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1. The charge on the nucleus and the number of electrons in the valence shell determine
the chemical properties of an atom.
2. The stability of noble gas is due to their electrons arrangement.
3. The diagram above shows the first four elements of Noble Gas. We can see that the
outer most shell (valence shell) of Helium has 2 electrons. We call this duplet electron
arrangement.
4. The maximum number of electrons can be filled in the first shell is 2 electrons, which
means 2 electrons in the first shell is considered FULL.
5. The valence shell all other Group 18 elements (including Xenon and Radon which is not
shown in the diagram) has 8 electrons, and we call this octet electron arrangement.
6. When the electron arrangement of an atom is duplet or octet, the energy of the electrons
is very low, and it is very difficult (even though it is not impossible) to add or remove
electrons from the atom.
7. This explains why noble gases are reluctant to react with all other elements.
The Octet Rule
1. Atoms of other main group elements which are not octet tend to react with other atoms
in various ways to achieve the octet.
2. The tendency of an atom to achieve an octet arrangement of electrons in the outermost
shell is called the octet rule.
3. If the outermost shell is the first shell, then the maximum number of electrons is two, and
the most stable electron arrangement will be duplet.
4. A configuration of two electrons in the first shell, with no other shells occupied by
electrons, is as stable as the octet electron arrangement and therefore is also said to obey
the octet rule.
(Ionic Bond)
1. By releasing or receiving electron(s), the atoms will become ions and consequently form
ionic bond between the ions.
2. Ionic bonds are always formed between metal and non-metal. For example, sodium
(metal) react with chlorine (non-metal) will form an ionic bond between sodium ion and
chloride ion.
3. The compounds formed are called the ionic compounds.
4. Some time, an ionic bond is also called electrovalent bond.
(Covalent Bond)
1. By sharing electron(s), the atoms will form covalent bond between the atom and the
molecule formed is called the covalent molecule.
2. Covalent bond is always formed between non-metal with another non-metal.
Formation of Ion
O , SO4 etc.
2- 2-
2. If a particle has equal numbers of protons (+) and electrons (-), the particle charge is
zero, and the particle is said to be neutral.
3. In a chemical reaction, electron(s) can be transferred from atom to another atom.
4. If electron(s) is removed from an atom, the number of protons will be more than number
of electrons. In this case, the atom will has excess positive charge and hence form a
positive ion (cation).
(A sodium atom release one electron to form a sodium ion with +1 charge)
(A magnesium atom release one electron to form a sodium ion with +2 charge)
Example: Formation of Ion with +3 Charge
(An aluminium atom release one electron to form a sodium ion with +3 charge)
(A fluorine atom receives one electron to form a fluoride ion with -1 charge)
Formation of Negative Ions of -2 Charge
(An oxygen atom receives two electrons to form a oxide ion with -2
charge)
1. After forming an ion, the electron arrangement of the ion is similar to the noble gases.
2. For example, the electron arrangement of fluoride ion is 2.8 which is similar to a Neon
atom, 2.8.
3. Fluoride ion and the neon atom have similar electron arrangement.
4. Fluoride ion carries charge whereas neon atom is neutral.
(The electrons arrangement of a fluoride ion is the same as a neon atom. However, they are so much different chemically)
Ionic Bonding
1. Ionic bonds are formed by one atom transferring electrons to another atom to form ions.
2. Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, which have lost or gained electrons.
3. The atom losing electrons forms a positive ion (a cation) and is usually a metal.
4. The atom gaining electrons forms a negative ion (an anion) and is usually a non-metallic
element.
5. Ions of opposite charge will attract one another by strong electrostatic force, thus
creating an ionic bond.
6. Ionic bond is also known as electrovalence bond.
1. Figure above shows the illustration of the formation of ionic bond between a sodium
atom (group 1 metal) and a chlorine atom (group 17 element).
2. The electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1, which is not octet and hence not
stable.
3. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the sodium atom donate/release one electron
and form sodium ion.
4. The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7, which is also not octet and hence
not stable, too.
5. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the chlorine atom receives one electron from
sodium atom and form a chloride ion.
6. The sodium ion and the chloride ion carry opposite charge, hence they attract each other
and form an ionic bond between each other.
1. Figure above shows the illustration of the formation of ionic bond between two
potassium atoms (group 1 metal) and an oxygen atom (group 16 element).
2. The electron arrangement of potassium atom is 2.8.8.1, which is not octet and hence not
stable.
3. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the potassium atom donate/release one
electron and form potassium ion.
4. The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6, which is also not octet and hence not
stable, too.
5. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the oxygen atom receives two electrons from
potassium atoms and form an oxide ion.
6. The potassium ions and the oxide ion carry opposite charge, hence they attract each
other and form two ionic bond between the ions.
1. Figure above shows the illustration of the formation of ionic bond between a calcium
atom (group 2 metal) and an oxygen atom (group 16 element).
2. The electron arrangement of calcium atom is 2.8.8.2, which is not octet and hence not
stable.
3. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the potassium atom donate/release two
electrons and form calcium ion.
4. The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6, which is also not octet and hence not
stable, too.
5. To achieve octet electrons arrangement, the oxygen atom receives two electrons from
the calcium atom and form an oxide ion.
6. The calcium ion and the oxide ion carry opposite charge, hence they attract each other
and form an ionic bond between each other.
Covalent Bonding
1. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons to form molecules. This type of
bond usually formed between two non-metallic elements.
2. In the formation of covalent bonds, atoms of non-metals will combine with each other to
donate one, two or three electrons for sharing.
3. The compound formed through the formation of covalent bonds is called the covalent
compounds.
N2 Tetrachloro- CCl4
Nitrogen
methane
Examples of Formation of Covalent
Compounds
Formation of Fluorine Molecule
Number of Bond
Example
Number of electron Example and type of covalent bond
Group 15 3 Group 17 1 XY 3
Group 16 2 Group 16 2 XY
Group 16 2 Group 17 1 XY 2
Group 17 1 Group 17 1 XY