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Carbon is essential for life because it can form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, allowing it to make long chains and complex structures. The four main macromolecules that make up living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Each is a polymer formed from smaller monomers: carbohydrates from simple sugars, lipids from fats and oils, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and proteins from amino acids. These macromolecules serve important functions like energy storage, structure of biological membranes, heredity, and metabolic processes.
Carbon is essential for life because it can form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, allowing it to make long chains and complex structures. The four main macromolecules that make up living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Each is a polymer formed from smaller monomers: carbohydrates from simple sugars, lipids from fats and oils, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and proteins from amino acids. These macromolecules serve important functions like energy storage, structure of biological membranes, heredity, and metabolic processes.
Carbon is essential for life because it can form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, allowing it to make long chains and complex structures. The four main macromolecules that make up living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Each is a polymer formed from smaller monomers: carbohydrates from simple sugars, lipids from fats and oils, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and proteins from amino acids. These macromolecules serve important functions like energy storage, structure of biological membranes, heredity, and metabolic processes.
a. Carbon has 4 valence electrons allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements [ex. O, P, S, N, H] b. Living Organisms are made up of molecules that contain carbon because: i. Can form long chains with other carbon atoms ii. Can form complex structures, making it versatile iii. Can form single, double, and/or triple bonds B. Macromolecules a. Giant molecule that can be made up of thousands of smaller molecules i. Polymerization: process where large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together 1. Monomers: small units a puzzle piece 2. Polymers: chains of monomers the whole puzzle
b.4 Main Types of Organic Macromolecules
i. Carbohydrates: Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio 1:2:1 1. Main source of metabolism [energy] 2. Glucose is a simple sugar = monosaccharide [glucose, fructose] 3. Complex carbohydrates = polysaccharide [starch, cellulose, glycogen] 4. Below is Glucose [C6 H12 O6] ii. Lipids: mostly made of [C] and [H]; fats, oils, and waxes and do not dissolve in water 1. Used to store energy 2. Part of biological membranes 3. Used for waterproof covering 4. Saturated fats [contains max. Number of [H] atoms (solid at room temperatures) 5. Polyunsaturated fats [contain one double bond and are liquid at room temperature
iii.Nucleic acids: contains [C, H, O, N, P]
1. Are polymers formed by monomers known as nucleotides [5 C, a phosphate group (-PO4 ) and nitrogen base 2. Nucleic acids store and tranmit heredity or genetic information [DNA, RNA] iv. Proteins: contains [N, O, H, C] and are polymers called amino acids [building blocks of proteins] 1. Over 20 types of amino acids that form different shaped proteins = different functions 2. Proteins control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, transport substance in/out of the cell and other help fight diseases