them, so that the doctors can regularly monitor it and any feedback to the client side can be sent via
SMS from the GSM modem.

A Simple Telemedicine System


A Basic Telemedicine system can be shown in the simplified way. It consists of two units The transmitter
unit and the receiver unit. The transmitter unit transmits the sensor input and the receiver unit receives this
input to carry on the further processing.

Given below is an example of a simple telemedicine system to monitor the heart rate of the patient and
accordingly process the data.

At the transmitter unit, the heart beat sensor (which consists of a light emitting source whose emitted light is
modulated as it passes through human blood) converts the obtained data from human body and converts them
to electrical pulses. The microcontroller receives these pulses and processes them to calculate the heart beat
rate and sends this calculated data to the health care unit through a GSM modem. The GSM modem is
interfaced to the Microcontroller using a Max 232 IC.
At the receiving unit, the GSM modem receives the data and feeds it to the Microcontroller. The
Microcontroller accordingly analyzes the received data with the data from the PC and shows the result on the
LCD. This displayed result or status of the patient can be monitored by the medical staff and according to the
status , required treatment procedure can be started.

Practical GSM working examples in medical

o AT&T Vitality GlowCaps: These are pills bottles which simply gives a reminder to a patient to take his/her
medicines. It consists of a timer which is set for the patients pill taking time and at that time sets the cap to
illuminate and starts the buzzer and then calls the patients mobile phone using the GSM technology. A record
is made for every opening of the bottle.

o Mobisante MobiUS SP1 Ultrasound System: It consists of an mobile ultrasound probe plugged into a
smartphone and transmits the handheld ultrasounding imaging to any remote place through GSM.
o Dexcom Seven Plus Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) system: This is used for monitoring blood
glucose levels of the patients and transmitting them to the doctor. It consists of a sensor placed beneath the
skin which continuously monitors the blood glucose levels and transmits them to the receiver( a cell phone) at
frequent intervals.

Future Scope of GSM in Medical Services

In accordance with a recent survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers for the GSM Association, an industry body
which represents nearly 800 of the worlds mobile operators in 219 countries, GSM enabled services will
become a part of healthcare system by 2017, creating a global market of 23 billion dollars.

Photo Credit:

o Structure of GSM Network by by wikimedia


o AT&T Vitality GlowCaps by GlowCaps
o Mobisante MobiUS SP1 Ultrasound System by Mobisante
o Dexcom Seven Plus Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System by Dexcom Seven Plus

In this present communication world there are numerous high data rate communication standards that are
available, but none of these meet the sensors and control devices communication standards. These high-data
rate communication standards require low-latency and low-energy consumption even at lower bandwidths. The
available proprietary wireless systems Zigbee technology is low-cost and low-power consumption and its
excellent and superb characteristics makes this communication best suited for several embedded applications,
industrial control, and home automation, and so on.
What is Zigbee Technology?

What is Zigbee Technology?


Zigbee communication is specially built for control and sensor networks on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for
wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is the product from Zigbee alliance. This communication
standard defines physical and Media Access Control (MAC) layers to handle many devices at low-data rates.
These Zigbees WPANs operate at 868 MHz, 902-928MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies. The date rate of 250
kbps is best suited for periodic as well as intermediate two way transmission of data between sensors and
controllers.

Zigbee Modem
Zigbee is low-cost and low-powered mesh network widely deployed for controlling and monitoring
applications where it covers 10-100 meters within the range. This communication system is less expensive and
simpler than the other proprietary short-range wireless sensor networks as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.

Zigbee supports different network configurations for master to master or master to slave communications. And
also, it can be operated in different modes as a result the battery power is conserved. Zigbee networks are
extendable with the use of routers and allow many nodes to interconnect with each other for building a wider
area network.
Zigbee Architecture

Zigbee system structure


Zigbee system structure consists of three different types of devices such as Zigbee coordinator, Router and End
device. Every Zigbee network must consist of at least one coordinator which acts as a root and bridge of the
network. The coordinator is responsible for handling and storing the information while performing receiving
and transmitting data operations. Zigbee routers act as intermediary devices that permit data to pass to and fro
through them to other devices. End devices have limited functionality to communicate with the parent nodes
such that the battery power is saved as shown in the figure. The number of routers, coordinators and end
devices depends on the type of network such as star, tree and mesh networks.

Zigbee protocol architecture consists of a stack of various layers where IEEE 802.15.4 is defined by physical
and MAC layers while this protocol is completed by accumulating Zigbees own network and application
layers.

Zigbee protocol architecture


Physical Layer: This layer does modulation and demodulation operations up on transmitting and receiving
signals respectively. This layers frequency, date rate and number of channels are given below.
Physical Layer of Zigbee Protocol
MAC Layer: This layer is responsible for reliable transmission of data by accessing different networks with
the carrier sense multiple access collision avoidance (CSMA). This also transmits the beacon frames for
synchronizing communication.

Network Layer: This layer takes care of all network related operations such as network setup, end device
connection and disconnection to network, routing, device configurations, etc.

Application Support Sub-Layer: This layer enables the services necessary for Zigbee device object and
application objects to interface with the network layers for data managing services. This layer is responsible
for matching two devices according to their services and needs.

Application Framework: It provides two types of data services as key value pair and generic message
services. Generic message is a developer defined structure, whereas the key value pair is used for getting
attributes within the application objects. ZDO provides an interface between application objects and APS layer
in Zigbee devices. It is responsible for detecting, initiating and binding other devices to the network.

Zigbee Operating Modes and Its Topologies

Zigbee Communication Operation


Zigbee two way data is transferred in two modes: Non-beacon mode and Beacon mode. In a beacon mode, the
coordinators and routers continuously monitor active state of incoming data hence more power is consumed. In
this mode, the routers and coordinators do not sleep because at any time any node can wake up and
communicate. However, it requires more power supply and its overall power consumption is low because most
of the devices are in an inactive state for over long periods in the network.

In a beacon mode, when there is no data communication from end devices, then the routers and coordinators
enter into sleep state. Periodically this coordinator wakes up and transmits the beacons to the routers in the
network. These beacon networks are work for time slots which means, they operate when the communication
needed results in lower duty cycles and longer battery usage. These beacon and non-beacon modes of Zigbee
can manage periodic (sensors data), intermittent (Light switches) and repetitive data types.

Zigbee Topologies

Zigbee Topologies
Zigbee supports several network topologies; however, the most commonly used configurations are star, mesh
and cluster tree topologies. Any topology consists of one or more coordinator. In a star topology, the network
consists of one coordinator which is responsible for initiating and managing the devices over the network. All
other devices are called end devices that directly communicate with coordinator. This is used in industries
where all the end point devices are needed to communicate with the central controller, and this topology is
simple and easy to deploy.

In mesh and tree topologies, the Zigbee network is extended with several routers where coordinator is
responsible for staring them. These structures allow any device to communicate with any other adjacent node
for providing redundancy to the data. If any node fails, the information is routed automatically to other device
by these topologies. As the redundancy is the main factor in industries, hence mesh topology is mostly used. In
a cluster-tree network, each cluster consists of a coordinator with leaf nodes, and these coordinators are
connected to parent coordinator which initiates the entire network.
Due to the advantages of Zigbee technology like low cost and low power operating modes and its topologies,
this short range communication technology is best suited for several applications compared to other proprietary
communications, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc. some of these comparisons such as range of Zigbee, standards,
etc., are given below.

Comparison Table of Zigbee


Applications of Zigbee Technology

Applications of Zigbee Technology


Industrial Automation: In manufacturing and production industries, a communication link continually
monitors various parameters and critical equipments. Hence Zigbee considerably reduce this communication
cost as well as optimizes the control process for greater reliability.

Home Automation: Zigbee is perfectly suited for controlling home appliances remotely as a lighting system
control, appliance control, heating and cooling system control, safety equipment operations and control,
surveillance, and so on.

Smart Metering: Zigbee remote operations in smart metering include energy consumption response, pricing
support, security over power theft, etc.

Smart Grid monitoring: Zigbee operations in this smart grid involve remote temperature monitoring, fault
locating, reactive power management, and so on.
This is all about a brief description of Zigbee technologys architecture, operations modes, configurations and
applications. We hope that we have given you enough content on this title, for you to understand it better. We
are pioneers in developing Zigbee based projects. For further help and technical assistance, you can contact us
by commenting below.

Photo Credits

o What is Zigbee Technology? by zigbee


o Zigbee Modem by mastec
o Zigbee system structure by intechopen
o Zigbee protocol architecture by lurnq
o Physical Layer of Zigbee Protocol by specifications
o Zigbee Communication Operation by jobscochin
o Zigbee Topologies by convdocs
o Comparison Table of Zigbee by edom
o Applications of Zigbee Technology by electronicdesign

Security is a big challenge everywhere because thefts are increasing day by day owing to the
unsafe and insecure security systems in homes, commercial complexes and industries. Several
conventional technologies are available to keep home properties safe from intruders, but most
common smart home security systems work on wireless GSM communication. Such systems
provide security from natural, incidental, intended, unintended, accidental and human made
problems by continuously monitoring homes with different sensory systems like motion, smoke,
gas, temperature, glass break or door break detectors and fire alarm systems.

GSM Based Home Security System


GSM Based Home Security System

Home security or home automation can be achieved by adopting central controllers to control
home devices or appliances that sense different variables using appropriate sensors. The main
aspect of such a system is a sensory system that collects the parameter information like
temperature, fire, human presence, gas, etc., and sends the corresponding data to the
microcontroller or any other processor. This controller is programmed such that when these
parameters cross their prescribed limits, it sends the command signals to various final controlling
devices like relays, motors and buzzer devices.

This system can be implemented with the use of the following functional blocks:

Sensory System: It consists of various sensors like IR sensors for detecting human presence to
open or close the doors; LPG gas sensor to detect the gas leakage in kitchens and, a smoke
detector to detect the presence of fire. It is also possible to add temperature sensor, camera and
other sensing devices for improving the security of homes. These sensing values are sent to the
microcontroller with intermediate circuitry like Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

Block Diagram of GSM Based Home Security System


Microcontroller: This is the heart of the system wherein central processing of data takes
place. 8051 microcontroller collects the data or information from various sensors and compares it
with appropriate prescribed limits. It is programmed by embedded C or assembly language in
Keil software. By receiving the sensor signals, it takes the corresponding course of action by
sending commands to the output devices.

GSM Modem: GSM modem allows the computer to communicate over the mobile network
through calls, SMS and MMS messages. It consists of a SIM card and operates over a
subscription through a mobile network. It is a highly flexible plug-and-play device capable of
connecting to a PC or any microcontrollers serial port through MAX232IC. This IC is used to
convert the TTL logic levels of the microcontroller to a RS232 logic level for enabling serial
communication.

Final Control Devices: These devices include buzzers and motors with driver ICs and LCDs
display. Final control devices generate alarms of different kinds by using buzzers; doors and fire
exhauster operations are controlled by using motors. All these devices act upon the commands
directed from a microcontroller.
Circuit Diagram and Operation of a GSM-Based Home Security System Project

o In the below figure, you can observe the connections of various devices like sensors, ADC, relays, keypad,
etc., to a microcontroller. In this system, an LCD is connected to the port1 of the microcontroller; ADC to the
port0 and a matrix keypad to the port2.
o Smoke detector is connected to the port 2.3; a temperature sensor LM35 and a Light Dependent Resistor
(LDR) are connected to the channel 1 and 2 of the ADC, respectively.
o This system continuously monitors the prevailing conditions of the homes at a given time by getting the
sensor values. Analog sensor values of temperature and light illumination are sent to the ADC where these
are then converted to the microcontroller understandable language as digital values. These digital values are
compared with the pre-stored values of the microcontroller.

Circuit Diagram of Home Security System

o If these values exceed the predefined limit, then the microcontroller turns lighting and air conditioning
systems on with the help of relays.
o Similarly in the presence of fire, smoke detector gives signals to the microcontroller so that the fire
exhausting system is turned on.
o Matrix keypad allows a user to enter the password to lock or unlock doors. Thus, if a user enters a correct
password, the microcontroller sends appropriate signals to the motor driver IC to open or close the door. If a
user enters incorrect password thrice, then this system turns the alarm system even if it is a case of fire.
o All these events information is remotely transferred to a user mobile using GSM modem. The GSM modem is
responsible for sending the status of the temperature, illumination, smoke, etc., to a remote mobile from the
commands of master microcontroller. And also it receive the far away user SMS to control the devices like
lights, doors and other appliances in homes.

After going through the above description, one can say that the remote monitoring and
controlling of homes through GSM technology is a simple, portable and low-cost method
wherein a user conveniently makes decisions to supervise his or her home. Keeping in view
some of the simplest GSM based projects, the following are some additional projects for
graduate students that are based on GSM technology.

GSM Based Real Time Applications:


GSM Modem

o GSM Based Flash Flood Intimation System


o ECG Data Transferring System Implemented With GSM Network
o GSM Based Forest Fire and Rain Fall Detection System
o Vehicle Tracking System Using GSM and GPS System
o Speed Control of Induction Motor Using GSM Modem
o Temperature Measurement for Industries through GSM Network
o Health Monitoring System over GSM
o Weather Monitoring By SMS Using GSM Modem
o GSM Based Electronic Notice Board
o Implementation of Student Enquiry System through SMS Using GSM Technology
o Home Automation System Using GSM Technology
o Automatic Irrigation System for Farmers Using GSM
o GSM and Zigbee Based Remote Patient Monitoring System
o GSM/GPS Based Vehicle Theft Intimation System
o GSM Controlled Railway Level Crossing Gate by User SMS
o Integrated Energy Meter for Energy Billing Based On GSM Technology
o Wireless Electronic Board with User Programmable Features Using GSM
o GSM Based Industrial Automation System for Automatic Control
o Closed Loop Control System for Precise Motor Control Implemented Through GSM
o DTMF Controlled Military Robot Vehicle System Using GSM

These are some of the latest GSM based mini and major projects for 3rd and 4th year
engineering students with one simple circuit explanation. We hope that we have given worthy
information about this topic with a few top GSM projects. For further technical assistance for
implementing these projects, you can contact us by commenting below.

Photo Credits:

o GSM Based Home Security System by starblaze


o Circuit Diagram of Home Security System by morethegr8
o GSM Modem by extremeelectronics
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I2C bus protocol Tutorial, Interface with


applications
Tarun Agarwal

Electronics

Nowadays the protocols play an essential role in the embedded system design. Without going to
the protocols, if you want to expand the peripheral features of the microcontroller, the
complexity and power consumption will increase. There are different types of bus protocols
available such as USART, SPI, CAN, I2C bus protocol, etc., which are used for transferring the
data between two systems.

I2C Protocol

What is I2C Bus?

Transmitting and receiving the information between two or more than two devices require a
communication path called as a bus system. A I2C bus is a bidirectional two-wired serial bus
which is used to transport the data between integrated circuits. The I2C stands for Inter
Integrated Circuit. It was first introduced by the Philips semiconductors in 1982. The I2C bus
consists of three data transfer speeds such as standard, fast-mode and high-speed-mode. The I2C
bus supports 7-bit and 10-bit address space device and its operation differ with low voltages.

I2c Bus Protocol


I2C Signal Lines
I2C Signal Lines
The I2C is a serial bus protocol consisting of two signal lines such as SCL and SDL lines which
are used to communicate with the devices. The SCL stands for a serial clock line and this signal
is always driven by the master device. The SDL stands for the serial data line, and this signal
is driven by either the master or the I2C peripherals. Both these SCL and SDL lines are in open-
drain state when there is no transfer between I2C peripherals.

Open-Drain Outputs

The open-drain is the concept for FET transistor wherein the drain terminal of the transistor is
open state. The SDL and SCL pins of the master device are designed with the transistors in open
state, so data transfer is possible only when these transistors are conducted. Hence, these lines or
drain terminals are connected thorough pull-up resistors to VCC for conduction mode.

I2C Interfaces

Many slave devices are interfaced to the microcontroller with the help of the I2C bus through
I2C level shifter IC for transferring the information between them. The I2C protocol used to
connect a maximum of 128 devices that are all connected to communicate with the SCL and
SDL lines of the master unit as well as the slave devices. It supports Multimaster
communication, which means two masters are used to communicate the external devices.

I2C Data Transfer Rates

The I2C protocol operates three modes such as: fast mode, high-speed mode and standard mode
wherein the standard mode data speed ranges 0Hz to 100Hz, and the fast mode data can transfer
with 0Hz to 400 KHz speed and the high speed mode with 10 KHz to 100KHz. The 9-bit data is
sent for each transfer wherein 8-bits are sent by the transmitter MSB to LSB, and the 9th bit is an
acknowledgement bit sent by the receiver.
I2C Data Transfer Rates
I2C Communication
The I2C bus protocol is most commonly used in master and slave communication wherein the
master is called microcontroller, and the slave is called other devices such as ADC, EEPROM,
DAC and similar devices in the embedded system. The number of slave devices is connected to
the master device with the help of the I2C bus, wherein each slave consists of a unique address to
communicate it. The following steps are used to communicate the master device to the slave:

Step1: First, the master device issues a start condition to inform all the slave devices so that they
listen on the serial data line.

Step2: The master device sends the address of the target slave device which is compared with all
the slave devices addresses as connected to the SCL and SDL lines. If anyone address matches,
that device is selected, and the remaining all devices are disconnected from the SCL and SDL
lines.

Step3: The slave device with a matched address received from the master, responds with an
acknowledgement to the master thereafter communication is established between both the master
and slave devices on the data bus.

Step4: Both the master and slave receive and transmit the data depending on whether the
communication is read or write.

Step5: Then, the master can transmit 8-bit of data to the receiver which replies with a 1-bit
acknowledgement.

I2C Tutorial
Transmitting and receiving the information step by step serially with respect to the clock pulses
is called I2C protocol. It is an inter-system and short-distance protocol, which means, it is used
within the circuit board to communicate the master and slave devices.

I2C Protocol Basics

In general, the I2C bus system consists of two wires that are used easily to expand the input and
output peripheral features such as ADC, EEROM and RTC, and other basic components to make
a system whose complexity is very less.
Example: Since 8051 microcontroller has no inbuilt ADC so, if we want to interface any
analog sensors to the 8051 microcontroller we have to use ADC devices such as ADC0804-1
channel ADC, ADC0808- 8 channel ADC, etc. By using these ADCs, we can interface the
analog sensors to the microcontroller.

Without using the protocol to expand the I/O features of any microcontroller or processor, we
can go to 8255 ICit 8-pin device. The 8051 microcontroller is a 40-pin microcontroller; by using
the 8255 IC, we can expand the 3-I/O ports with 8-pins in each port. By using all the devices
such as RTC, ADC, EEPROM, Timers, etc. for expanding the peripheral circuitry
complexity, cost, power consumption and product size are also increased.

To overcome this problem, the protocol concept comes into the picture for reducing the hardware
complexity and power consumption. We can expand more number of features, such as I/0
peripherals, ADCs, T/C and memory devices upto 128 devices by using this I2C protocol.
Terminology Used in I2C Protocols

Transmitter: The device that sends data to the bus is called transmitter.

Receiver: The device that receives data from the bus is called a receiver.

Master: The device that initiates transfers to generate a clock signals and terminate a transfer is
called a master.

Slave: The device addressed by a master is called a slave.

Multimaster: More than one master can attempt to control the bus at the same time without
corrupting the message is called a Multimaster.

Arbitration: Procedure to ensure that, if more than one master simultaneously tries to control
the bus only one is allowed to do so; the winning message is not corrupted.

Synchronization: Procedure to synchronize the clock singles of two or more devices is called
synchronization.

I2C Basic Commands Sequence

1. Start Bit Condition


2. Stop Bit Condition
3. Acknowledgement Condition
4. Master to slave Write operation
5. Read Operation Slave to Master

Start and Stop Bit Condition

When the master (microcontroller) wishes to talk to a slave device (for example ADC), it begins
communication by issuing a start condition on the I2C bus, and then issues a stop condition. The
I2C start and stop logic levels are shown in the figure.
The I2C start condition defines as a high to low transition of the SDA line while the SCL line is
high. AN I2C stop condition occurs when the SDA line toggles from low to high while the SCL
line is high.

The I2C master always generates the S and P conditions. Once the I2C master initiates a START
condition, the I2c bus is considered as being in busy state.

Start and Stop Bit Condition


Programming:

START Condtion:

sbit SDA=P1^7; // initialize the SDA and SCL pins of the microcontroller//
sbit SCL=P1^6;
void delay(unsigned int);
void main ()
{
SDA=1; //processing the data//
SCL=1; //clock is high//
delay();
SDA=0; //sent the data//
delay();
SCL=0; //clock signal is low//
}
Void delay(int p)
{
unsignedinta,b;
For(a=0;a<255;a++); //delay function//
For(b=0;b<p;b++);
}

STOP Condition:

void main ()
{
SDA=0; // Stop processing the data//
SCL=1; //clock is high//
delay();
SDA=1; //Stopped//
delay();
SCL=0; //clock signal is low//
}
Void delay(int p)
{
unsignedinta,b;
For(a=0;a<255;a++); //delay function//
For(b=0;b<p;b++);
}

Acknowledgement (ACK) and No Acknowledgement (NCK) Condition


Each byte transmitted over the I2C bus is followed by an acknowledge condition from the
receiver, which means, after the master pulls SCL low to complete the transmission of 8-bit, the
SDA will be pulled low by the receiver to the master. If, after the transmission of the receiver
does not pull, the SDA line LOW is considered to be a NCK condition.

Acknowledgement (ACK)
Programming

Acknowledgement
void main()
{
SDA=0; //SDA line goes to low//
SCL=1; //clock is high to low//
delay(100);
SCL=0;
}
No Acknowledgement:
void main()
{
SDA=1; //SDA line goes to high//
SCL=1; //clock is high to low//
delay(100);
SCL=0;
}

Master to Slave Writes Operation

The I2C protocol transfers the data in the form of packets or bytes. Each byte is followed by an
acknowledgement bit.

Data Transfer Format

Data Transfer Format


Start: Primarily, the data transfer sequence initiated by the master generating the start condition.

7-bit Address: After that the master sends the slave address in two 8-bit formats instead of a
single 16-bit address.

R/W: If the read and write bit is high, then the write operation is performed.

ACK: If the write operation is performed in the slave device, then the receiver sends the 1-bit
ACK to the microcontroller.

Stop: After completion of the write operation in the slave device, the microcontroller sends the
stop condition to the slave device.

Programming

Write Operation

voidwrite (unsigned char d)


{
Unsigned char k, j=0x80;
For(k=0;k<8;k++)
{
SDA=(d&j);
J=j>>1;
SCL=1;
delay(4);
SCL=0;
}
SDA=1;
SCL=1;
delay(2);
c=SDA;
delay(2);
SCL=0;
}

Master to Slave Read Operation

The data is read back from the slave device in the form of bit or bytes read the most significant
bit first and read the least significant bit last.

The Data Read Format

Data Read Format


Start: Primarily, the data transfer sequence is initiated by the master generating the start
condition.

7-bit Address: After that the master sends the slave address in two 8-bit formats instead of a
single 16-bit address.

R/W: If the read and write bit is low, then the read operation is performed.

ACK: If the write operation is performed in the slave device, then the receiver sends the 1-bit
ACK to the microcontroller.

Stop: After completion of the write operation in the slave device, the microcontroller sends the
stop condition to the slave device.

Programming

Void read ()
{
Unsigned char j, z=0x00, q=0x80;
SDA=1;
for(j=0;j<8;j++)
{
SCL=1;
delay(100);
flag=SDA;
if(flag==1)
{
z=(z|q);
q=q>>1;
delay(100);
SCL=0;
}

Practical Example of Interfacing ADC to the 8051 Microcontroller


The ADC is a device which is used to convert the analogue data into the form of digital and
digital to analogue. The 8051 microcontroller does not have an inbuilt ADC so we have to add
externally through I2C protocol. The PCF8591 is the I2C based analogue to digital and digital to
analogue converter. This device can support a maximum of 4-analogue input channels along with
2.5 to 6v voltages.

Analogue Outputs

The analogue outputs come in the form of voltages. For example, 5v analogue sensor gives
output logic of 0.01v to 5v.
The maximum digital value of 5v is= 256.
The value of 2.5v is =123 according to the maximum voltage value.

The formula of analogue output is:

The Formula of Digital Outputs:


Interfacing ADC to the 8051 Microcontroller
The above figure shows the data transfer using I2C protocol from ADC device to the 8051
microcontroller. The ADC pins of SCL and SDA are connected to the pin 1.7 and 1.6 of
microcontroller for establishing communication between them. When the sensor gives analog
values to the ADC, it converts to digital and transfers data to the microcontroller through the I2C
protocol.

This is about the I2C bus protocol tutorial with appropriate programs. We hope that the given
content gives you practical concept of interfacing several devices with microcontrollers using the
I2C communication. If you have any doubt in the interfacing procedure of this protocol, you can
reach us by commenting below.
RF Based Projects Ideas List for Engineering
Students
Tarun Agarwal

Project Ideas

2 Comments

In this post, I am going to list out some important RF based projects ideas for engineering
students. I hope this post would be more helpful for ECE and EEE students to get some good
knowledge on what type of projects can be chosen in final year.

Note: Please check the given list of RF based projects ideas. You may get abstract, block
diagram and output videos of these projects by clicking on that particular project title.

1. Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for Patients:


This project is one of the fast emerging technologies in medical field which is the telemedicine
system. The health of the person can be monitored by sensing the vital parameters of his/her
body and the information can be send to the receiver unit through RF communication, to be
checked by the doctor. This system can be used at hospitals where the health of the patient can
be sensed and the information about all the parameters can be transmitted to the receiver unit at
the doctors chamber using RF communication.

The transmitter part installed at the patients room consists of a temperature sensor which senses
the body temperature of the patient and feeds this information to the microcontroller which
converts the electrical signal to binary signal which is encoded using the encoder and modulated
by the RF transmitter and sent using the antenna.

At the receiver, the sensed temperature value is received by the receiver and decoded and is
displayed on the display interfaced to the microcontroller.

2. Fire Fighting Robotic Vehicle:


This project ensures control of a robotic unit using RF technology. The robot is used in case of
fire accidents and consists of an arrangement to spray water from a nozzle and a pump to operate
the nozzle. The whole control of the robot motion as well as the robot function is done remotely
through RF communication.

In this system, push buttons are used to give respective commands to control the operation and
motion of the robotic vehicle. At the transmitter side, when one of these buttons are pressed, the
information is transformed to parallel binary signals by the microcontroller and then to serial
information by the encoder. This serial data is modulated by the RF module and transmitted
through the antenna.

At the receiver the information is demodulated by the RF receiver module and decoded to get
parallel binary code and the binary code is converted to the original input command and this is
used to drive the respective motor driver IC to drive the motors in the desired direction.

3. Pick N Place Robot with Soft Catching Gripper:


This project uses RF technology to control the functioning as well as the movement of a pick and
place robot in the desired direction. The pick and place robot consists of an end effectors with a
gripper to hold a object and place at the certain position. The movement of the robot in the
desired direction as well as the movement of the gripper to hold the object and place it on the
desired place is controlled remotely through RF communication.

At the transmitter a keypad is interfaced to the microcontroller to provide the required input
commands. By pressing a key on the keypad, the information gets converted to parallel binary
code by the microcontroller and this code is transmitted through the RF module and antenna in
serial form.

At the receiver the information is received and decoded and is used to give proper signals to the
motor driver to give motion to the robot in desired direction and also to another motor driver to
give required motion to the gripper to hold the object with proper force and place it on the
desired place.

4. RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle with LASER Beam Arrangement:


Robots used in military are not automatic but are controlled remotely. They are used in many
applications like in detecting and destroying targets. For the latter, the robotic vehicles are
embedded with LASER guns which can detect as well as destroy targets. Here the robotic
vehicle is developed with a LASER pen and the control of the robot is done remotely using push
buttons, through RF communication.

At the transmitter the commands to control the robot are given using respective push buttons
interfaced to the microcontroller. There are 4 push buttons to give movement to the Robot in
forward, backward, left and right direction. The fifth button is used to provide the LASER action
on the robot and the 6th button to stop the motor. On pressing any of the button, the commands
are encoded and transmitted in serial form after getting modulated by the RF transmitter module.

At the receiver, the modulated signal received is demodulated and decoded and used by the
microcontroller to either give signals to motor driver to drive the motors in desired direction or to
give proper supply to the LASER pen so that it emits light.

RF Based Project Ideas:

Please check the following list of RF based projects ideas. You may get abstract, block diagram
and output videos of these projects by clicking on that particular project title
o Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries Using PIC Microcontroller
o War Field Spying Robot with Night Vision Wireless Camera
o Robotic Vehicle with Metal Detector
o RF based Automation System
o Touch Screen based Home Automation System
o Secret Code Enabled Secured Communication using RF Communication
o Unique office communication system using RF
o Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries
o Density Based Traffic Signal with Remote Override in Emergency

Following are some more interesting project ideas based on RF technology.

o Advanced Railway Signaling Process by Excluding Manpower Using RF


o Channel RF Based Remote Control
o Hi-Tech Wireless Equipment Controlling System
o Home/office Security System (Safeguard) Using RF
o Incoming/Outgoing Vehicle Alert from Main Gate
o Industrial Automation System Using RF
o Detecting the Conditions of Remote Areas through Data Acquisition System Using RF Module
o Wireless Vehicle Path Tracer Using IR & RF
o RF based Wireless Remote Control Project
o Electrical Apparatus Control System in a Plant Using RF Wireless Communication
o Electronic Eye with Security System Using RF with Message Broad Casting
o Involuntary Attendance Maintenance System through Door Access Control
o Microcontroller Based Fire Monitoring System in Petrochemical Industries Using RF Communication
o Modern House Automation (AC/DC) Using RF Communication
o Railway Gate Control System Using RF
o Remote Areas Data Acquisition Using RF Module
o SMS Transmitting Using RF Module
o To Control Office Using SMS Transmitting through RF Module
o Tracking Policeman Using RF Proximity Card
o Unique Office Communication System Using RF
o Unmanned Bus Ticket Issuing System for Passengers
o Wireless Chatting Using RF
o Wireless Data Acquisition System Using RF
o Wireless Data Encryption and Decryption Using RF Communication
o Wireless Digital Code Lock with a Status Display

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