Valuing Physical Geography

Author(s): KENNETH J. GREGORY

Source: Geography, Vol. 89, No. 1 (January 2004), pp. 18-25
Published by: Geographical Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40573908
Accessed: 29-06-2017 22:03 UTC

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 GEOGRAPHY KEYNOTE LECTURE
VOLUME 89(1)
PAGES 18-25
Valuing Physical
Geography
Geography 2004
KENNETH J. GREGORY
ABSTRACT: The way in which the component
branches of physical geography are valued is
different from the value of the whole of physical
geography. Whereas the component branches
were valued increasingly during the twentieth
century, trends in those branches have
centrifugally moved towards a more integrated
physical geography. Attempting a valuation of
physical geography, looking at value as a verb
and as a noun, for each of six constituencies -
physical geographers, human geographers and
geographers in general, education, other
disciplines, environmental managers and
decision makers, the general public - indicates
the challenges that remain and the opportunities
for reinforcement of the considerable recent
progress made. Dangers can arise in each of the
suggested six constituencies, but there can be
opportunities or challenges. Reflecting on the
way in which the discipline has evolved is
valuable in that it ensures that all potential
developments are identified and great
opportunities are not missed.
I VALUE THIS opportunity to review Valuing
physical geography'. The theme of the Gs
Annual Conference in 2003 conceived by the GA
President is very timely, but in attempting
valuation we need to consider whether physical
geography is being valued in whole or in part and
also who is the valuation for? Value is usually
defined as worth, but of course can be expressed
either as a verb (what we do) or a noun (the value
placed). In the past we may have been too
quantitative and pragmatic, giving insufficient
attention to value - there are certainly varying
perceptions of value in different countries of the
world. I identify six groups of individuals
(constituencies) who may value physical
18 geography, then apply the verb and noun to each
of these groups, as the basis for a conclusion.
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Physical geographers
To provide a context we can reflect on the way in
which physical geography has developed. This
development may be summarised as being initiated
by a unitary holistic approach in the late nineteenth
century, succeeded by reductionism which was
progressive throughout the twentieth century,
culminating in the twenty-first century in an
approach which is again more holistic. In parallel
with this progressive development has been the
interest shown by physical geographers in world
'spheres': first the atmosphere was recognised, as
early as the late seventeenth century, then the
lithosphre, hydrosphere and biosphere were
added, later complemented by others including the
pedosphere (the domain of the soil), cryosphere
(ice, including glaciers and ground ice) and
noosphere (the influence of human activity). These
spheres have long provided the focus of interest for
physical geographers, prompting the suggestion
that we became sphere crazy (Huggett, 1995).
Physical geography evolved to encompass the study
of the subjects of these spheres and maybe thought
of as evolving cumulatively with a series of branches
of study (Figure 1). In the nineteenth century
physical geography was more integrated - what we
now think of as holistic - because less was known so
that it was still possible to focus upon all aspects of
the physical environment and their interactions.
The books produced by Somerville (1848) and
Huxley (1877) were very influential; their
contributions, together with the spheres recog-
nised in the nineteenth century, provided the
foundations for the growth of physical geography in
Britain (Gregory, 2003a) and elsewhere. Progress
took place in the twentieth century with the
emergence of a series of branches of physical
geography, as indicated in Figure 1 on which the
date of one of the first authors to identify each
branch or subfield is noted (where known).
Four broad phases can be discerned in the
development of physical geography in the
twentieth century. In the first half of the century
came fragmentation into the main branches of
geomorphology, plant geography or biogeography,
and climatology; up to 1960 these remained as the
major branches of the subject. After I960 revolution
in physical geography was fostered by the advent of
quantification and of concentration upon five new
approaches (Gregory, 1985, 2000) focusing upon
processes, human activity, systems, applied physical
geography, and environmental change. All of these
developed after I960, although each approach
 -I
GEOGRAPHY

VALUING
Physical
PHYSICAL
Geography
GEOGRAPHY
Somerville I

1848 I Physiography
Huxley 1877

Atmosphere
Lithosphre
Hydrosphere
Biosphere Geography 2004
Suess 1875

Geomorphology deMargerie 1886

Plant Geography Schimper 1903

Physiography, Climatology, Biogeography

Fenneman 1919

Processes Gilbert 1914, Leopold, Wolman and Miller 1964

Human activity Sherlock 1922, Thomas 1956

Systems Tansley 1935, Chorley 1962

Applied Land Systems 1946, Coates 1971

Environmental change Ubby 1947, Flint 1957

Quantification Barry 1963

"Hazards White 1942 j

Resources

| Global Summerfield 1981

Cultural Butzer 1964

Physical
Geography 9
Physiography
I

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050

Figure 1. A perception of the developmen

of each branch is located according to the

could be branches - continued

traced back until the last
to two decades
muchof ea
the
investigations twentieth
of century
processes when, encouraged by had b
Gilbert in 1914 but
increasing awareness his
of hazards alternat
and of resources, it
approach did was complemented
not by two other branchesfavour,
attract which
the publication could be termed inglobal and cultural (Gregory,of
1964 Flu
Geomorphology (Leopold
2000). Global approaches became more prominent, et a
emphasis upon processes
and were an antidote to investigation of increasingly reall
second phase - the separation of physical small-scale spaces and a response to the need for 19
geography, with reductionism, into smaller sub- focus upon global change, especially of climate,

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 benefiting from advances in remote sensing. There is a choice available for physical
GEOGRAPHY
In addition, although cultural themes had been geography (Gregory, 2000): to continue as at
VALUING evident since the 1960s especial y as a result of present; to disappear as such, becoming
PHYSICAL research in Mediterranean areas (Butzer, 1964), a independent parts of the separate subjects of
GEOGRAPHY theme that may be described as cultural physical geomorphology, hydrology and soil science, for
geography became increasingly evident as it was example; or to reinvent the discipline to some
recognised that it was impossible to separate natural extent by an element of revolution. Asingle solution
proces es from human impact, the two together is unlikely as some physical geographers see the
being es ential for the investigation of landscape benefits of closer alliance with geology (e.g. Bishop,
management. 2003), fostered by new discipline arrangements in
ieography 2004 Now at the beginning of the twenty-first higher education, but it is to be hoped that these
century there are many signs of a more integrated will not fragment too many geography departments
physical geography appearing once again (Gregory, 2003b).
(Gregory, 2001a; Gregory et al., 2002). A more The evolutionary sequence outlined shows that
integrated stance has come about because as the it is necessary to appreciate the development of
branches of physical geography have advanced so physical geography in order to decide how it is
each of them has had to inter-relate with other valued. If physical geography is fragmented, with no
branches and with aspects of other disciplines - socentral core, it could be argued that it is not valued by
that multidisciplinary approaches have becomephysical geographers because they are themselves
increasingly necessary. In addition a holisticnarrower specialists. However, there are many signs
approach to physical environment has becomethat physical geography is becoming more integrated
more essential, leading to the realisation that ifagain, as demonstrated by the following:
physical geography does not adopt a unified the realisation that we use some form of system
approach then other disciplines, such as Earth closure (Lane, 2001) to limit the fields we study;
system science (Lawton, 2001), will fill the void a recognition of unification through common
created. This is why a sparsely inhabited niche techniques (Gregory et al, 2002);
(Slaymaker and Spencer, 1998) was identified as a focus on physical environment through land
the void in the range of disciplines arising from evaluation and restoration;
earlier research and providing opportunity for by awareness of global change;
future developments in physical geography. and the coming together of, for example,
In the early twenty-first century, therefore, process investigations of floodplains and of
physical geography may be perceived as being environmental change through advances made
composed of a number of approaches or strands (as in the use of radionuclides (walling and He,
indicated in Figure 1) all of which produce research 1999).
in their own right, but which are also Such exciting developments as these are leading
complemented by an awareness that the towards more multidisciplinary approaches, and to
interactions between the original spheres, or a renewed concern with the total physical
reductionist branches, need to be focused upon environment. Thus we might conclude that physical
once more. This challenge has been expressed in geographers are increasingly valuing physical
various ways, such as the notion that physicalgeography in what we do (as a verb) and that value
geography increasingly came to resemble a Polo is emerging in the value placed (as a noun).
mint (Gardner, 1996) because it had no 'core'.
When deciding between alternatives, the tightrope
I
choice between environmental Earth science and a Geographers and human
more social human-oriented physical geography
(Chorley, 1971) still remains; there is no doubt that
geographers
physical geography is unbalanced, with more
I
emphasis devoted to land than to atmosphere, and The way in which human geographers, and
with oceans receiving little attention (Gregory, geographers in general, perceive physical
2001a) - reflecting the way that atmospheric and geography has also varied over time. Whereas
I
ocean sciences have developed. New structures for regional geography was argued to be an integrative
] physical geography have appeared, as illustrated by force up until the 1960s, subsequent quantification
1 the titles of articles listed in the collection of and systems approaches saw new emphases in
20 1 branches of physical geography presented in the
human geography (Johnston, 1979) with
1
USA (Bauer, 1999; Bauerei al, 1999). reductionist trends equivalent to those in physical

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geography. Although there were pleas to recover In education, for much of the first part of the
GEOGRAPHY
the high ground, taking the broader view because twentieth century physical geography was valued
land and life is what geography has always been in the later years of the school curriculum and the VALUING

about (Stoddart, 1987). Although some writers
argued that the study of environmental issues,
mainly through the study of resources and their
management, potentially provides a contemporary
linking of human and physical geography, relatively
little of the research and textbook writing indicates
any integration of the two (Johnston, 1997).
However, recently there has been a number of
integrated regional approach was stressed. PHYSICAL
However, following fragmentation and more GEOGRAPHY
topic-based education, particular themes in
physical geography became valued. The
curriculum model for teacher education, for
example, accepts the need to address important
issues in connection with global environmental
matters (human settlements, population, conflict, Geography 0 2004

suggestions of unifying trends that could bring a deteriorating planet, saving the whole) as part of
human and physical geography closer once again. 'one earth many worlds' (Williams, 1989) - a
Thus it has been proposed (Massey, 1999) that there theme chosen for the 30th International
may be commonalities between physical geography Geographical Union Congress when it meets in
and human geography in emerging ways of Glasgow in 2004 - showing how physical
conceptualising space, time and space-time. Or geography as a whole can be valued. Because
when searching for synthesis, barriers are seen to be geography can make a contribution across the
specialisation, the deepening divide between human-physical divide, where other disciplines
human and physical geography, and the nature of do not, there is the potential for a really distinctive
geographic education (Gober, 2000). A further way contribution, if allowed by recent developments
in which new bridges over the discipline's in the national position of the discipline and how
human/physical divide may be built is through it may feature in future curricula, as discussed in
geographical engagement with the interdisciplinary many articles in Geography (e.g. Chapman, 2003).
field of environmental ethics (Smith, 2000). The national curriculum embraces physical
These are just some of the ways in which geography, which is a recognition of value. In
geography in general, and human geography in higher education of the ten benchmark
particular, may be poised to value physical statements (Lane, 2003) two involve the domain
geography, although a pluralist solution may be
of physical geography (A2, A3) with physical-
that the alliance between physical and human geographical links provided in two others (A9,
geography may not be the only one to be A10). Therefore value of physical geography in
rediscovered. Whereas during the expansion of education appears to be changing as a verb, but as
approaches in human geography during the latter
a noun is perhaps still declining.
part of the twentieth century it was unlikely for
human geography to value physical geography,
such unifying trends mean that one is becoming Value of physical
more aware of the other once again. Thus some
human geographers welcome reconvergence,
geography in, and by,
others are not yet convinced, so we may conclude other disciplines
that value as a verb is declining but as a noun
might be increasing.
For physical geography to become so established as
to be recognised as making a distinctive and useful
Value of physical contribution has taken a long time. For many years

geography in education there was the danger of it being perceived as an

eclectic discipline, which precluded physical
geography being valued or sufficiently recognised
I hesitate to say much under this heading, but by other disciplines. In the last 20 years there are at
recall that the fundamental foundation of physical least two major ways in which physical geography
geography was provided by Huxley (1877) who has become valued by other disciplines. First in the
saw it as: realisation that physical geography can make a
valuable contribution which is complementary to
A description of the earth, of its place and relation to
other bodies; of its general structure, and of its great that of other disciplines, because it focuses on
features - winds, tides, mountains, plains: of the chiefaspects of environment not covered by others. This
forms of the vegetable and animal world, of the varieties is exemplified in atmospheric sciences where, as 21
of man [sic]. Henderson-Sellers (1989) argues, physical

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 geographers have much to offer to both the Environmental
GEOGRAPHY
atmospheric physiography and meteorological
VALUING modelling aspects of modern climate study. A new managers
PHYSICAL and revitalised physical geography can occupy the
GEOGRAPHY sparsely inhabited niche that occurs between Earth
It is also instructive to consider how individuals with
system science and Anglo-American physical
responsibility for managing the environment value
geography (Slaymaker and Spencer, 1998). A
physical geography. It is possible that in some cases,
further example is the way in which because of developments towards multidisciplinary
geomorphology can provide a temporal context
investigations, the contributions of individuals
important for understanding the background for
(although trained in physical geography), may not
eography2004 river channel management (Newson et ai, 2000;
be associated with physical geography. However
Newson, 1994). In the study of rivers in forestedthere are now many instances of those trained in
areas, investigations of wood in rivers (e.g. Gregory,
physical geography, or in its specialist branches,
2003c) mean that studies by physical geographerssecuring posts in environmental management,
have been recognised and valued by ecologists;
which in itself is a sign of value. Graf (1992) has
investigations of change over time (e.g. Gregoryargued that although it is now apparent that public
et al., 1993) can provide a valuable input and canpolicy needs and can use the explanations provided
then be the basis for deciding how much wood to by science, what is still not dear is whether or not
leave in the channel or whether to introduce more
geomorphologists and hydrologists can address the
(Gregory and Davis, 1992). contemporary and socially significant issues with
This leads, second, towards multidisciplinaryconvincing answers. However, the ways in which
studies: as physical geographers are valued by physical geographers have been enlisted to various
other disciplines, new branches of study emergeconsulting projects demonstrates that their
to which contributions are made by a range of contributions are valued: the role of the
disciplinary specialists. In this way a researchgeomorphologist (Brunsden, 1999) in contributing
programme in urban areas involves geographersinvestigations basic to landscape management, and
as hydrologists, climatologists, meteorologists, the role of the biogeographer (Haines-Young, 2000),
geomorphologists, and terrestrial and aquaticthrough landscape evaluation, may be cited as
ecologists. In restoring urban river corridors,
eminently successful examples. The role of physical
physical geographers are collaborating with geographers in the Middlesex Flood Hazard
engineers and interacting with atmosphericResearch Centre is an exemplary instance. In
scientists, environmental chemists, biologistsaddition to providing the research data that
and hydrogeologists (Gregory et al., 2002).contribute to management decisions, physical
Palaeohydrology is a further example of geographers
a have also led national developments
multidisciplinary field which has developed sincewhich are establishing policies of significance. In the
the mid-twentieth century, and has involvedUSA Professor WL Graf chaired the national
specialists from a range of disciplines with committee that produced the volume on watershed
research which can contribute to investigations of management (NRC, 1999), proposing how future
global change (Gregory and Benito, 2003). developments should take place. Perhaps the most
Understanding gained from studies of the past can dramatic way in which the physical geographer has
be expressed in a protocol embracing palaeo- contributed in a way recognised by environmental
hydrological inputs for application to a particular managers is by demonstrating impacts to be
area (Gregory, 2003d). considered in future management provision. For
A potential difficulty of multidisciplinary example, in Kursk, Russia, urban development can
studies is that, as Peter Haggett graphically lead to increased runoff with dramatic
reminded us, 'the same academic space is heavily consequences for drainage (Bondarev and Gregory,
occupied and the camp fires of near neighbours 2002) which need to be holistically managed; and in
burn brightly around us' (1996) - a salutory New South Wales, Australia, there is now a
reminder that tasks are available and that if requirement for the production of urban
physical geographers do not respond then othersstormwater management plans, and the viewpoint
will! Many other examples could have been of a physical geographer can provide a significant
quoted in relation to global change (e.g. Arnell, contribution to such management (Gregory,
1996), but we might tentatively conclude that use 2001b). Physical geographers are therefore
22 as a verb is increasing, and also as a noun - interested in, and able to contribute to, sustainable
although some would say from a low base. drainage systems (Charlesworth et al., 2003). In

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relation to environmental managers we might Conclusion GEOGRAPHY
conclude that the verb value is increasing, whereas
the noun is emerging. VALUING

In the development of any discipline it is possible

PHYSICAL

to detect several phases (Curran, 1985). In the case

General public
How often have we come up against perceptions of
physical geography which reflect the way in which
geography was composed and taught many years
ago - when the perceivers were themselves in the
GEOGRAPHY
of physical geography (Gregory, 2000) it may be
that the subject has now reached the point where
its growth rate is beginning to decline. However,
there also seems to be a renaissance in that, as
suggested in Figure 1, the unitary nature of physical
geography may be appearing again in the twenty-
Geography 2004

educational system? This perception time lag has first century in the way that it was paramount in the

been overcome to some extent by greater public nineteenth century. Developments in the twentieth
awareness of the environment and also because century, the time of reductionism, were necessary
physical geographers have interacted more visibly as the subject amplified and expanded with
in explaining what physical geography does, necessary specialisation in the branches. In valuing
physical geography we have to separate the way in
although still not achieving the public support that
archaeology commands or that geology has which the component branches are valued from
obtained, certainly in the past. One example of the
the value of the integral whole. Whereas the
way things are improving is the fact that there component
is branches were increasingly valued
now a requirement for public views to be during the course of the twentieth century, the
considered as an integral part of environmental trends in the branches have centrifugally moved
management. This means that it is important that towards a more integrated physical geography.
physical geographers are aware not only of public At present it is therefore possible to attempt a
perception of environmental character and valuation of physical geography by looking at value,
problems, but also that they communicate modern as a verb and as a noun, for the six constituencies
understanding of environment so that the general that have been identified (Table 1). The use as a
public appreciates what is possible. A potential verb and as a noun is suggested for the six
danger arises when public opinion is sought on a constituencies, and an overall valuation very
particular issue without giving clear guidelines as to tentatively suggested by adding the positives in
each column.
what is realistically feasible. An example is provided
by the area west of Phoenix, Arizona, where the This gives some idea of the challenge still
newly established urban community of Fountain remaining, there being opportunities for further
reinforcement of the considerable recent
Hills has been developing since the 1970s,
extending over an area of semi-arid washes. progress made. However we should not become
Morphological changes of the washes have complacent because there are potential dangers
inevitably occurred and the wash system has which can arise in each of the constituencies, as
effectively been sub-divided into a series of suggested in Table 2.
functional segments (Chin and Gregory, 2001; Nevertheless these dangers can also be seen
Gregory and Chin, 2002) which are delimited by as opportunities or challenges - this is why it is
the points at which storm drainage enters the Table 1
system. There is now a general public interest in the
Vttempted valuation of physical
way in which the drainage system is being managed
geography
and restored and the results of a preliminary
questionnaire survey (Chin and Gregory, 2003) Value of physical Use as a Use as a
geography verb noun
show how important it is to elicit public views
against the background of what is possible. Tb physical geographers Increasing Renewing
Tb human geographers Declining Possibly
In contemporary society there is now a need
increasing
to review the place of geography, which is more
In education Changing Declining
compelling now than it has been for some time In and by other disciplines Increasing Increasing
(Jacobs and Woo, 1994). In conclusion, therefore, Tb managers and Increasing Emerging
as far as the general public is concerned, it may be decision makers

that the verb is not understood (including how the To the general public Not Clarifying
understood
subject was studied in the past in school) whereas 23
Overall 3+ 2+
the noun is clarifying.

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 Table 2
GEOGRAPHY
Dancers and chaUenees/onnortunities to the value of physical geography
VALUING

PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY

eography2004

Charlesworth, S.M., Harker, E. and Rickard, S. (2003)

useful to reflect on the way in which the discipline
has developed, to ensure that all potential review of sustainable drainage systems (SUDS)',
developments are identified and great
opportunities are not missed.
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