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Electrical Aspects
BME50 Lecture 4 This material is intended for use by Tufts University students for educational purposes.
Brief electronics refresher
i ii(t) = 0
Definitions:
i vi(t) = 0
or that the sum of all voltage drops (conventions = the sign of a voltage drop
around a closed path is zero. is the first sign encountered while moving
across the path)
POWER/ ENERGY
The power P is measured in Watts
w is the energy measured in Joules
It can either
be dissipated as heat (resistance)
stored in an an e-field (capacitor)
stored in a magnetic field (inductor)
dependent sources +
(where the voltage or current -
is a function of some other
voltage or current in the
circuit).
Resistance
Resistors
(circuit element that limits the flow of
current)
measured in ohms ()
The dielectric strength of air is approximately 3 kV/mm. Its exact value varies with
the shape and size of the electrodes and increases with the pressure of the air.
3 x 106 V/m
V +
-
Resistors in parallel
+
-
Voltage Divider Rules
V +
-
+
-
Electrical safety
of paramount importance!
If sufficient current is allowed to flow through the
body, significant damage can occur
Currents greater than 75 mA may cause ventricular fibrillation (very rapid, ineffective heartbeat). This
condition will cause death within a few minutes unless a special device called a defibrillator is used to save
the victim. Heart paralysis occurs at 4 amps, which means the heart does not pump at all. Tissue is burned
with currents greater than 5 amps. 2
http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/docs/2002-123/2002-123b.html
Electrical safety
A current of 50 mA
is enough to cause
ventricular fibrillation
I=15mA if you
hold a car battery by its leads
Electrical safety shocks of the right kind
from here we
can go one of two
ways
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/eceprojectsland/STUDENTPROJ/2003to2004/jms225mm246/ElectrocardiogramSystem.pdf
Design of biologically relevant electronic
instrumentation
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/29-3/low_power.html