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acmillan
nglish
rammar
In Context
Advanced
with key
Michael Vince
acmillan
nglish
rammar
In Context
Advanced
MacmUlan Educarlon
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1 would li ke to than k C'.arl Rohin<on, Aman<la 1-lolmhrook anrl Sarah Cm tis fo r their <upport and heip duri ng this
proje.-1 . Speclal thanks ar<> d11e to rny tiitor Cta ,c Shaw. 1 would ahu lil<e Lo Lhank U1e u1aoy lad,ers wbo,e cla,ses 1
have1 vbill>d, at 1tl whu hav~ C:LILUJUt'Ult!tl uu Vt!~iuu} uf thh l>ufJk.
The authors and publlsh ers are rateul or 1>errn 1ss1on to reprint the following copyright material: Toe 8llC for an
extract from ' Bond llm stage ;'wiU be rebuilt'" publlshed on www.news.bbc.co.uk 31 July 2006, copyright Q www.
bbc.co.uk 2006. Guardian Ncws & Media Ltd for an cxtract from 'l h c appliancc of .Scicncc' by Mikc Muimc publishcd
in The <.iuardian 14 March 2007. copyright Guardian 2007. BritainUSA.com for an extract from 'Wlch cheeses
are produced in llritain?' p uhlished on www.hritainusa.com. Th1,Scot<mans Puh lication l.imilcd for an extract frorn
' lllorke<l rlrnlns shul galleo-y' by Joanna Vall..,Jy p uhlishd ln The ~rnt<man r~b111ary 2006. Tclegiaph M.-dl,1 Oro11,
Limllcd for ao exu-act fru111 'Cu1e for bUmlm:s, wilhiu ive Y"' IJy Ruer Higli.-ld p ulJU>hed iJ1 TI'" Telernph 6
Juuc 2007, copytight OThe Tolegraph 2007.
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material: Alamy/ Robert Stalnforth p 77, Andrew Fox p 131, Balley-CoopeI Photography p 140; Anclent An &
Ardtitecture Collection/ p 145; Anthony Blake Picture Library/ p 36; A.rt Directors & Trlp/ David CleAA p 33,
Helene Rogers p H lt, Mark Madaren p 201; Bananas1ock/ pp 2Sct, 28cb, 28b, 123,209; Brand X/ pp 23, 53, 99, 153;
Cartoon Stock/ p 26: t.:omStock/ p 32: Corbis / hbcrhard Strcichan/ zefa p 31, Richard Cummlns p SS,
Bettmann p 87, John Springc Collcction p 117, W. l'erry Conway p 168, The GaJJer1 Collection p 21!1;
Oigital Stock/ Corbis p 102; Digital Vision/ p ti!; J::ycwircl p Ult; <.iclty tmagcs/ HoUy Harris p l S,
llulton Archive pp 18,108, 149, Petrified C:ollection p 851, AFP 14 1b, Kazumi Nagaswawa p 157,
r
Altrendn images p ?07, Frank Whilney ?.ln ; Hadrlon naviPs/ p 107; lmage 100/ p 109; hnag~ Source/ pp 160, 2 1O,
213, 214; Jupiti,r/ Mid,.-1 Faimill.Jer/ Pholunomtup p 63, Mary Evaus Pictur" Liura..y/ pp 113, 161;
Photodlsc/ p 59, 67, 1871 191 1 212; Rex Features / pp 85r, 98; Sckn~c Plt"ture Llbrary/ NASA p 165, Ed Young p 186,
Srlll Plctures/ Wllllam Campbell p 38; Stockbyte/ pp 9, 22, 95, 135; Superstock/ pp 45, 85c, 103.
The practice material includes a wide raoge of lopics to refkcl butl1 every<lay language
use and the kinds of subjects learners migbt be studying in schools or colleges. Many
Ieamers are likely to use English to learn another subjcct during their education and the
choice of text tries to rcflcct this far.t. Some tcxts contain information which leamers
should find interesting or challenging. The intention in general is that l;inguage should
have a famil iar context and that learners should have something to use Ianguage for.
Within each unit, exercises range in difficully. This allows Jearners Lo build up their
confidence with the simpler, more familiar tasks before moving onto the more
challenging ones later in the unit. The longer, topic-based texts includc h ighligh ted
words whosc definitions can he found on thc arro,upa nying CD-ROM. This is a good
opportl.Ulity for learners to widcn their vocabulary and sce grammar used in realistic
contexts.
The Review section at the back of the book offers more aclivities for sludenls who
have ftnished the other exercises. l.t is also for students who feel that they haven't fuily
grasped the grammar point and need some further practice. In addition, it can be used
as a mcans of testing or revising previous study, r.ither in rlass or at homr.
The CD-ROM
This includes two further exercises tor each unit in tllis book, and a test section.
Plus, where you see highliihted words like this, you will find the definitions in the
glossary sechon. Just foUow the link rom the homepage.
To the student
Macmillan English Grammar In Cuntexl has been written to make 6'Tammar mure
inleresling 1an o1er books on lhe markel. We hope you find il en joyable as well
as useful. lf you are studying at home, the units can be covered in any order but the
exercises within each unit have been graded. lf you find sorne exercises difficult, read
the presentation page again. TI1e ex.tension activities and Review offer the opportunity
of furth er prar.tice.
To the teacher
Unlike many olher grammar books, Mucmillun English Gmmmur In Context puls
grammar into context. The ai.m is to encourage students to see grammar used more
realistically and in more interesting ways. The topics covered in the exercises can
be used as a starting point for a lesson, as a subject for discussion, and as a means of
helping to build students' vocabulary in useful areas. There is opportunity for individual
st1.1dy, group work and homework, plus testing, in the d ifferent sections of the book.
Unit Topic Page
1 present simple, present continuous (1} ......... 6
4 prese nt perfect 20
6 tense contrasts .. 30
16 would ..... 78
19 questions .......... 92
23 nouns 11 O
27 adverbs 128
44 emphasis 204
Review 208
Wordlist 220
look
With the state meaning of 'seem', look can be used in present simple only.
Thi~ book looks irrleresling.
In descriptions of appearance, /ook can be used in both simple and continuous.
Jim /ooks i/1. He/en is /ooking we/1.
see, hear
I see / hear you've had your hair cut. Jane is seeing Harry. (= spending time with)
I didn't hear arry noises. You re hearing things! (= imagining)
fee/, see, sme/1, taste
The room sme/1s awfu/! l'm smelling the flowers! (an active choice)
ache, feel, hurt
Verbs that describe how the body feels can use either simple o r continuous forms with little
changc in meaning.
My foor hurts. My foot Is hurtlng.
1feel sick. f'm feel/ng sick
weigh, measure
This bag weighs more rhan 25 kilos. l'm welghlng che parce/ before I po!it it.
VI
::::,
o
::::,
e
+'
e
oV
+-'
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QJ
VI
Note that what is said here about present simple and present continuous is gene rall y true for simple and ...o.
QJ
VI
+'
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VI
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a.
o
1 Underline the correct form.
a Some kinds of fish co11tain / are co11tni11ing high lcvels of dangcrous mctals.
b Scicntists nowadays slnwly begin ro 11ndersta11d / are slmvly begi11ni11g to 1111derstnnd more about
how the brain works.
e What do you thi11k / nre you thi11ki11g of Kale's new hairslyle? ll's unusual, isn' l il?
d Luud musil.: <.:a11 IJI:! rl:!ally annoying. Sorne p!:!ople don't realize / nren't realizi11g what a
nuisance it can be.
e You can't really havf> Sf>f'n a UFO! Yn11 imagine/ ar, irnagi11ing things!
f lechnicians report that they have / are having dilficulty instaJling the new computer system.
g No wine forme! 1 take / l'm taki11g anlibiotics for anear infection.
h In career tl:!nns, having a good ueg ree nppenrs / is appearing to make little dJfference.
The National Theatre consiclers / is considaring puuing on a 11ew produclion of U11clc Vanyn.
Dnes thi.~ wal/et helmrs / Is this wallet helo11ging to you?
2 Underline the present simple/ continuous verb errors in the text. Wrile a correclion at the end
of the line whe re necessary.
is T ip+rcc ('ti
(,J(lrwic.lc
CV2<l 7/J.t.
I have pv-oblel"lls ~ftinq o. new phone c.oV\V\eC.fion ie.-e , so insfe(ld a .I'.- 1-\aVit\q
1
of se,,.,dinq e-r11ai1s o.s usual, ! 1"11 ac.tuo.llLf sittinq down fo U)Y'ife o. b
te-Her.
!'m imaqininq t.pU'II be suvprised fo qef fhis (l$ ! 've nevev been e
l"IIUC.h ot (l tetter-u.witev-. ! 11"11 puttinq fhe refuv-n (lddress in biq d
lefters o.f fl,e fop, i,ec.ause fo fell ...,ou f he f>rufh I'l"II beqinV1iV1q fo tee1 e
quite lol'lellf h're.
tJell, p&tiapS ! 1'11 V\Of l"l\eM iVlq ft,af ey:aC.fl,, . 11,&-e (lre plen-hf o/:' f
people to.- me to falk fo . !n rac.f I seftle in fo f he sfudenf tire quife 9
1
u>ell, buf r don f v-e(lll'-1 know O.Vll.fOne ..,ef. I 've qof a v-oor11 in (l house h
o. lonq wa'-1 A-ol"II c.011eqe, o.nd I'l"II seel"llinq fo spend o. lonq f il"lle on
fhe bus . .4 lot of studCnfS h&e c...,c.ie, So 1 11"11 +r'-1inq to tind a c.heap j
bike, and ! (liso f/.iinl: ot r11ovinq ne(lrer fo c.o11eqe whe"l ! e.a"' Cinc/ k
somewi.e.-e. Sorr'-1 - an interrupf ion , someone knoc.ks af ft-.e doov- . rl)ore
lafev-. lo.fev- . One o(' fhe qirls dowVlsfo.irs has o. po.Y-tLf, o.nd I'l"II invif ed. m
/1,.,.,d fhe phone tine ho.S beer1 tiy:ed, so r'r11 ey:pec.finq '-100 111 qef an e- n
Mail trol"/\ rl\C vcn.1 soon! In to.c.f, I c.ov-.sidCY fCo.rir1q up f1,s tettCY 1 so o
;usf iqr1o-re even.,-thinq I've S(lid ...
3 Complete the text with the presen'L simple or present continuous forrn of t he ve rb in bracket s.
--
.-
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY
a.
E
A Write tour sentences about yourself using these verbs:
enjoy hope regret think (of +ing) +-'
e
Q)
B Use a dictionary and w rite an example for each of t hese Vl
Q)
verbs, using present simple. ~
for performative verbs accept, apologize, dare, deny. understand, see (with a meaning of
'understand') etc These are verbs w hich, when used in present simple, describe an action as the
word is spoken.
1agree w,th you / accept your offer.
I understand / see
Thank you,
I accept your offer.
for vcrbs rcporting news: gather, hear, see, tell, say. undcrstand.
I hear youvc got J ncw job.
Peop/e tell me shc's difficult to work with.
We understand rhat thc housc is now for sale.
{5cc Unit 19, reporting verbs)
in here comes. there goes, here lies.
These expressions include invers ion of verb and subject.
Here comes troublc! There goes a bravc man!
Here /ies John Smith. (written on a tomb)
Note that the activity may not be go lng on at the exact momcnt of speaking.
l'm reading Harry Potrer and the Gobler of Fire. (1haven't fin ished it yct, but l'm not reading
at t his moment)
verbs that describe a changing situation, eg change, get + adjective, grow, increase etc
lt's getting dark. Computers are changlng al/ the rime.
simple or continuous?
In sorne cases, the choice between simple and continuou~ b part uf the attitude uf the writl:!r or
--
N
Vl
::,
speaker, espetiall y i11 ex lanations am.J deKrit io11s uf situatiuns. o
:::,
Professor Thome explains that some patients eat too much because they grow up in families with poor e:
eatinq habits. +-'
Professor Thome exp/ains that some patients are eating too much because they are growing up in families e:
with poor eatinq habits. 8
The first example (presenl simple) destribes sumelhing that is generally true, the second (present +-'
cuntinuous) describes sornething more Lernporary or sornelhing nol always Lhe case. e:
Q)
Vl
QJ
'-
a.
w'
a.
E
Vl
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Vl
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a.
Thcsc cxcrciscs include milteria l from llnit One.
1 Underline the correct verb form. Tick the se11tence if both forms are possible.
a I ca n'l walk any more. My k11ee is real/y l,11rtir1g / real/y hurls. ,/
3 Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the ve rb in
brackets.
a (you t!o) Are. 11ou ;/oir.,q a11yllli11g al Llie mowe11t? l neetl some he!JJ with tite
computer.
b This product (contain) no addcd chcmicals of any kind.
e Nobody (visit) .... .. ... .... ... Rome without going to see the ruins of the Roman
Forum.
d Sarah (beg in) to regret 11ot taki ng the job in Fra11ce sh e was
offered.
e Martn (see) Tina at thc momcnt. They've hcen going out
together for lhe past month.
f I' m sorry, bul T (nol know) .. _ where George is al Lhe momenl.
g 'ls Helen ready yet?' 'She (take) her time, but she says she'll be
ready soon.'
h ThP larger of thf' h.vo rooms (measure) 8 m hy 4 m.
What (hap pen) - _ ---- in the street now? 1 can't seen anythiog from
here.
There's 110body else to do the job, so l (su.,ose) T'll have to do it.
4 Complete t he t wo texts w ith the present simple or present continuous form of t he verb in
brackcts. lf both forms are possible, write both.
-
N
.._,.,
V)
::::,
o
::::,
5 Rcwrite the sentence so that it contains a word from t he list and has same meaning.
e:
Be.lettg contain cost loo!< rnattcr scc scem smell thin.k weigh
.;::;
e:
a 1.s this car yours, si.r? .. Ooe.s.+his .c.tar b.e-1011.q .f-o kjOti, sirf ou
b This perfume has a nice smelJ. - .... -- .... - ---
.....
e
QJ
e I thiuk tl1ere~ a mistake. V)
(])
d I don't understand what you mean. .._
-.. - - - o.
e What's your opinion? (1),
f At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight. ..
o.
g ls lhe plice importanf! E
V)
h WJ1at'l; tht:! pri<.:t:! u( this mu<lt:!17 ... ....,
1 This book could be In terestlng. __ ....... . e
(])
What's in thc hox'? V)
QJ
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6 Write a new sentence with the same mcaning containing a form of the word in capitals.
a Apparcntly, l larry is a very goml rnrd player. SAY
_. Jhe.,t.:j St.l':f Ht.11Ttj i.s a .vr..r11 q9od c..,a.r:d pJt.!.qe-.c.
b This maths problem is incomprehensible to me t UNDERSTAND
7 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets .
.....
,_ u. v- Ooolano,l., , ...... - :'--' ~; : - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - - --;:;:--;:::===----=========::::;-
<I .... - ~ Co ~ 0 g
_ .L...__ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _-L:.1-r.-,1 t ,.,... ,,
A
"
11111
8 Complete the text w ith the present simple or present continuous form of t he verb in brackets.
Where both are possible, write both.
,_
QJ
B Look these words up in a dictionary and find example sentences which use t he o..
present simple form: gathe,; hear, see, te//, understand
G)
past time
past simple basic use
Use past simple
for finished events in the past which have a definite time.
In 7969 thp fir;t mPn landed nn thP Mnon
in narrative.
I hP rlnor opened ;md two boys came into the room
for past ha bits and routi nes, usually with a time expression.
I ew people ,n V1etor1an times took a bath every day
Many common verbs have irregular past forms which have to be fearnt . Always check in
a dictionary if you are not sure of the past form.
Compare the use of past simple and past continuous w ith past perfect tenses.
While we were watching a film, the tire alarm went off. (past events)
1remembered the events of the day before. l\t 11. 00 while we had been watching a film, the fire alarm had
gone off. (past seen from the past)
Only use past perfect tenses when absolutely necessary to show t hat one event in t he past happened
before another event in the past. Often the meaning is clear without using past perfect. When we
describe a series of short actions, we usual ly use past simple.
usedto do
Use used to to descri be habits and sla te~ in the pasl, especially when we make cont rasts with the
presenl. Any time reference tends lo be general. The pronunciation is ~ju:sL tu:/
I used to play chess quite often, but I haven'l played for aqes.
In those days people used to wash ali their clothes by hand.
I used to like tennis, but I don't play much now.
Used to refers only to the past. There are no other tense forms in modern Eng lish, though they can be
found in older literary texts.
The question is normally Did you use tu 7
Did you use to play hide--and-~eek when yuu were d child?
Past simple is also used to describe past habits, w ith other detai ls added to make a contrast between
past and present.
When I was younger I played chess quite often, but I haven't played for ages.
Be used to somethlng has no connection w ith be used to, and means be accustomed to something.
To in this case Is a preposition. so lt Is followed by a noun or -ing .
/ can't eat any more. l'm not used to such big meals.
Shc can't climb ali those steps! She's not used to taklng so much exercise!
w ould
can be used to describe a person's habitua l activity. lt cannot be used w ith stat e verbs.
Every summer we would stay in a small village in lhe muunt,;im.
lt is not possible to say I would h'ke 1e,1,1i5, but I dun'l pkry 1110th, ,cm.
Would is more common in more literary texts, reminiscences etc
Q)
past tenses used as polite forms E
.:
Past simple and past cont inuous are often used when the speaker is being more polite or less direct.
+-'
The t ime reference is to present time. VI
1 Com plete t he sent ence usi ng t he verb in brackets an d would or used to. lf both a re possible. write both.
a Evcry day Lh c young princc (go) wottld qo I t,tSe,d -ro qo hun ti ng in th e forc.sl.
b Wild animals (sometimes come) into the garden at night.
e 1 (enjoy) computer games, but I've grown tired of them.
d Brian (speak) . ltalian quite wdl, but he's fu rgo tte11 Jt al i.
e Every day Anna (wa ke up) at 4.00 am and go to work at the
bakcry.
f My mother (ofte n play) .. the piano and sing after dinner.
g 1 (own ) a racing bike but I sold it and bought a scooter.
h Tony (be lieve) .... . .. that une <lay he wuuld be famuus .
When r was a student 1 (usually gol .. to bed about 1.00 am.
Hclcn (livc) in an old boat on th c canal.
2 Complete the two texts about World War 1 with the correct form of the ve rb in bracket s. Use past
simple, past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect conti nuous. Only use a past perfect form
if it is necessary to make the meaning clear.
3 Underline t he correct form. Only use the past perfect form when othe r forms are not possi ble.
a When Dora we11t / lmd go11e to pay for the petrol she was p11tti11g / lmd put in her car, she realized /was realizi11g
t hat she losl / lwd lu~l her Cit:!tlit c.:ard.
b Whlle I was walting / liad waited fo r my mea! to arrlve. 1 saw I was seei11g that the two men who had followed
me intn th e restaurant were .~tari11g / had /Jee11 ~tari11g at me from a ncarhy table.
e When 1 heard / was heari11g the noise at the window, l k11ew / had k11ow11 that someone tried was tnfog to break
inlo the h ouse.
d Ma ria didn'l remember / wusn'l rememberi11g anythi1Jg auuut the acciueut, 4-!XCepl lua t ~he 1/ic/11'L drint / lwcl //Ot
been drivlng too fast and in fact liad almost stopped / was almost stopping before she reached the crossroads.
e By the time thc fi rc cngincs arrivcd / was arriving at th c cottage, Tom ancl his neigh bours airead)' p11t 011t / liad
already p11t 011t tile firc and ivere carrying / lwd bee11 carryi11g f11rnit11re out of the blackened building.
f 'Whal did you do / were you doing in the High Street at that time of night, and wby did you r,111 away / lwd yo11
mn awa}' when the offic.:er lold / was lelling you tu stup?' asked Lhe lawyt!r.
g W h.ile Sally pailllerl / was painting the ceiling, she fe/1 off/ was falling off tl1e ladder bu t luckily she rlidn't break/
wasn't hreaking any bones.
h Our taxi to the ai.rport didn't tum up / wasn't htrning 11p on time, and so by the time we got / were getting to the
c.:heck-in desk, lhe lighl alreadr closed / lwd 11/ready c/osed.
Marlowe walked slowly into the room. He rlidn 't furget / hadn'l (orgullen his last visit tu the huuse, when Miss
LaPortc liad fircd / wns firing two shots at him, so he harl taken / was takng no chances chis time.
Alice could see that the tall boy had / wm having diffic11lty making himsclf undcrstood, hut shc decided / was
deciding not to help h.im. After ali, nobody lwd he/peri / was l1elping her during her first days in this country!
(JJ
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
E
A Choose a nove l o r story, and select one or t wo pages. Make a list of the past tenses used
on t hese pages. Are t hese the on ly te nses possible, or a re others also acceptable?
B Translate sorne of the sentences in Exercise 2 into your lang uage. Does you r lang uage
have a simila r set of tenses, or is it dierent?
present perfect
present perfect simple
Use present pe rfect simple
to refer to events connected to the present, without a defin ite past t ime, often w ithjust.
Someone has stofen my bik,e/ /'ve just had an ided.
to refer to indefinite evenls lhal happ1med atan unknown t im e in the past. This time is often
recent, and is often used in news items when the information is 'current'.
Archaeologists have discovered an An_ q lo-Saxon alau1 in London.
Po/ice have recaptured two escaped prisoners.
to describe a living person's experiences, what he or she has done in life so far.
She has painted sume uf the besl porlraits of recent years.
NotE:? that rno~i ti mE:? E:?xprE:?-ssions can bE:? usE:?d with various tensE:?s.
/'ve lived l1e1e for len yea1s. (presenl per fecl simple: /'m still hE:?re)
/ lived Cl,e1f;! for ct,ref;! yf;!ars. (pasl simple: /'m 11o t thf;!re now}
happened .
present perfect continuous
Use present perfect continuous
for recent continuing activities, continuing up to the present.
/'ve been waiting here for half an hour!
I haven't been taking a lot of exerc1se late/y
-...
tQJ
QJ
a.
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a.,
VI
...
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o.
1 Complete t he sentence w ith the present perfect simple or past simple form of t he verb in brackets.
"
a Tan M c,,wan . a "nrtt1s11 wnt er w h o, accor d_.mg to many en11cs, (w rtl'e
1s ht<S_ wri.f-.te.n
) ....... ............................- ....._.. ..
some of the best novels of recent years.
b Born in 1948, he (spend) ... .... ... ..... .... ..... much of his childhood abroad as his fat her was
an anny officer.
e He (study) ................. English literature ami creative writlng at the universities of
Sussex and East /\nglia.
d He (write) a number of successful collections of shor t stories and novels.
e llls novel The Child i11 Time (win) the Whitbread 1'4ovel Award in 1987.
f His later novels, ind uding A111sterdm11, At-011ement a nd Suture.lay, (be) . ..... very
successful.
g 1\msterdam (receive) . the Bool<er Prize for Fictio n in 1998.
h Atonement anrt Saturday (also win) .. _ ... - - -- - ... literary prizes.
llowever, McEwan (always be) .... .... a controversia! writer.
Some writers (accuse) .... him of stealing details in Ato11ement from th e work
of another auLhor, Lucilla Andrews.
k However, he (point out) the acknowledgement made to Lucllla Andrews
in an author's note in thc book.
During this controversy, the American author Thomas Pynchon (write) .... _ ....._......... .....- ...... .... ........-. a
defence of McEwan in a British newspaper.
a I carne here at 3.00 and now it's 5.00. 1 haw. be.e.n he.re. +or lwo h ours.
b I havcn 't sccn this fi lm hcfore. '!nis is ... fil m.
e Mark is aslcr.p. Ma rk .. ........ t o bed.
d I began work h ere in 1999. I ....._ .. since 1999.
e Anna isn' t bere yel. Anua .. yet.
f We <lon' t knuw each other. We .............. bcfo rc.
g There isn ' t an y foocl lcft. Someone . ....... ali th e food.
h Wc startcd waiting in this q11e11e half an hou r ago! We .................................... l'or half an h oUI.
1 t's a long time since I was last h ere. L .. ........................ a long lirm:.
This is ouI sevenlh wedding a nnivecsary. We ......... seven years.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
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A Choose one of t hese top ics and say what has happened, what has been happening or u
what has happened. These can be fictional if you prefer.
~
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news of fami ly and friends climate change the political situation in your country
Q_
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B Use your knowledge of the news to make lists of: e
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V'I
things that have happened recently thi ngs that have been happening (1J
things that ha ppened !,....
o.
Need mure prattice? Go to the Review on page 208.
G
future time
wi/1 and won't
Use wi/1 and won't
for factua l predictions.
lnflation wi/1 increase by 1% over the next twe/ve month5.
lnflation wi/1 almost certainly increase by 1% over the next twelve months.
Other qualifying adverbials include definitely, probably, no doubt
for habits of which the speaker dsapproves.
He will keep opening the wi ndow.
Jack is so lazy. He'/1 spend the who/e day lying in hed rer1ding the papers
Wi/1 is used to express many other meanings connected with the future (see Unit 15).
Offer /'/1 carry that for you.
Refusa l They won't give me my hall bark!
In speech, contractions are frequently used, so/'//, you'/1, he'// etc are the usual spoken forms.
be going to
Use be going to
for personal plans and ntentions.
l'm going to stay in this ev,ening and watth an old film.
What are you going to do now? I don'/ know!
Present simple can be used for a fixed future event. There is no personal choice here.
Next year Chiistma) is un a Tuesday.
future continuous
J se future continuous tor
an event ora state ata future point.
This time next week, they'/1 be lying on the beach in the Seychelles/
Hope can be followed by wi/1 ora present tense. The other verbs are followed by will.
I hope you have I wi/1 have a good time. 1expect you'/1 want sorne tea.
I doubt whether they'/1 be here befare six.
1 Underline t he best verb form.
a '! lave you dccided yet?' 'Yes, l 'll /1q ve / l lw ve th e roast beet, please.'
b Q: J-low wi// J hnve knowrr / wi/11 know thal I have won a p.-ize?
A: You ure receiving / wi/1 receive an email giving ful[ deta ih.
e Quick get out of the car! It's going to burst / Jt's burstlng into flames at any minute!
d Don't come round hefore midctay, hecau.~e T'/1 be c/eani11g / I clean th e house 11ntil th en.
e Sorry I can'l come on Thmsday evening. J'm goi11g to work / J'm working late on an important
project.
f The cust uf cunstructiun is almost certninly rising / wi/1 almost certainly rise before the end of
the year as wage lncreases begin to take effect.
g The conference L~ gai11g ta begin / /Jegim ncxl Friday morning at 9.00.
h 11.ere's the money you asked for - 1000. What wi// yo11 / are yo11 goi11g to do with it"t
Why don'l you give Helen U1is cheap perfume instead of Lhe e,wensive onel She wun'l hm1e
known / wun'l knuw the dlfference!
1 Just want to remlnd everyone that we'/1 be holding / wc hold a Latin-American cvening at
the town hall thi~ Frictay.
3 Complete t he sentence w ith the present simple o r wi//-futu re forrn of the verb in brackets.
a Wc will usuaJJ y n:spuml tu emuiril:!s i111111ediately we (ret:eive) re,c.,~/'-!..?. them.
b When we (reach) an agreement, we'll ask our legal depart ment to draft
a contract.
e Work on the second stage of the project (begin) --- as soon as the first
stage (prove) successful.
d Unti l the economic situation (improve) .. , lhe company (not risk)
.... .... ... .. . ... a11y fu rther investm ent i.n this fie!d.
e A detall ed break-down of the figures (appear) . ...- ....... -. ..._ ,__ on o ur web site as soon
as both com panies (sign) the agreemem .
f Our office (contact) _ you the moment we (have)
any news.
g Our human resources team (then asse5s) _ your application before we
(decide) whelher you can go forward to the next stage.
h By th e time the hanks (reach) an agreem ent on this issue, th e amount
of debt (be) ... . out of con trol.
4 Wrile a new sentence w ith the same meani ng containing th e word in capitals.
a The 12th Engllsh Teachlng Conference takes place on S- 12June. TO
Tue. IZ+n E:11'3li~h Te.achi11'3 Co11.+e.re.11.ce. is +o +al:'.e. plac? Q I\ 6-IZ cb.!1-t,
b The president is expected to arrive here at 9.30. DUF.
e Everyone was 0 11 the point of leaving whe11 the fire alarrn Wl:!lll oIT. ABOUT
d He's got the had habit of playing very loud music late at night. WlLL
e The car has broken down, we're miles from anywhere, and we haven't got
a phone. So, what's our plan? TO
h I'm drlvlng to Leecls anyway on Tuesday, so why clon't I give you a lift? l'LL
'There's a lettec for you.' Tm sure that's my new crectit carel.' WlT.J.
Q)
E
.::;
QJ
l...
::,
-
~
::,
5 Complete the text with wi// be, wi/1 have or wi/1 have been + the correct form of the verb in brackets.
l'm optm,stic about the future, so I think that by the time l'm 35, say,
e (make) ....-... ... . ....... . ..... .. rny lurlune. By Lh en 1
f (run) .. ... .. .... ... .....- ...._ ....... my own company for about ten
ycars. and I g (almost ccrtainly bccomc)
a milli onaire! So I h (drivc) an expeMivP
sports car, 1hope!
Bernard
G
6 Chuu~e th e wrrell u rr ri, A, B or C, lu wrn lete the sentence.
a 'Can l talk to you tora momenf!' ' Sorry, - ~
b Actually, .. Sue's l10use tomorrow, so if you like I could leave the books fur her.
e Davitl autl Su~a1.1 in May, l,ut they've hall to change their plans.
d Wc a party for rrofessor Allan on Frlday evcnJng, and we'd llke you to come.
e ('ve done a lot of revision, but l'm sure thal when I sit down to do the exam
f Chru doesn'I do much work. U1e whole day drinking coltee and lookin~ oul ol
the wi ndow.
g rnmr back abo11r 4 30 the report by then, and you can take a copy.
h , but T'II Jet you know if r get delayed.
'Wha t time is lhe plane supposed to get here?' 'lt 311)' minute now.'
Quic.k, run! Toe bomb
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Malee sorne pe rsona l predictions about ten years' t ime (or choose
another length of time}.
what you will / w on't be doing where you will / won't be
w hat you will / won't have done by t hen
<l)
E
..:;
Q)
l..
::,
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::,
4--
tense contrasts
1 Complete the sentence using a su ita ble form of t he verb in brackets.
a 'What cxactly did ~'-' do ... whe.11 you saw lhe smoke?' 'l pressed the
fire alarm.' (do)
b l.ly the time we get to the stactium, thc matcb (starl)
e '1-low long .. here for?' 'I don't know. l haven't decided yet.' (stay)
d Jac..:ksou ........ the Nobel l'rize, but says sh e is still hoping for
recogn i tion. (win)
e lf you happen to see any one in the garden, don't worry. lt
Lhe ga r<leucr. (be)
f 'l'm sorry to be late. Thope you long. (wait)
g Arma didn' t undcrstand why Lhc mystcrious strangcr her
such a letter. (send)
h Tom sends hi s apologies but he .. . . a few minutes late. (be)
1 don'L like lhis bed. Il . uncomorlable. (feel)
j Tbere .... . ... .... a strlke thJs moming, but lt has been cancelled. (be)
k Tt's really unfalr! You (always) ... me! (cr'llldze)
l' m glad T'vc run into you. T to gct in touch with you
for ages. (mean)
about 1.5C and 6C. So, which scientists o tell / are tel/ing us the trulh?
3 Choose the correct phrase 1 to 15 for each gap.
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1(issue) a description of the two men.
5 Complete th e t ext wit h t he appropriate form of t he verb in brackets.
Lite expectancy
011r country a (go) i$ qoi~f:1 _ through a period of aEcrleratng change Today, there b (be)
around 3.7 mi Ilion people aged over 60 in this country but th e large numbers of people who e {belong)
. lo lhe baby.boom generation d (produce) <111 explo~io11i11 lll t:! 11u111ber ol eluerl y
people from around 2011 . By 2030, there e (be) _ .. some 8.8 million and because the birthrate in
the perlad afler the postWilr baby boom f (decline} sharply, th csc cldcrly pcoplc g (reprr.sent)
a much larger share ol the country's populaton than ever befare in our hstory. In 1%6, when
we h (introduce} our national pens1on scheme, there i (be) aboul eght working
age people for every relired person, whereas today, Lh e,e j (be) . .. .. .iboul live. cinu in 2030. tliere
k (be) ... - ..... _____ only three. There 1(be )
ano1hcr dramaric change
which also m (affect) ... this
s1tuat1on, as thanks to medica! advances and
higher living ~lanuards. life exectc111cy
n (increase) ............. ando (continue)
ro incrca~c in fururc years.
loday people can expecl to live three years
longer than in 1966. By 2030, lhey
p (live) ... .. an average ol
4.5 years longer.
6 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a There's a party at our house on Friday. WE
We., ~r:-e., k,qv i11.-3 a, pt,!_r-tt_J. 011. Fr{dat;,
b This is my first trlp to Siberia. BEFORE
When l have enough money, T'm going to buy a new com puter. SAVED
7 Complete the text w ith the appropriate form ot the verb in brackets.
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Vl
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY l...
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A Write a short news report, like the one in Exercise 4. lf you preter,
e
ou
f ind a report in your own language and translate it.
<I)
Vl
B Write a report about yourself for an online d.:iting servicc. lnclude e
<I)
information about what you do, what you are doing, and t hings you
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have done recently. Make yourself sound as interesting as possible!
pass1ve
passive forms
The basic tormation is be+ past participle. AII tenses and simple or continuous forms are possible, but
sorn e are much more common than others.
be + past participle
present simple passivc The machines are contro/led by compurer.
present cont inuous passive The crime is being investigated.
w ill passive The building wi/1 be completed next year.
past simple passive The new school was opened by thc Mayor.
past continuous passive The man died while he was being taken to hospital.
present perfect passive A thousand new books have been published this month.
Only transitive verbs (verbs with an object) can be made passive. Sorne transitive verbs c;1nnot he made
passive: become, fit, get, have, /ack, /et, like, resemble, suit
make
The passive forms of make are fol lowed by to-infinitive.
They made He/en wrire rhe test again. He/en was made to write rhe tese again.
G
1 Rewrite the sentence uslng a passivc form so t hat it does not contain t he words underlined.
a Ihey are collecting thc rubbish on Tucsday this wcck.
_Toe, rlibois.h is tie-i1:1.q colle.c..-re-d 011. T.wz.sda_J -rhis we-e.k.
b The police have already arrested both o f the suspects.
Yk, have askcd Pauline to take ovcr thc joh until th e end of J11n e.
While Lhey were mak ing the fi lm, the money ran out.
2 Complete the text with a passivc or act ive form of the verb in brackets, in a suitable t ense
according t o t he context.
Local cheeses
Trachrional r.heesr_s a (produr.e) are. proc.luc.e.d in many reg1ons of the I JK 1111d b (name)
........................................... afte r the area in which they e (first develop) ... ..... .... . ....................... Cheddar, a hard cheese
wi1.h a strong, uutly Laste, is J\:: cuosl popular ami d (now rnake) .. _.......... ____ ........... ................. all over Lhe wocltl. A 'true'
Cheddar must come from 1.he counlies of Somerset. Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the
Somcrsct villagc from which it e (takc) . . its narnc.
Wensle.ydale f (c:ome) fmm the Yorkshire. >;ile_~ (valley;;)
in northem England. Originally made from sheep's milk, i1 g (base)
_...........- .....-......... _____ ..... un a recipe introduced by the CisLercian
monks in che lhh cenmry and has a mild refreshing flavour.
Traditional L.ancashire. from northwest Eng)and, has a llght, salty
lavour. During thc: lndusrnal Rr.volunon (arnund 1760-1830),
Lancashire cheese h (become) ..._.... ___________ ______........... - ... - the staple
food of the mili workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese,
i (fi rsc produce) . .. iJ1 che Welsh cown of
that name in about 183 l. Thc chccsc j (soak)
overnigh Lin sah wa1r.r to seal 111 1hr. mn1s1urr.. l1 w;i~ popular wth
the local coalminers who k (lose) .. ...... .... ...... ........... ... ......... a loLof
sah du1 ing 1he1r wurk undergroum.l. 131ut! SLilw11, 111aue unly in Lht:
counctes of Leicestershire, Nocctnghamshire and Derbyshire,
1(prlze) .. ... as Lhe 'king' of Brilish cheeses.
G
3 Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets.
4 Rewrite each sentence so that it conta ins a passive verb and by+ an a gent or with + an instrument.
a A n umbf'T of t rain ee doct ors examined n o ra.
Dora wa_s_e,){t,1.r.i.i~e.d b?.j_<i! ~l.lr.i.be,r o-L-rraiMe. c:/<25:,.f.9rs.
b The exteut of tbe 0ood-da1mtge l1as sm prised everyo11e.
e Sorn con c uscd a cou ntcrfcit kcy to open thc sccu rity door.
Somebody used a blunt instrument to h it the security guard 011 the h ead. (1)
-~ .
V\
V\
The u11usually high lide complelely wasbed away the sea wa11. (O
o.
5 Com plete the text w ith a suitablc passivc form of t he
verb in brackets.
Wangari Maathai
Wanga ri Mdathai a (award) wa'... Cl.v,JCl.,~u,l, .... . the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She b (praise)
by the Nobel com mittee as 'a so urce of inspiration
for everyone in Africa fighti ng for sustainable' development,
democracy and peace'. When she slarted her Gree11 Belt
rnovernent in 1977, Kenya was sufferi ng from defo restation
and desertification. Thousands of trees e (cut down)
and many families d (leave)
in poverty as a result. Since then,
her successful campaign to mobi[ize women to plant some
30 million trees e (copy) ................. by olher
countries. During that ti me the move ment f (transform)
into a campaign on education,
m)trition and other issues. Her campaign has not always
been popular. Mrs Maathai g (arrest) ......... .......... .
several ti mes for cam paigning againsl deforeslation in Africa,
and once she h (beat) ... . . ....... ...... ..... .... .. ...... . . . . unconscious by heavy handed police. But in etections
in 2002, she i (clect) asan MP as part of an opposition coalition which swept
to power, and she j (appoint) .... - ........ ................................................... as a deputy environment minister in 2003.
6 Complete the sentence us ing a passive, so t hat it rnea ns the same as t he first sentence.
a The managi11g t!irnctur prumisetl me a pay-rise.
1 was .. pro,v.ise-Ja. pat.1-rise- - ....... _..._. _ .......... - ...- . ...... .... by the managing director.
b Thcy scnt me the r.ontract hy comiPr thP rnixt cfay.
The contract
e A multi-national company is Laking over our Cirm.
Our firrn ...... .... . ....
d Several people noticed the man trytng to climb in the window.
. ........ . ............. by several people.
e They awarded David a meda! for bravery.
Oavid .................... _ ......... . . . ......................... . . .
f They made Sylvia lake lhe exam aga111.
Sylvia
g An cldcrly aunt gavc Paul thc paintings.
Paul ....... - .... ............ .... - . . - .........
h The police are going to look inlo lhe case.
. .. - ...- ....- .. -----.. - .......... by the police.
They considered any further rescue attempts pointless.
Any further
Thcy clcctcd Gcorge p resident for a second t<"rm.
G George ...............................................
7 Rewrile each sentence about the James Bond film stage, using a passive fo rm where posslble.
a Pl newood Studlos will rebuild th eJnmcs Bond stagc which firc dc.~troycd at th e weekenrt,
according to a sta tcmcnt from th e studios.
Accon:i~q ..f-o a s..f-a..f-e.,~e.~..f- +rom Pi~e.woqc::/_'Q{-JiQS,{he....d~~e,s ~Ql\d.....sf;_qe-,.. ....
. l:l'hi~h k9.C,!S de.s:trotJe. .9.kJ .qre, ~-r ..f-h<:,_t!IC&ke,_~d., w.i!I .17.e. re.17.uiH:. ...............................
b Nobody has yet confirmed Lhe cause of Lbe blaze a l Jver HeatJ1, Bucki.11gha111sh ire, wh ich left
Lite celebrated stage cornpletely !,'lltted.
e They had completed shoo ting ot U1e Jatest p roducti on and were removing Lhe mm sels, a
spokesperson explained.
d 'Wc 11avc not yet assessed t h e full effects of this incident, but it won't affec t the hnancial
performance of the co mpan y.'
f Eight Hre eng'ines tack led the blaze, and Lhe smokc was visible from ten miles away.
- - - - - - ---------------- -------------------------
g Th c roof covcring thc stagc cavcd in through firc damagr. and thcy rr.qui red special
cquipmcnt to rcach it.
-- --- - -
h It is tite secoud time fire has destruyetl the stage, origi11aJly bu.ilt for the 1977 Bond film The
Spy Who Loverl Me.
They previously rebuilt th e building followi.ng a [Lre in 1984 afler which Lhey Lrea led six
peo.le for lJUms, s1Hoke i11halatio11, anti shoLk.
Since its r.eopening, when they christened it The A lbert R Broccoli 007 Stage after the long-time
producer of the series, they have used it in fiveJames Bond films.
EXTENSION ACTIVITV
(])
A Choose a page from a buok or magazine, and count the number of passive tenses. Do >
V'\
this with severa! different kinds of texts. Do sorne have more passives than others? V'\
ro
B Tra nslate the answers to Exerclses 2 and 4 into your language. How Is the passive used c.
differently in your language?
hearsay reporting
Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc, and are often
used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present
simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present, or past, ora time
before the time of reporting.
(That's what people sald then about something that had happened earlier.)
continuous f orms
Cont inuous infi nitive forms are also possihle.
The escaped men are bel/eved to be wear/ng prison dorhes.
The mjured man is thought to have b9en trying to dimb the cliff.
passive participles
These can be used with repo rt verbs li ke appreciate, deny, enjoy, remember etc.
I appreciared being met ar the aport.
Mr Archwood dente<i having been convicted of any come.
Note thal Lhere mav be no diference between using past and present particrples.
He denie<i being there. He den,ec having been there.
1 Rewrite each sentence about ancient beliefs so that it does not contaln the words undecllncd.
a In lrish mythology. pcoplc said a mctcnr was a snul passing frnm purgatnry to her1ven .
.. J11._Jrish...M'3::r.l:wlo.qq, . a Med:e-or wa.s ...said +o ..be- a soul pt:tSSil'\q .feo,~ . .
. p,irqa+nrt.1 .f-n.Jv,ave,1\. ... ... .......... ... ... ...... .... .. .. ..
b In Greek mylhology, peoph:' IJelieved tlie IJeeclL tree was aule tu carry 11u:?ssages frurn a
worshiJJJJer tu Zeus, the fatl ter uf the gvcb.
d In /\ztec mythology, Pf.QP1e believect the Sun was the home of the god Quetzalcoatl.
e In Norse mythology, ~ lhoughL the bravesl wacriors lived afler dealh in lhe hall of
VaJJialla.
f In a ncient F.gypt, people believed the scarab, or beetle, ca rried the Sun across the s.ky.
- - - - -......... ............................- ......... ----- ...--- - -
--- ..- ........... - .... ..... - -..- - - - -- ....- .................... - - - ---
e Penple helieve thllt the cnmpany h s heen talking tn a cnmpctitnr ahnut a possihlc mcrgcr.
_____ ...........- ............- ............
d People know sorne di,ectors have been tlnking on lhese Unes for some Lime.
- - - - - ........- ---- - - -
e People believe the CEO Carl Graham. is making an attempt to focus the business more
sharply in sorne areas.
g People think the company is holding a top .. Jevel meeting abvut these matt ers ne,'<t week .
3 Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the fir~t sentence.
a Oak lsland in C:anada is onc of many pla rf'~ in thf' worlcil whirh proplf' think is th f' site of buried trP11sure.
Oak lsland in Canada is one of many places in tbc world which is ouqhf to be. tke. Sife. oJ _ .
bt,1ri?4 -f:.1"?.~St1r"e..
b People say Lbal thc trcawre is iu a place calJetl 'the money pit'.
The treasure is
e Pcople think that piratcs buried the treasure ccnturies ago.
f'irates are
d The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people reporl thal a local youlh ell into a hole al lhe foot o
a large Lee~.
The moncy pll story dates back to l 795, whcn a local yout11 Is
e People believe that he and a fricad discovered traces ot treasure in Lile hole.
lle and a friend are
f PPnplP viy th;il I hP twn mPn fnun<I ;i trPil~llrP rhP~t In l;iter exr;i11;it1nm
The two men are
g However, before the}' could open the chest, people say that water flooded in.
However, before tbey could open the chest, water is
h Sincc thcn, pcoplc bclicvc thot more thon o dozcn groups o f trcosurc huntcrs hove scorchcd for thc trcosurc.
Since then, more than a doz:en groups of treasurc hunters are
People tliiuk Llia t :..Ulllt'. t'.xplurer:.. lJUllll old pit:ce:.. lJ lllt'.ldl in tlie hule.
Some explorers are
However, people now report that the p1l 1s a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial
tortLtcations.
However, tl1e pit is now
4 Rewrite each sentence using appreciate, deny, enjoy, like or remember and the word in capitals.
a I llanks for takmg me to the stat1.on. TAKEN
1 appr u.fc.te. be.i~q .f-a~e,11. to fke, S.f-{.{.f-i911..
b Twas shown around the school, and I cnjoycd it. BEING
e Tina said she hadn 't been paid to appear in the play. HAVTNG
Ol
e:
.p
f I uo11'l rewe111uer w/11:11 they gavl! rue the a11ae5l/1elic. BEING ......
o
Q.
(1)
g Thanks for giving me another cbancc. G!VEN 1,..
>.
n,
V'I
1,..
n,
Q)
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5 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a People say thal the hal sold yesterday al the auc lion was worn by Napoleon during the
invasion of Russia in 1812. SAID
The. ha+.so1d11e.s+e.rda1j a+ .f-h.e. auc..f-ion.i s said +oh.ave. bu.n. ,.io01. 'i -- - . _
Napole.on. duri1tCj 1-h.e. in.vasion. o~ 'Kussia in. 1312..
b People think that the eart hquake in the North .'if'a was causf'<l hy a rf'lf'asf' in prl'ssmf' aftf'r
oil and gas extraction. THOUGHT
.. - - --------- ---..- - - -
( People belleve that Harrlet the tortoise, who has just died aged 176, was owned by Charles
Darwin. BELIBVED
d People now know that three patients were infected with the disease thcough blood
tra usfusiu11s. KNOWN
e Pcoplc think that more than a hundrcd football supportcrs wcrc tnvolvcd in thc riot aftcr
the match. THOUGHT
- - - ----- - ----- ----" ...
f Peuple believe tl1at the recent fure~t fires i11 Ca.lifumia were started deliberalely. BELIEVED
- - - ----------~ ..--- -
g People now know that three other reUgious leaders were arrested at che same rlme. BEEN
h People believe that the helicopter which crash ed yesterday killing 18 service personnf'I was
shol down. BELJEVED
6 Rewrite each sentence so that it is a hearsay report, using a form of the verb in ca pita Is.
a Two suspects have been arrested. THINl<
1wq.s~~pu+$. ..are. Jkouqk_t..j:.Q.hgve,_!?.~.~~rre.s+e..<;!.
b The plane crashed lnto the sea near a small islaod. BELIEVE
---..- - - - - -- -- ..... ,........... '
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Make sorne comments upon these topics, using hearsay reporting.
allens global w arming historcal situatlons
--- ~..:.--------------
We're havlng our flat aecoratea.
We do not mention the agent (the person who performed the action) unless this is
important.
/'111 yoi119 lo have ,ny photo91,:1ph l<:1ke11 by a top fashion photographer.
We may also mention the place where we have th ings done.
I have my hair cut at my local hairdresser's.
We also use causative have to describe unfortunate events that have happened to people.
Maria had her car stolen last night.
He had his nose broken while he was playing rugby.
They had their house broken into recently.
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1 Rewrite each sentence w ithout the words underlined. using a causative have constructi on .
Make any ot her necessary change.s.
e Sorne plumbers are inst alling a new central heatiJ1g system at uur huuse lomorruw.
2 Rewrite each sentence with a causat ive have construction, beginning as shown. lnclude the
agent {the person who performed the action) if th is is important.
Dave _ _ _ _ __
h A surgeon is rep lacing my hip next week.
__
Someone broke one of Tony's flngers while he was playlng cricket.
To ny
A local firm is going to redecorate Maria's flat.
Maria
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. Leave out any
unnecessary agents.
e The pocr arrestcd Anna as she was leaving the shop. GOT
f I made su.re tbat Tom cbecked a li the windows before he left. GOT
A fcw weeks ;:igo, whilc we werc out at the cinem;:i, wc a h~J our
house broken into. We'd bee n meaning to b locks fitted on the
windows, but we hadn't e the work d , and so the
burgla,s found il easy to get in. Luckily we e have many things
Ldke11. When Lhe olicc drrived, L11ey f us Lo go Lhrough lhe house
and check what was missinq. We were actually g a new kitchen
fi tted at that time, and sorne power rools had been stolen. 0ne of the
burglars was seen acting suspiciously near another house a few days later.
and h himsell ane~ted. When he had i hh tingerprinls
takPn ;it thP. policP ,t;itinn, thP pnlirP wPrP ahlP tn pmvP hP w.:i, thP nnP whn
had burgled us. Since then we j _ had new locks tted and a new
alarm installed. Next week we're k bars put on the ground floor
window5, 50 we'rc hoping not to 1 burglcd again.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Mdk!! a li>l ur tl1i11y> yuu l1dvt: Ju111::, di!! l1dvi11y uu11I!, hdvt: l1dci ,Ju111::, di!! yui11y tu
have done, had done.
B Sorne people use cosrnetic surgery to have their appearance changed. Do sorne research
in a library or on thc Internet, and makc a li5t of thin95 people can hove done.
Need more praa1ce? o ro che Heview on page 208.
o
conditional and if-sentences (1)
real conditions (first conditonal)
if + present simple+ wiil I won't (do)
This shows the results In the future of a rea l situation, with possible or likely results.
lf you eat ali the ice-cream, you'/1 be sick !
other variants
if can also be followed by can I can't, present perfect (to emphasize completion),
going to, present continuous with future meaning.
lf you can't answer Exercise 1, you won 't be able to do Exercise 2.
lf you've finished washing the floor, J'/1 he/p you c/ean the kitchen.
lf you 're going to buy a car, i'/1 /end you .!.ume of the money.
lf you're going to the shops, i'/1 come with you!
The second clause can contain could requests, be ab/e to, can, going to, imperative, had better,
could and might etc.
if I give you the money, could you 9et me .!.O/lle .!.larnps?
lf you've fini.!.hed wa.!.hing lhe /loor, you can start c/eaning lhe kilchen.
/{ il raim lhi.!. aftemuu11, we're going to stay i11 and watd1 .!.ume DVD.!..
lf you're yoing to buy a car, make sure yuu gel il checked by a garage.
lfyou're yoing lu lhe .!.hups, you'd better take .!.Uf/le mu11ey!
lf Cole seores now, that could be the end of the match/
Could and might are often used instead of would, as are other modals.
lf we ali worked tngPthPr, WP coufd sofve the probiem faster.
The difference between real and unreal may be a mi'ltter of speaker choice and context.
lf you buy a bike, you'f/ get a lot f1tter
(You are really thinking of buying one - perhaps we are in the bike shop.)
lf you bought a bike, you'd get a lot fitter (We are only discussing possibilities.)
you bought a
ke, you'd get
a lot fitter.
rn ixed conditions
f + past perfect + would (do)
-....
.._,
VI
Q)
Used for an imagined or actual event in the past with a result in the present. V
lf she had worn her seat-belt, she would sti/1 be alive. e:
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lf you hadn't given me d /ifl, l'd probably sti/1 be al lhe stalivn! +-'
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if + past simple+ would have (done) QJ
VI
Used for a present state which has influenced past events.
lf you weren't so lazy, you'd have finished your work by now.
lf she was better-qualified, she would have got the job.
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1 Complete each sentence giving computer advice using an if-condition, so that it has t he same
meaning as the first sentence.
a Oun'r prt'\~ rllar l.Jurrun un rhe keyhuard, or you'll lmt' whar you've wrlnen.
rf _tJu.u_vn:.s.s fht.(:t vu-t{u.11. c;n {:he. ke-11v.v.t<rd, f:!LJu~IIJuse._wht<ttJv.u2.ve- wri+::t:e.rL
b Make a back-up copy of your work or you'U lose 1t.
You won't
e You need virus protection to avoid having prohlems with your computer.
lf you don't _____
d Sitting too long at the computer will make your back and arms ache.
Your
e Don't tum o(f Lhe compule,r ~Cure closing aU 1-1rograms, or you could llave problerus.
You
f You'll losc your work unlcss you savc it befare dosing thc word-proccssing program.
lf
g You can save a lo l o Lime by lea.ming lhe keyboard short cuts.
ff
h Runnlng too many progrnms at thc smnc time wlll probably makc thc compmcr crash.
The computer will
a A wo11/d krtow t11e 1111.swer 8 k1ww the a11swer e will k11ow the rmswer
b A wam't weurins B lwcln'l been weari11g e isr1'l weari11g
e A wo11/rl11'1 hnvp /Jpg1111 R \Vil/ 11nt hPgi11 C' \\11Jllfrf11 1t hP_gII
a lf the Ea rth {stop) S..f-O?.P.f-4. . ............... ... spi.JuJ.i.ng, one side (always !Je)
i.J1 dar.kness.
b U the polar icecaps (melt) completely, sea.levels worldwide
(risc) hy ahout 60 mctrcs.
e Tf we (recycle) ............................... more household waste, there (be)
less damage to the environment.
d Han aslronaul (fall) i11tu a I.Jlad, hule iu space, what
(happen) ..... ?
e If peoplc (not stop) usi11g cars so much, thP rountry's roa<ls
(eventually grind) ..... to a standstill.
f What (happen ) wben lhe world's supplies of oU
(run out) . ?
g If human belngs (flnally start) liVing on the Moon, they
(nccd) to produce water artificially.
h If there (not be) .. any money (the world be)
a better place?
ff we (nol slop) __ .... over-fishing Lhe wodd's oceans, many species
(1Je<.:0111e) _ _ _ extim:t.
lf everyone in the world (jump) ___ - up and down at the same time, there
(he) no mPas1m1hle pfff>ct (ap11rt from 6.S hillion footprints).
a Mrs Allen's neighbour searched his garden shed, and founcl the nJ.issing cat inside.
1
lf Mrs AUe..t1.'s M,iqkb.o~r fl~dt1.'t se..~r"'che..d his q?.1r'de..t1. sl\e..d, he.. wo~ldt1. {
___hav.e,_.fou~d...:th~..11ssi.11.q..c..2:t_it\.S.ide, .
b The hikers were rescued quickly from the storm on the mountain because one ot them had her
111ul,ilt:! .,ho11t:! with lier.
If '
e The boy who feU into the sea from the boat was wearlng a llfe jacket, so he survtved.
1f
d M.r Anderson woke up because he heard the smoke alarm, and the family managed to escape the
fe.
[f - -- - .... - ----------- - - -
e Rescue workers didn't search the car properly and didn't notice the injured man.
lf
f Luckily most of the staff had left the room to attend a meeting, so only one person was injured
by Oyi.J1g glass ftom lhe broken window.
If .,.
g Unitcd didn't win hccausc thc goalkccpcr madc a mistakc in thc last minute of tbc match.
lf - ---- ---- - -- -- -- ------
h A pollee officer stopped Pratt for drink-driving, and took a DNA sample, which led to his being
charged with the previously unsolved murder of Mrs Jones.
If - - -- -- _ --- _........-------- - -----------~ ----------- .
7 Put t he verb in brackets in a suitable form . using a negative where necessary.
-
,--...
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV ~
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A Write sorne endings for these if-sentences. e
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a lf thc wcathcr gcts llottcr / coldcr, (0
b lf 1 was able to Uve anywhere in the world.. e
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e lf scientists hadn' t discoverecl llow electricity works,
d Jf yuu waul tu learu a furtign lauguagt, "O
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B Choose an example from each section on pages 50-51 and lranslate Lhese
examptes into your language.
conditional and if-sentences (2)
un/ess
Unless is usQd when we say that if something does not happen, somethi ng else will happen (orbe true)
as a result.
lf you don'r hc>lp me, I won't bp ;:b/e ro Jift rhis_
I won't be! able to fift this un/ess you he/p me.
otherwise
Otherwise is another way of saying if not. lt can also come at the end of a separate sentence.
Help me w1th th1s. otherwise I wont be able to lltt ,t.
I felp me with this. I won't be able to lift it otherwise.
if only
lf only can be u sed as a way of emphasizing 1f.
lf only you'd told me, I could hiJvc hclpcd you.
The if onfy clause can also be used alone asan exclamation.
lf only you'd told mef
even if
Even if Ciln lso be used in cond itional sentences to emphasize if.
Even ifyou begged him to take the money. he wouldn 't accept.
if (it) were / was not for / hadn 't been for ...
Th i~ rlP~rrlhPS how nnP Pvent depends on ;mother
lf it were not for He/en, our team would be the wom in thc arca/
if so/ if not
These can refer to a previous sentence and form a condition.
lf /pan is too ill to play, Mary can play instead.
lean may be too i/1 to play. lf so, Mary can play instead.
lean may sti/1 be able to play. lf not, Mary can play instead.
leaving out lf
In everyday speech, we can use an imperatlve phrase + and + wl// clause instead of an /f-cond itlonal
sentence.
lf you come over here. !'// show you what I mean.
Come over here and /'// show you what I mean.
if + adjective
In informal instructions, we can leave out the verb to be in phrases with adjectives such as interested,
n ecessary etc
/( you off: inte,e~terJ, lrun; O,i~ num/.J;r,
lf interested, phone thi) number.
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1 Underline t he correct form.
a Smau dogs can be carried on a passenger's knee lf 011/)' / provitletl they do not cause
inconvenience to passengers.
b t;ve11 if/ S11pposi11g you could visil any counlry in the world. Where would you go?
e l wouJd likc to thank thc many collcag-ucs wbo havc made invaluable contributions: 1111/css
I b11t {or their help, this prnject would not have heen possible.
d You mus t register your copy of the CD-ROM online, otl,envise / 1111/ess il will not work.
e If U1e goveruineut were lu / s/1011/d balance the lmget, it woul be able to increase
~rendlng.
f You can easily get into trouble i{)IOII happm ro be/ 011 condition Lllat )1011 are in the wrong
place at the wrong time.
g Wc will give you a guara a leed price of 150 for your old computer, eve11 if/ otherwise il
doesn' l work.
h According to thc survcy, most pcopk are happ)' to wclcomc forcigncrs to thcir co,1ntry, as
long ,1s / otile, wi:Jr: lhey dun't ~tart ucltaving like ordgnets.
Please don't inten:upt the lesson ns long ns / 1111/ess you llave an important point to nlilke.
l{lte .,lwulcl lmppen III lwve / f{it /uu/11'1 lwnt fi.1r 11 leg injmy, Arlarn., wcn tl d prollallly haw
won rile race.
2 Choose the correct option, A, B or e, to comp lete each sent ence a bout securty issues.
d e ledviu: vdluauk .HUJJt'.tly in cUkt'.<l lat~, Ll1t'.iJ lilD woulliH'l be b1ukr:11 iJ1tu.
b a serlous crlrne, wllac exactly sllould you uo?
e Piease cto not use the 999 emergency number you are repornng a genulne emergency.
d you were trave lltng abroad, what coulct you do to 1mprove your personal safety?
e the info rmation prov1ded by members of lhe public, the pollee wou ld have a much
more dilticult job.
f Polire oftrn conduct sccurity chccks in this arca so thcy may stop you, and you
m igh t be asked for your identity card or passport.
g any objectionable ilems on Lhe websile, !e l us know and we wilJ have them removed.
h _ - CCTV c,1meras irutaUecl in the store, man y slt ulifters would escape delecton.
people locked all their doms and windows, there would be fewer break-lns.
your computer has a vims protection program, you migllt still fa ll victim to e-mail
scams or malicious software.
G
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beglnnlng as shown.
a Wc wiJI rcfund your hooking fcc, providcct you rnncel 48 hours in advance.
We will only r-g,:ft.J.'1:9. ljQU..C .9.99.~n'-J +e..e. i+ 4Jot.1 cti.nce.l L18) 1qt.1rs in 0dve<nce. .....
b I wish you'd told me about tite cheap llights to ltaly.
If ...... .... - .!
e Tlw1b tu 1t! skill uf the surgeo11, the chiltl survivetl.
lf it
d Lct us kn ow if you have sec:ond ~houghts.
1f you should ...__ . ... .... .. ......
e lf you h adn't helped me, I would h ave rnade a complele mess of lhis.
But
f Please come thiS way, sir. Could I tnke your coat?
Plcasr comt' thi.~ way, sir. Tf
g You can otfer me more money, but I still won't sel! the house to you!
Even
h Tf yuu let me ge:t a wunJ in e<lgeways, 1'11 tell you what I discovered.
Let _ ..__ --- - - -
Tf yo11 c:hangPd y011r mind about th e job, we'd be interested in hearing from you.
Ifyou were .....................................................................................
As long as there are no delays, we'll be there by six.
Unless
Environmental issues
Everyone agrees chat a ',ll\11!,S~ ... . the world's tiger population is
protecced, tigers b evencually become excinct. lf it
e not for thc cfforts madc by internacional campaigns
over past decades, the extinction d already have become
a fact. Tigers can coexist with human beings, e focal
people are involved in conservation. However, f ................
--
......... if tiger
habitats are redeveloped chere is no guarantee of success. Governrnent
N
agencies must be lnvolved, and there must be a equate finan ce:
11'1
g conservation projects are neglected. An organized (1)
u
programme with safegoards must be introduced. lf h ..................................... , e
(1)
che illegal huncers quickly rnove back in. i chere were no +-'
e
tigers Jefe in che world: how j we ali feel? Accordng to QJ
11'1
sorne e nvronmentalists, that day may be coming sooner rather than later.
--a
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY
ro
A Make a lisl of inslructions a teacher rnight give to a dass, inclutling : e
unless otherwise provided I as long as/ on condition o
:!=
B Makc true cxamplcs w hich include:
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even if if you should if it hadn't been for supposing if so imperative + and + wi/1 clause ou
Need more practce? Go to the Revew on page 208.
unreal past tense
wishes about the present
Like a second conditional sentence, these wishes use a past tense form to express a feeling about the
oresent.
I wish I knew the answer. ( aa I f I knew the answer, it would be better.)
/ wish it wasn't @iningl ( aa lf it wa~n't r;iining, it wnuld he hPttPr.)
I wish they were arrivi11g edt ler
I with I was / were lying on the be.lch at th1s momentl
-
s , :...
hope
Wishes about t he future are expressed with hope.
I hope you enjoy your rrip. (future)
I hope I can I wlll be able co gec a berier job. (future)
To vvis/1 sumeone vvould do something can also mean Lhal we wuuld like Lhem lo do il.
I wish you would ask for my advice more ofren .
i f I were you
We use if I were you for giving advice. Note that / and you are stressed more heavily than wcrc. The if-
clouse can come ot the beginning or at the end.
I wouldn't luuth lhc1l wire, if I were you.
lf I were you, l'd go lo lhe pulite.
would rather I would sooner + person + unrea l pastare used to show what we would like someone
else t o do or not to do.
l'd rather yo11 didn' t tell anyone. (lt would be better if you didn't tell)
l'd sooner she went to university than gota job now.
Would prefer + that + unrea l pastor would prefer it if + unreal past can be used to show what we
would like someone else to do or not to do.
l'd prefer that you didn't mention this to anyone.
"d prefer it if you didn't menrion this to anyone.
We can lso use would prefer + person + to-infinitive with the same meaning.
l'd prefer you not to mentan this to anyone.
, Unreal cornparisons with as if and as though use was / were to refer to the present if t he comparison
seerns unreal or irnaginary.
5/Je iitl) as i f she was / were queen! (unreal - she isn't)
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1 Underline the correct form.
a Parcnts who also work oftrn wish thry lial'e / liad morr timf' lo spPn<I with thPir <:hil<lrPn.
b No doub t thc prime mini~trr now wi~hf'~ hr li~tened / liad listt!llt'fl to what oth Pr pPople WPTf'
saying before he made his decision.
e Local councillors say they wish more people coulrl J would )el them know whal tJ1ey lhink
auoul tJ1e uew anti-smoking Jaws.
d Many people wish that fast-food companies 111011/d stop J hntl stoppM targetlng children with
advcrtising.
e Local residcnts generally wish Lhal tou.rists did11't /enve J hndn't left so much litter behind in
the town.
f I bavc had notJ1ing bul ltoubk wllh lhis compulc11 and I now wish llial I clidn'l lmy / lwcl ,cut
bu11sllt it.
g When we grow older, with hjnclsight we all wish that we spe11c / fiad spent our time at school
more profilably.
h WP wi~l1 WI:' km-w / w1111/d kmnv how to ~olvf' thf' prol.llem ol vanclalism, but sotar we haven't
come up wltl1 a pedect solutlon.
Doctors say they wish that more p@ople wirl / Jwd paid attPntion to lhe amount of s;ill tlwy
consume.
1 ltopi! / wisl, I could bclicvc what politicia.ns say, but I'm afraid I can't.
2 Choose the correc:l oplion, A. B or C, to complete the sentences about the genera ti on gap.
a Tl's lime that older people e listening to wbat younger people say.
b .Some olrler people treat teenagers ,is it they all dangerous rriminals.
e Some older people wish there more police officers on the street, and blame ali bad
behaviour oo thc young.
d Perbaps it's time Lhat young people more responsibly towards other people.
e Gcncrnlly spcaking, young pcoplc spcnd thcir time with othcr young people.
f Man y oltlcr pcoplc thc worl<l to be just thc samc as it was whcn tbcy wcrc young.
9 Olcler people also wish that yotmg peoplc more politely.
h Some people lhink lhal 16-year-olds were given lhe vote.
i Ma11y young pcople, howcver, llave 110 tait!J lu polilks, a11ll ju~l wisll lhc world
dlfferent.
Some of them if everyone just left them alone and stopped asking them for their
opinions.
have to I has to
Use h<1ve to/ hM to
for a ne(essary action. We have to be there by six.
for a rule. We have to wear a uniform at our school.
In most contexts, must or have to are both possible. Sorne speakers may use have to beca use il is
longer and allows more emphasis.
You have to be more carefu/1
1vPrynnP has to recycle as much as poss1ble.
Have to is the more commonly used question form. Do you have to go?
Have I has got to can be used informally instead of have to.
We've got to be there by six.
Do not have to or have I has not got to describes what is not necessary.
Tony doesn't have to go to co//ege this afternoon.
Tony hasn't got to go to college this aftemoon.
n formal writing; should can be used with a similar mean ing to must, but is more polite .
Ali srudents should repon ro the examinarion room by 8.30.
shou/d have, shouldn't have (ought to have, ought not to have)
Use to say that we think sorneone has made a rnistake or done sornething wrong.
You shouldn't have put in so much saft.
You ought not to have written your name at the top of the letter.
be to
This is a formal way ot saying m11st in instructions.
You are to leave here at once! Al/ students are to report at 9.00
need, need to
Need is a moda l verb, with no 3rd person form. lt is used mainly in questions and negatives.
The meaning is similar to have to.
Need you ask? The Prime Minister need not worry.
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be able to, can, could re
Be abfe to ernphasizes that a difficulty has been overcome. e:'
Harry tan 't spi:!ak, but he is a ble to communicate with sign /anguage. o
lt is also possible to use can in this context. +-'
re
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We use tense forms of be abfe to to make the description of abllity more definite than can, or for e:
(].)
t ime references not covered by can/ could.
l'/1 be ab/e to finish this tomorrow. (= 1can and will) E
I haven't been able to find the answer yet. E
ou
Coufd describes a general past abil ity.
(].)
Jane coufd swim 200 metres when she wa~ nine. 1,...
Was I were able to describes having the ability and doing something successfully. e:'
Maria was abfe to swim to the rocks and rescue the child. o
+-'
In this contexl, using coufd rnight suggest an unfulfilled possibillty. re
rn
She could swim lo the rocks, but she decided not to.
.o
o
-....
In negative sentences, couldn't has both meanings.
However, she coufdn't I wasn't abfe to rescue che pet dog.
........
Note that modah have more than one meaning (see Units 14, 15). 111
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1 Underline the correct form.
a You musLn't / dun't have tu wmlu<.:t any chemistry experirrnmts unless you are wearing safety
glasses.
b There are a lot of books which Anna did noL llave toread / need not have read a~ part of h er
university course, but which she decided to read out of interest.
e We don't have to / We'd better 11ot talk for too long. These calls are expensive.
d l wenl lo see the denlisl yes lerday, bul luckJly f tlitln't need to have / J nee,in'L ha11e fuul any pai.niul
treatment!
e You didn't have to tell me/ shouldn't llave told me about the party. Now it's nota surprise!
f Sorne pcoplc bclievc that the governmcnt does .not havc to / should not allow gcn cticall y modified
crnps to he grown on a large scale, as they could spread out of control.
g These books are o n the wrong shelf. They shoufrln't / 11111sl:1 11t be h ere.
h The reporl concluded Lhat tbe rescuer~ sho11/d n ol ha ve allemple<I / didn' l ha ve tu allempt to move
the injmed passengers before medica! help arrlved.
Picase put thc papcr cups and pla tcs in thc bin. Wc mustn't / don't have to Jcavc the room in a
mess.
There is plenty of time. We m11stn't be/ don't !,ave to be at the cinema until 8.00.
CD
g The theatre tlckets were free, so lhere was no need for us to pay.
The theatre ticket.~ were free, so we
h I can stay here untiJ 10.00.
J. - leave until 10.00.
Helen managed to stop the car before it craslie<l into a wall.
Heleo was
Stcvc's laptop had a wircless Internet connection, so there was no need for hlm to connect !t
to a phone line.
Steve's laptop had a wireless Internet connection, so he ..... _.
We use can only or could only when we are sure about the answer.
lt can/ could only be the new sales manager.
We often add we/1 or just between may I might I could be and the verb to emphasize lhe
possibility. Jurt makes the possibility less likely.
You may / might I could well have the answer! (Perhaps it's possible)
Your plan may / might / could just work! (lt's unlikely, but possible)
We use may / might as we/1 when we say that there is no reason for not doing something, usually
because we are disappointed something else has not happened.
There's no point wailing for lhe bus any longer. We might as well start walking.
We can use may not or might not for negative possibilities. We cannot use could not for this
mean ing.
/ may / might not be here tomorrow. 1may / might not have time to come.
We use may have, migllt have, and could have or possible evenb in the pasl.
Jack isn't here yet. He may / might I cou/d have missed the train.
The negative forms are may not have, might not have. We cannot use could not have.
Per/iaps he's sti/1 al home. He may not have got out message.
We use might have and could have to show annoyance, when someone fai ls to do something we
feel they should have done.
You mght have told me the match was cancelfedl I went al/ the way rhere for nothing!
We use might have and could have when we are shocked because something nearly happened.
Thank heavens he's safe! He could have drowned!
G
mustbe
We use mustwhen we are certain something is true.
You must be tired after workinq so hard.
There must be sume mistake. I definitely booked a table for five.
16th-century explorers
Imagine what ita~ like to bave saikd around the wodd in a small wooden ship, as
Drake and his men clid in 1577-1580. On a ship only some 35 metres long, it b .. easy
for 1c 80 or so crew to livt: comfortably. Explurncion was pan of war and d1r,ry witb
olher oations, so these voyages e _ auacks 011 otber ships and cowns, and had to make
a prnfit. Therc were ali che usual dangers too . A ship d destroycd by a storm or mn
out of food and watet~ and the capta in e ........ little idea of where the ship was or where it
was going. Explorers f .. many wrong decisions in an age when there were only basic
maps a ncl na,igation equipmenl, ancl in unknown parts o[ ocean whe1e a ship g ... fo1
weeks 11~thuul n::achi11g 1.md. Very ufte11 place:; they 10ught lhey h .......... curned out
to be much funher on. or ina diff.erem direction. However, they i ...... . on such long
voyages without sorne general idea of lhe places they j . to reach along the way, and
as knowledge of n;wiga.tion improv~d, voyage.s beca me more a.ncl more successft.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV o
n..
Write sorne sentences about these situations.
You notice t hat a large crowd of people has gathered outside, shouting and si nging.
Who could they be? What could have happened? What m ight happen next?
You hear a knock at the door, and w hen you open it there is a large parce! outside.
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Who could have senl it? What could it contain? What might you have to do next? o
E
Need more practice:' Cio to the Review on page 208.
modals (3): other uses
can/cou/d
Could is generally considered to be more polite than can.
Use can/ could
to make an offer.
Can I Could I offer you ~omP tea?
to make a suggestion.
Can I Could I make d wggeslion?
can't / cannot
Use when something is not allowed.
You can't leave your bike here.
can + be + -ing
Use whcn you wonder what is happening.
Who can be knocking on the door at thi~ timP?
cou/d
Use to express surprise.
How could you waste so much money!
How collltt you be so clumsy, that va.se was worth 11u11areas of vounas.
couldn't
might
Use in the forma l phrase try as 11 you etc. might.
Try as/ might, I couldn't reach the shelf. (Although I tried, 1cou ldn't.)
sha/1
Use for an offcr.
Sha/1I carry that for you?
Use to ask for advice when uncertain.
What sha/1 we do?
Use in forma l legal language (ali persons).
The renam sha/1 be responsible for ali repairs.
wi/1/won't
Use fer an assertion about a result etc.
/'// definitely win! No, you won't!
Use for an offer or agreement.
f'II do the washing-up
V'I
Use for a promise. a;
Vl
/'// be home by eight. / won't be late. :::::,
won't
Use for a present refusa l. V)
1 Underline the best form.
a To be honest, r couldn't / can't caie less whether you come to my party or not!
b Jt's difficult to know whether to stay here, or try and walk. Wh at mit ht / s/m/1 we do7
e How knd of you to have broughl such a Jovely preseut, but you rt!ally shuuldn'l / cu11/dn'l have!
d My phone isn't working very well. The battery neerls / won't charglng.
e Look how much they havc chargcd us for thc mcal ! That won't be/ can't be right!
f Excuse me, do you think you could / shall possibly open the window?
g Just look at this room! How could / might you make such a mess'?
h Don 'l worry aboul lhe washug-up. I'/1 du it / Il m:etls duing iu tht! rnorniug.
Try as she cuulrl / might, Maria couldn't pul! the cork out of the bottle.
Everything is going well with my ncw job. ln fact, things couldn 1t/wo11 1t be bcttcr.
2 Complete the sentences famous people d id not say, using a modal word or phrase in each gap.
a William Shakespeare, dramatisl: 'To be, or nol to be .. .' No, lhat ...~.<: !.~.'.....b.? ..... righl. T'll have lo
lhi uk of something else.
b Nell Armstrong, flrst man on the moon: Well, it was a great trlp! What ...................... . now? /\ny
idea~?
e Genghis Khan: l' m ti red ot conquering th e wo rld. 1 th.ink 1........- ......- ........... stay at home and relax for
a few years.
d Isaac Newton, scientist: lt was very silly of me to sit under this tree. 1_................................... an apple woultl
fall on my head
e Ch ristopher Columhus, explorer: Excuse me, tell me thc way to Amcri ca? 1 sccm to he
lost.
f Emperor Qin Shihuang: .. ....... ..................... you Lake the wall down, and build il a few more melTes in
that direL1ion?
g Ludwig 13eethoven, composer: I think th.is music .............- ........ changlng a bit. How about adding
some gnitars and ctrums?
h Michelangelo, artist: Paint pictures ali over this dome? You . .. .................. serious! l'U fall and break
my neckl
3 Rcad thc dcscript ion of euch situation, and writc what you wou ld say.
a A friend comes to your house and hrings you sorne flowers. Say sometl1ing polite a~ you accept
the gift.
.. ............'Tuan.~s, tw-r.t.1011 re.alftJ_Sl-to11fc/11, '.J- _have, bro11qh.J- .Me, ...Qowe,rs!_' ............. .....................
b Your teacher is carrying a pile of heavy books. Offer to help.
e A friend tells you that h e/ she is tlnking of nmning away from h ome and joining a ci.rcus as a
clown. You think this s a silly idea.
d A frlend boasls tl1al tl1ey art: talkr tha u you, so they arn better at IJasketl;aJI.
e Tt is hot in thc classroom, and you ask you r tcachcr for pcrmission to open the window.
- - ..- - - - --- ---
f You are having an argument with a friend, and tell him / h er Lhal yo u don'l care what he / sh e s-ays.
G
4 lhoose the best sentence 1 to 10 to fol low sentences a to j.
a Why don' t you takc a day off for a ch,mge? lt would do you gootl. 8
b So you're the one who broke the window!
e This maths problem is really hard to understand.
d I fcel really great loday!
e Harry Is a really lrrltatlng person.
f That's funny, there's someone knnrking at thP cloor.
g l' m not your 1.ittle sister a11y more, you know!
h 1'11 be home as soon as I can.
The lasl part of your answcr docsn't quite makc scnsc.
l' rn sorry but I simply refuse to lreal someone like that.
5 Write a new sentence with the sarne rneaning containing the word in capitals.
a Is it ali right if I try that shot again? com.n
Co1.1fd I trlj -rnat sko-{- aqai1t'
b Before wc start playi.ng, you should adjust thc nct. NEEDS
e Do you want me to hold the lag while you take your shot? SIIALL
VI
That's kind of you, but there was no need for you to buy my ticket. H,\VE ro
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The foUowing exercises practise grammar from unlts 13 and 14.
a Well, if you always feel Lired, I lhink you C.. go to bed earer!
b l' m sorry I tlropped the eggs. T to carry su rnany thing~ at the same lime.
e You give a credit card number when you make your booking, or we cannot reserve your room.
d H's going to get coldN later. tak.e a pullover with you.
e You ............ to begin writing until 1 give the i.nstruction.
f lnslructio n lo Lhe author: columns in the two-column fom1at ....... 3-1 / 4 inches wide.
g Yuu park uutsitle tite schuol. This is a 'n o tJ<l rki11g' arna.
h L've been trying to contacl Maria ali day, but I reach her yet.
You look up all the words you <lon't know. You can gues!\ some of thern from thc contcxt.
In my country, all the young men spend two yeacs in tbe armed forces.
7 Write a new sentence with the sarne rneaning containing the word in capitals.
a Is our final test compulsory? HAVE
Dq q1e., k~ve., -t o -tak.l'.:: fhg,_:0._~_g! te.s:t?
b I think you wc.rc v.rrong to put so much lemon in the cake. HAVE
e Tim's computer crashed, but he managed to save the pages he was working on. WAS
e I think you should see an eye specialist about this problcm. HAD
"""""' , ...... ___
f Paula staJted lhe class immediately, as it wasn't necessary for her to take an entrance test. DIDN'T
h lt was necessary tor Dave to leave befare the end of the performance. HM>
Kate didn't take her umhrel la, which was a mistake. HAVt
8 Write a new sentence w ith t he same mean ing containing the
word in capita ls.
e Those who don't find the Lime for exen:ise, certainly regrel lliis i11 the future. BOUND
d When they feel tired or over-stressed, for example, they are surc this has happened
because Lhey have been wocking too hard. MUST
e They don'l reaJize that this is pnssihly also thf' res11 lt of fa iling to keep t. MIC.HT
f When they do have any free time, they feel it is justas good for them to relax
in front of the televi.sion, as in the gym or on the runn ing track. AS WELL
g Perhaps Lhey Lhjnk U1al Lhe people who find Lime for exercise are certainly taking
time away from doing their job proerly. MUST
h However, resea rch shows that it's not possihlE' fnr this to he f11rther from thE' trnth. .OTJT.DN'T
It would be possible for most people to easily find the time to keep fit if they
orgaulzed their time more effectlvely. COULD
V'I
Q)
V'I
In lhe end, we have Lo re.member U1at someone who feels il and well is sure lo ::,
1,,.
be able to wo rk more easily ami with more energy. :vlUST Q)
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY
/'O
Write sorn e examples using the words given. "O
o
Co uld I . .. l'/1 . . . I won't . .. . .. needs .. . How could you .. . Sha/1 I ... E
You might be . .. . .. / could jump for Joy! / co uldn't ...
wou/d
habitual activity in the past
We can use wou/d to describe a person's habitual activity in the past (see Unit 4).
Every morning we'd go for a w alk along //ie be,Kh.
annoying behaviour
We can use would to express annoyance or irritation at things that are happening now. There is
ususally a sense that this is typica l, or not very surprising.
You would say that! (lt's typical of you, and it's annoying).
Wouldn't you just know itl (1 knew that would happen - and it's annoying).
unspoken if-clause
We can use would to ta lk about situations where an if-clause is understood but not spoken, or
expressed in sorne other way.
You wouldn't be/ieve who /'Ve just met! ( ... lf I told you ... )
Why would anyone want to live there? ( ... if they could avo id it ...)
How wou/d you fee/ about going ro che cinema? ( ... if I asked you ...)
Why don't you take che exam? You'd pass easily. ( ... if you took it ...)
I wouldn't do thar. ( ... if I were you ...)
I wouldn't worry about it. ( . .. if I were in that situation ...)
You wouldn't do that, wou/d you? (. .. if you had the choice etc)
lt would be a good idea ro ask for some help. ( ... if you want my opinion ... )
The consequences of such a storm would be serious ( ... if it happened ... )
Under the proposals, salaries wou/d increase. ( = if the proposals beca me fact)
lt would be great rosee you again. (... if you wanted to.)
lt wou/d be good to stop and have a coffee. ( = if we stopped it would be good)
being willing
Would can be used to describe whal people are willing lo do. This can also be seen as including an
unspoken condit ion.
Tony would lend you his car. ( . .. il you asked him ...)
Only cJ H!cJI fan would pay thal much for a ticket
(Only if someone was a an would lhey pay ...)
refusal
We use wouldn't to describe a past refusal.
She was upset because I wouldn't speak to her
polite requests
Reque-t~ bernme more polite the more distanced they are. Would makes a request more dislanced.
Would you help me with my homework?
Would you mnd helpng me?
Would it be al/ right if I teft earlyl
The more tentative the request. the more distanced it becomes,
You dont thmk you'd be able to help me w1th th1s, do youl
h Please follow me, and I'II take you to the meetlng room. WOULD
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Make sorne comment ~ on the situations in 7 beginning w ith the phrase in 1-
B Choose ten examples from cach section on pa,ges 78- 79 and translate them into your language.
indirect speech
present time
When we report things happen,ng now, or general tacts, or g1ve messages, or report something we are
reading, we use II present tense reporting verb, ond do not bockshift tenses into the post. Note that for
wrttPn tPicts wp report wh;it thP t Pl<t 'says'
'l'm going to wait for yov. He says he's going to wait for vs.
'Fifly peopfe were irifvred, l t says here thiJt fifty peop/e were injvred.
Note that both past simple and present perfect become past perfect.
'f'vP hrJ an irlPil She said she'd had iln irf'il.
Would, should, ought to, could, might, used to rema in unchanged. Must is often changed to had to,
but can remain unchanged, or be changed to would have to if there is futurP. rP.fP.rence.
'You musr be more careful In ftnure_
She to/d me / must be / had to be / would h;,vc to be more careful in future.
Hrst conditional sentences are usual ly changed, but not second or thlrd condltional.
'lf you 're late, thcy won't Jet you in.' (first condition.il)
He said that if I was late. they wou./dn't Jet me in.
'lf you 'd brovght a map, we wouldn't have got lost.' (third conditional)
She 5q1'cJ that if I had brought a map, we wouldn't have got lost '
changes of viewpoint
References to time, place and specific reference usua lly change.
'Bring this ticket with you tomorrow '
He ro/d me ro brlng rhe rfcker wfrh me rhe next day
'Give that to me. ' He told me to givc it to h im.
'/'11 see you here in the morning.
He said he would see me there the next morning.
reported yes/ no questions
-'e s/ no queslions are reported using if or whether, there is no inversion or auxiliary do/ did. lf the
wxil ia ry have is used in the question it becomes had. The sar111e backshifl rule~ apply as for staternents.
ere is no que~tion rnark.
'Do yuu like Jc1pc1nese food?' She asket.1 me if I whether l liked Japane~e food.
'Have you finished?' They asked me if I whether I had finished.
ll may be possible to report the request rather than the actual words of the request.
'Could you tell me where the station is?'
He asked me for directions to/ the way to the station.
.e:
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1 Underline the best option.
a When I got to the office, they told me that Mr Adams already left / had airead)' left.
b My teacher warnect me that if l wns J had bcen late, they woul<ln't let me into the examination.
e 1-Tarry tolo l L~ he is/ was catching the first htL~ to New York the next <lay.
d Thf' sh tcl ents going on the 1rip wantecl to lmow wht t ime they would /will get hack.
e Sam to ld te police he did11't know / had11't know11 what had happened.
f ll says here lhal the plane ausltetl / crushes soon after laking off.
g Alan told me he had no idea what was / is golng on.
h Thc customcrs said angrily tbat they wcrc waiting J had bccn waiting for more th an two hours.
F.rica to ld me she won't / woul(Jn't be back ontil the fol lowing Thursday.
The professor told us tbat the Moon is / was more than 380,000 km trom the Earth.
d 'I don'L k.now where Bill js living al lhe momenl,' said Nicky.
Ntcky sald ... .... ............ ........... ..... ...... .... .. ... ......- ....- ...............- ...........- ..........._. _ _ _ _ .... .... ... .... ....... .....
h 'The prices won't rise before the end of the year,' Mrs Devlln said .
Mrs Devli n said
'lf the police had noliced Jack's car, they would have arrested him,' explained the Jawyer.
The Jawyer explained that if .. _. . . ... . ...... .......... ........... ..........
TU let you know if I have any more proble.ms,' Caml tolo me.
Carol told me . ..... ..... .... ... ........... ........... _ __
- - - -- ............................ ... .. .... .. .
, ,_, ,
3 Read t he historie predictions below. Rewrite each one as direct speech, t hen match it to the
person who said it frorn lhe list below.
a He said that aeroplanes were interesting toys, but did not have any military value.
1
'Ae-1qil?11\e-S &ire- il\.f-e-re-s.f-il'\q .f-oljS, lnA do l'\O.f- n&ive. a11.1j nulitan.1 value.. S
b lle said that wbatever young Einstein d id, he would amount to nothng.
e This person said ir would be years, and not in their lietime, before a woman would become
British prime ministcr.
d He said tha l he thoughl Lhere was a world market for perhaps five computers.
e lle said that tdevision wouldn't stay popular far more than six months, because people
would soon gel tired of staring ata wooden box every rught.
f Thr.y said that thr.y didn' t likc thcir sound, and that guitar music was on thc way out.
g They said that the telephone had too ma11y short<:omings ami was uf no value to them.
h lle said tha l lhe horse was here to stay, but the car was only a novelty.
1 Presldent of Michigan Savings Bank, 1903, advlsing Henry Ford's lawyer not to invest in the
Ford Motor Company.
2 Darryl F Zanuck, 1946, Hollyvmod lrn produccr
3 Decca Recording Co. rejecting the lleatJes, 1962.
4 Albert Einstein's teacher to his father, 189 S
S Brilish poliliciao Margarel Thalcher, 1974, before s!Je becawe ,rlme uuister.
6 Western Union Telegrap h Company, 1876
7 Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943
8 Marsllal Fere:iftand Foell, of Frattee, ttJ 19H
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4 Repo rt t he question beg inn in g as shown.
a ' Huw luug tlue~ it take to get to the city centre?' J askec.l her.
I asked her . ~9,w fp"-~ it too.!( l-9 qtf-_{Q .-~e. c.if-lj ~e,.l\'.f"r_e.,_
b 'Havc you visitcd thc National Museum?' shc askcd me.
She asked me ............ ...................................
e 'What do you think of the hotel food?' 1 asked her.
I asked her
d 'Wlll you be travelllng by train?' she asked me.
She asked me
e 'Do you know the way to the Opera l-Lol15e?' J asked her.
I asked her ....
f ' How much ditl you a y to stay in the student hoste!?' she asked me.
She asked me ...
g 'Are you thinking of changing hotels?' 1 asked her.
1 asked her
h 'Do you have to leave at 10.00?' she asked me.
She asked me . ....
'Would you come with me to the station?' 1 asked her.
I askcd her
e A He asked me which b11s came 11ext. B /-le asked me the time of'the next bus.
C He 11skec/ whelher lhere wc,~ lime for lite nexl b11s.
f A She asked me what 1 should do. B She asked me whether she sho11ld do it.
e She asked me fnr my advice.
g A /-:le asked me whatever he sho11ld not do. B He told me not to touch the wire.
C He tolrf me that whatever I did, 1 rlid11't touch the wire.
h A S/1e usked me Lu 11y her cm ice cre11m . B She asked n,e whelher I lwd asked her {ur cm ice cream.
EXTENSION ACTIVITV
A Write a nother pa ragraph of the story in 6, to include f ive reported questions. ..e
Use t hese words as a guide. V
(1)
Q)
He / she asked me where c.
He/ she asked me what V\
He / sh e asked me if
B Write five quiz ques tions, a nd then writ e them as reports beginning They asked me ...
report verbs
report verbs
Sorne verbs express the general meanlng of what people say so we do not need t o report exactly
what they said.
'/'// bring my homework tomorrow, honestly, / wi/1, real/y/.
He promised to bting his homework t/1e next dY,
'Well done! You've passed the exam/'
She congratulated me 011 d~ing ihe exd111.
Sorne verbs (eg check, convince, explain, imply, point out, suggest) express what effect someone
wanted t heir words to have. lt is not easy t o show this effect in direct speech.
She imp/ied that I ought to 5iart working harder.
Different verbs can be followed by diffe rent constructions, and the same verb can be followed by
more than one construction. Check usage in a dictionary. Note that verbs in these list s may appear
in more tha n one section.
verb + that-clause
complain 'lt's too expensive! ' She complained (that) it was too P-xpPn~wP.
confess '/ stole the money ' He confessed (that) he had stolen thP mnnPy
(or confess to doing something: He confessed to stealing thP mnnPy)
suggest 'Why don 't yo(/ (ISe a calculatorr He s(lggested (that) I used i! calrnltor.
Ot her verbs: accept, add, admit, agree, announce, assure, boast, conclude, dPride, deny, doubt,
explain, imagine, imply, insist, mention, point out, predict, promise, pro test, remark, repeat, threaten,
whisper
verb + -ing
suggest 'Why don't you use l mlculutor?' He suggested (my) using a calcu/ator.
deny didn't break the jar. He denied breaking thc jar.
Other verbs: admit, apologize for, mention, recommend, regret
verb + to-lnfinitive
offer '/'JI hclp you. ' He offered to help her.
promise '/'JI brng it tomorrow. ' She promlsed to bring ir the next day.
refuse '/ won 't sit down!' He refused to 5l ow11.
agree 'Ok. l'JI pay (you) E300.' He agreed to pay (him) i300.
other patterns
explain 'This ,s how you do it.' She explained how to do ,t.
agree with 'Yes, / thtnk the same ' She agreed with htm
greet 'Good mornmg ' She greeted me.
announce 'And now the names of the winners.' /le announced the names of the winners.
verb + whether I if
doubt '/ don't think he knows. I doubt whether he knows.
wonder 'Am / right?' She wondered whether she was right.
l...
1 Underline the best verb.
a A bringi11g /fa pusspurl B Lo bring his pussport C that he sho11/d bri11g his passport
b A whether it will make Bit making e il tu make
e A to carn B caming e him to earn
d A blnmed tl1e collisio11 for J-Ielen B /'Jlamed He/en for the colfion e hlamed the collision on He/en
e A that he was B of' beinf( e to be
f tu swim
A B his :swimming C th11t he could swim
g A tu take B thal we slwultl lake e tuking
h A that he wo11ld resign B resignlng e to resign
A r.o-operating B tha t she wou/d co-opcmtc e to co-opcrate
A whether it was B abo11t rloing e thntitwas
The head tcachcr, Mrs Symcs, congratulatcdl me a ... " wi nning the science competition, and
told b she was vP.ry pleasP.d that I had worked so hard. I admitted e I hadn't
expected to win first prize, and that at one point leven regretted d ... .... ... .... ..... the competition. My
brother had persuaded e .. ... , . .... ... ... lhail I should have a try, and I doubted f ............ ... .... .... .. I could
have won wthout hs encourage ment. Mrs Symes pointed g that my project was supposed
to be all my own work, and wondered h pcrhaps my brothcr had hclpcd me at ali. She didn't
want the organizers to accuse me i cheating. I assured j that thc project was
all my own work. My brother had offered k .. .. .... find sorne articles for me on the Tnternet, but T
f major cause of heart disease and advised people that they are making changes in
g lifestyle to deal with these problems. They recommended that everyone should avoid a
h diet which contains high amounts of rat and salt, and added to smoking and alcohol
contribute to t he problem. The report concluded and by 202S almost a third of the
world's adulls could be sufferiny from high b[ood pressure.
5 Complete the text with a verb from the list in each gap.
agreed announced begged decided invited ordered persuaded
pointed out reminded swore thanked volunteered
Vl
EXTENSION ACTIVITY ..o
.....
A Make a list of ten things that people told you in the recent or ~
distant past, using d ifferent report verbs. -eo
8 Look up t he report verbs on page 88 in your dictionary, and a.
find other ways t hey can be used. Q)
.....
N!!ed more prac:tice? Go to the Review on page 208.
questions
indirect questions
Ouestions can be introduced by statements. In this case we do not use inverted word order for a
question, or auxi ll iary words, ora question mark. These questions are general ly called indirect or
ernbedded questions.
I Wd) wv11cle1i11y when the train Jeaves. /'d like to know what her name is.
/l') nvl dedr what I write here. /'m not sure who /'m ta/king to.
Questions can be introduced by other direct questions in the same way. In t his case there Is a
question mark.
Du yvu know when the train Jeaves7 Covld I ask you what her name is?
Wvul yvu r,1i11d lelli11y me what I should write here?
tag questions
positive verb, negative tag
When we use a positive ver b and a negative tag, we genera lly expecl a ye~ a11swer.
You like horror films, don't you? ~'<os, Ido.
negative questions
We use a negative question when:
we assume someone wi ll agree. Don't you feel tlred?
we are annoyed with someone Can't you stop talking!
we c1re surrbed, 01 dori't believe sornethi119 Don't you remember me?
we want to get the answer we want Wasn't it you who stole the money?
echo questions
Echo questions are common ly used in informal conversation to show interest or ot her feelings eg
surprise, disbelief.
rve gor a new job. Have you? Congrarulations! That's wonderfu/1
Echo questions are made in response to statements. Normally a positive question echoes a positive
statement, anda negative question echoes a negative statement.
I don 't know the answer. Don 't you? lt's a very easy prnbll'm !
There isn't any milk left. /sn't there? Are you looking in the right place?
I real/y like her new novel. Do you? / fo11nrl it rMher heavy going.
echo tags
When we agree with what the speaker says orare surprised by it we can echo the statement and
add a tag.
Echoing positive with positive with a negative tag, or ncgative with ncgat ive with a positive tag,
suggests agreement. The lntonation is lcvel or fa lling.
lt's real/y cold today. lt is, isn 'tit? (agrcement)
l'm not il vcry good go/fcr. You aren't, are you? (agrcement)
Echoing positive with negative w ith a positive tag, or negative with positive with a negative t ag,
suggcsts disbelief. Thc intonation is rising.
/'ve ust sccn David Bowic! You haven't, have you? (disbelief)
I don't like ice crcam. You do, don't you? (disbelicf)
ellipsis
In everyday speech, questions are often shortened by using the verb stem only.
ke my new flat? Want a drink? Had a good time?
end prepositions
When we make questions with verh + preposition, the preposition generally goes at the end of the
sentence, unless the preposition is part of a phrase eg in what sense.
What are we waiting for? Who am I talking to ?
In what sense is Jane I yre a femin,~t novel J
With whom, used in forma l speech and writing, the preposition comes first.
With whom rlo we work?
V\
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1 Underline the best form.
a What do you think they shoulrl gi,,e him / shoulrl they give him for bis birthday?
b 1'111 not ausolutdy sure what tim~ dues her piune urril'e / her piune urril'es.
e That's a really nlce dress she's wearlng, isn't she / isn't it?
d 'Sarah hasn' t arrivcd yct.' 'Has shc? / Hasn't shc? J wondcr whcrc shc is.'
e ' You wcrc right ahout Stcve. He'~ a rcally grcat player.' 'He is, isn't he? / He isn't, L~ he? And you
ctidn't believe me.'
f Excuse me, bul for wlmt e.rnctly are you waiting / wliat e.rnctly are you waiting for?
g Do you ilappeu to know where lhe Asluria Hule/ is / where is lhe Asluria Hule/?
h 'There's a police officer walting to see you.' 'There lsn't, Is there? / There is, isn't there? I wonder what
on carth thc policc want with me!'
\'011' /I be long, won't yo11? / You won 't be long, wi/1 yo11~ 1 need you to be back here by 11.UU at the
lates l.
Woukl you miml telling me when lhe texl lrnin leaves / when dues the nexL train lea ve?
2 Complete the sentence so that it contains an indirect question and means the Silme as the first
sentence.
3 Rewrite the sentence as a question, :so that it contains the word in capitills ilncl hils the same
meaning.
5 Complete the text with one word in each gap. Contracted forms (eg isn't) count as one word.
V\
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY o
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A Write sorne quiz questions like the ones in Exercise 4 and ask a partner to make tag responses. V\
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B Make a list of indirect questions which would be useful to a traveller.
O"
Need more praetice? Go to the Review on page 208.
articles (1)
article use depending on context
Wh1m wP. refP.r to ~omething wP. h,we .:ilrP.ady mentionP.d, WP. me thP. dP.finitP. ;uticlP..
Fr~t, I qrate :;ome d,eee. n,en I :;prinkle the cheese into the saute.
A noun can be made definite by the details which follow it. This is r.alled post-modification.
There's a rower over rhere. Yes, t's the Tower of London.
Some things are definite ber.ause they are already known to the people talking about them.
Jm is aC the pub. ( = The one we all usually go to.)
Pass the vegetables. pfp;m, ( - These enes on the table.)
ideas
Abstract ideas use zero article.
Heafth ,s one of the most important things in life.
Note tha l an abstract noun can be made specific by what comes after it - then we use the.
The healUt o f 1111lf1u11~ uf peuple may be at risk.
Use a/ an for large whole numbers, fractions with singular nouns, we1qhts and distances.
a hundred a m/fion a third a fifth
two and a half a kilo a metre anda half
But: rwo and seven elghchs haif-wdy
Half is usually used without an nrtirle.
He has earen half of lhe cake.
people
We use zero article with na mes of people, unless we specify the person.
Tom livPs in Bristol. Is hP the Tom Davis you went to schoo/ wth?
We can use a/ an w ith names when we me;in a person called .. .'
Is there a Tom Davis staymg herP-'
We can use the with the names of groups, when these are clearly plural.
t he Democrats
However, if a proper name comes betore the noun there wil l be zero article.
Euro MPs Manchester United supporters
Narnes o rnusic groups vary a great deal, and may not fit general rules.
The Who Primal Scream
Many yroup~ of people are described by the + singu lar adjective.
the unemployed the dead
Other places vary. lf they begin with the name ot a place or person, then they tend to use zero article.
London Bridge Waterloo Station Madame Tussaud's
But: the London Eye
Otherwise they use the.
the Golden Gate Bridge the Hard Rock Cat the Odeon Cinema
Note that a place name can also be used asan adjective, in which case we could use the.
The London rush hour can cause long delays.
Sorne olher cilies have adjeclive forms, eg Pars I Parisian, Rome I Roman.
unique objects
The is used with sorne familiar objects when we think of them as the only one.
The Sun was setting over the sea. The moon rose mto t he sky
illness etc
A I an is used with a headache, a cold etc.
Have you got a cold / a headache / a toothache I an earache?
Most illness words use zero article.
/'ve gor flu. She's S1JffPring from appendidtis.
exclamatlons
Use a I Dn in the expressions what a ... !, such a ... !
We use what a ... when we are surprised or impressed by something.
What a fantastic sight! What an awful room!
2 Complete the text with a I an or the, or leave blank for zero article.
George Orwell
a . Toe,. author Georgc Orwell ( 1903- 1950: real namc Eric
Blair) was b English novelist, critic and political and
cultural commentator. He is best known for e . ... novels
Animal Fam1 and Nineteen Eig/Jry-Four, d -- both of which
were w ritten and published toward e end o his life.
He chose f --.. name George Orwell in 9 --- . early
l 930s when his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London,
was published.This book describes what it was llke to be
h poor and i ... home less in j Britain,
and also described k .... _......... tirne he spent in Pars working in
... kicchen of m .... high-class hotel. n .. .. .. Orwell's
father was o civil servant in India. and Orwell grew up in
p middle-class family. He was q pupil at Eton,
r well-known English school, and as his family could not afford to send him to university, he joined
s .. ... lndian Imperial Police. He learnt t ... .. . lot about u ....... . British Empire, but carne to hate
v .. job. and In 1927 he reslgned and declded to become w .. .... .. wrlter. He worked as
x. schoolteacher. and in y bookshop, wrote z book about 1 poverty in 2
northern England (The Road to Wigan Pier) and also fought for 3 ... ... ..... Republican side in 4 .. .... Spanish
civil war. He developed S ............. career as 6 ........ .. journalist and reviewer, and during 7 ... Second
World War he made 8 regular broadcasts on 9 . BBC. He died of 10 ........ tuberculosis
in 1950 ac 11 ....... age of 46.
4 Complete the lext with a/ an or the, or leave blank for z.ero article.
Bird migration
W helher a a particular species of b
depends on e numberof d factors. e .. most
important influence on f .. .. .. ....... m1gration is g ................ climate of
h area where i birds breed. and j - _ small
number o birds l"l'main in n area where there i~ k ~;:i~h
w1nter. So 1n 1 Scandinavia m .. blackbird 1s n
111igrc1lory L,i, J, bul il ,~ nol o ....... ..... .. .. nugr-alory i11 p .................. ~oulhem
Europe where q winters are 1111lde1:Another facter is
r type of s -- food involved. Sorne birds cat mainly
t insects which are not availahle in winter. ~o these hirds
have to undertake u . ... .. m1grat1on ,n order to hnd !ood.
Howeve1; lack of v food is nol w . ... [rigg~r for
migration, and birds need to be well fed before t hey start x
long distance light.The main reasons for y - migrating scem to
be partly genetic and partly as z ............ result of 1 small changcs
1n 2 weather or in 3 length of 4 d;iy.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Choose a paragraph from a book and make a practice passage like t he ones in Exercises 2 VI
and 4. Remove all articles and leave a space, add spaces for zero article, and add sorne trick QJ
spaces. Ask someone else in the class to complete your practice passage, and show them the V
original passage so they can check their answers. '
ro
Necd more practice? Go to the Revlew on page 208.
articles (2)
nationality
We use tlle with nationality adjectives that end -ese, -cli, -sh, -ss and are used to refer to all the
people of that nationa lity, eq Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, British, Swiss, Dutch.
The French d1ink d /ot of wine.
The Swiss are famous for their banks.
We use the with plur.il ntionlity noun~ in S!rne W!Y, eg Russians, Ameri<:am, Po/e~, Greeks, Turks,
Germans, Belgians etc.
The Russians and the Po/es are vsed to cold weather.
So rne nationalities end in -man J woman, and others have unique names.
an Enqlishman Jan /rishman / a Scotsman / a Welshman / a Frenchman / a Dutchman
a Spaniard / a Cypriot / a Pakistani / an /raqi / a Saudi / a Phi/ippino
Sorne nationalities can only be used asan adjective with a noun, eq Japanese person I man.
geography
We use the with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, geographical areas.
They crossed the Pacific / the Atlantic I the Mediterranean etc in a sma/1 boat.
The sun sets in the West. She travelled widely in the Midd/e East.
We took a voyage down the Danube.
The is used with north, south etc. to indicate geographical areas, but zero article is used to describe
general directions.
The sun sets in the west. The road runs from north to south.
We use Lero arlicle with continents, countries, lakes.
Lake Geneva borders France and Switzerland.
Morocco is in Africa.
school subjects
We use zero article when we t alk about school subjects, such as geography, history.
/'d rather study physics than biology.
changes of meaning
Sorne nouns can be countable or uncountable and have different meanings according to
the article they use.
a I an a coffee a cup of coffee Can I buy you a coffee?
the che coffee grains or beans ere. Put the coffee in che jar.
zero coffee in yeneral Do yuu like coffee?
Many names of substances have a change of meaning when used as a single object.
g/ass a g/ass fur huldiny water ett g/asses for he/ping the eyes
iron an iron fu, ;moothiny duthe;
pai:r a paper a new.,popt:t 01 a iete uf ub/i;lted 1e~ea1tlt
Sorne food nouns which usually have no plural can be used with a/ an to talk about one particular
type of that food.
I try to eat as much fresh fruit as I can.
Thi~ is a fruit 1ha1 only grow., in the lropics.
Other foods used in this way are: wine, beer, cheese, meat, oil.
1 Complete the sentence with a I an or the, or leave blank for zero artcle.
a 1"11.e. viclim was wailing (0 1 bus ouLside ___ hospital wllen oITence
tuuh plun:.
b Maria forgot to turn off iron when she wenr to anmer knock at door,
and she burnt hole rn 1ron111g board.
e We wen t to Crete on ___ holiday and spent ,__ -- week walking over _ __
mo11n ta111~ a<lm iring ~rPnPr}'
d After you put c.offep in machine, fil! it with wa tPr, and makP ~urP
___ - water comes up to leve! of th ick black line.
e Wben l'm al work, l' m only allowed to take personal calls in
cmcrgcncy.
f Helen is in bcd with ternpcraturc, so trip lo country has bccn
postponcd until next week.
g Al last minute, David clecided to go 11way for few day.s lllU :.t11y in
hotPI hy sea.
h - - lfa J 10 Ma r1chestt:r wa~ lrnl __ buur late uy tirn.e il
reached Waorct.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Choose a paragraph from a book and makc practice passge like the ones in Exercises 2 and V,
Q)
4. Replace a ll articles with a space, add spaces for zero articie, and add sorne trick spaces. Ask
V
someone else in t he class to complete your practice passage, and show them the original passage
so they can check their answers. 't
ro
Need more practtee? Go to the Review on page 208.
number and quantity
many, few, much, litt/e
With countable nouns we can use too many, not many, (only) a few. (very) few.
There are too many mistakes here. We've had very few complaints.
Few is rnegative, a fcw is positvc.
I havc a, few fricnds In Gcrmany. (sorne)
I have few friends in Germany. (not many)
With uncountable nouns we can use too much, not much, (only) a little, (very) little.
We haven't got much time. There is too much smoke in here.
I need a little help. There's only a lttle mlk left.
Rather a /ot is generally a greater number or amount than quite a lot, almost too many.
I can't come out. /'ve got rather a /ot of work to do.
In everyday speech. peopfe often use /ess with countables, and this is becoming more common in print.
1 Under:J.jo.g the be,t option.
a There is 11ardly nnv / too few mUk left, so we'U have to buy sorne more.
b Tdon ' t th in k thcrc is enough / plenly of sal t in thc soup.
e You don' t have to hurry. There's lots of/ 11111ch tim e.
d lhere ace lots of/ very few books on this subject, so you mjght llave difficu lty find.ing one.
e There's 011/y a little / 011/y a few paint left. Do you think it will be enough?
f The re's nol e11011g/1 / too nwch time to finis-h this exer<.:ise now, so we'II do it tomorrow.
g Can you wait a minute? The1e are a few / few things 1 havc to do beforc I lcavc.
h l t costs a /ot of/ ple11ty o{ money, and I don't think it's reall y worth it.
We'll have to find a larger room for the lecture. Not e11011gl1 / Too many people have t1.1rned up.
j I havc to sleep with the window dosed because there is plenty of/ too 11111ch noise ou tside.
k When the mouey was counted, it was fountl that as m11ch c,s / as mallJ' as e500,000 was missing.
I'm sorry, but there aren't too mm1y / eno11gh books for everyone, so you'll bave to share.
4 Write a new sentence with t he same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a Thcrc's too litt lc time to finish n ow. NOT
1'he.re.. 1S tto-l e..1totu-Jl'1 hl\Ae.. +o ~ 1tish 1tow,
b Al i of my answers were right. WRONG
- - - - - - - - H - - -- - - - H -- --
f The red one costs 50 and the green on e costs tl00. MHCH
Women in power
More than a century after women started c:ampaigning for the right to vote. it still
sc:cms that thcrc: a 2 womcn in positio ns of powcr. In rhc world as a whole.
there havc been b fema le heads of state, and in some cou ntries women have
e ...... political power. In industrialized countries where d ... . of womcn wo rk, it
still happens lha( men t:am e or doing the sarnejol.i. Alt.hough ll1ere are
f succ:essful female business leaders, Lhc:re are clcarly many g men at the
top. Ma ny pc:oplc hrli<'vr tha r th is situarion rr flrcts rhr fact that womcn haven't go1
h ... . to be successful in lhc work place, and in lhe home. The re is much
pressurc o n women , they say, to be good wives and mothers, and they are at
a disadvantagc in Lhe j ob ma rket. However, Lht:re is j evitlt:m:t: lo suggt'.sl lllal
women can be more successful in che modcrn business environmenr than men.
k .. . modern business operations
now depend on c:o-opcrnl i on Rnrl
flexi bilit,y, and women are beller
al lhese sk.ills Lbau 1m:11. So il
may well be that in lhe future,
quite a 1 ..... imponant
businrss will hr ru n by wo mr n,
and it wi ll be the men who
t>arn lower wages or sray
at home.
.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV
O"
"O
A Write true sentences a bout yourse lf w h ich include these words. e:
Ci)
har/y any too much quite a /ot twice as much every fewer l..
<lJ
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B Write sentences about your town or country, beginning as shown. E
:,
Many thousands of p_eople .. . There are too many . .. There is far too much ... e:
We need more .. . We haven't got much ...
nouns
nouns always ending in plural s
Nouns ending -ics have no singular form, they use zero article and a singular verb, eg
mathematics, finguistics, physics, politics, athletics.
Mathematics is my favourite subjeet.
When not uscd to mean 'subjects of study', nouns of this klnd can use the + plura l verb .
Economfcs Is a difficuft subjea. The economics of rhis case are compfex.
Sorne nouns always ending in plural s are counted as singular, though they have no singu lar form,
eg the news, darts, bil/iards (and other plural games), cities with plura l forms Naples, Athens etc.
The news is on dl 10.00. Athens is d i.Jeduliful cily.
lllness words always ending in plura l s use a singular verb, eg meas/es, mumps.
Meas/es is a highly infectious disease.
Sorne nouns always endlng In p lural s can have a singu lar verb when singu lar, and a p lural verb
when plural, eg crossroads, series, species, means.
This speces is interesting. Both species are now extinct.
This is a means to an end. Ali means have been exhausted.
Sorne nouns always ending In p lural s use a plural verb, eg belongings, c/othes, congratulations,
carnings, goods, outskirts, remains, stafrs, surroundfngs, thanks.
Are thcsc your belonglngs? These are the remains of my car!
Sorne of these nouns have a singular form with a different meaning.
looks She was admiring Jack's good looks.
look Could f have a look at your answers?
Sorne ~ingular nouns describing groups of people use singu lar or p lural verb depending on how we
th ink of them, eg govemment, army, councif, management, etc.
The government is pfanning to raise taxes. ( = one body)
The government are undecided about this matter. (=a group of individuals)
Sorne nouns describing groups of peop le or animals have no p lural s and use a plural verb, eg
peopfe, the pofice, cattfe.
The pofice are inve~liqatinq tlie fire.
Peopfe can be used with plura l s to mean notionalily or race.
The peopfes of the world are united in iheir desire for peace.
change of meaning
Sorne nouns have different meanings for singu lar and p lural.
damage The insurance company paid for the damage to the house.
damages The court awarded damages of [50,000.
custom Giving eggs at Easter is a custom here.
customs When we passed through customs, we had to open our cases
Others include, expense I expenses (rnoney spent as part of a job), manner / manners (way of
behaving), work I a work, works (of ort, lileralure ele), glass / gfasses (spectacles).
pairs
Sorne nouns with plural form only can be used with a pair of ... / two pairs of etc, though this can be
left out, eg glasses, trousers, shorts, pyjamas.
Where are my glasses) /'ve got two pairs of glasses.
Other words wh ich can be singular, and which can also be used w ith pairare socks, shoes, sandals,
g/oves.
collectlons
Sorne collections of nouns are described with a + noun + of, eg a bunch of flowers. a circ/e of friends.
a crowd of people, a gang of thieves, a herd of cattle, a f/ock of sheep, a pack of cards, a panel of
experts, a team of lawyers I doctors
partitives
Sorne mss nouns eg bread hve a countablc ltem which describes a 'piece' of the whole, and which can
be used when we Wilnt to specify onc of that item. cg a loaf of bread, a bar of soap. a cloud of dust,
a flash of lightning, a clap of thundcr, a shower of rain, an item of news, a siice of cake etc,
container + of a rube of roothpaste. a can of beer. a carton of milk etc
container: compound noun a beer-um a matchbux
The narne of the container usually begins with the name of what is contained, with a singular noun if
it is countable.
small quanti ties a speck of dust, a grain of rice, a scrap of paper
abstract nouns a piere of advirP / infnrmltion, a ~pnt nf tm11h/P
quantities a litre nf bePr. a kilo of chPese ere
words describing types a kind of, D typc of, D variety of, a spccics of
gamc. round a game of chess. a round of golf
compound nouns
Noun + noun The first noun is normally singular (but: a clothes brush). Check in a dictionary for the
use of a hyphen. as this vares greatly.
a bus ticket a key ring
Categorles lnclude:
type a seat belt a comedy film
containers a milk jug a water bottle
pu rpose (-er) a can ope11e1 (a thing that opens cans)
(for) a book shelf (a shelf for books)
place a bedroom chair a ~chool layg,ound
part of a whole a ca, doo1 a mou~e buttun
Names ending in s add apostrophe s, or apostrophe, but are pronounced as if they have apostrophe s.
the Janes' house I the Jones 's house (both pronounced the same)
We also use possessive apostrophe with references to time, and in sorne fixed expressions.
time an hours h11s-nrle, a days work etc
expressions hP at yo11r wts' enrl
V>
e:
:;
o
e:
So111e exe{cises require the use of a dlctlonary.
a l'm afrnirl that the news jJ. / are not very encouraging.
b lt took l lelen a while to get used to her new s11rro1111di11g / s1irro1111di11gs.
e Alhl elics is / are a popular pa~lime in rna11 y countries.
d Do you fancy a game of card / cards?
e Thc cattlc llas / llave got through th e fence hy the ma in road.
f Mumps is/ flre a serious illness far many older people.
g What do you think of my new tro1tser / tro11sers?
h Th e balhroom is on lhe lefl at tlie tup uf the slair / stairs.
' Extras' is / are Lhe funnlest comedy serles I have ever seen.
Local police is / are bafflcd hy the disappearance o f more than fifty pet dogs.
2 Complete the sent e nce wit h a singular or plu ral form of a word in lhe lisl.
cuslom damage expense glas~ u1a 1u1er work
a You'II have to declare these llems at c1J.~ f911A~ when you land ln London.
b The n ewspapers were no t imprcsscd by thc of Mr Sm ith 's election.
e Th e vio lent storm cau~ed severe throughout the west of th e country.
d The schooJ gave Tony the complete of Shakespeare as a prize.
e You ca n pul in a claim for your lravel when yuu cume back fru111 the Lri;.
f People here have th e of openlng the front doo r at mldnlght on New
Ycar's Evc.
g Th e waiter filled Ma ria's ........ with spa rkling water.
h The in jured passenger was awarded . ... of over El million.
As far as l'm con cerned, eali ng and drink Lng on buses and lrains is sirnply bad
ln thls part of the coum ry, factorles have closed and many people have no
k Havc you scc n my anywhcrc? 1 ca n't scc a th ing!
l'or most students, rent is their biggest
a Thc stars of thc film were rnct outside thc cinema hy a c.roi,Jd of fans.
b A sudden ----- .. of lightening lit the night sky.
e The bi1ilding cras hed to the ground, leaving a of dust.
d A of doclors i11 south Londo11 is carrying uut a new stuuy i11to childhuud
illnesses.
e Onc o th c sold iers produced a of ca rds, a nd they started to play.
f After a h eavy of rain, the pitch was slippery.
g Le t me give yo u a of advice. Don't bOlTOW any money from thal bank.
h Harry uuught a large o grapes from the su;erma rket.
The lraln crash was the flrst on the late news.
The hank was raided hy a of armPd rohb<'rS.
4 Use the description to make a compound noun.
a A belt you wcar whcn you sit in thc scat of a car.
b A shelf which you put books on. a
e A chemical which soCLcns water. a .....
d A pot for maki11g cofftie. a
e A brush for deani11g teeth. a ..
f The wlndow of a shop. a
g Cl imbing in the rn ountain~. a
h Equiprnent used in the ottice. a
Somethi.ng used or sharpening pencils. a
A nen-vork of computers. a
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Choose a page in a magazine, newspaper or book and make a list of
any collective nouns. collections or partltivcs, and compound nouns. V'l
e:
B Choose twenty words from the explanation pages, and look them up =,
in a dictionary. How would you translate them into your language? oe:
NPPd more practirP? Go to thP Review on pge JOB
pronouns, so, it, there
each (of), both (of), either, neither
Each as a pronoun (see Unit 22}. refers to two or more Lhings or people separately.
lf two players win, they each get an extra card I ea ch of them gets ...
ThP winnpr; rPCPivPrl f'i()() each
Either (of) meiln~ one or the other. whP.n it doP.m't milttPr whirh one. lt uses a singuli'tr verh. Not ..
either is also possible.
Thcse two co/ours are both fine. We can usc either. Either of them is suitab/e.
No, we <.an t use either uf lhem.
Neither (of) is the negative form, meaning not one nor the other.
I don't ftke these two colours. We cant use either. Neither of them ,s swlilble.
reflexives
Sorne verbs use a reflexive pronoun (eg myielf) to refer back lo lhe )ubje.
1 blame myseff for whar happened I hnpl> you enjoy youri:elves.
Other reflexive verbs include cut, hurt, introduce. The)e verb) can abo llave norn1dl objel.b:
We enjoyed the play a lot The police blamed hoo/lgans for lhP pmb/Pm< (normal obe.ct)
Behave is intransitive, and can have a reflexive but no other objecl, though the reflexive can be lell
out. M;ike 511rP yo11 behave yourself Try to behave!
Dress, wash, shave often have a reflexive but it is not nec.e))lry.
Hurry up and dress (yourself)
Reflexives are also used with verbs like see, he/p, give in sorne expression),
lhen he saw himseff in the mirror I couldn't help myself She gave. herseff ; p;it on thP b;:ick
one/ones
can be uscd to avold repeat ing a countable noun. Are thosc the ones you mcant?
One can also mean 'person'. She is the one I /ove!
can be uscd with an adjcctive. l likc the red one.
can be used with this I that etc. Do you like these ones?
one,you
We use one in formal speech or writing asan impersonal pronoun.
One grows to re/y complete/y upon one's servants.
In everyday speech, we use you.
I think you soon gN tircd of commuting long distanccs.
t
lt is used asan 'empty subject' for verbs that have no real subject.
lt's 6.30. lt's rdinng. lt Wd~ 1iol. lt's going co /Je t10C. lt's 200 m/es to Scotland. lt's cold.
lt is also used as a subject for say, to describe what is written; for take, to describe length of time;
and in expressions it doesn't matter and it's no use.
lt says here we have to be there an hour before. lt takes an hour to get there.
lt doesn't real/y matter. lt's no use,/ can't make it work.
lt is often used with seem to + action verb, and w ith seem as if, seem that. look as if. appear that.
lt seems to snow a lot in this part of the country. lt seems as if everyone is having a good rime.
lt /ooks as if we're going to be late. lt appears / seems that the meeting has been postponed.
lt is used in phrases it's a pity, /t's a shame, it doesn't matter f.
lt's a pity you missed Jack. lt's a shame you didn r come ro che party.
lt doesn't matter if I catch a later train.
there
There is used w ith be, seem, appear to introduce a statement about what exists or happens.
There's a shop al the end of t/,e rua.
There seems / appears lo be a problf!m.
There's been a fire at the school.
There was nobody in the building at the time.
There is no pomt ,n domg the same thing over and over again.
After the statement of existence, other pronouns are used to refer back to the thing or person vi
mentioned. e
:::,
There's a shop at the end of the road. lt's open until late. o
There's a girl outs,de. She says she knows you. e
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'-
There is used in idiomatic phrases w ith come, fof/ow.
There comes a time in everyone's Iife when ...
n.
There fol/ows a party politica/ broadcast.
1 Underline the best option.
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a Every person who picked the corren n11rnllf'r wnn f..'iOO. EACH
The. .Qe,op.J.e....who ~ickuLthe.. co..rr.e.c..+ l\ti.rO.e.J'.:.Jj)QI\ L!:;00 e,~ch.
b Sorne children in the class were thruwiug pic:ces uf aper al other children. ONP.
h A lot of people we.re driving too fast, but they police stopped me. ()NE
4 Com plete each sentence with it or there.
a Look al lhe skyl __ 1 looks as if is going Lo be a storm.
b . takes six hours to get there, and .... --- is only one train per day.
e is a slight problem with the air conditioning, but is not se1ious.
d says here that aie volcanoes on Mars.
e - is a bus strike tomorrow so is going to take me longer to get to work.
f is a shame that . ....... . is raining, because . means we can't play tennis.
g is 110 oiu t iu ruuniug. is 110 way we can get to school in time.
h comes a time when ____ ..... _ is a good idea to take more exercise.
were .~orn e great goa ls in the match 10 is a pity you missed it.
doesn't matter if ... isn' t hot. l likc cold pizza.
Robin Hood
Most of us nre f.:imiliflr with Hohin TTood from flollywoorl films. 1n the pop11lflr story. Ro hin has two main
cnemies. Prince Johu and tbe Sheriff of Noltiugham. a .e . try lo capture and kili llim. Robin Hoods men
and Lhe local vlagers, who ,m: usually described as poor S,Lxous. ht:lp b .... lo 1lt:ft:al the Normaas, who are
tbe enemy. But did e called Roblo Hood rea lly exlst? As wlrh most lcgendar,9 figures. d whether he
rcally cxistcd. e l'rom thc carly lcgcnds that he was an 0 111 law in Yorkshirc. not Nolllnghamshirc. and in
lhose limes the narue was eiven to f wh.o was an outlaw. 1n t he earliest stories. he isn'l g who stcals
l'rom the ricb an<l gives to lhe poor. h . in bis story to make him a hero: he is justa robber, an<l i sense
or hervism atlai;he<l to ltim. j . we k.uow froiu Hollywood fllms. Mai<l Maciou. FriarTui;k. Lillle Jolm aml
so ou. has beea added lo ti.Je sLUry over lhe i;enluries. k a 'real' Robin Hou<l. jusL a slory lhat has been
changlng for nearly a thousand years. Ilut 1 .. whether he was a real person or 11ot. He is m in the
imaginalion of miUions of pcoplc.
When looking up adjectives in a dictionary, check whether the meaning you want is attributive or
predicative.
He/en is a responsib/e pupil. (attri butive - sensible, reliable)
Who wa, responsib/e far the accident? (predicative - who caused it?)
verbs of sensation
appear, fee/, look, seem, sme/1, sound, tas/e are followed by adjectives not adverbs.
Thi, sme/1s bad. 11 tastes awful loo.
nouns as adjectives
Nouns that refer to substances. places, seasons and parts of a whole can be used as adjectives.
Sorne substance words have adjectives ending -en: wooden, woo//en, golden. Check with a
dictionary for usage.
These are cotton trousers. They are my summer c/othes.
participle adjectives
We can use participles as adjectives.
a dripping tap (it's dripping now)
a broken promise (a promise that has been broken)
an accepted idea (an idea that is accepted)
We can make compound adjectives by putting an adjective, adverb or noun before the participle.
a fast-flowing river a freshly-made tootprint.
a lite-saving operation a tree-lined street
a French-speaking area a self-employed plumber
a tight-ftting dress a mass-produced product
Sorne -ing adjectives and -ed adjectives which refer to feelings are easily confused.
-ing adjectives describe the thing that is having the effect on others.
This news artic/e is rather worrying. (lt worries me)
-ed adjectives describe the person and the way they feel because of the effect.
He/en looks worried. (Something has worried her)
Other adjectives like this indude amazed / amazing, bored I boring, excited I exciting, exhausted I
exhausting, interested / interesting, pleased / pleasing, tired / tiring.
adjective + adjective
In the following three expressions, t he first adjective f unct ions asan adverb to say how wet etc
something is.
boiling hot, freezing cok}, soaking wet
compound adjectives
Compound adjectives can be form ed in t he following ways:
from adjective + noun.
a cheap-rate phonP<"all
with numbers (plural sin never used).
a four-year-old child a two-hour meet,ng
a fifty euro ticket a three-hour oumey
with a noun + adjective.
a tax-free rar an air-tight box
meaning
As many adjectives have a wide range of meaning, and may be used metaphoricall y, 11lways check
in a dictionary.
Janet is a heavy smoker. ( = she smokes a lot )
I wJ/ked awJy with heavy heart. ( = idiom: 1felt sad or depressed)
This is J heavy responsibility. ( = serious)
Heavy fighting continucd al/ day. ( = involving many people and weapons)
Thc lrxturc WJS a bit heavy going. ( = hard to understand)
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1 Unde rli ne the best w ord.
A taste for somethlng thaL you develop after flrst disliklng lt. ACQUIRE
5 Complete the sent ence with a compound adjective made from a form of the two words in brackets.
a Ticino is in the ... .. . area of Switzerland. (ltaly, speak)
b l usualJy buy a l-rC!liC!1t~~pe_61 k,i,1tq loaf from the local baker's. (ba.ke, fresh)
e The dog fell into a __ .. .... -- river and was swept away. (flow, fast)
d Wc lct our flat to a co11ple. (new, marry)
e Toe school believes it shouJd educatc chi.ldren to be (mind, open)
f All we could see was a bare landscape. (sweep, wind)
g The building (ell lo tlie grouuu witl1 a/ a 11 ... ..... crash. (shatter, earth)
h I partlcularly llke nuts . (coat, chocolate)
lt was a .. ...... decision, but we had to make it. (break, hcart)
Thc hi lls ~lretched into 1he distance. ( cover, tree)
k The automatic ironing machine is described as a .. .... .... .. .. device. (save, time)
The .... ... .... .... .. .. tomb is being examined by archaeolog.ists. (discover, new)
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6 Choose t he best opt ion, A. B or C, to complet e the se ntence.
a Fortunatcly thc su rgcon was ahlc to pcrform a '6 operat ion.
b Two chil<lren gave flowers to the president.
e The historie centre of the city is a . area.
d This kind of gambling machine is often called a ... bamlit.
e The narrow streets were Jined with shops.
f J ulia's visit to lndia was a cxpcricncc.
g Rrian looked oul o r the window at the ............... streN.
h A spokesperson explained that there was a .. . situation.
Please send me a copy.
j l a journey from here to the other slde of the lsland.
k There was an explosion, fo llowcd by a th ick cloud of smokc.
Dogs uscd for hunting have a sense of smell.
7 Co mpl ete each sentence with an adjective from t he list. Use a d ictio na ry to check t he mea ning.
fine grea t heavy hlgh light long low narrow open sh ort small wide
a Wc didn't want to cat too m uch bcforc thc thcatrc, so wc just hada liq"t mea!.
b Jane is a very easy person to talk to, and is very friendly and
e There was a .. ... shower of ra in, and we got soaked through.
d Bill was very Lhirsly aud urder1::d a .. ..... riuk.
e They dicln't have a lot to say to one another, bu t spent th e time on ............................ talk.
f His namc is Alexander, or Alcx for
g lf you're looking for gifts, try Bentley's wh id1 sells a ........ selection of local products .
h Tbere's a very . line between being su-rprised and being amazcd.
Julia aud I are frieml~, aml we get 011 really weU.
j I thillk it's time you stopped watl:hing telev ision ami e.lit.! some work!
k Ellis scorcd in the last minute, giving thc team a _ 89-88 victory.
The governmPnt has promised to do more to help peo p.le on incomes.
8 Complete the text with a cornpound adjective frorn the list in each gap.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY
.:::
A Choose ten participle adjectives from these pages and translate Lhern tQJ
into your language. Then write an exarnple sentence for each one.
B Choose ten cornpound adjectives from these pages and translate them
--
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int o your language. Then write an example sentence for cach one.
adjectives with infinitive or -ing
adjective + to-infinitive
able I unable, careful, curious, due, foolish, free, inclned, prepared, ready, welcome, wil/ing
Sorry, but /'m unable to lend you the money
The rrain is ready to /eave.
it-sentences
advisable, best I better, dlfflcult, easy, cur/ous, lmpossible, nice, possible
lt's easy (for people} to make mlstakes.
lt's curious to imagine what people once used to think.
lt's best to leave before the rush hour.
it's hard to p/ease you I you are hard to p/ease
Some adjectives (eg easy, good, hard, impossible) can follow this pattern:
lt's lmposs/ble (forme) to reach the top shelf. The top shelf Is imposslble (forme) to reach.
Adjectives describing feelings (eg annoying, lnteresting, /ove/y, terrific, wonderful}
work in a similar way.
11 was lnterestlng to visit the castle. The casrfe was lnteresting ro visir.
However, not all alternatives work In the same context.
lt was wondcrful to scc you. Yeb' we,'C w e f l ~
adjective + that-clause
aware, it's clear, confident, hopeful, it's obvious, positive (very sure)
1wasn't aware that the rules had been changed.
lt's clear that something has gone wrong.
adjective + -ing
We can use busy. no good, (not) worth + -ing .
We can use feel + awful, bad, good, guilty, terrible + ing.
Martn is busy cooking the dinner. lt's not worth seeing that film.
I feef terrible feavfng you alone /ike that.
3 Complete the sentences about sport tra ining by writ ing one word in each gp. Thc first letter
of the word is written for you.
a It's o ....bv./os.... .... .. that if you have a serious sport ing ambition, you should go about
training in a seriuus ma nuer.
b lt's e..... that you should follow a regula.r training programme,
e lt's really p to train a lot onc wcck, anct thcn miss training for two weeks.
d lt's b ... . to work an another area o f fitness (eg gyrn exe rr ise.s, swirnmin g etc)
!han do n o lraini ng a t ali.
e You shoultl also !.Je a.. _ .......... . . that tliet a1Jc.l rl:'Sl are impur tai1L.
f Too much rraining can m... you feel exhausted anct unmotlvated.
g Tt's also i to get nutritiona l advice from an cxpcrt .
h Most athletes are e ....... n ot to train withou t pmper wa rm.1g-up.
1n sorne sports it is _ Lo improve your peJformance without visual recording
aml feedback from a coach.
Jt'S V that you shou ld refer any injuries to a sports clinic.
4 Write a new sentence w ith the same mea nin g containing th e word in capitals.
a l'd pul 011 pll:'11ty uf su11-Crl:'am ul:'fore you gu uul, if l were you. BEST
_J~s_J;?e.s+ f9..efl+ o~ ple.~+!j <2..f. SM-cre.~,~- be.~ore. 11ou .'J ou.f-.
b Yo ur bad ncws upset me vcry much . SORRY
5 Complete the text wit h a word from the list in each gap.
aware be able clear hopeful impossible possible surprised unusual unwiJUng unwise
Science news
Scientists carrylng out research in swamps in Sumat ra llave discovered the world's smailest fish. The femaie is only
7.9 mm. It was thought to be a ..J m::>9SS.9!~.. that any llvinq organism should survive in the swamps, as the water is
cxtrcmcly acidic. lt is aiso very low in minerals and this is thought to cxplaln why it is b for larger species to
develop.
Researchers exami11i119 satd lile data l ro111 Lhe A ntarclic have been e .. . .. ........ ... l o find lhat there are large lakes
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and rivers beneath the Ice sheets. 'lt's d that /\ntarctlc Ice Is movlng much faster than we supposed,' sald
Professor Susan Graham from the Antarctic Survey. She was e to say whcthcr this would mean a more 1
~
rapid rise in sea levels dueto melting ice. 'lt's f lo pred1ct al lhis stage exactly what this discovery means,
hui il make~ u~ g .. . that Antarctic ice could be melting faster than we had lhought ' Q)
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Scientisls al NASA believe lhal lhey may h Lo delect earlhquakes from space before l11ey happe11. :t:
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lt's i ....... . .... ..... to monitor the build up oi energy in the Ear th's crust1 and scientists are j ... that thls ;.;:::
lnformatlon can be interpreted by computer programs which wll l give approximate predic tions of future qual<es.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY >
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Write five example sentences based on each of these pattl:!rns. Q)
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1 /'m + adjective + that da use 2 /t makes me + adjective + to .. . "O
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Need more pracli1..e? Go to the Review on page 208.
adverbs
adverbs and adjectives
Sorne words ending -/y are not adverbs but adj ectives: friendly, lone/y, sil/y, ug/y etc.
Sorne adverbs and adjectives have the same fonn: fast, dead, early etc.
Hard and hardly are both adverbs, but have different meanings.
1can hardly hear you. (=almost not) You've worked hard. ( = with a lot of effort}
Ungradab/e adjectives cannot be graded because the qualities they describe are either present or
absent.
This painting is superb. This problem is impossible.
We cannot say Tlli5 (:)ainting is very-sttperb-:
Wlth ungradable adectives and adjectives with an extreme rneanlng, quite means complete/y.
lt can be used in the same way befare a verb or adverb.
l'm sorry, bue you are quite wrong. (ungradable}
This puzzle is quite l mposslb/ef (extreme meaning)
I quite agree. ( = 1 agree completely}
I canr quite make up my mind. (not completely)
Quite can be used with + a I an + noun to show that somethlng is unusual or interest ing.
That's quite a car!
Quite can be used with a superlative to mean 'very much'.
Thars quite the longest book /'ve evcr rcad!
intenslfiers
These are words that modify gradable adjcctives and advcrbs:
very, extreme/y, real/y, terribly, particular/y, awfully etc.
This is real/y rasry! 1rhoughr rhe play was terribly boring.
especial/y, particular/y, real/y are often used with verbs.
I real/y admire you! 1particular/y /ike this one.
Sorne intensifiers tend to collocate with certain adjectives:
abso/ute/y ridicu/ous, complete/y useless, entirely unexpected, greatly admired, perfectly obvious etc.
There are no rules to explain which intensifiers go with vvhich adjectives.
Sorne ungradable adjectivcs, usually with a negativc mconlng, can be modificd by utterly,
complete/y, total/y.
The food was complete/y awful!
The house was total/y destroyed in the explosion.
These adverbs can also be used with verbs.
I complete/y agree wirh you. Wc utter/y condemn whar has happened.
Sometimes phrases are used for emphasis, eg politically speaking, from a po/itical point of view, V)
2 Underline all the words in brackets which can be used to complete t he sentence.
a Thls French cheese yo u bought is - tasty. (absol utely, ~ - compleLely)
b Thc hotel turncd out to be cxpcnsivc. (clearly, intredi hly, lurkly)
e Gina Eva ns is .............. expec-ted to become deputy prime minister. (considerably, greatly, widely)
d The glue I bought was useless so I had Lo buy some more. (complelely, extrernely, ul terly)
e lt was . .. obvious that Jac.:k had made a mista ke. (completely, perfect1y, really)
f Sue was . ....... disappointed to lose t he match. (awfully, terribJy, vcry)
g Thc poiice dccidcd that Tom was hlamclcss. (entirely, cxtremely, greatly)
h We appreciate all lhe help you gave us. (cornpletely, greatly, widely)
I -- - Hke-d the first beach we wenl to. (absolulely, especially, particularly)
Qui te h onestly, l think this is . ridiculous. (totally, u tterly, very)
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capita ls.
a l really do understand how you feel. QUITF.
1 R?li~e, W\de-r,"<;{~11.d no14 ~OlA te,e,1, .. ....
b Nobody c;ame to the party, wh i<.:h was u11fortuna te. UNFORTUNATELY
d The decisio n was disas lrous (mm a fiuancial poi.ni of view. FINANClALLY
f Mrs Burns has agreed to provide sandwiches, which is kind of her. KINDLY
lt's loglcal to suppose that the missing money must be in this room. LOGICALLY
4 Choose the best option, A. B, or C, to fi ll eac h gap.
Street design
People Ln some 81itish towns are complaining about the a 1? w1i.nteresting streets and sq uares being
designed by local council architects. It scrms that one b unexpected result of improved bealth
and safety laws is a / an e __ - unimaginative approach to urban desigu. d . street features such
as founlains, strps anrl rvrn rohhlc<I roadways, a rr hring rxrludrd from our Mrrrts bccm1sc of thc risk
of accidents. e .... ...... , many councils are pay ing out huge sums on ciaims for damages macle againsl
them by people who injure themselves in t he street, ancl a lthough it is f . possible to design a / an
g accident- prnuf urban env irnnmenl. arch itec:ls are laking Lht: easy way out. Henc:e the h ...._ dull
designs we now see in sorne city centres. lt seems i , obvious that streets shou ld be safe, but it is :liso
important tbat they sbould make us feel proud to be walking in tbem. k , tht'rt' are architects
who havr romr up with I morr rrrarivr solurions, as a visit to many city centres will show. So in the
end, it's up to local cotmcils to try harder.
EXTENSION ACTIVITV VI
Give sorne opinions using fairly, quite, rather about the fo llowing: ...
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public transport in your town TV in your country learoing a fore ign laoguage >
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Need more practice? Go lo the Review 011 page 208.
making comparisons
modifiers
Comparisons can be modified to make them less extreme.
This is probably the best compucer ar the momcnr.
Smi1hs is one of the largest companies in Britain.
/'ve done Just about as much as I can.
This isn 't quite as easy as I thought.
The new one is not nearly I haif / nowhere nea, as good as the oid one.
Ir is nowhere near as good as rhe old one. (informal)
Comparisons can be made stronger.
This is easily the best car in its class.
Foorbali is far and away the most popular sport in rhe world.
lt's the most popular sport in the world by far.
Tennis is far/ a lot / much more demanding.
/1'1 much /miles/ ioads more inleresling. (miles and loads are informal)
Gulf i1 every bit as interesting el~ foutbd/1.
Gulf i~ rather more interesting tilcJJI I thouclit.
comparative constructions
as+ adjective +a+ noun + as
We asked for as large a car as possibie.
lt's not as long a journey as I used to have.
comparative + comparative
Two comparatives together are often used in descriptive w riting, with verbs of becoming, changing,
movement, etc.
The b1ke began to go faster and faster
The boat was gett,ng further and further away
Jane was growmg more and more confused
the + comparative or superlative + of the + number / quantity
This structure can be uscd with a comparativc to compare two things
This is by far/ CiJSily the more nteresting of the two.
lt can be used with a superlative compare one thing with many things
I think this onc is the best of the lot I them al/ I the bunch. (informal)
like andas
as ... as
Stay for as long as you want. His hands were as cold as ice.
You Jook as white as a g host.
as ... as is often u sed in proverbial expressions.
He was as good as gold She's as happy as the day is long.
like
A caravan ,s like a house on wheels (it is similar)
look like, sme/1 like
The school looks like a pnson (it resembles a prison)
You sme/1 like a bPa11t1f11/ flower1 {the smells are the same)
feel like
The pam felt like a burnmg needle m h1s arm. (it is similar)
I feel like gomg out tonight (That 's what I want to do)
Memary
ft's quite conrnlon lo hear sumt::une com lain
tbat tbeir memory is a C as it used to be.
or that the more things they try to remember.
b qn ir.kly they seem to forget. Howeuer.
memory is e .......... - complicated than we
usually thiuk. For example. remcmbering
acls is nol al ali d .... remembering
how to perform an action. and lt seems
that wc don' t 'forgct' how to ridc a bicyclc
or c\rivc a car. For somr people, it may be
e ..... to remember wbaL they have just read
-
f recall where they let lhelr car keys.
or com-se. g ............ iuteresting a topic is. the
more wc rcmr.mhr.r ahout it, Ancl we are Almost certa in ly h to rcca ll something we havr, rea el
or seen recently, beca use it remains act ive in our memory. Where sludying is concerned. there are
ct::rlai.oJy ways uf u1c1kl11g t l1t:: mt::mury i ...... . [L's j . lv rewt::wbt::r c.lisurg,uiizt::d iufurmaUuu.
so note-makl.ng and summarlzlng are lmportant. and the lea.roer. not the teacher. has to do thls.
Regular reviewing of what has been lcorncd is k ways or strcogthcning mcmory. Sorne
learnc rs have I v is ua l 1.han II vc>rha l memory, irnd may re me mbe r more by a ssocialing ideas
witb visuaJ images. Tbere are plcnty of books on the madcel wbich illustrate tbese teclm.iques,
aJways assuming that you cau remember to uuy uut:I
Others lnclude: above, across, a/ong, around, behind, below, bcneath, by, in, inside,
near, off, on, opposite, outside, round, through, under, underneath, up.
These adverbs often combine with verbs (see Unit 29).
Come onl Please sit down.
place
At, on and in, and their variations such as within, upon are used with be and verbs that describe
position not movement, eg sit, stand, live etc.
at a place, an address, a house, a building, a point on a journey
She's at the shops I at home / at 12 Green Street / at the cinema / at the Grand Hotel
This train doesn't stop at Acton. (point on a j ourney)
on He was standing on the chair trying to reach the book on the top shelf.
She was on the bus / train / plane
m ovement
With a verb of mot ion, eg come, g o etc we use to, into / unto, out o(, lowards and other
prepositions or adverb ials t hat involve movement; c1/ong, up / down, lhrougll, across etc.
He rc1n out of the house and down the street.
w ord list
round / around
These are used to talk about rn overnent as in a circle.
Follow the road r ound to the /eft. /'ve been walking around the centre.
across / over
With a verb of motion these often have the ~ame meaning (rorn one side to the other).
She walked across / over the r0ad.
Over can also mean 'covering an area' or 'above' with a verb of motion.
The police puta blanket over his head. They fle1w o ver the mountains.
Out (of) can mean 'not at home', in can mean 'at home'. Back (to) describes a returning movement.
l'm e1f1e1id Marie1 is out / isn't in at tl,e moment. She's out of town.
Whefl wi/1 she be back. ? Come back ! I want to ta/k to youl
by, past
Both describe something that passes, with verbs of motion.
We walked past / by t/Je /,uu~e lwicf:! belure we ,ecoyniLed il.
Someone ran past / by me cmd ihrew e1 be1g lo the groun.
up ldown
Often used with road, street etc to mean a/ong.
/ saw him as/ was walking vp the road.
The,e were over 200 people p,esent. Are you over sixteen7
.e
a.
among, between ro
Among means 'in a number of things', betwee.n means ' in the midd le of two things'. e
Among the guests werf:! ~evera/ o/ Tom!> uld teachers. We /ive ha/f way between Londun and Oxford. o
:!::
pairs VI
o
Many adverbia ls are used in pairs to describe movement, usually in first one direction, a..
then the other, and repeated. ....QJ
backwards and forwards (back and forth) to and fro round and round up and down in and out a.
He's been pacing backwards and forwards for an hour. The children were runninq in and ou t of the house. +-'-
e:
QJ
phrases E
QJ
Many prepositions form phrases with nouns. Check meanings with a dictionary.
on on tria/ on average on the way o>
in in control in charge in the way E
at at war at peace at rest "O
above above average above the law e
below below average
ro
Q)
under under construction under pressure under suspicion u
co
o_
1 Underline the best word.
a Jam! im't here at the rnoment. She's i11 / 1 I to the shops.
b The chlldren ran nL / rlown / 011 tbc strcct shouting.
e Docs this bus go at / to / in So11thampton?
d Maria could see someone coming al/ towards / 011/0 her.
e You'U find more coffee i11 / on / at lhe lop shelf.
f Are yuu comjng al J to J i11 the cinema thls evenlng?
g Delivery on purchases is free at / by / within the London a rea.
h With a shriek, Juliel fell senseless at / 11,0 11 / dow11 the floor.
Walk along J 0 11 J l/1rough l lillway Road until you come to the roundabout.
We spent an enjoyable evening 11/ / i,1 / on th e theaLre.
2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a Jim covcrcd his hcad with a sheet and pretended to he a ghosl'. OVE!{
<liiu. pi<-t ~ shu.+ ov~( h_is _he.gd, ~.,_ _pre.+e.nd'e.d' 10 be. ~ <;Jhos.f.
b Anna walked from one side of the street to the other. ACROSS
d When do you think Alan will retum? 1 want to tal.k to him. BAC K
e TI1e dug was ru1111i11g i11 circles and barking furiuusly. ROUND
g Toe temperature is lower than usual for lhis time of the year. BELOW
When h e's not with his hiends, IJavid stops showing off. AWAY
e The cat jumped , .. . the wall and lan ded in nexl door's pond. ~
.r:.
d T walked , , lhe securily ch eck wilhoul no licing il was lhere. a.
e The policeman walked up and ...... --- - the street checking tl1 e doorways, ro
f They're building a ncw housc
e
our house and Lhe primary school. o
g We walked . lhe riverhank looking for a good place to fsh . ;t:
Vl
h The teacher put Mark charge ol the clas:s during her abse.nce. oo.
Walking is difficull if you don' Llook over your shoulder. QJ
l...
j Afte r th e mm<ler, severa) people were ................... susp1C1on. a.
k The pollee offieer stopped the fight and stood tlle two meo. +J'
e:
You '<I hetter t11rn ro11nd. The roa<! i~ hlncke<I f11rthe r QJ
E
QJ
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E
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ro
QJ
u
ro
a.
6 Complete t he text with one word in each gap.
Arrivi11g by bicycle
Turn a (!.'-fo .. Fordwich Road from Mailing Road.
Walk b lhc visitors rar park until you comr to thr sri rnrr building.
e .. your right there is a footpath running d . the side oF the buildin g.
Ta ke l his rootpath and fo llow it e ................. the left.
Direclly f . , Llt1::re is a 1.Jicydc ~he fur vi~ilo~ g ... .. your left. Please kavc
your bicycle here. Fordwich House is h . rhe end of the footpaLh.
Arriving by car
Drivc i . .. . the town centre until you see a sign for Mailing Road (A 1202).
Once you haw passed Downs Road take the second right, which is Fordwich Road.
Follow the bluc s igns for vi,itors' parking. Plrasr park j thc visitors car park. Wa lk
k .. the archway at the far end of the car park and take the footpath running
1 the two largc buildin~rs. Fo rdwich Housc is at Lhc m . end of Lht:: patl1.
7 Complete lhe senlence wilh one suilable word. Use a dictionary if necessary.
a The children kept running in and .Pl.<1'.. of the room.
b Thc injurcd m an was swaying to and and loo kcd as if he was abou t to collapsc.
e That policeman has been walking . ancl down outside th e house for an hour.
d !'ve been drivin g round and .... .... ... ... this city ali day!
e Nexl uuur's uurglar a lana ha~ !Jee11 riagiug .. a 11u uff fur twu huurs.
f People came from ..... .......... .. . . and wlde tO see th e Chr!stmas lights In the maln street.
g l've hecn going and forward5 to thc hospital ali this wcck.
h ur company oHers cheap holidays both at home and
8 Complet e the texts with a phrase from t he list in each gap.
along the western side along lhe routc bclow average
hetween in danger in-+nd ia
on the pJains on thc isJand through the rcgion
V,
<lJ
Hi-speed railway under construction Vl
m
....
The high-speed ral project f .s:::
Q.
in Taiwan prornises lo promole and balam;e
(O
cconomic growth g . The e
raiJway, wh ich will run h .. of o
the country, involves the construction of a
:-e
V,
o
high-speed r ail link i Taipei Q.
in U1e norLh and lhe porl uf Kaohsiuny in lhe soulh. ....<lJ
Q.
Six slalions have betm constructed
+-l
. (2005,) e
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E
EXTENSION ACTIVITY "O
A Translate the answers to Exercise 3 into your language. e
m
QJ
B Use a dictionary to find phrases beginning; V
m
above below under above al/ e/se Q.
You can a lso use an Internet search engine.
time words
yet and already
Yet comes at the end of questions and negatives, and in Br E is used w ith p erfect tenses.
/ haven't done it yet. Have you seen that film yet?
A lready is n o t norrna lly u ~ed in neyative sent ences and il ca n take any position.
/'ve done it a/ready / /'ve already done it. He's already here.
Si nce is used with a poin t of t ime, and comes before the l ime reference.
I haven't seen him since last Thursday. /'ve been waiting since 10.00.
Ago refers to a p eriod of t i me going back from now, and comes after t he t ime reference.
/ /ast saw him a week ago. I started waiting an hour ago.
by. past
By or past with go can also describe t i me that passes.
A week went by/ past, and no letters came for /-le/en
during, throughout
After is a preposition an d needs an object. Afterw ards is an ad ver bial meaning 'after
t hat', and can stand alone.
l'II see you after the /esson.
/'ve gota /esson now. /'// see you afterwards.
Later or /ater o n means 'at sorn e time after t his', and is more general. lt can combine w ith a time
word to make a more specific reference .
Bye for now 1'11 see you la ter /'JI see you later this afternoon
on time, in time
On time means 'at the moment wh ich was arranged'. The opposite is late.
The train arrived exactly on time.
lt also begins a sentence, to describe the last in a series of events or process. or introduce
the last thing you want to say.
Final/y, the products are packed in cardboard boxes and sent to the warehouse.
Final/y, l'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.
Once refers to a past event, or something which used to exist lbut no longer does.
I once ate nothing but apples for three days!
There was once a castle here, but it was destroyed many years ago.
in, within
In and within can mean 'before the end of a period of time'. Within is more formal.
He/en managed tn fini~h the exam f)flper in / within fifteen minutes.
Please be sure to rPt11rn thP completed form w i thin fourteen days of receipt.
Although we use on with days and dates, we cannot use on if w e use next or last. VI
/'// see you on Friday. /'// see you next Friday. "O
L
o
s
Q)
E
1 Undcrlioc the best word.
a l-l arry h as airead)!./ he(ore. / yet decided w hi rh university he wants to go to.
b l've got to go now, but 1'11 see you a/ter / lnter.
e lf 1 haven't finis hed past / by/ 1111til six, 1'11 give you a cal l.
d Luckily, we Ian<le<l exactly in time/ 011 time, so we were able to catch our connectlng fllght.
e Apparentl y, Sam at once/ 011cc played football for Scotland.
f Kate wa ited for Pat by / 1111til / si11ce 6.30, bu t then gave up and went home.
g Lnter / Unce/ Une day I got used to the water, it didn' t feel so cold.
h Martn hada bad allack of hay-fever witlli11 / tl111i11g / ort tl1e fH1n amJ hall to leave.
{11 /he eml / AL llie end uf thl:! lesson Kate wai ted outside for her friend .
l' ll see you 01111exl Sawrrlay / 11ext Saturday / thc ncxt Sat11rrlay, samc place, same time.
2 Com plete the sentence with one phrase from the list.
at Iast at once by now during th e night ever since
for wecks in ha lf an ho ur in Lhe end in lime unli l 5.30
a l'll bl:! here ..?m.fil ...\3.~.0 ................ , but 1'11 have to Ieave then.
b .. ...... . .. .......... .............. , a tree next to the house was stru ck by lightning.
e The whole ha~kethall team h as hecn training h;m1
d Good news! The plum ber has turned up to tix Lh e shower,
e Wait for m e here, and !' U be back
f TliaL's very odd! Alan siloulu have got herl:! . .. .. .. .
g , the whole trip turned o ut to be a disaster.
h !'ve bccn looking fo rwarct to m crting you 1 hrarct yo11 wne coming.
11na acrived al the station just to see the train dcaw away from the
platfonn.
I 111:'ed to seak to you urgently. Please come to my office
Vesuvius
Vcsuvius is a volea no which startcd forming a bout 25,000 ycars a aqo
b ........-....... its best-known e1'upuon in 79 AD, w hich destroyed the Reman cllies of Pompeii
and Herculaneum, the volcano had e .... ... .. ... ...... ...... .. erupted m any times, but its histo ry had
I.Jeen forgolten. lt seemed to have d .. ... .............. . g rown quiet, and was w vered in gardens
and vmeyarCls, e hundreds of years the Romans Uved around the voleo.no w ithout
rcalizing thc dangc1. f the 79 AD cruplion, w h ich is thought to havc ]asted 19
hours, lhe volea no releasect ahout four cuh1c k1lometres of ash anrt rock overa w1de area. Down
the s1des of the mountai n rus hed a pyrocastic t1ow, a cloud of superheated gas and ash, which
g Lhe tim e il reached the cities below had a lemperalure of aboul 350C. Tilis is
probably w hat killed their populations. h ... .... the e ruption of 79 A D, Vesuvius has
cruptcd around th rcc dozcn times, with four scrious cruptions i thc past 100 ycars.
lt last erupted in 1944, imd j scientis ls learn to ,1ccuratel,y p redict lhe dates of
serious eruptions, Lhe risk of a sudden eru ption rema ins a constan t danger to t he three
million people living nea rby.
4 Complete the sentence with one word.
a The convicled bank robber was sent to prison .. .fpr... six years.
b l'm a bit busy now but I <.:aJI s:!e you ...................... on .
e Tbe contrac t should be ready for signing ........ ___ ..... a week.
d By the time wP gnt tn the th eatrc, thc play had startcd.
e lt'sages l last read a rcally good novel.
f Tllere's no poi.nl in calliJ1g Chris, because he won'L be awake
g I was .. .. in your situation, so I know how you must feel.
h My project is due Jn on Friday, but I won't bave inished lt . then.
The lctter I had hccn waiting for arrivcd on Saturday morning.
Sam hasn' Lfelt well .......................... the beginn.i.ng of the year.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Write sorne examples which include these phrases.
since the beginning of the year for three months until the end of the week
by the time l leave today la ter on at the end at once one day
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
verb and preposition
This section lists verb + preposition followed by noun / verbal noun Hng) pattcrns ora wh clausc.
Sorne of these verbs also have verb + that-clause patterns, or can be followed by a wh-clause, oran
infinitive, but these are not li sted here.
Other meanings are also possible. Always check with a dictionary.
about
boast about I of She i~ c1/way~ boasting about her rith re/ative~.
dream about I of /'ve be1;11 dreaming about I of yuu late/y!
guess aboul For ,enlurie~ peole have guessed ;1bout lhe nacu,e uf the univene.
prole~t about I
against The ~luenb a,e protesting ;1bout/ against Che war.
against
advise against We ;1dvise you against travel/ing alone.
advise on I about He ;1dvises the government on I about global warming.
argue for / against The report argued against any change in the law.
argue with Stop arguing with your ssterl
decide against I
in favour of /'ve decided against buying a larger car
decide on We dedded on Greece for our holiday
insure against You should insure ali yrn" belongings against theft.
vote aganst / for MnrP thiln a hunrlrPrl MI'~ voted against thP rrnpo~ill~
at
glance at I through l'vP nnfy just glanced at the paper. I ha ven 't read it in detail.
laugh at We weren't laughing at you. (a person)
laugh about Something sil/y happened, and we've been laughing about it al/ day.
between
choose betwecn You might havc to choose between your work and your social life.
for
account for Poor weather cannot account for the sheer number of accidents.
admire sne for I ;1dmire yuu for your honesly.
allow for ,a,
/11 ll ,e fi, 1al plao, yov have to allow for unforeseen future costs.
apologize for I mu~I apologiza for being late. The traffic is a niqhtmare toniqht.
blame sne for / b/;1me myself for eve,ychi11y thcil happened.
blame on They b /;1med the crash on lhe bu~ d1ive1.
charge for We wu11'l ch;1rge you for vse uf lhe gym. lt'~ free forquests.
charge with A ma11 a11!!~te 11ea1by has 110w been cl1arged with murder.
pay for lel me pay for lhe coffee. You paid last time.
from
benefit from Many peop/e have benefited from the govemment's new po/icies.
deter from The bad weather didn't deter peop/e from travel/inq to the match.
differ from How exactly does a toad differ from a frog?
distinguish sth from lt can be hard to distinguish fact from fiction.
distinguish between Only experts can distinguish between genuine and fake paintings.
resign from Tom was forced to resign from the company.
result from The accident resulted from poor mamtenance of the rarlway tracks.
result in A three-hovr de/ay resulted in the pattent's death
suffer from After the accident, she suffered from double vision
rn
involve sne in sth The goal is to involve workers in the dec.ision-mdking protess.
specialize in /lnna specializes in Latn American dancing.
succeed in Fortunarely, we succeeded in rescuing al/ the passengers.
trust in You should have trusted in me a little more.
of
accuse sne of Thl:iy accused Jim of )lealinq three ca/5.
approve of / don't approve of d1ildr1:ill slaying up too late.
convict of After a long tria/, he was convicted of theft and sentenced to tour years.
k 11ow of / about Do you know of / about any flats to rent in this area?
remindsneof That o/d man reminds me of my grandfather.
suspect of Po/ice suspect the same man of breakng into tour other houses nearby.
taste of This is supposed to be chicken soup but it doesn't taste of chickenl
on
base 011 The author has based the book on her expenences m Chma.
concentrate 011 You need to concentrate more on your wntten work
congratulate sne on We must congratulate you on passmg your dnvmg test
dependon How much money you make will depend on how m11rh yo11 inve~t
elaborate on The pnme mm,ster refvsed to elaborate on h1~ ~tatemPnt any fllrthPr
impose on The counol has imposed h1gher parkmg rharge~ on 4x4 vPhic/P~.
insist on Jane insisted on seemg the doctor 1mmed1Mely.
to
apply tn I hP rPstnctions no /onger apply to those over 75.
attend to /'Jp~e wait here. Someone wi/1 attend to you shortly.
confess tn Twn men have confessed to stealing the /orry.
devote sth to sne Louisa devotes a Jot of time to her children.
explain sth to sne Could you explain this to me picase?
object to Many local residents have objected to the redevelopment scheme.
prefer sth to sth Personal/y I prefer rea to coffcc.
rcfer to Katc referred to che matcer severa/ cimes when I spoke ro her.
see to The central heating has broken down, but someone is coming ro see to it.
with
associate with Sorne people only associate sport with their school years.
charge sne with They charged Bi/1 with receiving sto/en good1.
col/ide with TT1e speeding car col/ided with d lrl:!e.
confuse with l'm 5orry but you'rl:i confusing 'rofit' with 'twnover'.
deal with /'ve 1:ie11 dealing with this p1oble111 dll 111omi11y.
discuss st/1 with sne / 111:iecJ to discuss )OJUl:ilhiny with you.
plead with Shl:i p/eaded with hl:ir pdre11l5 lo /1:il hl:ir go 011 t/11:i tri.
provide witl 1 Thli! sthool aut/1oritif:!5 provides di/ puifs with 11:ixl/.xJoh. e
tamperwith Somf:!one dlmo51 tl:ill<Jinly tampered with t/11:i bu5 di/U tau5!:! thl:i trd5h. .Q
trust with Con/ trust you w ith d seoet? . ~VI
o
(See also Units 37, 38, 39, phrasal verbs.) a.
QJ
,_
a.
"O
e
ro
.o
,_
QJ
>
1 Underline the best word.
a Thc hcad tcachcr accuscd Gcorgc at/ far starting thc fight.
b 1 haven 't really rPact the rPport properly. 1 j11st glancect for / at it while I was on the train.
e I strongly object to / (or the tone ot the last paragraph o t your letter.
d Sarah was involved i11 / witlt a lraffic accidenl on her way lo work.
e Harry pleaded wilh / lu the judgl:' uut tu ~1:'ml ltim uack tu JJrisun.
f I always confuse Kate with / 011 her sister Maggie. lt's hard to tell them apart.
g A diese! cngLnc diffcrs f'rom /toa pctrol cnginc in many important rcspccts.
h Sorne business people find it hard to choose with / l?etween their work and their family.
l insisted 011 / for seeing the doctor at once, even though I did not have an appointrnent.
Goats in My Bathroom
Jane Howc's book Goars in My Bathroom is a C her expcricnccs on a Mcd itcrrancan
island. Jane has always b .....- ... esr.aping from the rM rnce, h111 h;is never e t;iking
the plunge, and is trapped in a dull nine-to-five job in :an insu rance office. After a
comic episo<le wilh an amorous boss, she d ._............ t.lu: j ob ami l1t:a<ls fur ll1e sun, a11<l
this is the swry of her a<lventurous new life. Aild lluac is lcuty tu e ..... .... .... l Shc has
to f .... ...._ shon sighted builders who can't understand a word she says, and then gecs
g ;i clisp11tc with her neighboms ahout thc mysterious disappcarancc of twclvc
goats, whid1 the whole vil lage h ... .... her. She is also the kind of person who seems to
i ........ _ ... saying Lhe wrong t.lng al the wrong time, but somehow, surprise, surprise, the
local populaon ends up completely j _........ her. How <loes she <lo it? You'll just llave
to rcad t.l1e book.
a<lvise apply !Jeu efil blam e !Juasl conce11trale provide rder specia lize !amper
a If 1 were you, f'd ..fe?.",CL.1t{ ra.f-e. . more on studylng, and orget sport for a while.
b We will you with a li th c ncccssary cqui pmcnt.
e llich ard li kcs to .. about his success as a footballer.
d Some people always try to ..... ... ... ....... th eir poor performance on o thers.
e A security guard caught su111eurn~ tryi11g tu wilb lhe CCTV camera.
f I th lnk you sh ould .. .. . th is problem to an expert.
g Hclcn wo uld likc to in psychiatric medicine.
h Everyone in the a rea will from tht> n t>w social centre and sports cluh.
The new reguJations to anyone parking in th e area between 8.UU and
20.00.
you against taki ng this case lo court, as it will not succeed.
prepositions with adjectives
and nouns
A selection of phrases is given here. Always use a dictionary to check meaning and context. Note that
other prepositions may be possible, with different meanings. The most common are given here.
at
amazed at the difference I by the differenre angry I annoyed at I with someone
(+ similar words shocked, surprised) good I bad I awful I terrible etc at rennis
for
eager / desperate I impatient far new, ready for wimething different
famous for ,t, chPPses responsibfe for the damage
fpp/ sorry for a pemm
from
absent from schoo/ free from additivcs
different from I to the others safe from harm
in
interested in ballet
of
afraid of the dark fond of children
ashamed of myse/f free of charge
(un)aware of the problem jea/ous of his brother
(in)capabfe of doing better
on
keen on gardenmg
with
satisfied with the work good with h,s hands
about
l'm concerned I worried about Tom.
in
\ he wa5 absorbed in her work. rm not interested in buyng thc housc.
to
l'm now resigned to the fact that I wa~ wmng. Maria is addicted to Internet chatrooms.
Peter wasn't used to the hot chmate
wth
We are faced with serious social problems / IP wils confronted with a difficult situation.
Are you acquainted with th,s art1cfe? 1hp tfilin w;is packed with people.
This meeting 1s concerned with the details nf thP s<"hPme (formal: is dealing with, is about)
t was hnrPd byl with thi.s film
noun + preposition
for
I have no sympathy for you. Is there room for one more?
I have a lot of respect for your view. You muse take responsibility for your actions.
on
Kate is an authority on Picasso. Coffee can have an effect on appetire.
over
You have no control over chis dog!
to
This is an exception to the rule. We need a solution to this problem.
with
Sue has a good relationship with her parenrs.
in
Pfease describe what happened in detai/. VickY is in troub/e with the police.
Jim was in danger Jnd hJd ro be rescued. In theory this works, bu1 not in practite!
You need to come to rhe office in person. In business, mistakes can be cosdy.
The doctor Dsked if I WiJS in pain. 5am wDs in tears at che end of che film.
on
Storms occur once iJ month on average I think He/en broke the cup on purpose.
Run! The house is on fire! The railway workers are on strike again. V'I
e
outof :::>
I think rhar Dttirude is mther out of date. /'m afraid the lift is out of arder. o
lr's out of stock but we can order ic for you. You're singing out of tune! e
Thc books were out of reach on the top shelf. /'ve been running and rm out of breath. -o
WhDt a terrible shot! /'m out of practice!
e
Good news. Jan is now out of danger. m
V'I
under <l)
Under the circumstances, wc Dccept your excuse. ( = considering the special difficulties) >
I was under the impression that you had finished che work. (t hat's what I thought) +-'
V
"O
ro
Pleuse send my order without de/ay. You must be here at 1:1.UU without fail .e
This is without (a) doubt an fmportant day. Everyone must be herP, without exception .t:
s:
V'I
e
o
.t::
11'1
o
a.
Q)
l...
a.
1 Undcrlinc the best word.
d J,Lue l1a:. beeu dl1:.e11L llilli / ul ~Llmol fui ~evernl Llay:, L1 1b 111rn ll h.
b O 1iirle~ h wry foml (ur / u(tlle souml of hls own volee.
e Sorcy, bue rm not acquainted wich / i11 the dctails of the plan.
d Kate ls sttll anXJous {or / nbout l1er exam resuJts.
e You !-.-now lhal steaJing is wrong! You should teel ashamed wil/1 / of yourselt!
f Beca use wc are students, we get into ali thc mu.~cums free fmm / nf charge.
g Our town is farnous for / from its medieval chuffhes.
h Is anyone interested in / witl, startiog a tai-chi club?
The t1anspo.rl syslem is 1caable (rum / u(Llcaliug wilu lhe im.-reasing uuLUber of wnuouters.
The mi.nister said she was sure the stadium would be ready for / with rhe opening of the Games.
3 Complete the text usinq a phrase from the list In each qap.
a 11 dect 1111 11111 1uyeLI 1,y 11L a ul L dware u f l.11::lle1 dl I.Jy wbtc1ke
dilferent from ...a-e~ without excepti.on wrong about
EFFECTIVE
... COMMUNICATION
.. ..... .. .. ...... ..... .... .. .... ...... ... ... ...... . ..... ... ... .... .
"
., ht bL1Si11.2.ss how slaff communicate wilh each other and wilh customers is vilally importa ni. Nol
cvcryonc is b the importilncc ol using both thc right longu.:ige .:ind thc oppropriotc
tone of voicc. You can give someone thc right information, but be e _ lhc way you
have chosen to express yourself when you do this. In this case, you could be sending the wrong message
d , liy ulli11: it in an indpru1 idle way. Thc same i~sut:~ aply lo writing. The
way you wrne across in an ermiil rnay be very e __ the way yuu weak un tlie phu11e,
or ralk to someone faceto tace. sorne people rnay even be f whar you say lf you
appear too lnenclly or too cl1stanl. In wnting. the organization of a letter or email. its typetace and general
appearance can also have g how the message 1s underslood. In thrs case your style
nf writing may hf' h , ;inci yo11 m;iy ncrci morr practicr. 11 may hr true that some
people are nalurally i communicating than others. but all slaff,
. need training in this a rea, and their performance should be monitored.
4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals.
a 1 didn't know about the probl em. UNAWARE
1 w.0s uMwo.e. o~ the. poole.m.
b The drinks machine isn't work ing. ORDER
We don'l have this book in the shop, but we can order one. STOCK
g ... . .... , there is enough oil and gas to keep industrial socielies VI
a,
going for several centuries. but in practica! terms. we might have to get >
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h to looking for cnergy clscwhcre, as rcsources dwindle V
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. --,
and become more expensive. There is no i for complacency "O
when, on j , an American home uses more than 30 times ro
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as rnuch electric lighl as an lndian one, and 1.6 uillion people +-'
in the world have no electricity at all. '
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY :t:'.
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A Choose ten example sentences from the explanation pages, and translate t hem into your language. a.
a,
~
B Choose twenty phrases from the explanations pages, and look them up in a dictionary. Note any ot her uses. Q.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
verbs followed by -ing or infinitive
followed by -ing
admt, avoid, *consider, de/ay. ..deny. dis!ike, enjoy. escape, tace, fancy, feel lke, finsh, can't help,
involve, keep, *mention, mind, miss, practise, risk, spend / waste tme
lf you do that, you risk tosing thP mntract.
To-infinitive with these verbs describes a habit, what you choose to do, or think is a good idea.
l like to get up ear/y on Saturday. I prefer to buy organic vegetables
They can be used with a pimon + to-infinitive, to talk 11bo11t annther person's wishes.
My bms prefers me to dress formal/y at the offire.
forget, rememher
Forget I remember tn rlo are used for things w e intennen to dn (often used when w e didn't no
them).
Did you remember to phnnF' /ack? 1forgot to post my /ptter.
Forget / remember doing are used for thinking about a past event.
I dan't remember leaving the ()flrty I h11ve no memory nf ,t atal/
try
Try to da describes an attempt .
t tried to stop him, but I faifed.
Try doing describes an experience, oran experiment,
Have yau tried changing the hMtPnesi I hat m,ght wnrk
lf ynu feel famt, try putting ynur herl hPtwPPn your knpes.
go on, continue
Go on / continue doing and continue to do are used to ta lk about a continuing action.
l hP g11e~ts went on eating and drnking fnr three hours
regret
Regret dong describes bei ng sorry for a past action.
1regret nat /earning to ()lay the ()inn when I wa~ yo11nger
avoid hcar considcr deny it1 ,ohe im;igine mind regret risk stop
a This construction project will .... .!',VQ!Ve, ... demolishing part ot a mn-down industrial area.
b Helen says she doesn't ... . ... .... .. coming in early Lomorww and deaHng with Lhat ruu lern.
e Both tes: nager$ .. - ....- .. taking part in rhe robbery, and clalm they were not in the area.
d I think we sh ouJd . ... . .... ... causlng unnecessary damage to the woodland area.
e If you exercise without warming up, you pulling a musclc.
f l can't wearng the smt of dothes they wore in the l.9th centu ry!
g Please ....... ...... .... . staring at me like that! lt makes me nervous!
h People o fl en .. -............ --- - no l sludyi..ng seriously during their schooldays.
Would you ...... .. selllng thls palntlng if you recelved a su!table offer?
Shcila can't bcing pcstcrcd by fans who want her autograph.
d They i.ntend reaching the mountains by the end of the week. PLAl\TNING
5 Complete the text using one word or phrase from the list in each gap.
conLinued lo decided lo demand expected torced involved
Jersuaue regretted see mt!<l to stoppt!d urged warned
been used, and began to I ____ ....... thcy would nevcr be used again. ~
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV
Write exarnples of t hings you like / can't bear / regret / want to stop doing.
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Need more praetice? Go to the Review on page 208.
relative and non-finite clauses
defini ng relative clause
A defining relative clouse gives information about a person or thing etc, it comes immediately after
the thing it defines, and is not separat ed from it hy a mmm;i. lt i~ rPntr;:il to thP mp;:inin9 nf thP
sentence and cannot be removed wilhout changing thb ruednin!:J.
There are only one or two Greek /stands that I haven't visited.
whoand whom
Who is often replaced by that in everyday use in defining clauses.
ThP flPnfllP who I that own thnl hn1J~ParP away nn hnlirlay.
Whom is t he object form of who, and is used formally in object clauses.
/-Je was exaetly the person whom I wMted to SPe
However; who or that are used in everyday speech instead of whom, or whom can be
left out. (see below)
He was exaaly rhe person (who I that) 1wanrPrl ro ~pe
Whom is used after a preposition, but this is often avoided in everyday use by puttin9 the
preposltlon at the end of the clause.
A hundrcd .Jdults wcrc .J,kcd to dcroil thc- individu.Jls with whom thc-y h.Jd convc-rscd ovc-r thc- pcriod of
one day. (formal)
They were asked to list al/ the peopl e they had spoken to (less formal)
whose
Whose is the possessive form of who. and is used in both defining and non-defining clauses. lt can
apply to both people and to things.
Mke li~t of PvPryonP whose /a~t namP Pnrl~ in '-~nn'
Mal<P a liw of rrnmtrif'\ whose pop11/i1ticm i~ g1Pr1/P1 lhn1120111illicm.
We also use reduced relative clauses in non-defining clauses, usua lly in descriptive writing.
n,e lwo friend~, (who were) soaked to the skin, eventual/y arrived home.
anyone who etc, those who etc
We can use relative clauses after anyone, something etc, and after this I that / these I those.
Hnve you SPPn anyone who looh likP th,s? I thmk thP.re ,s somethmg (that) we need to d1scuss.
Those who stayed to the Pnd 5w n exciting fini5h to thP match.
Reduced clauses are also possible with a participle acting as 11n adjective.
We went back and p1cked up al/ those (who had bPPn) left beh,nd
a This man jumped ove r the wunter a nd touk the money. WHO
This is H1e. -?l"- whP.j4ll'l:\Pe.c' u,e,r k!'.le._;.Qtw f-e..r_.e.~d ::t_qp~ be._~Ql'.\_!:,tj
b It wasn' t unusual for George to t1.1 m 11p late. WHTC:H
George turned --- ... .. ---- ...
e Sorne u f Lile many people we queslioned gave us good d escrip lion s of Lhe robber. WHOM
We questloned ..... .... . ......_... . .. ----- ....
d My aunt and uncJc livc in th at hou sc. WHERE
That's
e J:'.veryone li kes An gela when th ey meet her. WllO
Everyone .......
f Many people carne tu the meeting but sume were h alf a11 h uur la te. WHOM
Man y pcople came to the meeting, sorne _ _ _ ...........-...........................
g We sheltered frorn the rllin in a shep hercl'~ hut th at wr. found eventually. WKF.RF.
We eventually ........................ ..
h Th e tra in was extremely crowded a nd slopped a l every sLalion. WHICH
Tlw traln, .. -----.. _ __
I thoughL IJ1e bus stopped outside a di.fferent bu ilding. ISN'T
This __ ....
5 Complete the text with one word in each gap, or leave blank where possible.
JaneAusten
J ane Au8Le11, a whoSe,. 11uve ls lcaLure man y dt:1gym e n, had 1wo bro t11e rs
b ..... joim:<l lile d1urd.1, an <l Lwu oLhen, e ca ree r~ in tl1e 11avy
are also reflected in her novels. in d ........ ...____ severa! naval officers appear.
She also bad a sister, Cassimdra, ,~1it11 e .................. she had a el ose relationship.
T hey exr.hange<I fre<11 r.nr k ltr. rs, from f h isto1ians havc karnl m 11r.h
a bout g ..........--..... J ane was doing aad th.in king dtuing a lile h ................... . wa.s
fai.d )' uuevc,,111ful. AJI i ... we k11ow ufj aue AusL<:: Jl's appear;111c<:: is based
on Cassandra's coloured sketch j . ______ hanging in the Nalional Poru-ait
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Callery in Londou. We knowJ aue was encow-aged to write by be1 brother H enry, k also wrotc a,
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h imself, an o th at thc fa111ily h orr()wcci novcls from thc lor.;l] lil'mu-y, 1 in fh1 enced.Jan e's w1iting. :::J
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AJthougb J ane Austen wrote duriug the period ofthc French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, u
m .. . sht:: wrote abouL was largdy cou Hell ton she kuew: Lite:: ma11ne11; of mai.11ly wdl- a,
;t:
oJJ people o ________ living in small-cown society near London, and the problems p ... .... . ...... faced by e:
women in cboosing a marriage panner. Her novcls also sh ow women q havc ch oscn thc -+=
1
wrong pa rtncr, o r th ose r <li ffic11lt fin:m r.i-itl sihrntio n in ll11e n ces the ir he h aviou r. e:
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV
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Complete these sentence examples. .2::
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... is a place where .. . .. . is someone who.. . What I real/y want is .. . m
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l...
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
G
adverbial clauses
time
Adverbia l t ime clauses are introduced by time conjunctions: wl1en, after, as, as soon as, before, by
the time, during the time, immediately, the moment, now, once, since, Li/11 unlil, wlienever, while.
Anna started to play the piano when she was five.
Keep the book for as long as you /ike.
lf the clause comes first, we usually puta comma after it.
The moment he came into the room, l.recognized him.
As I was going upstairs, I heard a strange noise.
In adverbial time clauses referring to the future we do not use will; we use present simple, or
present perfect to emphasize completion.
As soon as / hear any news, l'/1 /et you know.
Let me know as soon as you've finished.
Note that we can use will future in relative clauses beginning with when.
Can you Jet me know when you' /1 be coming back.
place
lntroduced by where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere. Clauses beginning where normally come
after the main clause.
There 1s an 1mpress1ve monument where the battle was fought.
~'ou can sit wherever you /ike
Everywhere David goes, people ask h1m for h1s autograph
manner
lntroduced by as, and normally coming after the main da use.
I took the train, as you recommended.
lntroduced by the way in colloquial English.
Yo11 dirln't wr1tP th,~ the way I told you to.
Often used in comparisons w ith (in) the way (that), (in) the same way (as).
You're not doing it in the same way that you did it befare.
As if and as though can be used after be, act, appear, behave, feel, /ook, seem, sme/1, sound, taste.
1-Jp actPd as if he had seen a ghost.
lt wi1mrl~ as though they are having a goorl time.
reason
lntroduced by as, because, since, seeing (thvt),
Because rm late, t won' r be iJble ro meet you afrer al/.
Since you refuse to answer my /etters, / am referring this matter to my lawers.
Seeing that I am paying for the tickets, I think I shou/d decide whar we see.
lntroduced by for, but com ing after the main clause. Thi's is often formal or literary.
They sairl nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.
contrast
lntroduced by although, though, even though, considering (that).
Even thol/gh Ttm goes to fitness classes, he 1s a ve,y poor runner.
He/en plays extreme/y we/1, considering how young she is.
lntroduced by while, whereas, in forma l speech and writing, and by muchas, usually followed by
verbs of liking etc.
Muchas I While we appredate your work, l'm afraid we have to /et you go.
The research found that whereas women under stress talk about it with other women, men under stress
tend to keep the,r problems to themselves.
however + adjective
We are determined to complete the project, however difficult it is.
purpose
lntroduced by so (that) usually fol lowed by a modal auxiliary.
I asked you to come early so (that) we could discuss last night's meeting.
result
lntroduced by so+ adjective / adverb + that, or such (a)+ (adjecti ve) + noun + that.
He's so tal/ that he can easily touch the ceiling.
They ran away so fast that nobody could catch them.
He's such a tal/ boy that .. . They were such fast runners that ...
In reduced clauses.
He's so tal/1 He's such a ta/1 boy!
There were so many people in the room/
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1 Underl in e t he best words.
a Tina was given the job, even thouu, / scci11g that she did not have the required experience.
b Seeing t11at / C:onsidering that it's his h irthday today, Tom has decided to ta ke a day off.
e This is /he way / as if we deal with hoolig,ms in this country.
d We'd better take sorne money vvith us, seei11g tlmt / 11 case we can'l (ind a cash machine.
e However / Much as l ad mire his earlier work, [ lhink lhal his recenl nove Is are ralher poor.
f The moment / 1111til you see anythin g move, press this alarm bell.
g No matter what / Howcvcr you say, I still can' t reaily forgive you for what you havc done.
h !Jn fortunatcly C".Mo l d idn 't pass the exam, altlwugh / lwwever sh!' stnd ied really h ard.
As soon as / Everywhere I look t hese d ays, 1 seem to see people dressed the same.
In case/ Co11sidering tlw t she's only been learni ng lhe piano for six m onlhs, Jan plays really well.
2 Rewrite each sentence without t he word or word s underlined. and using a word or words from
t he list.
g vV.hen the exams are out of the way we can start learning something new.
lf the participle phrase follows the main clause then either the subject or the object (if there is one)
of the main clause can be the subject of the participle phrase. This wi ll depend on the meaning of
the sentence.
We .saw Ji111 walking up the street. ( = We saw Jim wh ile he was wa lking up the street)
T/1e Odl sl1utk e1 rutk, t hrowing the crew i n to the sea.
Using a past form can show that one action is the consequence of the other.
Having forgotten my keys, I had to climb in the windovv.
This kind o clause often explains the reason for something happening. We can put on or upon
before the participle.
On / upon not icing a policeman cominq down the street, he ran off.
reason phrase
To explain the reason for something we can use being to replace because /as+ be.
Because / was afraid to go on my own, 1asked 5am to qo with me.
Being afraid to go on my own, 1asked 5am to qo with me.
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1 Tick th e correct sentcnccs and unde rlin e and correct any mistakes.
a Not k11owing tlw way, 1 got lost severa] times. ,I
b After leaving the room, the telephone rang. A+.f-e.r. 1 ~gc{. ie.ft, .. \..
e Having lost my money, lhe conduclor wouldn'l give me a ticket.
d Whi le falling asleep, there was a loud knock at the front door.
e By forc.:ing open the window, I was able to get lnto the house.
f Not wish ing to be a nuisance, I left as early as J could.
g Httving opPneci th e box, it turned out to be empty.
h Though feeling fed, llelen went out clubbing with her friends.
Having asked my name, I was Laken to mee t the pri111e utiuister.
On arriving at the station, the traln had already left. --- - -
feeling dizzy, Sarah managed Lo play on unlil the end of Lhe match.
b --..-.. a powerful swlmmer, George reached the lsland In Iess than an hour.
e waHing for a reply, the mystcrious stranger vanished in to the night.
d heing a Friday, everyone in thc officc was in a good mood.
e - - - - - wal.king across the field, llita noticed something gtittering by the path.
f . . ..... ..._.. _ .. .. . by its owner, the old dog sat by the side of the road and howled .
9 .... shocked by what he had seen, Marlin lried to keep calm.
h ... being no chance of escape, the two men gave themselves up to the pollee.
using a fan-assisted oven, reduce cooking ti me hy half an hour.
.......... _...... -... .. .... . signing your mime here, you agree to the conditions listed be\ow.
a As it was a public holiday, there was a lot of traffic on the roads. BEING
....l-f-..b.eci>1~ 12 .rw!:>l(c. ~9lida1-j,Jh?-C? was a lp-f- of .f-c~+.Qc. o~ -f'.~e,. ,:-oq~i;:.
b When 1 opened the letter, 1 reall zed lt was from Professor AJ ton. ON
e The palace was destroyed by fire during the war but later reconstructed. TliOUGH
d As Carul wal.ked fro m U1e room, tears streamed from her eyes. STREAMING
f My hair has become soft and shining since l've used Glosso sh ampoo. USNG
g Jan was taken to hospital after she was knocked down by a car. BEING
h After he had been shown to his room, George lay down on the bed and slept. llAVING
Stem-cell research
a .A Lhe sighl of peop le blinded by macular degeneration, a condilion of
t he eye, could start within five years, according to a British team b . _...
human eye stem cell implants. More tl1an soo,ooo pcoplc in the UK
have bl inr,fness e by macula, degeneration, a disease d by a
loss of central vision dueto degeneration of the macula, a spot at the
back o Lhe eye. e . alrnost f:4 rn illion lowards the 1;ust o develuiny optic nerve
a st em cell therapy by an anon ymous phi lanthropist, a team from t wo British
unlversit ies are startlng to condact trlals. f on thc project, a spokcsman for vitreous gel
the t.eam told u5: 19 up to one t hi rn of t he population, this condition is a majo, cause
of blindness, so a new kind ot t reatment is vit al. In previous operations, h . tissue from
patient's own eye, we have seen aboul 25% of palients report irnpruvernenL However, creating
new eye cells i ............. in the laboratory from human emb ryos wlll be much more effectlve .
VI
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a A Restori11g B Restored CBeing restored VI
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b A developi11g 8 havi11g rleveloperl e developerl ro
e A causi11g B ca11Sed e /111vi11gbeen c1111sed V
d A marked 8 marking e being 11u1rked (1)
e A Giving B Bei11)( given e Havi11g bee11 give11 o.
f A Commented B Co111111e11ti11g e Ha ving con1rne11ted V
9 A Aftecting B A(f'ected e Bei,11{ nffecterl t:
h A transplanted B being tm11splanted e lmving trm1spla11ted ro
A bei11g grow11 Bgrown C lu,virig srvw11 o.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV (1)
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Write sentences beginning Having ... On rea/izing . .. While waiting . . . lf using ... "O
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Need more pratlice? Go to the Review on page 208.
phrasal verbs (1)
This unit and Units 38 and 40 list both two-part and three-part phrasal verbs. Some phrasal verbs are
colloquial, and most have a more forma l equivalent. Many phrasal verbs have multiple meanings, not
all of which are included here.
key points
An intranstvc verb is one wh ich does not take an object.
His story Just docsn't add up.
object positions
bear (somconc / something) out (someone / something)
Thls lndicatcs that bear out can have an object either after out or between bear and out.
Jackson's ncw rcscarch bears out hs earler c/aim that sea-/eve/s are falling.
Thc rcscarch bears hm out. The research bears this clam out.
lf the object is a pronoun, it always comes between the verb and particle.
This bcars t out. lt bears ths out
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(1)
Severa/ people at the back of the hall had dropped off do something you shouldn't do >
and were snoring. What are the ch1/dren getting up to ,n the garden? ltl
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end up (intransitive) ro
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fi nish in a certai11 way or place .e
We mi,:,1'!cl ll,1'! bus and hdcl tu wdlk, dnd ended up o.
qettinq home al 4. 00 am.
1 Choose the besl phrasal verb, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
a T'm sure we'll be able to .JL..... to our way of seein.g things by the end of the meeting.
b We haven't really a solution to the prohlem yet.
e: non't forget that you have to .............. the expansion of the metal in your calculation.
d Wrist watch television was an interesting idea but didn't really
e Helen .... .. the issue at the next meeting.
f To be honest, the h otel <li<ln't .............. to our expectations.
g I hate going to the dentist's, so I try to .............. as soon as I can.
h David his business partner over th e p lans tn reduce the workforce.
Kate says she can't ................ a cup of coffee in the moming.
Sony, but something imp01tant has .............. and I'll have Lo ring you back.
4 Write a new sentence w ith t he same meaning, using the correct form of a ph rasa l verb from t he list. Use
a d ictionary if necessary.
The strange.r offered to sel! Harry the Eiffel Towe r, and Hany was laken in.
/\ !ad< of maI.keting expertise evemuaHy led to the downfall of t he en tire motor industry.
-.....
.......
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY >
A Choose twenty phrasa l verbs and look them up in a dictionary, noting any other meanings ro
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a nd whether these are transitive o r intransitive. ro
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B Choose t en examples from the explanation pages a nd translate them into your language. .r:.
n.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
phrasal verbs (2)
give (something) away (something) go through with (something)
betray complete a promise or plan (often negative)
/'m not giving away any secrets if I tell you this! David says he's going to resign, but I don't think he'//
give in to (something), give in (intransitive) go through with it.
yield, surrender go without (something)
T/,e w111pd11y said it would not give in to blatkmail manage wlthout something
by the workforce. We had to go without Wi'ller for d week dfler d pipe
give off (something) !Jur~l.
produce il smell, gs, heat etc grow on (someone)
Thc glass globe was giving off a pa/e green light. when someone begins to like something
give out (intransitive) I didn't like this book at first, but it is growing on me.
become exhausted hang around
Wlien John's money gave out, he had to cake another spend time doing nothing
job. There were severa/ teenagers hanging around at rhe
give over to (usually passive) end of rhe 5rreer.
use time for a particular purpose hang onto (something)
The aftemoon is given over to sports activities. keep
give (oneself) up l'm goin g to hang onto this painting. lt might be
surrender valuable in a few years.
Tlie two qunmen gave themse/ves up when more have (got) it in for (someone)
police arrived. be deliberately unkind to someone (informal)
give (someone) up (for) My boss is always telling me off He's got it in forme
stop looking for because lost or dead hit it o.ff (with someone)
The dog had been given up for Jost before he was get on well with someone (informal)
found 200 miles away. I dont .real/y hit it off with my new neighbour.
go about (something) hit on J upan (something)
do what is normally done discover by chance, have an idea
/'m not sure how to go about removing the old boi/er. We hit upon the answer to the problem complete/y
go back on (something) by chance.
break a promise hold (something) up (something)
MPs accused the govemment of going back on delay
earlier promises. Sorry l'm late. t was held up at my off1ce
go for (something) hold wirh (something)
like something (informal) agree with (usually ncgativc)
Anna says she doesn 't real/y go for that type of boy. t don 't hold with rhe idea of pcoplc borrowing more
go in for (something) rhan thcy can afford.
make a habit of
impose (something) on (something I one)
Peter doesn't go in much for sport.
force people to do accept something
go in for (something) lt's wrong that some people should impose their
enter a competition viewpoint on everyone e/se.
Are you going in for (/,e Advdnte Enyfi~h Te~t this
keep (something) up (something)
yedr?
continue to do something
go off (intransitive) Don't relax the pressure. We must keep it up until we
when food becomes bad finish the job.
rh,~ f15h 5mells awf11f lt must have gone off
keep to (usually passive)
go on (intransitive) be limtP.d to
happen Make sure you keep to the deadline. lt's vital to finish
There's somethinq st,anqe going on herel the job in time.
go round (something) lay down (especially the law) (or + that-clause)
be enough state a formal rule
Are there enough books to go round the class? In the constitution it is laid down that al/ accused are
lf not, you'/1 have to share. innocenr unril proved gui/ry.
/et (someone) down (someone) make (something) up (something)
disappoint invent
J1m was supposed to help me yesterday. but he /et me lt turned out that loe had made up the whole story.
down. and wasn 'ta 1ourna//st at a/f
a lt's a hit harct to '6 .. whal the sign says from here.
b Tina ctoesn' t ......... expensive fas hion items.
e I didn't like this place when I firsl came here, bul now il is -- me.
d Th e police are ............ complaints from other shop-pers at the store.
e How <lo you think we should finding somewhere to Uve?
f The presidcnt is still powcr, cvcn though he was votcd out.
g This ch eP..w smPlls as if it's - - !
h My teach er always blames me for everything. l think she's ............ for me.
The au lhorilles repealed tha l they would nol ... Lo the deu1,u1ds of tbe arme<l group.
Smith has sim:e _ ..... deceiving more than twenty other custorners.
a A huid with B make out Cpin down
b Ago infor B makc of{with e kecp to
e A going hack nn B looking 11,011 Cgrowing on
d A looking into B going in for e makilll( oft with
e Ago about B hit upon e rnuke fo,
f A guing in fur B maki11g up fur e hanging on to
g Agonc off B packcd in e pinncd own
h A packcd it in B got it in Cgivcn it in
A go in 8 OWII 11[1 e give. in
A /ived 11p to B owned up to C made oft with
a The governmen t has agreed to . .(QQK...i"-1"9 .................. the clalm that f,2 billion has been wasted.
b Don't worry, thcrc are plenty of life jackets to
e The doctors are afraid her hea rt wi ll . .. 1mless she h as an operation.
d The computer used to _ a lo t so we decided to get a new one.
e Paula tlecided tu ... ........... ....... her t!:!ad li ug job autl wurk iu a ua.r.
f 'd like to that I haven't actually received any payment yet.
g I hope thls award will .. ___ -- . - - your disappointmen t at not winoing first prize.
h Try to thc announccd topic. You' rc going off thc suhjcct slightly.
l low exactly do 1 .... .... ....... ... applying for a student grant?
Don'l say too much, or you'll ._.. _ ... lhe answer wil hout meaning to!
4 Write a new sentence w ith the same m eaning, using t he correct form of a phrasal verb from the
list.
a The guvemmen t exec.t~ the economy to improw in the later part uf the yea r.
J.h?....qove.0\,~?._l_'I{. .e. xpe.cd:.~. '.th?.. e.col\Qfil'1,.9 ..picl:: f'P...fo .{:he. rwt.e..C.l?.f\Cf o+...h?...l:je.~r..
b You've forgotten to puta qucstion mark at the end of t hc line.
------------- - - -------- -- .. ... -------------- --- -------- ---------
' There are a lot of people dong noth.ing in the street o utside our house.
d l think it's time we took revenge on him fur ali the awful things he has done!
e Ann was supposed to lonk after my dog, but she disappointed me.
g f rankle nearly won both races but just failcd to managc it.
h I didn' t like the film at first, but then I started to like it more.
--
Tony invcntcd a story abou t meeti ng Rob n yJan .i n a caf.
N
V,
~
,_
. . (1)
EXTENSION ACTIVITV >
A Choose twenty phrasal verbs and look them up in a dictionary, not ing any other meanings ro
V,
and w hether t hese are t ransitive or intransitive. m
,_
B Choose ten examples from the e:xplanat ion pages and translate them into your language. .e
a.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
phrasal verbs (3)
put (something) across (to something)
explain an idea see to (something)
/ can undt>r;tr1nrl yo11, h11t rnn you put these ideas deal wilh
a cross to tht> gent>ral puhllc 7 The fridge has broken down, but someone is coming
to see to it tomorrow.
put (something) down (to something)
explain the cause of set about (something)
The ceam ~ poor performance was put down to begin doing something
insufficienr training. We know what we havP to do, but wP'rP not fre
how to set about t
put in for (something)
apply or set (something I someone) back
Mark has put in for the post of assistant directo,: dclay progress
Thc cold weathcr has set back thc work. and the
put (someone) off (something)
building won't be finished on time.
discourage, upset
I can 't sing if pffiplt> stare at me. lt puts me off. set in (intransitive)
when something unpleasant starts and will
put (someone) out
probably continue
cause problems (negative / question)
lt looks as if the rain has set in for the day!
Sorry we can't come to dinner. I hope this doesn r put
you out atal/. set out (something)
give in detail
put (someone) up (someone) This document sets out exactly how much you have
let sorneone stay in your house
to pay, and when.
Why don't you come and stay7 We can easily put you
up for a few days. set out(+ to-infinitive)
intend to
put up with (something I someone)
The court heard that the two 111e11 clelil.ie1ciiely set out
tol erate, bear
to deceive customers.
After a wh1/e the noise became so lourl th;it Brian
couldn't put up with it any longer set something up (something)
establish, arrange (a meeting)
rip (someone) off The pohce have set up an mq111ry mto the complaints.
charge too much, cheat (informal)
250 a night in that hotel? You were ripped off/ set upon (someone)
attack
run (someone) down (someone)
The security guards were set upon by three armed
crilicize
men.
Why do you keep running yourself down so much?
You're fantasticl shake (something) off
get rid of
run into (someone) / can't seem to shake off ihi~ flu. /'ve had it for ten
meet by ch;mce
dciy~.
You'/1 nPvPr guPs, who I ran into the other day! Your
old friPnrl Mnriannt>. sink in (intransitive)
be understood
run to (something) I had to read the IPttPr ~PvNal times befare the news
reach an amount or number final/y sank in
The cost of the Olympic building programme now
runs to over ES billion. slip up (intransitivc)
make a mistakc
run over / through (something)
/ rhink someone has sl/pped up. These are not the
check, explain books I ordcred.
Could you just run over the details again? l'm not
sure I understand. sort (something) out (something)
do something to solve a problem
see (someone) off (someone) /'m sorry about che mi~icike. We'/1 sort it out as soon
go to station w ith someone etc to say goodbye
aswecan.
Anna ,~ commg with mP to the airport to see me off.
stand by (something)
see through (something) keep to (especially an agreement)
understand dishoncsty, prctence The leader ot the pr1rty ~,rl they would stand by the
He pretended to be busy, but I saw through hi5 agreement they marlP /a~t ypar.
deceprion at once.
stand for (something) talk (someone) into / out of (something)
represent persuade
,, this sentence, i.e stands for id est the Latin for 'that is'. I didn't want to buy the car; but tl,e salesman talked
me into it.
stand for (something) (usually negative)
tolerate tell (someone) off (someone)
I won't stand for any more shouting and swearingl criticize angrily
Ted's teacher told him off for being late.
stand in for (someone)
rake the place ot tie (someone) down to (something)
As Mr /Javis is in hospital, Ji// Cope will be standing in force to do or say something definite
for h,m for the next twn w,eks. Anna 'iys she wi/1 visit us, but I can 't tie her down to
date.
step down (intransitivc)
resign track (someone I something) down
At che end of chis monch, He/en w/11 be stepplng flnd atter a long search
down as union represencative. (someone / something)
The po/ice final/y tracked the robbers down in
step (something) up ()omething)
Sourh l\merica.
increase
-he repurt has stepped up lhe pressure on the try (something) out (something)
director to re~ign. test to see if i l works
They tried out lhe new drug on animals before using
stick up for (someone / something)
defend (informal)
it on humans.
Don't just say nothmg! Stick up for yourseffr turn (something) down (something)
reject
sum up (intransitive)
The counc,/ has turned down our application for
give a summary
plannmg perm,ss,on
_et me sum up by repeating the main poinrs.
turn out(+ to-infinitivc) or (that-clausc)
sum (something) up (something)
happcn to be in the end
show what sth is like
Thc girl in red turned out to be Maria's siscer.
I think that what he has done sums up his behaviour
in general. Lum up (intra nsitive)
arrive orbe discovered by chance
take (someone) in (someone)
Gue~~ who tumed up ac our pa1Ly? Yourold friend
deceive
Marcir,/
He took me in at first, but then I realized what he was
real/y like. wear off (intransitive)
lose effect
take (someone) off (someone)
When the drugs begm to wear off, you may feel some
lmitate
pain.
Jack can take off ali che ceachers real/y we/1.
work (something) out (something)
lake (something) on (something)
calculate
acquire a particular characterislic
I can't work out the answer to this maths problem.
Her words have taken on a different meaning since
Don 't worry abouc che money you owe. We'/1 work
the accident.
something out.
do extra work
deal with a problem
Pat has taken on too murh wnrk and is exhausted
work out (intransitive)
take (someth/ng) over (something) be successful, have a happy ending
gain control ot l'm sure that everything wi/1 work out fine in the end.
A small group of decermincd men took ove, che
counrry.
take to (someone I something)
growto like
My mother took to Sarah as soon as they met.
-----
m
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....
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take to doing something >
develop a habit
nJ
5am has taken to wearing h1s grandfather's old suits. Vl
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o.
1 Choose t he best ph rasal verb, A, B o r C, t o complete t he se ntence.
a It's t>asy to .... A.... the <lt><.:t>ptiorn; uf JJt>plt> li kt> Gt>orgt>.
b The unusual test resul ts were .................... a fault wlth the computer.
e You bavc to lcarn to you rsclf o r no-onc will rcspcct you.
d Mrs Andrews - --- ... .. the children who climbed into her garden.
e The pain in my leg began to ................. after a couple of hours.
f The 11::tters BBC ... . . British Broaclcasting Corpwation.
g The project has been ---- by technical problems, and won't be ready on time.
h Don't look ovcr my shouldcr whilc l ' m writing. lt
Tom's parents managed to '"............. of buying motorbike by offering to buy him a car.
At the end of the film, it . that the pollee cbief was actually the nrnrderer.
1 .. . 011 far tuo much, and you really oughl lo gel an assislant.
2 ... ln for the position of assistant director.
3 ... out to dc libcratcly dcccivc pcoplc about this matter?
4 ... up with such rudc bchaviour.
5 ... in completely yet.
6 ... do .. n al Lhe end ofJtn,c, ami takc ttp a pos~ v,itlr the--8*-
7 ... in for Mr Dobbs wh ile he is in hospital.
8 ... tbings out as quickly as we can.
9 ... lnto hu t my old French teacher, carrying a baby.
10 ... up an inquiry into the sale of a1maments.
e
3 Complete the sentence with a phrasal verb from the list.
pul do~,n put out see off set about set out standi tor
step u; track uown turn down work oul
a The managlng director pu-r down. the company's poor performance to high interest rates.
b Thc policc wcrc ablc to thc car tllievcs using satelfe technology.
e This is a sensitive matter, and we have to dealing with it vcry careful ly.
d Paula seemed rather . .. .... .......................... . when we brought so man y other peo ple to her party.
e All the points for ami agai11s t are clearly in !he report.
f The company has decided to .... ... .. ... producUon of cars at its factory ln HulJ.
g You might nccd a calculator to this problem .
h Claire decided to . . . the job, because it would have meant more travelling.
Our maths teacher simply won't any talki.ng in class.
Helen is going to the airporl Lo .......... ............... some riends.
4 Write a new sentence with t he same meaning, using a form of the phrasal verb from the list.
put across rip off run down run truough run to see to
set upon step down take in take over turn-tlowrt turn up
a The local plann ing office has rejected the compan y's application Lo build lats on the sile.
_,h?.,_local pla>1.~.f.rtq o.(;.Gce.. ht!S .f-t.,r')(e.c/ c9f:l)n .f-ht.. co,v.pa>1.t/s.. qppli.ctt{iot),f9. ....
bwld -'la-l-s 0>1. .f-he. si.f-e..
b The Jawyers made notes as the judge we nt over tl1e deta ils of the case.
e Harry has very good ideas, but he can't explain them to an audience.
h Mr Johnson will be leaving the job of company spokesperson at the end of the month.
Jim was attacked by three muggers in the street . ... .......... ---- ..,._...., ___ , .........,_.,_...._., ..._.,,... - .... -
M
.._..
Vl
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k 500 for that? 1 think you've been cheatetl! L..
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>
Toe report has got over five hundred pages. _ ro
V,
ro
L..
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a.
5 Write a new sentence w ith t he same mean ing, containing the wo rd in capita ls.
a T can't .~eem to get rid of this pain in my left leg. SllAKE
1
l. C~t\ f .~1!-_?M -!-o S~g~e-..Qff ::~i~
pt!t\ i.l\ ."'-tj friJ-!- le,q
b Tina is really good al imilatiug lhe accuuuts manager. TAKING
d I think someone has made a mistake, because l'm not owed any money. SLIPPED
f TI1e foreign minister promised that his country would honour the agreement. STAND
g David has ~tarted ru1111l11g up ami duwn t11e ~tairs fur exerdse. TAKEN
6 Write a new sentence w it h the same meaning, usi ng the correct form of a phrasal verb
from Units 37, 38 and 39.
a l was worried about the examination and didn't rnanage to fall asleep for ages.
l w~s .t.tJo.rrie-d .a!zo~.f fhe. e.tat):(it\a.f-iot\ a~J. did.11.J ~&1.1\aqe: o..
dr.0129.f~O.t gq~~-.
b l'm slowly beglrmlng to llke that song.
e The prime mini_ster and the finance minister h;ive qunrrPIIPcl again.
d Three young boys commitled Lhe robbery on their way home from school.
l don't like the way he talked to you! I wouldn't stand fo.r it, if I wcre you.
k When the teacher asked wh o had broken the desk, two boys coniessed.
m l'm going to use my rrench and see what it's like when l'm on holiday.
n l'U try and find the time to caU you later on today.
e I don 't th in k you sho uld force pcoplc to hclicve what you do. IMPOSE
e The wock we bad done on our house was performed by a flnn of local builders. Ci\RRIBD
f The party finaUy ended after the neighbours complained about the noise. UREAK
g Emily says she'll visit us une day, lmt I ca11't get her to give a Llefinite date. PTN
h Our luxury cruise holiday wasn't really as good as we expected it to be. LIVED
h When there was no food left, th e two men were forced to eat Lnsects. GAVE
k l don ' t thi n k the gunmen Wi ll surrender wit hout a fight. GlV.E
l'd li ke to make lt clear that I'm not in fact English, but Scottisb. PrNT
-
,-...
M
V 'I
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l...
(l)
EXTENSION ACTIVITY >
(O
A Choose twenty phrasal verbs and look them up in a dictionary, noting V'I
(O
any other meanings and whether these are t ra nsitive or intransitive. l...
..e:.
B Choose twenty phrasal verbs w hich you t hink are useful o r interesting o.
from Units 37, 38 and 39, use each one to w rite a new example.
organizing text (1)
This unit includes a variety of words and phrases which can be used to organize text. Not ali their uses
are given here. and many can be used in other ways.
By connector is meant any word ar phrase that can stand alone at the front of a sentence, often
followed by a comma.
adding a point
A/so is used to add a polnt within a sentence. lt is not normally used as a connector at the
beglnning of a sentence in formal speech and wri ting.
Cars use up valuable energy resourccs, and a/so pollute thc environment.
As well as is fol lowed by a noun or -ing. and can be used in an introductory clause.
Cars use up valuablc cncrgy rcsources, as we/1 as pol/uting the environment.
As we/1 as polluting the environmcnt, cars use up valuable energy resources.
As we/1 as this can be used as a connector, referring to a previous sentence.
Cars use up valuablc cnergy rcsources, anda/so pol/ute the environment. As we/1 as this, rhey make lite
unpleasant in big citics.
In addition can be used as a connector.
Cars use up valuable energy resources, and a/so pol/ute che environment. In addition, chey make lite
unp/eaSunt in big dties.
Moreover, furthermore, what is more are formal connectors which emphasize that there is an
additional point to be made.
Cars use up valuable energy resources, and a/so poi/u te rhe environmenr. Moreover I Furthermore I What
is more, rhey make lite unplrosanr in big cities.
Above ali is a connector which adds a point, and stresses that th is point is the most important one.
Cars use up valuable energy resources, anda/so pollute che environment. Above ali, they make lite
unp/easant in big cities.
Besides is an informal connector: it has the same meaning as anyway or in any case.
This car is too big forme. Besides, I can't real/y afford it.
contrast or concession
However can be used as a connector at the beginning ar end of the sentence. Note that there is
always punctuation on both sides of it. ie a full stop or comma. lt cannot be used to connect two
clauses.
Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. However, they are not witiluut drawbach.
Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. They are nul witiluut drawbatk~, however.
Compare the use of although:
Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy, although rhey are not without drawbacks
Dcspite (this) introduces a point which contrasts with a previous statement. Note that despite is
followed by a noun ar -ing form of the 11erb.
Wind curbines are an increasingly popular source of renewable energy. Desplte befng easy to build, they
do have some drawbacks.
Ncverthelcss, none the lcss are more formal connectors referring back to the prevlous point: they
can also come at the end of the sentencc.
Wind turbincs are an increasingly popular sourcc of renewablc cncrgy.
Neverthe/ess I Nonetheless. they do have somc drawbacks.
They do have some drawbacks, nevertheless / nonetheless.
degree
Tu some extent /toa certain extent are used as a way of saying 'partly'. lt can come at the beginning,
in the midd le or at the e11d of a sentence.
Mu~t f!(.)/e wuulcl cllleI lhi~ c119ument to some extent.
To a certain extent, / c191ee wit/r you.
This solution is, to a certain extent, easy to understand.
In some respects / ways are used as a connector limiting what comes before or after.
Some peop/e argue that the only solution to the problem of global warming is new technology
In some respects, this is true.
Some people arque that the only solution to the problem of global warming is new technology.
In sorne respects, the deve/opment of non-pol/uting fue/s might so/ve part of the problem.
We can also use on the ot/1er hand to introduce a contrasting parag raph.
On t/Je contrary introduces a contrasting positive point after a negative statement.
The cost ot electricity produced by nuclear power does not go down On the contrary, r/e;in-11r cost~ men
that in the long term the cost mcreases substant,alty
Compared to, in comparison to I with are used asan introductory phrase, or at the end of the
sentence.
In comparison to / Compared with /ast year, there has been some improvement.
There has been some improvement in comparison to I compared with last year.
In the same way introduces a point which is similar to the previous one.
Wave power generators use the constant movement of the waves to produce eleetricity
In the same way, tidal generators use the back and torward mot,on of the t1des.
(But) at /east is used to emphasize that there is an advantage, despite a disadvantage just mentioned.
Wind turbines are no,sy, but at least they do not create a,r pollut,on
according/y (formal)
Smirh wvs vwvy in lrvly vr rhe time of the uttvck. Accordingfy, he could nor hvve been responsib/e.
Hence explains how the words following it are explained by what has gone before.
..,
The city is rhe site of vncient spring and Roman bath; hence the name Bath. ..,~
On account of, owing to have the same meaning as because of and are bot h prepositions. O)
Maria had to retire from professional tennis on account of J owing to a foot injury.
e
N
Due to is a preposition with the same meaning as owing to, but which ran follow be. e
/-/Pr retirement frnm profpssionl tennis was due to a foot inj ury m
O)
.....
o
1 Underline the best word or phrase.
a !'ligh ts a broad are becoming cheaper, nltlzou~h / however m ost people are aware of Lhe
dam age they ca use Lo Lhe environ menl.
b T he IJead I is mainl y pebbles, bu t al least / in the same way it is falrly clean.
e Wllson was di sm issed from his jo b, in addition to / on acco1111t o( th c scrio usncss o f h is
offen ce.
d lluygens' astronomical observations required an exact means of measurjng lime, and he
was th11s / 11eve1t/1eless led ir1 1656 tu iuve11l the pe11d ul Lu11 dock.
e Students are uften not taught to th lnk effectlvely. However / 1\s a res11lt, they can become
overwh elmed with inform a tio n, as th cy ca nn ot scc the wood fo r thc trccs.
f Alcoho l d rink ing is stro ngly associated with the ris k of liver cancer. Moreover / None the less,
therc is sorne evidence suggesting tl1at h eavy aJcoho l consu mption is particula rly slro ngly
associated with Jiver cancer amon g sm okers.
g Palience is nol passive; u11 /he ulher /11.mcl / un lhe w 11 lrury, it is acti ve; it is concen trated
strength.
h This M.iry Louisa Smith's ma rriagc cc rtifica tc is datcd 4 J unc 1867. Accordingly / In the smne
way, shP rn nn ot be t he Mary Louisa Sm ith born in Llvei-pool on 12 Novembcr 1860.
Doctors concluded that the patie nt's enatic beh avio ur was p robably besides /due to lh e mild
concussion sb e suffered i11 the accident.
Red clwarf stars fuse hydrogen and hel lum, but the fus!on Is slow because of th e low
tempern ture at thc corc of th c star. Co11seq11e11tly / r11 some respect~, th csc stars givc off vcry
little light.
h .... .... . of their unusuaJ characteristics. i .. ... ... ... ...... , critics stress thal such plants are
unnecessa.ry. They arp;ue that rather tha n creati np; potentiaUy danp;erous new varieties, we sho uld
be distributing food more efficiently.
3 Write a new scntcncc w it h the same mean ing, lcavin g o ut the words underl ined, and incl ud ing t he w o rds in
capitals. You may need to write more tha n one sentence.
a Regular exercise keeps you fit, and it gives yo u a teeling of weU-being. FURTHERMO RE
1Ze.1ul~r ..e,,C.~E.;:J~<.', ku.._ps '1 -O-t. ..for.:{he.,1r1.100'.., i.+ .q ivt,$. .'1QtL .~ . +l!'.~-li1tq p,f ~t.11:-.b~in.q.
b AJthough she suffered a seriuus Jeg injury iu 2005, Henderson has com e l.,ack tu domnate
tbe 400 m thls season. DESPITE THIS
e As well as providing lonely people wit h compan y, pets h avc been proved to have a
be neficia! effecl on m any com m o n medica! cond itions. WHAT IS MORE
d Despite lower consumer demand, the company has increased profits by 6% . HOWEVER
e llicydes are pollution-free and silent, and take up very Jillle parking space. AS WELL AS T ll1S
f The hea ter has been tested for safety, but must be used accord ing to d1e instructio n s. NEVERTHELESS
g I do n 't rcaU y likc Lhc d csign of this sofa, and i.n a11y case it wo n' t fit into th c living room. BESIDES
Globalization
Whal exa1,;lly is yloualization? a To som1;11;1xl1;111t / Mor1;1ow, 11;1 hmn means whalewr people wanl il lo
mean. Jn economics, the tenn usually refers to the way lhe world has become one markel, with free
exch;mge of goorls ,mrl c11pital. b At /e11.~t I / lowever, it is also userl to rlesrrihe c:ross -rnltural contacts.
e Furthcrmorc / As wc/1 as bcing part of thc samc cconomic system, countrics in d ifferent parts of thc
world share enrertainment, food, and, d in som o rcspccts I owing to. simi lar anitudcs to life. e l\bovo ali I
Thus, globalization often refers to the way TV and the Internet have
creal'-' unilicd wurl i11whid1 i1urmaliun 1,;an lJe '-'Xd1angetl ve1y
rapiclly. In fact, a 'global econorny' is only possible f as a result o{/
/Jowever m oclern informalion technology. g Despite / Furthennore,
poht1cs h11s 111.so hecome 'gloh11lizerl', creating co-operati on
bctwccn cow1trics. h H owcvcr / A/though, there are many critics o f
globalization w ho pont out that w hile business has bccomc global,
lhere are still w inners and losers: i consequently / nevertheless, the
richer nations grow richer, and the poorer nations grow poorer.
They also argue that j above ali / as a result ofthe global power of
large corpon1lmM 11nrl i nternAtioMI fin11nr1al mstitutions, many
countrics no longcr conu-ol thcir own cconomies.
~
..,a.,
O'l
e:
EXTENSION ACTIVITY N
e
A W rite a sho rt t ext comparing further education w ith getting a job, or using public ro
transpo rt with using a car. en
lo..
B Choose ten e xamples fro m the exp lanation page a nd tra nslate t he m into your la ng ua ge.
o
organizing text (2)
exceptions and alternatives
except (for)
veryone chose a new book, except for He/en, who was still reading her old one.
Except for He/en, who was sti/1 reading her o/done, everyone chose a ncw book.
Apart from can be uscd to mean the same as except for.
Everyone chosc a ncw book, apart from He/en, who was sr/1 rcading her old onc.
lt can also mean in addition to.
Apart from thc dcnt in thc front bumpcr, thc car had scratchcs ali along onc sidc.
lnstead (of) means that one th ing replaces another.
I dccidcd not to take the bus, but walked instead.
I de<:ided not to take the bus. lnstead, I walked.
/nstead of taking che bus, f decided to wafk.
Alternatively is a more formal way of starting a sentence, meaning or.
You cou/d take the bus. Alternatively. you cou/d walk.
sequen ces
Writers often signa l that they are going to make a list of points.
There are a number of ways in whic/1 lhi5 can be done.
There are severa/ ways of /ookny dl this tndlle1.
Frst of al/, secondly, thirdly etc; next; final/y are often used to number points in a sequence.
First of al/, t/11:ire i5 the s5ue of co5l.
Secondly .. . Next, ... Final/y, ...
Words such as point, issue, problem, advantage can also be numbered.
The first problem facing the government is ...
In an argument. there is often a conclusion, which can be introduced by in conc/usion.
In conclusion, we could say that .. .
summarizing
To surn up can be used to introduce a surrnnarizing cornmenl al the end oan argumenl.
To sum up, il 5eetn5 c!&ir lhdl ...
And so forth, and so on and etc. are expressions used to say there are further J)Q11b we dQ nol
mention.
Growth i1 d/10 influenu~c/ by wl:!c1 lhr,H, Wdler ~uply, po~ition, and so forth.
Note that such phrases can imply that the writer has a lot more to say, but does not
wish to go into detail.
Etc is an abbreviation from Latn et cetera.
Note also that etc asan abbreviation either has a ful l stop at the end (etc.), or this is omitted (etc).
lt cannot be written ~ -
making assertions
Utter!y and simp!y emphasize an adjective. Utterly tends to be used with negative adjectives.
Simply can be used with positive or negative adjectives.
This is simply wonderfu/1 lt is simpfy / utter/y wrong to argue this.
Utter and sheer are used with nouns to emphasize the size or amount. Utter tends to be used with
negalive nouns. 5/Jeercan be used with positive or negative nouns.
Quite honestly, / think this is utter nonsensel
Tania's performance was s/1eer de/ightl
11 was sheer madness tu buy so 11,any sharesl
Mere/y is stronger than only I just and is used in a similar way, t o make what follows seem
unimportant or small.
The Earth is mere/y a tiny unimportant speck in the Universe.
Mere Is used before nouns. with the same meaning as above.
The Earth is a mere speck in the Universe.
Literal/y is used to emphasize that what has been said ls notan exaggeratlon but Is really true.
There are 1/tera/ly thousands of people withour homes.
Scc intensifiers, comment and vicwpoint adverbs Unit 27.
giving examples
For example, examples include, to take an example all need punctuation before and after.
Some birds regular/y migrare over long distances. For example. swans fly severa/ thousand kilometres ...
Swans, for examp/e, f/y .. . Examp/es inc/ude swans, which fly ...
To take an example, swans fly .. .
eg (c.g.) is an abbreviation from Latn exempl gratia.
Sorne islands. eg Naxos. Milos, Santorinf ere have .iirports.
Such as introduces an example.
Many birds, such as swans, migrate over long disr.inces.
As far as (subject) (be) concerned is a way of introducing a specific example.
Some birds regular/y migrare over long disrances. As far as swans are concerned. rhis can involve crossing
wide expanses of water.
Namely introduces a more specific reference after a general 0111e.
Some groups of birds, namely swans, geese and ducks. tend to ffy in a V-shaped formation.
making clear
In other words is used to Introduce a polnt we want to make clearer by repeating lt In a dlfferent way,
I think you should go out more with friends. or perhaps take a pare-time job. In other words, make more of an
efforr to be sociable.
to put it another way
To put ft another way, 1think you should rry ro be more sociable.
That is to say and ie (or i.e.) are used to explain exactly what you mean: ie means that is and is an
abbreviation from Latin id est.
A number of others are usualfy referred to as 'ballroom dances'. ie / that is to say the waltz. foxtror, quickstep,
andsoon.
,....._
describing types
A kind of, a sort of can describe a type of something.
An okap11s a kind of sma/1 g,raffe
-
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Kind of and sort of are also used with adjectives or verbs informally to mean rather. ~
Th,s is kind of mteresting. Jt sort of worries me. e
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1 Underline the best word or phrase.
a There are a number of advantages to consider. in a wa>' / First of ali, there is the lower cost.
b Apmt from s11nkcs / As far as snakcs are concernetl, Spain has five poisonous ones.
e Amphi hi ans, as we/1 as / suc/1as fmgs and toads, can live on land and in water.
d You could get it photocopied. A lternatively / lnstead, l could sean it into m y computer.
e Don'l be silly! \l\fha l you are saying is utterly / mere ridiculous!
f l'm sorry, but this is simply / sheer wrong!
g Thc Clncsc restaurant turncd ou t to be closcd, so we went for a pizza in othcr words / instead.
h F.ve ryone al'tend ed the m eeting, apart fnr / (mm Mrs Deacon, w ho was il l.
/11 a way / Sort of, lhe damage caused by lhe storm was a good thing, as it brought down a Jot
of weak lrees, which bene fi ls woodland in lhe long lerm.
A bat looks Uke a binl, but actually it's kincl uf n / n kind u( mammal.
a 10 .... acing the new management will be to reassure staff that jobs will not be lost.
b ............ the second half of the book is notas g(>otl as tli e first half.
e The country is moving in the right direction .......... . .
d th e e ncl ing, tl1is is a rcally inte re~ting film .
e You will also need money for notebooks, pencils, pens
'f Educalion, il is said, is ...... continuing dialo_,'Ue.
g The activity on a site is the amount of bamlwi<lth used, ur , lhe a1110 unl of dala lhal
has beco transferred.
h Tn the last st>c:tion, we also suggcst othcr tapies that nccd to be rcscarched, and ..
emph asize the im portance of teamwork.
[ read lile book you lenl me, but l'm afraid to say I found it .................. incomprehensible .
For sorne companies, the IT assets, ... hartlwctre ami software, accounl for Lhe largesl
proportion of moncy spcnt.
one andones
We can use one in the place of a noun or when we want to avoid repeating a noun.
'/'ve got three bikes, but l like this one best. lt's the fastest one.'
'Yes, thar's a good one.'
The plural form is ones.
The most expensive ones are not atways the best.
some, any
We use some and any on their owrn to avoid repeating plurals or uncountables.
Where are the stampsl J neerl some (stf!mps). 1lave you got any (stamps)7
so
After verbs believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, think etc, and after be afraid, we use so
instead of repeating a clause.
'Is Ji// coming tomorrow?' '/ hope so'. ( = 1 hope that she is coming)
'Wi/1 you be long?' '/ don't think so'. ( = 1don't think that 1' 11 be long.)
doso
We can use a form of do with so to avoid repeating a verb phrase.
They told Terry to get out of the car, and he did so. ( = he got out of the car)
Janet left her wallet in the shop, but didn 't remember doing so. ( = leavi ng it)
do
lnformally we often use do or do that to refer toan action.
'/ promised to colleet the ch,ldren from school, but I can't do it
'Don't worry, l'/1 do it'
so do I etc
When we agree with another person's statement we can replace a verb with so (when the statement Is
positive) or neither I nor (when the statement is negative) followed by do ora modal auxiliary before
the subject.
'l like this film. 'So do l.'
'I don't like seafood. ' 'Neither / Nor do we.'
'/ can't hear a thiny!' 'Neither / Nor can l.'
We can use too and not ... either witho ut inversion to mean the sa me thing.
'I lke lhis film. ' '/ do too.
'/ don't like seafood. 'We don't either. '
We can leave out a repeated verb phrase after to-lnfin it ive or not to infinitive.
Anna doesn't play tennis now, but she used to (play tennis).
He'// throw things out of the window. unless you tell him not to (rhrow things out of rhe window).
Jack felt like playing footba/1, but his friends didn 't want to (play footba!O.
Jack fett like p/aying footba/1, but his (rienas ln't wa11t t o.
In reported questions, we can leave out repeated words after question words.
lle said he would meet us soon, but he didn't say when (he woulcJ meet us). -x
...........
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1 Underli ne the best option.
a I'm supposed to be writing a project, but / do too/ I haven't done--1.t..m.,.
b I don't really like thts area, and 11or my {rierrds do/ nethcr do my friends.
e Thc ncws is awful. Did you see it / them on TV?
d Everyone thought Helen had chosen the w:rong job but nobody told it her / told her so.
e The prime minister may call an election this year, and if so lle is / 11eiU1er is he certain to win.
f Taxi.ng pelro l is unpopular, and never to do so/ more so Lhan now when prices are hitting
record levels.
g 1 was told to report to office 101, but before it / doing so I went to the cafetera.
h Thc world is gctting hotter, or so do /so many people would have u.~ helieve.
They are all more or lcss the sarne quality, but this is t/1e most expensive one / this one it's the
most expe11sive.
1 ate my sandwich, but Ernma didn't eat her/ hers.
b 'Did you enjoy Lhe play?' 'Yes, I enioyed it very much indeed.'
e Thc museum may be closed tomorrow. If m, we'll go on Tuesday.
d We sel! a Jot of jeans, and these are the most popular jeans.
e !'ve fioished my projcct but Maria hasn't finished her project.
f The officer told Paul to get out of the car, anct h e iot out of the car.
g I can't skateboard and Brian can't skateboard either.
h Valerie has l.,ee11 apminted finance director, or thal is what I understand.
'Are we startl.og early tomorrow?' 'I hope we aren't starn_ng early!'
'I rcally wanted to lcavc earlier'. 'Why didn't you say you wantect to?'
4 Underline the words that can be left out. Leaving out words may be impossible in sorne sentences.
5 Rewrite t he sentence or one of the sentences so that it contains the word in cap ita Is.
a 'Oo you think you'll be late tonight?' ' I don't suppose I will'. SO
1 1 1
'QQ.. ~94! .::H1(1'.\K. fJQ<-' 11.. R? J~fg,_to~iqhf{ .. '.t. ..do'l'.t $1,1P.QQ$e.: .0 ,___ .......... ............ -- .. .
b Bond slarted to disconnecl Lhe red wi.re, bulas he started rusconnecting it, something
told him he had made a rnistake. SO
e Tf yo11 wllnted to stay at home, why didn't you say you wantcd to stay at home? SO
e l can't stand folk muslc, and David can't stand folk music. CAN
f Lau.ra left her bike outside the cinema, but she didn't remember leaving it there. so
g The rubl.iery was rn11u11.itted by twu people, ur that is what we believe. so
-
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The fol lowing exerc ises practise grammar from Units 40, 41 and 42.
6 Rewrite t he sentence or one of the sentences so t hat lt conta lns the word in ca pita Is.
a Thcrc is no problcm with moncy. AS rAn
f This country has hlgher youth unemployment than other European co untries. COMPARISON
_____
g Tom has been ill and so has been absent from college. JJU~
....,.... ............................... .. ............ ....... ....... ..... ...... ................... ..................................,_.. , ........................
h Ton y tllinb it was a terril;le film, aml l think it wai; a tt!rriblt! fi lm too. DO
Although Uni ted played badly, they won the match. LEAST
- - - - ------- - - - - ------- - - - -..---- ----
Th e tennis tournament has been postponed because of bad weather. OWING
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A a Write sorne questions w hich could be followed by these answers.
I hope sol l don't exp ect so.
lt's not mine. l think l'd rather have that one.
b Write sorne statements w hich could be followed by t hese responses.
So do we. Neither can l.
So do you! Neither does mine.
B Choose ten examples from t he explanation pages and t ranslate them into your language.
inversion and fronting
inversion
This involves using question word order after an adverbial with a negative or restrictive meaning
comes at t he beginning of the sentence. These structures are normally only used in formal speech and
writing. Note that ali of these adverbials can be used w ithout inversion if they come in the normal
position.
never
I have never seen a more obvious case of cheating! (normal position)
Never have I seen a more obvioLJS case of cheating!
rarely
Rarely does such a rare painting come on thP markPt.
se/dom
Seldom has a scientific discovery had such an ,mpact
No sooner .. . than
No sooner had I shut the door than / reah1ed I had left my keys ms,de
Not until
Not unt1/ he stopped to rest did Jack rea/ize that he had been wounded
Not unt,t the bu,/ding had been made safe could anyone go back ,ns,de
litlle
Little dd anyone suspect what was about to happen
No s0011er had I shut tJ1e door tha11 J realized I had le(l my keys i11s/de.
fronting
This involves putting f irst a clause not norrnally at the beginning o lhe sentence. lt may also involve
putting the verb in an inverted position.
Relatlve clauses can be placed first when they normally follow negative verbs of understanding,
knowing. etc. This is normally a spoken form .
I have no idea who he is. Who he is. I have no idea.
/ real/y don't know whac you mean. What you mean, I real/y don 't know.
Here, there, back, out, up, down. on. off etc can begin a sentence ora clause, fol lowed by a verb.
This Is usually come or go. The sentence is often an exclamation.
A messenger came back with che answer. Back came a messenger with che answer.
Here comes the rain! Out wenr che lights!
Down went che ship to the borrom of the sea.
As we were walking home, down came the rain. and we had to run for it.
In the same way, an adverbial phrase can begin a sentence ora clause, fol lowed by a verb. This kind
of sentence is common in literary writing.
A group of armcd mcn came afong che streec.
Along the street came a group of armed men.
While we were waitfng to see what would happen nexr, along the street came a group of armed men.
waving their guns in the alr and shouting.
Up the hi/1 went the bus. creaking and groaning.
Through the wlndow Jumped a masked man.
conditional sentences
as, though with may, might
Ir may sound unlikely, but it's true.
Unlikely as it may sound, it's true.
The car may be cheap, bvt H's in terrible condition.
Cheap though the car may be, it's in te11ible condition.
try as (someone) might
This construction is used to mean that although someone tried hard, they couldn'l succeed in whal
they were trying to do.
She tried hard, bul couldn'l move the Wdrdrobe.
Try as she might, she wuldn't move lhe Wdrdwbe.
Try as he might, he couldn't pass his driving test.
were, had, should cond itional sentences
These are highly formal, and omit if, putting t he auxiliary at the beginning of t he sentence.
lf the government were to resign, the situation might be resolved.
Were the government to resign, the situation might be resolved.
lf proper measures had been taken, this situation would not have occurred.
Had proper measures been taken, this situation would not have occurred.
lf an outbreak of flu should take place, speca/ measures wi/1 be introduced..
Should an outbreak of flu take place, special measures wi/1 be introduced.
O)
e:
......
e:
-o
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fil
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.....
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1 UnderUne thc best word or phrase.
a Nnt nnly / B.ard),'. do you see top-cate cameras which are also easy to use.
b S/1011/d / Were the strike go ahead, it could severely damage th e company.
e Never l have seen / Never fuwe 1 seen such a tlrnrnatil.: eml to a foofall match.
d Whal he is tulking about / What is he talking abo11t, 1 have no Idea.
e On1y the two mcmbcrs of thc Frcnch tcam managed / clid they manage to fins h the race.
f As it may seem strange / Strange as il' may seem, he is actually one ot the richest men in the world!
g llardly had th e train puJled out of the slaUon when / tlmn Lhere was a lo ud screechi ng sound.
h Suddenly, mn into lhe room/ inl.u U,e room mn a huge uog.
Hacl we lmown / liad we to have known 1n actvance, we could have done something about it.
Not until the wreckagc h ad becn cxamined could / was tcrrorism he rul ed out.
k Hardly / Uttle did r know tha t it would be another three years before l saw her aga in.
Sho11/d / Were the alarm to ring, leave the building immediately.
a A l.itt/e any(ll1e did reali7.e B T.ittle realized anynne e Uttle did anynne realiu
b A did the rain pour down B down poured the rain. C did pour down the min
e A Where l've left B Whe,e fmve I lefl e Where left 1
d A Had it not been locked the fire door B Had nul been locked the fire door C Hud lhe fire duur nut beert luiketl
e A ware tha passangcrs B tha passengcrs wcre e were thay the passengers
f A Shonld have you B Should you have e Shnuld ynu had
g A as does it sound B sowrd though it is e as it may so1111d
h A not only tlitl she miss B not on/ymissecl e not only did miss
A Were it the situation to c/wnge B Were a change in the situation C l1\!ere the situation. Lo change
A did jurnp a man B jumpcd a man e did a rnan jump
k A thcrc down camc B carne down e down carne
A 011 110 ac.cormt BHardly CRarely
3 Write a new sentence with the same mea ning, containing the word in capitals.
a If wc took no action, the situation would ooly become worse. WERE
~e,.re,.,,).e,. fq .:h:~~e, I\.Q a .,;,,f{.q11,, fhe, _Sf-1-MfQtt fdP.l!.k Qttlfd l;ze,q:,ru.e._ lcl)Q.CSe,. _ ......
b A member of the government rarely admlts to rnaklng a serlous mjstake. DOF.S
d The pollee onJy laler revealed tJie true iue11tity of the tJef. DID
e Although J\.ndrew tried hard, he couldn't pass llis driving test. MIGHT
f If you'd consulted me at the outset, l could have given you tJ1e right advice. ll AD
TL was only after checking the accounls Lhal lhey reaHz.ed money was missi.ng. DID
Toe brcach of sccurity has not affcctcd thc cxamination results in any way. NO
Last year, we visited Brazil and saw the carnival in Rio. Sttange
as il maya SU..11/- , we just hadn'l thoughl of visiting Brazil
before, and we couldn't believe how fantastic it was. Rio is a qreat
city, and it's sometimes hard to believe it's rea l! We really enioyed
the carnival. We had booked sorne events before we arrived, and
b did we rea lize how lucky we were to have tickets for
the ~amba show. No e ... had we taken our seats, than
the show began. d ,. the stage carne groups o dancers,
une after the other, for hours! That was exhaustinq but there was
more to come. Note . we stood and watched the carnlval
parade did wc 1ealize how many peoplc were taking part! Along
C')
the street f ... dancers and musicians1 and everyone e
.:;
clapped and cheered. g , anyone to ld me I would end e
up dancing in t he street ali nig ht, I wouldn't have believed them!
There were such amazing costumes and floats. h ... .... In a
city as divcrsc as th is, could you scc so many unusual sights. Never
.. J have imagined what an amazing sight it would be.
-o
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Only j we finally got home and looked atal! our photos o
k we realize how incredible our holiday in Brazil had
,_
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been. l anyone should want to go any where else for a >
e
holiday, t rcally don't know!
5 Complete thc sentencc so that it means the same as the first sentencc.
a Two armed policeman ran into the room.
lnto .f-he...r.ao.l\!.. ratt. .f-MJ an1.v-d..p.ol.1,I\Al"A\ .....
b You can only really enjoy the view on a clear day Like today.
Only ................ - ...- - ..- ..... _ ..- ............................._ .._ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
e lf the ship coUided With an iceberg, tb.e passengers would be in no danger.
Shoulcl
d The case may be unusual, but such cases are not completely un.heard of.
Un usual ...................................................- .............. .......... - - - - - - --.......... -....................- ............- ..--.................. .
e Sutltltmly it ~tartetl raining.
Suddenly down _ __ - - - - - - - -.....------..- - - -
f A gcwernment has rarely acted with such blatant clishonesty.
Rarely .... ...........- - - - - - -...- ............--...........-----..........- .
g Tf you asked me agai11, I would give you U1e same answer as before.
Were .....- .............- ............- ....- ..........._............................ ....... ................................ _ __
h l have no idea what the matter is.
What
lf we had realized that the hurricane would hit tbe city, we would have evacuated the
residents Ln advance.
Had ......_. .... -.......-...----...................................................................... .
Nobody had any suspicion that thc police inspector was the murderer.
Uttle ._..
k The theft was only discovered when the accounts were checked.
01ily .,,....... ' ... . .....,,. - .............,_,.,.................................................................,,,_,.,,.-...................,........ .
Paula had no sooner shut the door than sbe realized she had Jeft her key insitle.
No soonc r
-
A dld they went B w1ml lhe ship e gu Odysseus cmd his me11 o
A Not 1111til Bln no wuy C Nu souner thuTI '-
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY e:
o
A Write sorne examples beginning: V\
'-
a,
Were my country ... Should global warming .. . Had I known ... >
e:
B Choose ten examples from the explanation pages and translate them into your language.
emphasis
t-clauses
These are clauses introduccd by it is I was, putting the clause at the front of the sentence for emphasis.
Key words usually reccivc more stress when spoken. Stressed words are in bold in the examples.
Sentences of this kind are also called cfeft sentences.
what-clauses
These clauses also put more emphasis on what follows, and form another kind of cleft sentence. This
kind of sentence is more common in everyday speech.
what + verb phrase +is(+ the fact that the way, why, what, who etc)
What bothers me is the way the nelll/S was announced.
( = The way the news was announced bothers me.)
What upsets me is the fact that you /ied.
( = The fact t hat you lied upset:s me.)
What we don't really know at the moment is w hy the accident happened.
instruction + imperative
We often use a what-clause when we give an instruction with verbs such as want, need, etc
What I want you to do is go home and rest.
What you need to do is fil/ in this form.
explanation + that-clause
We often use a what-clause when we explain a situation
What we have to remember is that he's only been working here for a week
own
We use own to emphasis possessive adjectives.
'>he used her own money to buy the stamps
auxiliary do
We can use do to emphasize a statement.
f do like yo11r new car1Jrs real/y cooll
ali
We can put ali (meaning the only thing) at the beginning of a clause for emphasis.
Al/ he does is watch te/evision. Ali Jneed is another 500.
very .. . indeed
We can use very + adjective + ndeed to add emphasis in speech.
Thank you very much lndeed.
repetition
A verb can be repeated for emphasis. Commonly used verbs are: wait, try.
f waited and waited, but she never tumed up.
He/en tried and tred, but she couldn 't reach the shelt.
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals.
a Tht! m iicc asked Daviu tlle sarue question repea ledly. AND
Jh.e,.. p,q/i,ce.,..~$.ke-d. 1:>P.-.vid .:t:e-.. .s~~ .~tie-.s:riQI\.. 4J~t.t?..l\d...~qt.>,,:I\ ,..... ........... ..... ....... --. -- . .
b There was ahsolutely no chance of saving thc damaged ship. ALL
e The house I was looking for was righL at the end of the street. VEl{Y
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Write sorne true examples beginning or ending:
-~
V'I
<O
I was when I started at this school ... What interests me most is ...
..e
Q.
... no time whatsoever ... ... ve,y good indeed E
QJ
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
Review
How to use this section
a As extra practice, if you have finished the rest of the unit and the Extension Activities.
b To test yourself. Do the exercises, check your answers, then decide if you need to have a look al
the p resen ta tiou vage a gai11.
e lf you need extra practlce, read the presentation page(s) again, then try to do the extra exercises.
Unit 3 Unit8
Complete the t ext w ith the correct form of t he verb Complete the sentence so that it rnea ns the same as t he
in brackets. Use past simple, past continuous, o r past first sentence.
perfect simple.
a Pcoplc bclicvcd t hat th c car had hccn stolcn.
The car .1c11as. b.eAie.vl o hav.e-.b.e,e,n s::tole-.t\..
Something wholesale b People though t th e plane had crashed ln th e
mountains.
by Eric Newby The plane
Unit 11
1 Use the prompts t o make a sentence. lnclude the
words in capitals.
U;nit 12
Rewrite the sentence so t hat it contains the word in
e we guaran tee to get you talking / you can't speak a
capitals and has same meaning.
word of English EVEN IF
a I advise you nol Lo make any h as ly decisions. W ERE
1
.L~pt1ld11. -l- ~te. a11.11 h.aS..f-(;j. Je..c.isio11..$,
f permanent residents can vote / they are aged 18 or i+) ."4e.re. 1104. ... ..... ----- .... - - -
over PROVIDED b He prctcnds to be in chargc of the officc. REH AVF.<;
e Please don't bring the dog wilh you. SOONER Unit 16
..............- .......... ...................- .... ___ b They tried to work as quickly as possible to minimize
l'd like to flncl the answer to thls problem. WISH
the patient's suffering.
-..--- - - - ---- .....
-------- - - - - - ..-
Unit 19
a ]'le- . Hu bble Space Telescope (HST) is b ....
large, space-based observatory in orbit arou nd e
Choose the best option, A, B or C, to complete t he
dia [ogues Earth, named aftcr d astrono mer Edwin Hubble.
e position of f .. telescope outside
a ' .A..........?' 'Yes, it certainly is.'
A lt's a /ove/y day, isn't it B 1s ic a /ove/y day g . [arth's atmosphere gives it h . number
e It isn't a /ove/y day, is it of advantages over telescopes based on i yround.
b YPs, we have a choic-P of roorns. ? main advantage is its clearer images, as they
A l'ou want a single, do11 1l you? B Yo11 don'L wa11t a are not blurred by k atmosphere. It can al~o
single, do you? C Do you want a single or u double? ohserve using i ultra-violet light.
e . . ? Tht! last time I saw yuu, you were a little girl m Hubble was launched into n ........ space in
in a pushchalr! 1990, and since then it has become une of o ...... .......
A You can be Annie, can't you B Arcn't you Annic, are
rn ust important instruments in p history of
you? e You can't be Annie, can you
q astronomy. i\t r .. moment, s
d no you ceally travel 150 km to work every day? That's future of t telescope is uncertain. Without
a long way!
A Yo11 do11 1LRCt tired o( iL, do yo11? B D011 1t yo11 get tirerl ~ervici ng by u man ned space mission,
o( it? C You get tirecl of iL, do you? v .. ...... telescope will slowly stop Functioning, and will
re-enter w Earth's alniusphere sometime after
X 2010.
2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning mixture of 1 ............ ..... gas and 2 ................ air burns wit h
containing the word in capitals. 3. . btuc fta me and produces intense heat. By turning
a We use Lelescopes lo view dislanl objects. A 4 sleeve, s . . openings are graduatly closed,
_WI', t,Sf',(;t -f-l'Jf',Sc.opl', -f-o.Vif',u) .Jishllttf- .objl',c.-f-5. and 6 ....... ..... .. power of 7 ......_ fla me can be reduced,
b The monthly rent for this flat is 500. /1. until 8 . . ... ... mixture is 9 ...... pure gas and burns
yetlow and with less i ntensity.
e My right arm hu1ts. GOT
--,----- - - - 2 Complete the text with a I an or
d This mea! is really wonderfull A the, or leave blank for zero article.
- - - --
e Sandy comes from Australia. AN
Floods
a .... .. ... ... flood occurs when b , . area of
f Sports utility vehicles (SUVs) are becom.ing less e .. . .. low-lying land is covered by d - . ......
water. There are various kinds of flood. During e
pupu~L ~
period of f .................... heavy rainfall, g .. soil and
TWO
h ptants which grow in it are unable to absorb
g 171c answcr sccms to be 22h
ali i ..... , water, and so j , ............ excess water
finds its way into k .... streams, 1ivers, lakes and
h Is there someone here called Steve Jenkins"? A
so 011 . If l .... ......... arn ount of m ... .......... water is too
great then n ............ ... floo d will follow. o ..... . river
Do you want to <.:0111e arnl ~ee a film? CINEMA
may flood from time to time naturally, and so forms
p area known as q flood plain.
F.veryonr. stoppr.d fighting in 19 18. WAR
r .. flash flood is s , flood t hat occu rs
after t .. ................ ..... sudden downpour. u .. coastal
a reas may also be flooded by v .......... .... ... .. high tide caused
Unit 21 by w -- ... strong ocean winds. x ............... ... tsunami
1 Complete t he text with a I an or the, or leave blank is y flood caused by z underwat er
for zero article. earthquake.
g We'U send you the ccrtificate when we have received - - - - --- - -----..--
lhe fee. ONCE Thls lce-cream really has a strawberry taste. TASTES
e Although it was cheap, the bil<e was in good condition. d You ca n't havc milk in your tea because we haven't
got any! DO
Although - ...... .. . ... ... ...... .... . .... ......
- - - - - ----
g Helen has thought of a really good way to cut the
cost of thi~ p roject.
Are you entering for the J\dvanced French Test this Monet: Japanese bridge at Glveroy
year?
-- - - -- - The French Impressionists c1860-1880
a .. /&.he..'..L_ ......,. interested the Impressionists was an
k Sorry to he so late, hut I wa~ <1t>laye.c1 in my last emphasis on everyday s11hjects. b was to
meeting. avoid the t raditions of studio painting that they painted
in the open air. At first the pu blic was not interested in
thern e ..... . In fact, the d ...... _.... ...... _.... ..
Things bave certainly been improving since l was name 'Impressionist' was givcn to thcm in an article
promoted.
making fun of MonP.t:'5 painting Tmpression, Sunn'se.
e .. they were also concerned with was
the way light changes, and how this shows the passing
m Sue promised to come and help me but she didn't of time. They were not f ............ ................... inleresled i11
show up.
reproduci ng a detailed photographic 'reality'. In fact, that
was the g thing they wanted to avoid .
- - - --- Tnstead, h .... .... was the overall effect which
n Don't tell Helen about our plans, or sbe'II be jealous.
was important. i ... ............. they were trying to
create was a different way o seeing Lhi11ys, us iny pure
colours. Colours were created by looking at the painti ng.
They did not use black. for example, because they
o Littlc Johnny admitted that he hac1 takF>n r aula's believed t here was no black j ........ in nature.
sweets.
k ........ they wanted to avoid were the carefully
- - - --........._,,., "' .,.,.,,_ ,.,.,. ...........................
mixed colours and hidden brushstrokes uf academic
artists, which they did not use in thei r
1 .., ... ....... . .... . paintings.
undergraduatc (n) bits and picccs (phrasc) 1nvP~t1ga te (vh)*..
Wordlist
1 Rcdwo,d,
based on Macmlllan
School
Dictionary
wreckage (n)"
Unit3
ceasefire (n )*
check-in desk (n)
harsh (adj)**
chase (vb)"
concentration (n)***
copper (n )
critic (n>-*-
currently (adv)..*
cycle (n) "
issue (n) ...
mobilize (vb)
moi:s Lu re (n)
MI' (n) **
nutrition (n)
nutty (adj)
merchant (n ) dealer (n) *** opposltlon (n)***
most corrunon and military (.ttlj)*
hasic words disassemble (vb) out~et (u)*
negotiale (vb)** dock (n) .. refresh ing (adj)*
very common words outrnge (n)*
fairly common words downswing (n) sea 1 (vh)*"
raclng (adj) dra.matlc (adj) ... shoot (vb)...
realm (n) * tlub (vb)* soak (vi.,)*
recrui L(vb)** enssion (n ).. source (n)*
Unit 1
achieve vb*** sacrifice (vb)* explosion (n) stage (nt**
antit,iotics (n) sign (vh) fcat (n ) stapl e (n)*
argue (vb) ..* supply (n)*** feature (n) ... sustainable (adj)
cause (n)*.. treaty (n) ** freight (n)* unclear (adj)*
fatality (n) U-boal (n ) gel hold o( (phrase) uucousduu~ (adj)*
hai1stylc (n)* gree.nhouse gas (n)
Unit4 Unit 8
in line with heavy goods vehicJc (n)
abroad (adv) actual (adj) *"*
inlerrupon (n)* invasion (n)*..
alien (n)** along similar lines (phrase)
measure (n)*.. life ex.,ectam:y (n)
archaeologist (n)* anaesthetic (n )
nuisance (n)* link (n)**
benefil (n) * bapUsm (n)
over-confidcnt (adj) marine (adj)
come upwith mud (n)** beecb (n )
ovcrtake (vb)' compulsory (adj) **
recent (adj)*** ncigh bourhood (n) .. colonial (adj)**
controversia! (adj)** cut (n)*..
reckless (n) outspoken (adj) *
define (vb) ..* extra<:tion (n)
relurn (n) poinlless (adj)
<lelay (vi.,) ** rocus (vb)***
scheme (n)*** referendum (n )..
dislurbing (adj)* seize (vb)** fortilka tion (n)
set about (phrasal verb) labour (n)
shed (n)** guess (n)
settle In (phrasal verb) pension (n)
target (11) shill Lng (n) informcd (ad j)
pcrform (vb)*** matter (n)***
lear up (v)** solar (a<lj)**
po rtralt (n)** merger (n)*
to tell you the truth split (vb)**
psychologist (n)** meteor (n )
tough (actj) " stcadil y (adv)
retirement (n) * parish (n)**
strip off (p tuasal verb)
social sccurity (n) performer (n)
Unit 2 trade (n)***
acid (n) squid (n) upswing (n) phenomenon (nt
adapt (vb)** tren<l (11) pil (n)**
burglar (n)* Unit 7 p lague (n)
Unit S accommodate (vh)* playwright (n)
calm down (pbrasal verb) admission (n)**
complaint (n)*** asscss (vb) purgatory (n)
at this rate (phrase) beat (vb)***
course (n)*** reglster (n)**
brcakdown (n)** l.,laze (n) se4ue11ce (n)***
creep (vb)* circumstance (n)***
depend on (vb)*** block (n)*** sharply (adv)**
construclion (n) campaign (n )***
expen.~c (n)"** transfusion (n )
flame (n)
fatigue (n ) cave in (phrasal verh) undccidcd (adj)
fortune (n)**
fee (n)*** coali tion (n ) ..
glohal warming (n)* coa! miner(n) Unit 9
foil-lime (adj)** insist (vb) ...
counlerfeil (adj) alter (vi:,)**
guard dog (n) investment (u)
crumbly (adj) amputate (vb)
inquiry (n)*** prediction (n )..
deforestation (n) bar (n)***
lose your ternpcr (phrase) riot (n )**
parrot (n)* d esertification (n) central hcating (n )
$lp my mind (phrase) dry deaner's (n)
poilll oul (.,lirnsal verb) disruptlon (n)
source (n)*** hlp (n)**
psychiatrist (n )* tlraiu (n)
explosion (n)* install (vb)**
publish (vb)*** Unit 6
tau lt (nt lock (n)..
redecorate (vb) accelerale (vb)"
rottweiler (n) (film) set (n)*** powcr tool (n)
alpine (adj )
section (n)*** foot the bUI (phrase) surgeon (n)
altitudc (n)*
strain (n) ambitlous (adj) ** gallery (n)..
stuff (n)*** ba!Jy !Joom (JJ) gutted (adj)
track (n)'** barge(man) (n) inhalation (11)
tuition (n) barrier (n)** impiration (n)
Unit 10 co11~ume (vu) caplure (vb)** personal trainer (n)
aJien (n)** geneticaJly modified (adj) cheat (vb)' plain (n)**
as teroid (n) local (ad j)*** condude (vb)*n postpone (vb)*
back-up (n)* receptio n (n).. encomagcment (n).. sccncry (n)'
bJack hoJe (n) rccommcndation (n)*' lack (n)*** temperature (n)***
collidc (vh)* refuse (n) laptop (n) tower (n)**
decay (vb)* type (vb)*** IHestyle (n) treatment (n)***
DNA (n )* waste (n)..* outset (n)*
dominant (adj)** wirclcss (adj)* prcvious (adj) ... Unit 22
ctominate (vh)** set flre to (phrase) aware (adj)**
cndangered species (n) Unit 14 statl:! (vu) biological warfare (n)
evolve (vb)** crew (n)... task (n) campaign (vb)***
extinLt (a<l j)* firefighter (n) warrior (n) composition (n)""'
fossil fuel (n) ladder (n)** consume (vb)**
goalkceper (n)* navigation (n? Unit 19 consumption (n )*'
grind (to a haJt) (phrasc) paw (n)' coast (n)*** crlme (n)***
helmet (n)** profit (n)*** contril.Jution (11)*** <loul.Jle (adj)***
hjke (n) rivalry (n) enrnsiastic (adj) earn (vb)***
iceberg (n) sunblock (n) pay attention (pbrase) epidemic (n)
keyboard (n)* wirc (n).. prnjector (n) evidencc (n)***
lifcboa L(n) what on ear1 (phrase) flexibility (n)**
Unit 15 genelic (adj)**
llfe)acket (n)
a<ljust (vb).. Unit 20 limit (vb)***
mammal (n)*
armcd forces (n)* broadcast (n)** nperation (n)
reclaim (vb)
battery (n)'* civil servant (n) ou tbrcak (n)'
sample tn)...
boa~t (vb)* civil war (n) ' pandemic (n )
short cut (n)
clown (n) commentator (n)** ready-made (adj)
species (n)*** llla.ri11g (adj)
column (n)*** recommend (vb)***
standstill (n) olaylight (adj)*
compulsory (adj)** reflect (vb)...
lide (n)
conquer (vb)* dlecoration (n).. risk (n)
virus tn) ...
fnrhidden (adj)' clcction (n)'** solutlon (n)***
Unit 11 formar (n)" factor (n)*** sta Le (vb)..*
adequate (adj)*** insulting (a<lj) grate {vb) support (vb)***
ass istam;e (n) irrilaling (adj)* genetic (ad j)** tank (n)'..
coexist (vb) pile (n).. harsh (ad j)* treat (vb)**
guara n lee (vh)** scrcam (vb)** homeless (adj)' war zone (n)
habitat (n) ' stressed (ad j) migrate (vb)* wiring (n)
hunter (n)* track (n) mild (adj)** wrapper (n)
inconvenience (n) waste (n)*** poverty (n)**
mess (n).. res1gn (vb)... Unit 23
Unit 16 rcvicwer (n) avenge (vb)
neglect (vh)
communHy service (n) r hythm (n)** award (vb)***
safeguard (n )
compcnsate (vb)** ~caree (adj)* bafle (vb)
sklll (n)***
criminal (adj) site (n)** courtier (n)
survive (vb)***
fine (n)** sprinkle(vb) infectious (ad j)'
Unit 12 justice (n) .. strugglc (vb)** pitch (n)**
amount (n ) kccn 011 (adj)** trafflc )am (n) raid (vb)**
debt (n) offender (n)** trigger (n)* ramparl (n )
earplug (n) proposal (n) tuberculosis (n) rent (n)***
taith (n)*** sentence (n)*** surroundings (n)**
hinctsight (n) Unit 21 threat (n)' ..
Unit 17 defend (vb)*'*
littcr (n)* troupe (n)
treat (vb) ..* amount to (phrasal verb) dynasty (n)
I.Jloodstained (a <lj) field trip (n) Unit 24
uninhabiled (adj)
blush (vb)* tort (n)* according to (prep)'..
vandalism (n)
dealer (n)*** invade (vh)* cncmy (n)***
wear out (pllrasal verh)
lawycr (n)*** irnning board (n) inspection (n)"
Unit 13 market (n)*** lo<.:atio11 (11) legeml (n)
appllance (n)* 011 tl te way out (pluase) lush (adj) * legendary (adj)
applicalion orm (n) shortcoming (n) mining (n)* ouUaw (n)
calculate (vb)** mountain range (n ) strike (n)..
Unit 18
charge (11) ... notorious (adj)*
ahandon (vb) offence (n)...
chip (n)**
compulsory (adj)** attempt (n) '" peak (n)..
blood pressure (n )
Unit 25 link (n)*** Unit 32 soaked (ad j)
culprlt (n) monsoou (u) catastropbe (n) sulely (adv)
force (vb)*** pond (n) t:Jt IUUUL (11) slereolype (n)"
gamble (vbt promete (vb) complacency (n) suitable (adj)***
harrn (n)** purchase (n)** distant (adj).. support (vh)***
headline (n )** rlverbank (n) dwindle (vb) swelling (n)
household (n)*** ruu11tla!Juut (11) tace to face (adv) uneventful (atlj)
ma~leq,iece (11)* senseless (adj) genetit: e11gineering (n) warning (n)***
solution (n)*.. shriek (n ) inappropriale (adj)** well-otf (adj)
sn1mblc (vb)* ~lip (vh?** inquiry (n )*
worthless (adj) suspidon (n )** parachute (n) Unit 35
sway (vb)* (someone likes the) sound autograph (n)
Unit 26 (of their uwn vuice) challe11ging (adj)
acidic (adj) Unit 30 (phrase) circumference (n )
ambition (n)** accurate (adj) vitally (adv) controversial (adj)**
approach (n)*** ash (n)** crash (n)**
astrophysic.~ (n) cubic (ad)) Unit 33 estimate (n) ...
coach (n )*' eruption (n) block (n )'* heresy (n)
crust (n ) finn (adj)*** brake (n)* hooligan (n)
da la (n)*** halt (vb)* casually (n) immense (adj)..
feedback (n)** hay fever (n) civilian (adj)* inevitable (adj)..
ice sheet (n) launch (vb)''* dernolish (vh? lawyer (n) **
melt (vb)-* paramecf: (n) devastate (vb)' manned (adj)
mineral (n) pass (n)** faint (adj)** require (vb)
mo livaled (adj) rear (n).. fillh>' (ad j)* solar systcm (n)*
nutritional (adj) receipt (n )** justify (vb)** sphere (n)**
quake (n) report (vb)*** land (vh)*** Lheo ry (n)***
satel lite (n)** scout (n)* mental (adj)*** vast (adj)**
swamp (n) slaught~r (v!J)* outcast (n)
super- (prefix) pesler (vb) Unit 36
Unit 27 u rgent (ad j} precarious (adj) anonymous (adj)*
associate (vbt ** vineyard (n) pull (a muscle) (vb)*** a~soci;ition (n)***
daim (n) ..* warehouse (n)*' run-down (adj) blidess (n)
cohhled (adj) skating (n) burst (vb)**
condemn (vb)" Unit 31 state (11)... clubbing (n)
c:reative (adj)** amorous (adj) stuck (ad j) colonist (n)
devastaling (adj)" bravery (n) surrendcr (n)* conduct (vh)***
d ull (adj)** deter (vh) waste (vh)** conductor (n )*
explosion (n)** dull (ad j)** weapon (n)... degeneration (n)
-proof (suffix) episode (n)** embryo (n)
sum (n)*** expansion (n )** Unit 34 evidence (n)*
lhatch (vb) head (vb)*** analyse (vb)** fan oven (n)
ucban (adj) ... heal (vb)** capacity (n)*** haven (n)
manufacture (vb)** clPrgy (man) (n)* implant (n)
Unit 28 munlrlons (n) co1ine (vb)' isulate (vlJ)*
disorganized (adi) uu t!Jr~ak (n) converse (vb) nuisance (n)*
drlft (vb)** psychiatric (adir discomforl (n) philanthropist (n)
fire IJrigad~ (n)* range (n)*** excavation (n) predator (n)**
kill (n) rat race (n) fcature (vb)*** set (adj)*
pertorm (vb)*** respect (n) .. fit (vb) stagger (vb)*
snore (vh) safe (n)* gtey matter (n) slem cell (n)
temptation (n)'* severe (adj)*** inferior (adj)* stream (vbj+
verbal (adj)* shortage (n)** innate (adj) therapy (n)**
visual (adj)** short-sighted (ad j) manners (n)*** tissue (n)**
stccl (n)'* nava l (adj)** tria! (n)***
Unit 29
sultable (adj)*** navy (n) ..
archway (n) take lhe pi unge (ph rase) orlglnate (vb)** Unit 37
bark (vb)' tell apart (phrasaJ vcrb) partuer (n)*.. accused (the) (n)
blame (vb)* unwilling (adj) perceive (vb+* album (n)**
circumslance (n)*** weld (vh) press (n)*** cabinet (n)***
collapse (vb)** process (vb)** conscript (vb)
delivery (n)*** corroborate (vb)
shelter (vb)*
footpath (n) council tax (n)
$heph~rd (n)
furlous (ad]) sketch (n )* digital (adj)
gla<..ie r (11)
<lownfaU (11) mainlenance (n )** Unit 43 Unit 21
expansion (n) modification (n)** blatant (adj) IJunseo burner (ll)
expertise (n)** motion (n)*** brandish (vb) rnmbustion (n)
exposu re (n) .. neglect (n)* hreach (n)** downpour (n)
resume (vb)** observatlon (n)*** coUide (vb)' excess (adj) *
rival (adj)** offen<.:t! (n) consult (vb)** fla111e (n) ..
rocket (n)* organism (n)** creak (vb) nash flood (n)
snore (vb) overwhelm (vh)* crew (n) .. * gradually (adv)
stretch 1i mo (n) pebble (n) divcrsc (adj) .. heat (n)
tense (adj)' pendulum (n) float (n) intense (atlj)
wristwatch (n) est (n) groan (vb)" intensity (n)
potentialJy (adv) .. hu rricane (n) low-lying (adj)
Unit 38 precisely (adv)... longing (n) piping (n)
apply (vb)** re~istance (n)*.. Jure (vh) plain (n) **
hlackmail (n ) selection (n)**' mast (n) sleeve (n) ..
boUer (n) spring (n)*.. oaJ (n ) tsuuami (n)
burst (vb)** substantially (adv) pa1ade (n)* vertical (adj)
clairu (n)*** suit (vb)*** plug (vb)*
deadline (n)* unified (adj) regain (vh) .. Unit 21
globe (n) varicty (n)*.. scrccch (vb) assumption (n) ..
pipe (n) .. well-1.Jeing (n) survive (vb)*** clumsy (adj) *
record (n)**" wind turbine (n) wax (n) equally (adv) ***
revenge (n)* will (n)*** prejudice (n) **
security guard (n) Unit 41 prove (vh) ...
slack (adj) agent (n )' .. shave (vb)
spokesperson (n) amphlbian (n) Unit 44 stigmafe (vb)
su.rvlvor (n )* as~et (11)* bl:!ar ~ometlng in mlnd lool (n) ***
bandwidth (n ) (phrase)
Unit 39 brink (n)* collapse (vb)** Unit 27
armament (n) coincidence (n)* consideration (n) better off (adj)
deceive (vh)' dwel ler (n) deceive (vb)" diargc (n) ...
dcccption (n)' epi<lerni<.: (11) fau lt (n) point of use (s!.!e uint uf
define (vb)**' hardware (n)* jewel (n) sale) (n)
deliberately (adv) idealize (vb) justify (vb)** provision (n)
disguise (n) innovative (adj)* point (n)*.. revenue (n) *-
fault (n) .. JT (n)* standard (adj) ***
honour (vb)** mass produclion (n) tier (n)
imitate (vb)* mobility (n)* Review treat (vb) *
insufficient (adj)** obe$ity (n)
mugger (n) Unit 3 Unit 44
obligc (vb) ..
performance (n )*** pace (n)** barley (n) avoid (vb) ***
satelllte (n)** refabricate (vb) Oannel (n) brushstroke (n)
spare art (n) fraglle (adj) emphasis (n) ..,.
public (adj)
unannounced (adv) reassure (vb)** fresh wmplex.ion open air (11)
union (n )*"* ruhher (n)** leave (n) 1nake tun ot (phrase)
ruin (n) physique (n) overall (adj) *
Unlt 40 prcparatory sch ool purc (adj)
sean (vb)**
astronomicaJ (adj) slum (n) pugnacity (n) reproduce (vb) **
bree<liug (n )* sothvare (n)*** a shadow of his former
cancer (.n) *** speck (n) seH (phrase)
concussion (n) shiny (adj)
staggl:!ri ng (atlj)
consumer (n)'"
core (n)** Unit 20
Unit 42
corporation (n)* appoint (vb)*** astronomer (n)
cross-cultUJaJ (adj) almosphere (n ) **
artefact (n)*
(a grcat) dcal of (phrase) blur (vb)
dlsconnect (vb)
dcmand (n ) .. launch (vb)
election (11)**
domnate (vb)** genius (n)* manned (adj)
dwarf (n) hosepipe (n) obst!rva tory (n)
erratic (adj) shortage (n) serv ice (vb)
fuse (vb)* tournamcnt (n)** ultraviolet (adj)
fusion (n)
generator (n)*
liver (n)**
like .... . ---- ..-..-. 132 purpose --- ......._....... 162
Grammar index litlle . .................. 104 q ua11tity -- .. --- 104
ma}' / might .. ... 68, 72 q uestions ---- .. 92
a / nn 96, 100 modaJs indirect ---- - 92
about Lo 24 ability 64 reportcd 82
adjectives -- . 118, 124, 150 ccrtainty 68 tags _ _ _ _ _ ..... 92
adverbial clauses _ - 162., 166 critlclsm .. 611 reason 162, 184
adverbs 128, 136 obligation ... . .... 64 relati ve pronouus 158
agent 31 offers .. ........................ 72 repetition ............. .. .. 204
ugu ........ 142 perrnission .. ... 7?. reported (indirf'rt)
arlicles ..... 96, 100 rccommcndation 64 spccch 82,88
as - 132 req uests -- . _ 72 report verbs ... 88
be able to _ __ - 65 uncertarnty .... ... _ 68 requests 72
can / could 6.S, 68, 72 mureuver .... 184 result ..... 162, 184
causative llave 46 muc/1 / man}' .. 104 sequen ces 188
clauses, deftning and m11st 64,69 slrn/1 ...... _ _ _ 24,72
UUJ1-<Jt:fiui.11g 158 narrative 10 slrnuld 64, 68
comparisons . 132 nccd 65, 73 sincc ___ .....- ........_ 20, HZ
compound nouns 111 noun --- ..... 110 state verbs .. ............ 6
concession -- . -- .. 184 one, unes --..- - - 114, 192 substitution .... 192
conditionals .SO, 56, 198 othenvise --- ...._ ............ 56 suclt as .... 188
cooncctors - 184, 188 ought ............ _ ..... - .... 69 summarizing 188
contrast 162, l 84 participle pbrases - __. 166 su pe rla ti ves 132
cuuntaule 11uu.11s 104 partitives 111 tell 82, 88
degree ...... ... 129, 184 passive tense contrasts 30
ellipsis _ __ _........_. 192 formatlon and use .34 ti-le --- - .....
96, lO0
empbasis - - - ... 204 hearsay reporting .......40 /.here ... -........-
114
cxccpt (for) . - _ 188 verbs with two lime words _ 142
few - ... ......---- 104 objects . :-14 transitive ve.rbs 34
(ur .. 20, 142, 146, past continuous 16 uncountable nouns .._ 104
150 past pcrfect __ ___ 16 u.nless ____ 56
fronting 198 past simple .. _ .._____ 16 used lo do ................................ 16
future cont inuous _._.-24 phrasal verbs .............. ...... 170,174,178 wltat-clause ... 204
future pcrfcct 24 possessive when -- .... .. 166
gct ___ ---- _ ... 46 apostrop he ('s) ...110 which / /'lw/ I .S8
Ex 1 Ex 3
a did you do b will h ave started e are you staying a has Uf.:!t!J Ldosetl b is t:stiwated e are f.:!xo,cted
d has not won e will be f haven't been waiting d is houscd e has beco torced
g had sent h will be feels j was going to be f is caHiecl ou l / is beu1g carried oul
k are always criticizing me I have heen meaning g was being constructed h was belng built
i have been tolcl j has been done/ is being done
k llave been accommoclated
1 have not been affected / are not affected
m was only completed
Ex4 carry messages from a worshipper to Zeus, the father of the
a Dora was examined by a number of trainee doctors. goct.~.
b Evcryonc has been surpriscd by the exten t o the e In ancitmt Egypt, l>ats' blood was thought to cure blindness.
Oood-damagc. d ln Aztec mythology, the Sun was helieved to he the home of
e Thc sccurity door was opened With a counterfeit key. the gutl Quctz.akoatl.
d Many woul d-be shoppers were put off by the freezing e In Norse mythology, the bravest warriors were Lhought to
conditions.
Uve after tlea lh i11 1e hall uf Valltalla.
e The window was smashcd with a brick. f ln ancicnt Egypt, thc scarab, or bectlc, was bclicvcd to carry
f Some famllics are belng hit hard by the h lgh cost of gas the $un across Lhe sky.
and elec:-tricity. Ex 2
g The wlndows o n nearby l.mlldlngs were blown in by the
a The wmpany's Eurupt!a11 divisiu11 i> ,aid to ue l1aviJ1; a xoutl
force ot thc explosion.
ycar.
h Sev~al l.,uil<li ug, were <laruagetl by tht: lti;h winds.
b ln contrast, the Far East division is said to have been
i The security guard was hit on the hcad with a blunt
sufferlng from rlsing costs.
i11s ln11ne11t.
e The :omr~ny is helieved to have been talk ing to a
Tbc sea wall was washcd away by the unusually high tide.
competltor about a posslble merger.
Ex 5 d Some Clirectors are known to have heen thinki ng on t he.~e
a was awardcd b was praiscd e had been cut down lines for sorne time.
d had been. left e has been copied e Th e CEO, Carl t~raham, is l>elieved to he maki ng an attempt
f has bccn transformed g has been arrested to focus t ht! VU$i11ess more sharply in sorne areas.
h was beaten i was elected j was appointed f ;te is aJso said ~o be looki ng at th e possibil ity of joh cuts.
9 fh ~ compa11y 1s Lhuugltt lu be ltultliug a tup-lewl m ~eli ug
Ex 6 about thcsc maltcrs ncxt weck.
a I was promiscd a pay rise ... Ex3
b ... was sem to me by courier the next day.
e ... is being taken over by a mu lti-national firm . a ... thought to be thc sitc of burcd trcasurc.
d Toe man trying to climb ln the wlndow was notlce<l ... b ... said to be in a place called 'Lhe money pil'.
e ... was awarded a meda l for brnvery. e ... thought to havc buried thc trcasurc centurics ago.
f ... was made to take the exam agaln. d ... reported to have fallen into a hole al the foot o a Jarge
g ... was given t hc paintings hy an eklrrly aunt. trcc.
e ... believed to have discovered traces of treasu.re in the hale.
h The case Is golng to be looked into ...
! ... resc:ue attempts were considered pointless. f ... said to have found a treasure chest in Jater excavations.
J ... was e]eLtetl m:!sitle11 t for a ,ccuutl teru1. g ... said to have flooded in .
h ... belleved to have searched for t he Lreasu re.
Ex 7 i ... t hought to have lmmd o ld pi~ces of mf'ta l in t he hole.
a Accurtliug to a ~tatt'l11e11t [rom Pinewood Stutl ios, the James j ... reported to be a natural ph enomenon, or t he rem,1ins of
Bond stage, wbich was dcstroycd by firc at thc weekend, will o ld colonial forlifications.
be rebuilt. Ex4
b The cause of the blaze at Iver Heatll, Bucklnghamshire, iJ1
which the celchrMPci stage was left rnmplPlf'ly g11ttl'ci, has a I appreciatc bci.ng takc.n to thc station.
not yet been conflrmed. b I enjoyed being shown around Lbe school.
e A ~poke.sperson explained that shooting of tl1e la test e I dori't retnmber being rurested!
protluction hatl I.Jee11 completetl an tl tbe film ~t!ts w,;re l.,ei11g d He said be liked being taken seriously.
removed. e Tina denled having been paid to appear in the play.
d The full dfecl> o litis i11citlt!11l hav,; 11ut yet I.Jeeu osses~t!d1 f 1 don't remember being given the anaest hetic.
bu t th c Em ancial performance of thc compaoy wLII not be g I appreclate belng given another chance.
affecled . Ex 5
e Buckngba rnshirc Firc Brigade was callcd at J 118 BST oo
a The hat sold yesterday at the auction iS said to have been
Sunday.
worn hy Napoleon <luring t he iovasion of Russia in 1812.
f The blaze was tackled by eight fire engines, and the smoke
was visible from ten mi.les away. b The earthquake ln the North Sea Is thought to llave been
caused by a release in pressu re atter ol a nc1 gas <'Xtrnrtion.
g The roof coverlng rhe stage caved In through flre damage
e Harril!t the tortoisl!, who has ju~-r died aged 176, is belleved
anc1 spt'cial equipm!'nt was req11ir!'ci to reach it.
to have been owned by Charles Darwin.
h Ir is the second time rhe stage, originally built for elle 1977
llonc1 lilm n,e .'ipy Wlw Ul\led Me, has heen de.~troyl'ci hv fire. d TLuee patieuh are nuw k11uw11 to llave bee11 ltettetl with
thc discasc through blood transfusions.
The building was previously rebuilt foUowlng a fire in '
1984 after which slx people were treated for burns, smoke e More lhan a bu11drt!<l football supurters are tltougltt to have
bccn i.nvolvcd in the riot aftcr thc match.
i11 halatiu11, autl shuck.
j Socc ts rcopcomg, whcn it was cbristcncd T/1c Albert R f Th e recen! forest fires in Californ ia are believed Lo have bee11
started deliberately.
Broccoli 007 Stage afte, the long-lime producer of t he series, it
g Three other religious leaders are now lmown to have been
has been used in fiveJames Bond fllms.
arrested at the same Lime.
h The helicopter wruch crashed yesrerday h'illlng eighteen
service personnel is believed to have be,eo shot down .
Unit8
Ex 1
a In Tnsh mytl1ology, a mereor was said ro be a soul passJ.ng
from pu.rga tory to heaven.
b In Greek mythology, tJ1e beech rree was beUeved to be able to
Ex6 h Have you got your work startcd yct ?
a Two suspects are thought to have been afl'ested . i Sue has had h er car stolen.
b The plane is believed to have crashed into thc sea ncar a Ex4
sm.aU island.
e The rninister Js sald to be considering changing th e laws on a had b have e had d done e d idn'L f gol
smoki ng in p11hlic. g having h got i had ) h ave k having I get
d Yesterday the sltuatlon ls reponed to have lmproved.
e Whalcs are said to havc bccn sccn in t he area for the flrst Unit 10
lime.
f The firc is bclicvcd to havc brokcn out at 3 am. Ex 1
g Last year the compa ny is reported lo have rt!Cun.l~tl risi11g a .. . you press that button on thc kcyboard, you'll losc what
profits. you've w rit ten
h The number of unemployed is th ough t to have fallen by
b ... lose your work if you make a back-up copy.
10%.
e ... have virus protection you'll have problems wi th your
Ex 7 computer.
Suggested answers: d ... hack and arms will ache if you sit too long at the
computer.
lle is thought to have been boro on 23 April, 1564.
e ... r.ould have proh iems if you tum off the computer before
He Is belJeved to have started his edu cation at the age of
dusing ali programs.
srvrn / in 1.~ 71.
He is thought to have jolned a company of actors between
f ... you don't save your work hrfori, closing t hr word-
JJruc.:essi11g progrmn, yuu'll lose it.
1585 and 1592.
He is thougltt to have lmm both a playwright anda
g ... you lcarn thc kcyboard short cuts, you can save a Jot of
Lime.
pcrformcr.
He is believed to lrnvt! writl~11 h~ first play in 1S89- 1590.
h ... probably crastl if you run too many programs at thc samc
time.
He is thought to havc writtcn tbc poem Venus and Adonis
while Luuduu U11::atn:s wcrt: d u~td I.Jecau~e of t he plai{Ue, Ex2
He is believed to have written JI Midsummer Nigflr's Dream for aA b ll cA dA e B f C gB hC iC jA
a wedding in 159S.
He Is thought to have writ.ten Romeo and J11liet in the same Ex 3
yrar. ac b B CA dA e ll fC ge hC
He Is belleved to llave wrltten Homlet tn 1600-1601.
Ex4
a disapprarrcl b wou ld begin e polluted
Unit9 d would soon become e were f would soon begln
Ex 1 g wou ld take h rnmpet!'cl i wou ld hi,nl'fit j ca11ght
k wou ld eventually increase I vanished
a Wc havc had thc outsidc of our h ousc paintcd. m would not necessa rily recover n would have o took
b Marlin had bis hair cut yeslerday. p .,uiso11~<.I q wuu Itl go by r <.lisapp~are<.I s <:t'ase<.I
e wc are having a ncw central heating system installed at our t would not absorb u landcd v would find
house tomorrow.
d J arn going to have my eyes examined tls afternoon . Ex 5
e Tom had h is nose ,tltered last year. Suggested answers:
f I had my Jeath er coat dry-deaned spedally. a stopped, would a.lways b~
g We have h ad our paintings valued. b mclt, wm risc or mcltcd, would risc
h Maria had t11e car looked at before she bought it. e recyde, will be d feU, would happen
i We had th e windows in our house replaced last year.
e don't stop, wI.11 eventuaUy grind f wIII h appen, run out
j J ulia is goi 11g to havt: two uf ht:r tt:t:th takt:n out.
g ti nai ly start, will neecl or tinally startrd, wouid nercl
Ex2 h wasn't, would the world be
a Katk !tau ht:r <.:ar stolt:11 l>y out: uf her frit:n<.ls. i don't stop, wi lI hecome j jumped, would he
b We are going to havc our photograpb taken. . Ex6
e Ca11 yuu comt! t1ui<:kly? 1 havt: liad wy h ouse brukt'H u1to. a It Mrs Allen's neighhour hadn't srarchi,cl his garclrn shecl, he
d Laura is going to have her portrait pain tcd by Traccy Errun, wouldn't have found the mlsslng ca t lnslde.
Lhe well-known Brilish aitisl.
b If one of them hadn't had her mohiie phone w ith her, the
e Thcy had thcir housc designcd by a weU-known architect. ltikers wuultl11't b ave l.>e~n restue<.I qukkly.
f 1 have ali my suts made by a local lailor.
e Tf th c boy hadn't bccn wcaring a lifc jacket, he wouldn't havc
g Dave had his bike repaired ata shop in the High Street. survived.
h I am h aving my hip replaced next week.
d lf Mr Andcrson hadn't wokcn up beca use he hcard thc smokc
i Tony had one of his fingers broken wbile h e was playing alarm, lhe family woulrui'Lbave managed to escape Lhe fire.
cricket.
e lf rcscuc workcrs had scarchcd thc car properiy thcy would
Maria is going to bave her flat redecorated by a local firrn.
llave noUced Lhe injured man .
Ex3 f If most of thc staiff badn't lcft thc room, more than onc
a One of the players got tlis leg broken. person would have been in jured.
b Andy wants to have bis nose altered. g lf ch e goa lkeepe r hadn't made a mist ake, United would have
e Auna got arreste<.I a~ she was leaviug the shup. won.
h [f a puli<.;e officer hadn't stopped Pratt for drink-drivlng, an d
d Thc paticnt had his leg amputated after the accident.
e J usually ltavt: m y sltoes rt:pai rt:<.I i11 tht: sltop uu tllt' wmer. taken a DNA samp le, I'ratt wouid not have heen charged
with t ite pr~viuu:sly unsolved murcler uf Mrs .Tunes.
f I got Tom to check all the Windows before h e l eft.
g Jim says ltt:'11 bt: lal~ b~caus~ lle is gt:tti11 ls lt air wt.
Ex 7 Ex4
a would have happened b had lllissed a would b were e time d it e made f were g dcove
e would llave continued d would probably not exist h could i were j wou ld kas I were
e would be f would not have been able
g would bave developed h would bave gJown
i existed j would not have changed k wou ld look Unit 13
1 had not colllded m would probably not be
n woulcl not hav" stoocl Ex 1
a mnstn't b <lid not have to reac1 e we'rl hetter not
d I cl icln't nel.!d to have e shouldn't have tolcl me
Unit 11 f shouJd not g shouldn't h should not llave attemptcd
i w ustn't j do11't havt! to be
Ex 1
a pcovided b Supposing e but for d otherwise Ex 2
e were to f if you happen to be g even if a have b must e have d beuer e sbould
h as long as i unless j If it hadn't been for f are g cou ld h should i had j necd
Ex 2 Ex3
aC bB ce dA eC fB gB hC iA jB a ... bctter take an umbrclla.
b ... have to go to school on Saturday moming in your
Ex3 cow1try?
a We will only refund your booking fee if you cancel 48 hou rs e ... to hand in a typed copy of their firsl lab report.
in advance. d ... needn't have changed ...
b U only you'd told me about the cheap lligh ts to Italy. e ... think you ought ...
e lf it hadn't been for the sklll of the surgeon, t he child would f ... sl1ouldn't llave le.h the windows open whlle lt was ral nlng.
not have surviVf'cl. g ... cl idn't have to pay.
d lf you should l1ave second choughts, let us know. h ... don 't have to ...
e l\ut for your hrlp, 1 wonld have maclr a complrte m!'.ss ot i ... ahlf' to stop the car hefore it crashed into a wal l.
thls. j ... dldn't have to connect lt to a phone Une.
f lt l might tak!' your ma t?
g Even lf you offer me more money, 1stUJ won't sell the house Ex4
to you! a should b have e able d had e h ad f liave
h L~t 1111! g~t a wur<l iJ1 <.!<lg.:way,, a11<l l'll lt!ll yuu what 1 g should h have i heen j wi ll k shou lcl I ough t
discovcrcd. m have n better o have
Jf you were lo change your m ind abou l the job, we'd be
in tcrcstcd in hearing from you.
Unless we are delayed, we'll be Lhere by six. Unit 14
Ex4 Ex 1
a unless b wil l e were d would e provided f even aA bB ce dA ee fe ge hB ic JA
g otherwtse h not i Supposlng j would Ex 2
a 3 b 8 e 7 d 10 e 1 f 5 g 6 h 2 19 j4
Unit 12 Ex 3
Ex 1 a ... could / mlglll h ave an acciclent.
a llad b had lstcncd e would d would stop b ... can't be safe.
e didn't leave f had nol bougbt g h acl spen l h kn ew e ... must have klckecl a ball against it.
1 paid j wish d ... can be a clangemus p lace.
e ... must be safe to touch these wires now.
Ex2 f ... might / cou ld have tolcl me that piec-r nf metal was hot!
ae bA CA d A eB fB ge hB le e g ... shuul<l have arcivecl by now.
h ... can't havc clcancd lhis bowl properly.
Ex3
a ... if more ancl more young people will go into h ighcr Ex4
educatioo in fuhHe. a 4 b 5 e 10 d 2 e 7 f 8 g 6 h 9 i 1 j :i
b ... their chlld1en studied a useful subject lead.ing to a good
job.
e ... thelr parents would let them mal<e their own choices. Unit 15
d ... they had chosen their coursrs morl' rarefully.
e ... not to ch oose a subject simply because they thlnk they are
Ex 1
good at il. a couldn't b shall e shouldn't d needs e can'l
f ... I were you, ['<l tltink al.iout what ki nd of work I want / f could g could h I'll do it I might j cou ldn't
wantcd to do in thc futurc. Ex 2 Suggest ed answers:
g ... tbey wt!re only i.u tereste<l in havi.ng a guo<l time.
h ... tbey had worked harder. a cao't be b sball we do e might just d might have known
i .. . if they will never repay their student loans . e could you f C:ould g n !'ecls h ca n't hf'
... time that unlversities paid more attention to students'
finanrial problems.
Ex 3 Unit 16
Suggested answers: Ex 1
a Thanks, but you rcally shou ldn't havc brought me flowcrs! a 6 b 3 e 9 d 1 e 4 f 7 g 10 h 5 i 8 j 2
b ShaU J carry th ose books for you?
e You can't be serious! E.x 2
d You might be tal ler than rne, but you're not better at a Wo11 1<1 it be ali righJ if I teft now?
basketbaUl b The computer wouldn't work properly.
e Could l open thc window, picase? e You wou ld say thc wrong U1ing!
f I couldn'l care less what yuu ~ayl d Il wouid be really xreat tu see yuu agaiu.
e Woutd you mind opcning thc door for me?
Ex4 f Wh al l did lhen would Lurn out to be a m.istake.
a 8 b S e 3 d 10 e 1 f 7 g 9 h 6 i 4 j 2 g Would you li ke sti11 o r sparl<ling water?
Ex 5 h lf you would follow me, 1'11 take you to the meeting room.
i We would hope to deliver the finished prot1uct in six weeks'
a Could I lry lhal shol again? titnc--.
b Beforc wc start playing, thc nct nccds adjustin g. I wouldn't worry about th e resu lts.
e $hall .1 hold Lhe lag while you lake your shol?
d Try as I may, I can't skatc propcrly. EX 3
e I won't Jet the team down. a would lend b does e refuset1 d l'll be
f I co uldn't care less whether you run in this racc or not. e usen to work f wo11lrln't hi> g will h wo11 ld I rlo
g You never know, United might just win all their matches! i prefer j would you belp
h No member o f the club shall use insulting language to any
ot her me mher. Ex4
i Now the wea ther has lmproved, thlngs couldn't be better. a woultl b wuuld e - d would e wuul<l f wuuld
j That's kinn of yon, hnt yo11 neen n't h~ve bo11gh t my ticket. g would h wouldn't i - j wouldn't k wouJd 1-
m- n - o wuul<l p- q wuu ltl r - s wuul<l t wuultl
Ex 6
a c b B CA d B e A f C g A h B i H j B
Ex7
Unit 17
a Do wc havc to takc thc final test? Ex 1
b You ,houlu11'l lwve ul ,u 111ud1 le111u t1 in tite cake. a had already left b was e was d wuultl
e Tim's computcr craslct1, but h e was ablc to save thc pagcs he e did11't know f cras hecl g was h had heen waiting
was working on. i wuul<ln't j is / was (L,uth acceJt,1l>le)
d Passengers are n ot to pass bcyond this point.
e I think you had beller see ao eye specialist about lh is Ex 2
problcm. a ... he woutdn't len<l his car tu just anyone.
f Paula slarted the class immedialely, as she didn't have to take b ... he wasn 't very satisfied with his job.
an en trance test. e ... she wasu't guiug tu wurry abuul th e money unlil she
g We didn't have to pay for our tickets. lleard om the banlc
h Dave h ad to leave befare the end of the performance. d ... she didn 'l know where Bill was living al that moment.
i We needn't have bought a second tin of paint. e ... told me shc hactn't had her o peration yet.
j Kate should have taken her umbrella. f ... if I ale loo much, I'd feel iU.
g ... they would be writing to her later that week.
Ex 8 h ... the prices wouldn't rise befare the end of the year.
a By the time they leave school, most studems should have i .. the police had noticet1 Jack's car. they would have arrested
uncterstood the importancc of regula r cxcrcisc. h im.
b Wbeu Uttey start a juu, ur hixlter stuies, sorne eu le can j ... s!Je wuukl let me k11ow if ~he hau auy mure rublt'lll S.
forgct tbat time n ccds to be set asidc for this.
e Those who don'L find lhe lime for exerclse, ace bound lo Ex 3
regret this in the future. a 'Aeruvlanes are interesting tuys, l;ut uu u ut have auy miHlary
d When lhey feel lired or ove!-stressed, fo1 example, Lhey think va lue' 8
U1is must ha11e happcned because they have been working b 'Wlrntevi:r yuung Ei11steit1 <lo~, he will a111uuul lo 110Lhing.' 4
loo h ard. e ' lt will be ycars, and not in my lifctimc, bcforc a woman will
e 111ey don't realize that this might also be the result of failing becuute Brilish pri me miJthler.' 5
to keep fit. d 'I t11ink there is a worlt1 market for pcrhaps five computcrs.' 7
f When they do h ave any free time, they feel they mlgh t as e 'Television won'L slay popu laI for more Lh an six months,
well relax in Front of the tPlevision, as in the gym or on the bccausc pcoplc will soon get ti red o f staring ata wooden box
runnlng crack. every n igh t.' 2
g Perhaps they think that thr people who tin<1 timr lm l'xl'rC'iSI' f ' We don' t like your sound, and guitar music is on the way
must be taklng time away from dolng thelr Job properly. out.' 3
h l lowever, rrse~rrh shows that this rn111<1n 't he further trom g 'The teleph one has too many shortcomings and is of no
the trurh value to us.' 6
Most people cou lct easi ly fi nct the time to keep fit if they h 'The horse is here to scay, but the car is o nly a novelty.' 1
urganizetl their tiu1e wu re ttffe1;tively.
Ex4
ln U1e end, we h ave to / must remember that someone who
feeJs fit and well must be able to work more easily and with a huw long it touk to get cu the l.:ity centre.
more energy. b if I had visiten the Nationa l Museum.
, wha t she thuught of the hotel fuou.
d if I would he travelling hy train.
e if she knew t he way to the Opera House. f Good heavens, it isn't really 8 .00 already, is if!
f how much 1 had paid to stay ln the student hostel. g You understancl tl1e second example, don't you?
g whet her / if she was thinking of changing hotels. h You haven't seen Chris, by any chance, have you"t
h whetber / J J had ro leave ar 10.00.
i to go witl1 me to fue station / if she would go with me to the Ex4
sration. a No, they don't. They call it Republika e Shqiperise.
b No, it doesn'r. lt lies between France and Spain.
Ex 5 e Yes, that's right.
aB bA cC dA e B fC g B hA d No, lt Jsn't. Canberra Is the capital.
e No, it isn't. Dominica is a small island repu hlc, hut the
Ex 6 Dom in lean Republic is the eastem half uf the island of
a say b asked e was d hlm e whal f me g knew Hispaniola, so they are not lhe same.
h said i had j me k if I wottld m would n not o lo f Yes, they <.lo. ln<.lians make up about 38% of the populatiun.
g No, it didn't. lt used to be called Hasutoland.
Unit 18 Ex 5
a don't b are e haven't d what e don'l f IJon'l
Ex 1 g Dun 't h tht!rt! i Wt! j fur
a wugratulated b d1mit!u e co11fessed d remiml
e rcgrcttcd f apologizcd g volw1tccrcd h pointcd out
i ,1~u rcd j wamcd Unit 20
Ex 2 Ex 1
a B, e b A e e d B, e e A te g B, e h A, e a the, - , - b the, the, e - , -, the d the, tlle, the, tlle
i C jA e the, the, the f - , -, - , - g - , the, -, the
h the, th e, - , the I the, the, the, - j - . -
Ex 3
a on b me e tbat d cntcring e me f if / whether Ex 2
g oul h if / whelher i o j lm k lo l lo a Tlle b an e the d - e the f rile g rile h - i -
j - k the I the m a n - o a p a q a r the s the
Ex4
t a u the v the w a x a y a z a 1 - 2 - 3 the
a ,ui11tt!d uul that b of faiJJ11g e slluation on a d ,1 4 the 5 a 6 a 7 t ht' 8 - 9 1he 10 - 11 the
e that high blood pressure
f Lhat Lhey should make / to make g-,/ Ex 3
h added tlm smoking i concluded rhal j ,J a the, an, tht' b a, a, 1he e the, a, a d 1hr, a, a
e a, a, the, a, the, a f the, the, the, a, the
Ex 5
g the, a, the, the, t he h t he, the, the, the i the, an, a
a invited b announced e thanked d begged j the, a, the, the
e reminded f agreed g poi.nted out h persuaded
1 volu nreered j swore k declded I ordered Ex4
a a b - e a d - e The f - g tl1e h the i th e j a
k a 1- m the n a o - p - q the / - r the s - t -
Unit 19 u - v - w a x ,1 y - z a 1 - 2 the 3 the 4 the
Ex 1
a thcy should givc him b her planc arrives e isn't it Unit 21
d Hasn'l she? e t-Je is, isn'l he?
f w t1at exactly are you waiting for Ex 1
g w here the Astoria Ho tel is a Th e, a, Lhe, the b the, a, the, a . the e - , -, a, thc, the
h There isn't, is there? 1You won't be long, will you? d the / -, tl1e, - , the, the, t he e -,-, an
j when the next train leaves f -, a, t he, the, - g the, a, a, the h The, , an, the, -
Ex 2 Ex 2
a ... really !ove to know how old she is. a Thc b - e tlle d t he e a f - g the h the i a
b ... you rell me how much lh ls shln costs? j - k Thr I the m t he n a o - p the q the r The
e ... suppose you know where the projc-c-tor is. s the t the u th e v the w the x the y the z a
d ... not clear whlch room is whlch. 1 - 2 an 3 a 4- 5 -
e ... woncler what time the lecture finishe~.
f ... not sure where l have to go. Ex 3
g ... you explain how this works? a The, the, - b a, the, the e - the, a d The, a, the, -
h ... lht!y luid yuu I.Juw luux Wt! haw lo wail? e a, a, - f the, t he, the g - an, - h The, - , rhe
i -, tllc, a, thc j -, tl1e, a
Ex 3
a Can'l you finish your wuck on lime? Ex4
b What are we waiting for? a thc b a e lhe d the e - f the g the h r he
e Do you know whal heI llisl name is? i Lht! j tite k - 1Thc m the n tlle o - p the
d Thls isn't your sca t, is it? q tllc r Thc s - t fhc u the v - w The
e C.ould you tell me the lime? CouJd you tell me what Lhe Lime x the y - z- 1 Tht! 2- 3- 4 th~ 5- 6-
Is?
Unit 22 Ex 5
Ex 1 Hamlel's falh er the Kiug uf Deuu rnrk h as d ied, a11d h is
mothcr has marricd hJs fUb.cr'.s brothcr, Claudius. Dcnmar k
a hardl y any b cnough e lots of d very few is under th rea l of invasion by a foreign ~ army. Two
e o nly a lillle f nol enough g a few h a lot o f soldiers on du ty on th e ramparts of the castle see Hamlet's
1 Too many J too much k as mucb as I cnough ~ ghost. La ter, the ghost speaks to Hamlet and describes
Ex2 hls brother's method of murdering J1im. Harulet promises
to avenge his mmder, hut pretends to he mad to e.scapt> hi.s
a B bA CA dC ec fA gB hC IC Ji\ Lu1dt!'s sllspi<.:ious. Clau<lius asks Hamlet's friends to fin<l out
k ll I A
th e reasons for his stra nge beh aviour. Claudius's / C:laudius'
Ex3 adviser, Poluuius, the father of Hamlt:t'~ gi.rlfriend Oph elia,
a many b much e of d less e hardly f lot g as suggcsts that hs madncss is causcd by lovc. Hamlct's friends
h quite i how j amown k much invi le a Lroupe oI acLors Lo l1y Lo make Hamlet less unhappy.
Hamlet asks th em to put on a play he has writtcn in which his
Ex4 father's murder will be acted. His ~ guilt becomes clear
a There's not enough time to fln lsh now. when he stops t11e play and Jeaves with his courtiers. Harnlet
b Non e of my amwers wa.s / Wf're wrong . kills Polonius io error and is sent to England with his friend.s as
e There is no money In yollr wal let. parr of the klng'.s attempt to 1<111 Hamlet.
d There were very few cmtomers this morning.
e There w4.!re fewer crimes last year.
f Toe green one costs twice as mueh as the red on e. Unit 24
g There was a large 11U1J1uer uf peup le queui11g at the fruut Ex 1
entrancc.
h There is more lhan enough food for six people. a anythmg b cach e mysclf d eithcr e anywhere
i There isn't any papcr i11 thc cupboard. f else g Lhe olhet ones h Lhemselves i each 0U1er
j Th ere was hardly any snow lasl nigh l. Ex 2
Ex 5 a B bC cA d B eC f B gB hA
a ... is too much traffic today. Ex 3
b .. . roo much sugar in thJs coffee. a Thc people who picked the correct number won tSOO each.
e ... twice as n111d1 as til at one.
b Sorne children in U1e class were throwlng pieces of paper at
d ... amount of money has been spent o n thls proect. one anothf'r.
e ... than enough money to huy the tickl't.s. e !'ve looked everywh ere else.
f ... ma ny as a thousand football fans were arrested. d I lave you hurt yoursflf?
g ... few taxis at this timt> of night. e I blame myselJ for what h appened.
h ... very few people know about it. f lt doesn't matter if you can't get here hy eight.
J ... of the paintings was / were damaged. g E11joy yourse]vt,s a t th" utead1 1 cl1ildrte11!
j ... is no water iu the tauk. h A Jot of people wcrc drivmg too fast, but l was thc onc thc
Ex6 pollee slopped.
a uf b mauy e every d larxe e as f times g fow Ex4
h man y i vcry j largc k lots I no m cvcry / cach a It Lhere b ll, lhere e 111ere, il d ll, lhere e There, il
nas f It'. it, it g Thcrc, Thcrc h Thcrc, it i Thcrc, it j lt, it
Ex 7 Ex 5
a 2 b 12 e 5 d 6 e 11 f 1 g 8 h 3 i 10 j 9 k 7
14
ac bA CA dB ec fA gB hA
i e jB kB IA me
Unit 23 Unit 25
Ex 1 Ex 1
a is b .smroundings e is d card.s e havt> f is
a bad b two-hour , sleeping d soaldng e lost
g trousers h stairs i is j are
f targe g com plete h fresh ly haked i heavy
Ex 2 j worried
a t'Ustoms b manner e damage d works e expenses Ex2
f custom g glass h damages i manners j work a - b very e - d v"ry e vt!ry r- g- h- i vtery
k glasse~ 1t:xpeuse
j - k vcry I vcry
Ex 3 Ex 3
a <.:rowd b flash e dom! d team e pa<.:k f shower a wi nter clothes b silk sh irts e torch hattcries
g piece h hunch i item j gang d spring sal~ e a leather oven.:oat f offkte tetui.,111e 11t
Ex4 g football supporters h a glass bowl i summcr holidays
j compuler sofLwaie ka silve1 bracelet I autumn leaves
a seat helt b bookshelf e water softener d coffee pot
e toothbrush f shop window g mountain cmbing
h office eq uipment l pencil sharpener
j computer network
Ex4 Unit 27
a a neglecled masleipiece b lhe closing headl1es Ex 1
e frcczing tcmpcraturcs d an unlockcd door
e mixed feelings f an arranged marriage a soon b partic11larly e quite/ really d hard
g a rcspcctcd author h a damaging attacl( e Technlcally / Apparently f quite / reaUy g completely
i an unsolved crime j a leakmg roof h t"llrly i tm ly l.11ckily / FnrhmMf.'ly
k the opening scene I an acquired taste Ex 2
Ex 5 a real ly b incrf'dih ly e wic1ely d mmplPtely, uttPrly
a [tallan speakln g b freshly baked e fast-flowlng e completely, pel'feclly, 1ea1Jy f awfully, li,rril!ly, vt!ry
d newly married e open-minded f wind~wept 9 cntirely h grcatly i cspccially, particularly
g earth-shattering h chocolate-coated i h eartbreaklng j Lolally, l<llerly
j tree-covered k timl'-savi ng I newly d i~c.overec1 Ex 3
a l qu ile understand l:tow you fod.
Ex 6
b Unfortu natcly, nobody camc to thc party.
aB bA ce dB ee f A ge hB ie j B e T fow1d the ma tch cather unexciUng.
k A IC d The decision was financially disastrous.
Ex 7 e This result was en tirely unexpected.
f Mrs Burns has klndl y agreed to provide sandwiches.
a light b open e hcavy d long e small f short g This printer is completely useless.
g wide h Cine i greal j high k n arrow I iow h I can hard ly see t he end of the road.
Ex 8 i The answec is perfectly obvious.
a ho111i,-prutluci,tl b m uch-ri,tluci,tl e [ri,sl1 ly pri,pari,tl
j Loglcally, the mtsslng money must be in this room.
d rcady-madc e time-saving f hard-workng Ex4
g so-called h home-cooked i Iar-reaching j locaUy grown aB bA c A de e B fB g A hB iC j B kA
k traffic-clogged l large-scale le
Unit 26 Unit 28
Ex 1 Ex 1
a to help b to flnd out e to !cave d that you wan ted a the b as e probably d too e too f 1ru.1
e lo u11der~ laml f 10 ~"" g xelliu~ h lo go g more and more h every bit I a lot j like
i to uodcrstand J to find out k a lot mnrl:' I the best
Ex2 Ex2
a lt's odd (that) you should be J1crc at thc same time. a most b enough e better d as e probably / easily
b ll makes me angry lha l you should Lalk to me l.ike lha t. f about g blt h tbem i away j lot k as I away
e It right (that) Maria should wi n first prizc.
d lt's unfair (that) we should have to work u nlil 10.30! Ex 3
e l'm determined (that) there should be no repetition of a as b enough e llke d too e like f as g eoough
today's 11 n fortunate eveots. h a.~ i like like k too I enough
f lt's alarmlng (th at} there shou ld be no se.curity at aU in the
hnilding! Ex4
g lt's only natural (that) the employees should fee.l badl y a e: b n e e d n e D f B ge he i A B
treated. k e IC
h Jt's stwuge (that) you should have the sarne inltlals as me.
Ex 3
Unit 29
a obvious b essenlial e poi11Lless d beller e aware
f make g important h careful I impossible J vital Ex 1
Ex4 a at b down e to d towards e on f to g within
h upon i along j at
a lt's best to put on plenty of sun-cream be.fore you go out.
b I was sorry to hear your bad news. Ex2
e This bad weat11er makes me feel miserable. a Jim put a sheet over his head and preten ded to be a gh osl.
d lt's obvious that somethlng wW hat1e to be done. b Anna walked across the street.
e l'm busy revtslng for my exams at tlle moment. e J wish I were far away From here.
f lt wa~ wonderhil to meet Davic1 Rowie. d When do you thlnk Alan wlll be back?
g I felt terrible lyiJ1g to her. e fhe dog was running round il nc1 ronnc1 anc1 hark ing
h I am determined that tbis should not happen agai n. fu.ciously.
i ll'~ good o you to givt 1111;: a lifl. f I firs t visitcd Moscow over lorty years go.
g Thi, lt'm.,eratur<e is l!elow average for this time of the year.
Ex 5
h Th e clcphant was com ing towards l'eter at high ~peen.
a iu1possil!le b u11usual e surprised d clear i When he's away Jrum h is frientls, David stops showing off.
e unwilling f un wise g aware h he ahle i possihle j Wc pa id undcr CZ00,000 for this flat.
j hopeful
Ex 3 Unit 32
a out b through e away d ahroad e hy f a.~hor<' Ex 1
9 Among h backwan.ls
a om b of e With d about e ot f of g fnr h in
Ex4 i of j for
a in b o n e Under / In d i11 e at f un g in
Ex 2
h under I at j O n
a p urpose b effect e practice d d11u1<.:e e detaU f da te
Ex 5 g person h room I time j fault
a down b tluough / above e over / across d through Ex 3
e rlnwn f between g a long h in i backwards
j umler k between I ahead a In busiJless b aware of e wrong about d by mJstakc
e d ifff'rl"nt from f annoyed by g an efiect on
Ex6 h at fault i better at j witt10ut exceptioo
a iuto b through e On d a long e t0 f aheact g on Ex4
h at i through j in k 1hrnngh l bl"tween m far
a r was unaware of the problem.
Ex 7 b The ctri nks mac:hine is out of order.
a out b fro e up d ro11nrl e on f far g backwards e You damaged thls chalr 0 11 purpose!
h abroa<.I d IJavid was ahsorhed in his wnrk.
e Mr Gurdon h as a good relatlonshlp wlth hls employees.
Ex 8 f Many pcoplc in thc crowd were in tears.
a i11 ludia b in <.langer e through the reglon g Se nd in your applica liou wi thuut delay.
d on thc plains e below average f 11 nrler mnstrnc-tinn h Harry is addictcd to computcr gamcs.
g 011 th e isla nd h alung tite western side i between i We don't have this book in stock, bu l we can ur<ler une.
j along th c routc j Roben is an authority on gcnctic cnginccring.
Ex S
Unit 30 a aware b rlsk e responslble d facect e control
f addicted g theory h 11serl i room j average
Ex 1
a already b later e by d nn tim<' e onc-e f until
g Once h duriJ1g i At the eml j next Saturday Unit 33
Ex 2 Ex 1
a u11til 5.30 b During the nJght e for weeks d at last a to kick b worrying e to open d pick up e ua 11giHg
e in ha lf an hour f hy now g In thl" l"nrl h ever si nce f appearing g to stand up h clcaning i wonctcring
i in time j at once j to thin k
Ex3 Ex 2
a agu b bd'ore e already d at last / flnally e For a involve b mind e deny d avoid e risk f imagine
f Dunng g by h Sncc i in / during j until g stop h regret i consider j bear
Ex4 Ex 3
a for b later e in d a lready e sinr.P f yN g o nc-1" Suggested answers:
h by i finally j since a spent b begin / start e considered d meant / involved
Ex 5 e persuaded / encouraged / advisedf continued
g appcars / sccms h allowed i involved j tried / attempted
a C b A ce d B e B f A g A h B iC j B k gone
Ex4
Unit 31 a ll appears lhat th e match will be cancelled.
Ex 1 b Thc burglars 1umpcd out of the window to avoid heing
caught.
a of b at e to d In e wlth f with g from e lJlysscs is considcrcd to be Joyce's greatest work.
h hl"twef'n i on d They are pla1ltl1g lo read c lite 1uuuutains by the enu uf the
Ex 2 week.
e l prefer not to wasle lime walching lelevision.
a on b aga imt e wi th d to e on fo n g from
h for i from f Do you f3ncy going skati ng on Friday?
g We can't go on ignoring this problem.
Ex 3 h My pa rems clidn't !et me stay out late.
a C b A cC d B e A fC gC h B i A jC Ex S
Ex4 a continued to b stopped e ctccidcd to d involvcct
a concenrrate b provlde e boast d blame e tamper e expected f seemed to g persuade h warned
f refer g sper.ia lizP h benetit apply j advise i urged j forcect k regretted I demand
Ex S
a mvoJvcd b ctistinguish cd e differed d approve
e specialize f i.ushl g re~ulle<l h forced
i rcliccl / ctcpcnctcct j objcctcd k associated
Un lt 34 Unit 36
Ex 1 Ex 1
a wh ic-h b What c. w ho d w hkh e who f I a~kt>d for Suggested a nswers:
g what h wh lch i whlch j w ho a ,J
Ex 2 b Atter I han lett t he room, the telephone rnng.
e As l had lost my muney, t he conductor would n't gve me a
a whose b whose e wh o d whlch e whom f whom ticket.
g wh ic-h / thl t h w hkh / t hat i whic-h j where d Whilt: 1 wa~ falliug a~lt:t:p, tht:rt: wa~ a luud knock at the
Ex 3 frontdoor.
a w hich b - e w hich d who e wh1ch f Wh at g - e-./ f ,J
h whid1 1tl1at j that k wltid1 1 lha l m wltu n where g When I opened the box, it turned out to be ernpty.
o they p wh1ch h-./
i After I had been asked for my narne, 1 was take n to meet the
Ex4 prime min.ister.
a ... thc ma n who jumpcd ovcr thc countcr and took thc When r arrived at the station, th e train had already left.
Uluuey. Ex 2
b ... up late, which wasn' t un usual.
c. ... man y people, some of wh om gave us good descriplions of
a Although b 13eing e Without d lt e Wllile
f Aba nd oned g Though h There i U' j l\y
thc robber.
d ... lhe house where my aunt and unde live. Ex 3
e .. . who meets Angela likes her. Suggested a nsw ers:
f ... of whom were half an hour late.
g ... found a shepherd's hut where we sheltered from the rain. a Located b dlscovered / found e shown / IIJustrated
h ... which was extremely crowded, stopped at every station. d hei ng / hemming e l laving f ca11ght / captm ed
i ... lsn't t he bulldlng [that] I thought the bus stopped outslde. g fa<.:ing h Vlsited i being
j ltealizing / Discovering / Finding k protected
Ex S
Ex4
a whuse b whu e whuse d which e whom f whkh
g what h wh ich / that i - j - k who I w hich a lt bcing a public holiday, thcre was a Lot o f traffic on thc
mwhat n what o - p - q whu r wlwse roads.
b On open ing the 1.etter. 1 rcaUzcd it was from Profcssor Alton.
e 'fhough destroyed by fire during Lhe war, Lhe palace was
Unit 35 later reconstructed.
d Caro\ walked from the room, tears streaming from her eyes.
Ex 1 e In trylng to remove the memory ca rd, l broke tlle camera.
a even though b Seeing th at e tl1e way d in case f Sin ee using (.ilosso shampoo, rn y hair has become sott and
e Muchas f The moment g No matter what sh lnlng.
h although i Everywhere j Conslderlng t hat g Jan was ta kc>n to hospital after being kn ocked down by a car.
h Havlng been shown to h1s room, George lay down on the
Ex 2 hed and slept.
a Whenever you're In the a rea, drop In and see us.
b As soon as J saw you, 1 knew I liked you!
Ex S
e Fiuua starti11g trni11i11g a~ a ball<:t dancer when she was six. aA bA Cll dA ec f K g A h C i l\
d I won't lcavc / l' U stay until you come back.
e You ca11 .,ar k yuur c.:ar a11ywh<ere you likt: uursi<.lt:.
f Now you' rc hcrc, you'd bcttcr sit down. Unit 37
g Once lhe exams are uul of tlie way we c.:a11 start leam.iug Ex 1
something new.
h The memorial ~hows wherP t he plane crashed. ac bA ce d C e A f B g B hC iA j C
Ex 3 Ex 2
a Al though b C:onsidering c. As d 11 nt il e After / Once a6 blU c4 d 9 e J f l g S h 8 i 7 j2
-f way g su h When i case Ex 3
Ex4 a break o ut b come off e come about d fall back on
a lt suunds as lf rhey are h avln g a good tlrne. e break off f get off g come into h come o ut
b Th is isn't t he way yo11 are ;npposN1 to he c1oing t his. i do awa y with j hring round
e He luuketl as if ht! was carrying sumet hlng. Ex4
d I took up jogging, as you suggcstcd.
e He behaved as though lle owned tlu, hice. a lt's gett ing on tor 8 .00, ~o you'c1 hetter get ready to leave.
f The mcat ~asted as f t hadn't been cookcd propcrly. b I wu l<l11 't really untlerstand what she was gettlng at.
g Peter d1dn t conducl the experimen l Lhe way he was e J don' t tllink wc can count o n Johnson to fpport 11s.
instructed to / told to. d There's au importa11t punt I think I shoulcl brlng up.
e In 1939, Jim was calJed up.
Ex S f 'fhe dir.,clor i~ drawi11g u a list uf suital>le camlitlates fur the
a B bC ce dA eA fs gA he iC jS job.
g The sla tement of lhe accused was 1.>urue out \Jy uther
wltnesses.
h ( :arol ha~ come 11[> with a real ly goo<i soluVion to the problem.
Th e stranger offcred to sell Harry the Elffel Towcr, a nd Ha rry f Th e foreign minister p rom ised that his country wou ld stand
ft>II for it. by the agreement.
A lack of marketing expertise eventually brought about the g David h as taken to runnlng up and down the stairs for exerdse.
downfall 01 the entire motor indmtry. h That really ~um~ her upl
Ex6
Unit 38 Suggested answers:
Ex 1 a I was wofl'ied abou l Lhe examinaUon and didn'l manage Lo
ctrop off for ages.
a ll bA ce dA eA te gA h ll iC jB b That song is grnwing on me.
Ex 2 e The prime minister and th e finan ce minister llave fallen out
again .
a 6 b lO c2 d 4 e9 f 1 98 h5 i 7 j3
d Three young boys carrled o ut the robbery on tlleir way home
Ex 3 trom school.
e We walted for a bus for ages, ancl we ended up walklng.
a look into b go round e givl' out d p lay up e pack in
f poin t out g make up for h keep to i go about j glve away f I can't make o ut how much t his is going to cost.
g The Mexican rcstaurnnt we tried c.Jidn't come up to ou r
Ex 4 cxpectation s.
a The govemment expects the econom y t0 plck up In the later h The spare parts we have l>eeu waiUug for haw heen hdd up
part o l the year. in thc post.
b You've missed out the quest!on mark at the end of the Une. l lelen c.Jidn'l quil<' unders tand / couldn'L make oul wha t
e There a re a lot of people hanging around In the srreet ou tside George was gettlng at.
our house. 1 don'I like the way he talkecl to you! 1 wou lcl n't pul 11 p with
d I thin.k it's time we pa id him back for all the awful lhi ngs he it, if I were you .
has clone! k When the teach er asked who had hroken thc desk, two boys
e Ann was supposed to look after my dog, bur she let me down. uwncc.J up.
f Wbat on earth is going on hece? 1 Piona doesn 't really go for camping holidays.
g Frankie nearly won bot h races but 1ust mlssed out. ml'm goi11 tu try out rny Freuch wheu l'rn u u iioliuay.
h I didn't like the film M first, but thrn it ,tartecl to grow on mr. n l' U try and gct round to calling you latcr 011 today.
i Don 't Jet on lhat I pur that notlce on the door! Ex 7
j Ton y made upa story ahout meeting Hob Uylan in a caf.
a Ma.kc su.re you hang 011 to your ticket. as you' ll need iL later.
b Nick says hc's going to complaln, bul 1 don't thin.k he'll
Unit 39 actually go through with it.
e I don'l think you should impose your beliefs on people.
Ex 1 d I decided to drop in on my old aunr while Twas in rhe area.
aAbA ce de eA fe gA hC in e e The work we had done on our hotL~e was carried out by a
firm of local builc.Jers.
Ex 2 f The party linally brokc up aftcr tbc ncighbours complalncd
a 6 b 2 e 10 d 4 e 8 f 1 g 9 h 3 i 7 j 5 auoul lh t! uuise.
g fni ly says she'U visir us one day, but I can'L pi n her down .
Ex 3 h Our luxury cru ise holiday didn't live up to our expectations.
a put clown b track c.Juwn e set al,ou t d put out e set o ut i Whe n th c food gave out, the rwo men were torced to eat
f step u p g work out h turn down i stand for j scc off insccts.
Ex4
J Rita is a strange person, T can't make her out.
k George hit il off wit h his motber-in-law.
a The local planning office ha~ turned down thc company's 1 1don't thin.k the gunmen wUJ glve In w!th out a flght.
application to l>ui h.J flati. o u Lite site. mT'd like to point out that l'm nol in fart Engl ish, hut Scottish.
b Tiie lawycrs madc notes as thc judgc rnn through thc dctai ls
u f tJ10., (:ase.
e Thc sccurity guard was takcn in by the th ief's disguise. Unit 40
d Carol tumed up al Lhe pacty una1111ounced, much to
everyone's surprise. Ex 1
e l larry has very good icle~$, hut he pu t them across toan a allhough b al leasl e on account of d thus
audlence. e As a rcsult f Moreover g on tbe contrary
f I clon't thin k you shou ld keep running yomself down. h Accordingly i dueto j Consequently
g Someone has to see to the children's lu nch at 12.30.
h Mr Joh nson will be stepping down as company spokcspcrson Ex 2
at tlw end u f the muu tl 1. Suggested answers:
i A gro u p of forcjgu in ves toes has takcn o ver thc company. a result b respects e Above d ex.tent e owlng f Compaced
j Jhn was sel upon by tl1reo., mugger~ in the sLreel. g I Iowever h account i Furthermore / Morcover
k ESOO for that? 1 thin.k you'vc bccn rippcd off.
1 Tite repo1 t mus lo over Cive hu ndred pages. Ex3
a Regular exerdse keeps you fit. FurUJermore, it gives you a
Ex 5 feeling of well -being.
a l can'l seem to sh ake off Litis pai11 iJ1 my lefl leg. b l!enderson suffered a serious leg inj ury in 200.'i, hut rtespite
b Ti na is rcally good al taking off the accounts manager. thls she has come back to dominare the 400 m this season .
e We can pul you up for a ew days. e Pets provicle lonely people with r.ompany, and, what is
d I th lnk someone has sl.Jpped up, beca use l'rn not owecl any rnort!, have ueen pruved to have a beneficia! effect on man y
moncy. commoo mcdical conditions. / What is more, they llave been
e I thlnk thls bacl weather has set In for the day. provec.J ...
d Thete has been \ower consumer demand. However, the Ex 6
compa ny has increased profiU hy 6%. a There is no problem as far as money is conc:rrn!'cl.
e Bicydes are pollution-free and silent. A~ well as this, i\!Y b In a way, 1 th lrlk you're absolutely correct.
take up very little parking space. c Everyone was there a pa rl from Ji m .
f The heater has bee11 tested for safcty. Neverthdess, it m u~t he d These are my cards and lhose are yours.
used according to the instructions. e In concluson, 1 would likr to thank the organi1.ers of this
g I do11't really lke tl1e Ut!~ig11 uf Ulis sufa. Besides, il wo11'l fil conference.
into thc living room. f This country ha~ high youth unemploymcnt in compartson
Ex4 with othcr Eu ropea11 1:ou11tries.
g 1om has bccn abscnt from collcgc duc to illn css.
a To sorne cxtc.nt b Howcvc.r e As wcll as d in somc h To11y t hin k, il was a terrible film, a11d ,o do l.
n,spetts e Auove ali fas a rt!sult of g Fu rlheuuore
i Unlted playcd badl y, but at lcast thcy won thc match.
h Howcvcr i conscqucntly j as a rcsuJt j The tennis tournament has been postponed owing to bad
weather.
k 'WUI you be he.re next year7' '1 don't think ~o.'
Unit 41 1 Th e scheme has been successfuJ to a ce.rtain extent.
Ex 1 mAs a resull ot 1hr earthquake, many roads in the area have
a l'irst of ali b
As far a.~ snakes are concemed e such as been closed.
d Altemativdy e utterly f si mply g iustead h frorn n Thr two artist.~ appear to he different but are similar in sorne
respects.
i In a way j a kind of
o .She was forced to give up driving o n accowlt of h er poor
Ex2 eyesight.
a lll bS c2 d e4 fl g3 h9 i8 j7 p lnstead of taking the bus, 1wcnt on foot.
q Fir~t of ali, wrilre duw11 a iisl oI yuur idea~.
Ex 3 r Many animals, such as bcars, slccp for much of the winter.
a concerned b such e kind d so e for f ic g say s No artefacl which is alen, U1al is lo say not from our planet,
h respet.ts / ways i lterally j Ap.u:l kas I sheer has cver been cliscovcred.
Ex 4 Ex 7
a sheer b simply e mere d litera ti y e utterly f ~heer ae bA ce de eB fB gA hB i e jA
g sheer / utter h uttc.r i simply j uttcrly kA IA me
Ex 5
ac bA CA de eB f B gA hB ie J i\ Unit 43
Ex 1
Unit 42 a Rarely b Should e Never have l seen
d What he is ta lking ahout e managed
Ex 1 f Strange as it may seem g when h into the room ran
a I haven't done it yet b neit her do my friends e it i Had wc known j could k Littlc I Wcrc
d told h er so e if so he is r more so g doing f h so
i this is thc mosl cxpcnsvc on c j hcrs Ex 2
ae bB cA de eA fB gC hB le )B
Ex2 k CIA
a onc b vcry mucb c t is d oncs e hcrs f dld so
g neiti1er / n or can Brian h so i no l j so Ex 3
a Were we lo take no aclion, the si tua lion would only become
Ex3 worse.
ae bA c.8 de eA fB gA b Rarely does a member o! lhe government admit to making a
serious mstake.
Ex4 e Under no ci rcumstances are you to l.eave this room .
a I don'l have a bike now bul l used lo h ave one. d Only Jater dld che pollee reveaJ the true ldenclry of the th lef.
b - e ... and htllkes playing compu ter games. e Try a~ Anrtrrw might, he cnu lcln't pass his rtriving trst.
d ... bnt my friends aren't worried about it. f Had you consu lted me at che outset, 1 could have glven you
e ... but sh e doesn't make her own clothes any more. t he right advice.
f - g ... bu t Theresa hasn't been there. g Were you to offer me a higher salary, l would take the job.
h ... but h e didn't say who fil \'lOuld bring ro rhe.patt)I. h ShouJd t hc weather worsen, the match will prot,ahty he
i - j l've done the shopplng and ~ deaned t he house. 1:a111:elled.
Only aftcr cllccking thc accounts did they rcalizc m oney was
Ex 5 mjssing.
a '[)o yo11 t hink ynu'I I hr late tonighf!' ' 1 clon' t supposr ~o In n o way has t he breacl1 of security affected thc
b Bond started to disconnect the red wre, but as he d i.d so, examnation results.
something told him he had made a mistake.
e lf you wantc,tl to stay at bum \!, why did11't yuu say su? Ex4
d Sue tried to reach the top shelf but couldn't do so/ it. a seem b lillle e sooncr d Onto e unUl
e I can'l st,111d fol k music, and ncith er / n or can David. f carne/ waJked g Had h Only i couJd j when
f Helen left her bike outside the Cinema, but sbe didn't k clid I Why
remember doing so.
g Toe robbery was com mitted by two people, or so we believe.
Ex 5 REVIEW
a ... lhe room rau lwo armed pol.ice111e11 .
Unt 3
b ... on a clcar ctay likc toctay can you rcaUy cnoy the view.
e ... the sh ip collicle w il h an icebe1g, Lhe passeuxers wuukl l,t:, a was sitting b had occupied e stood d had red uced
in no danger. e h ad undergone f were rai ning g llad largely evapora ted
d ... though the case may be, such cases are nol completely h ha<I been i looked j had ,riven
u nheard of.
e .. . came / pourect the rain. Unit 4
f .. . h as a govem11umt acteu with such blatant dlsh onesty. a have won dered b have arRu'-'d e havt! ut::t'11 st'ard li11g
g ... you to ask me again, l would give yo11 th!' ~ame an~wer as d havc bccn trying e havc lost f llave bccn looking for
before. g have worked ou l
h ... thc mattcr is I h avc no idea.
... we reaUzecl t hal lhe huiricane wotdd hit lltt: cily, wt:: Unit 8
woul d have evacuated the rcs ictcnts in actvancc. a ... was bellevect to 11ave been stolen .
. . . d id anybocly suspect that th e poli ce inspector was the b ... was t ho11gh t to lrnve crashed in t he mouo tai11s.
m urderer. e ... was known to have rejected the plan.
k ... w heo the accounts were ch ecked was the th eft discovered . d ... was reported to have tle<I to So11th Arnerica .
1 . had Paula sh ut the ctoor than sh e realized she had left her e ... were th ought to h ave found fingerprints at th e scene of
key insi<le. thc crlme.
Ex6 f ... was \Jelieve<l to liav, killeu overa thousanu people.
g ... WilS known to llave visitcd thc murdcrcd m an on thc
a <lo b On ly e <li<I d ha<I e have f did g than a(temoon of his death.
h Untler i when j b ut k has I dld h ... was reported to llave pnid thc singcr $2 miUi.on in
Ex 7 damages.
aB bA ce dA eC f B gC h A iB j A Unit 9
a got b get e is h aving / is getting d get a had f got
Unit 44 g h ad h is hair / got his hair h get i got j having / getti ng
Ex,
a not the slight est bit b notlling wha tsoever e do hope you Unit 11
d t he very last moment e who sent f the very t hing Ex 1
g ro do h Wherever i who j at ali a lf you happen to have a camera with yot1 a t the scene of
Ex2 tlle accident, you can t ake some sh ots of ali the vehicles
involved .
a A be ce dB ec f B g B he iA jB
b Check the weath er reports before rou leave, otherwlse rou
Ex3 might ta ke the wrong clo the.s with yo11.
a The police asked David t he same question again and again / e Ji it were not for the income from aclvertising, newspapers
over a n<I over wou ld not earn enough money.
b There was no ch ance ar all of savi ng the da maged sh lp. d luvestu rs will 110t L,uy sita.res unlt'ss Uu:y h avt: co11[itle.11ce iu
e Tht' ho11se I was looki ng tor was at t he very end o t the st reet. th c markct.
d All l want to do is sleep. e Wt: xuara 11tet> tu gt!l yuu talk iug even if you can 'L speak a
e I want my own hik!'. word of English .
f lt was when I saw smoke coming from under th e uoor that 1 f Permanenl residen ts can vote p1ovided lhey are aged 18 or
became alarmed. ovcr.
g Thanks very much in deed for your help. g Were 1 to accept the job, would I be able t-o work from home
h Wha tever can you m ean? some of rb e rlme?
i lt was what Robert did next that took everyone by surprise. h Supposi ng there were a seriom o uthrea k ot hird tlu in F.urope,
j lt is your own fault. what woultl the EU tlo?
i lf we don't do someth ing now, the situation will get worse.
Ex4
a own b t hat e is d own e what f ar g more h at
i it j very k Whatever I What
Ex 2 e Sandy is an Australian.
a or b if e had d even e bccn f wou ldn' t g were f Toe sports utility vehlcle (SUV) IS becoming less popular.
h .,rovitletl g The a11swer seems to be two and two thirds.
h Is t here a Steve Jenkl ns here?
Unit 12 i Do you want to come to the cinema"/
j The war ended In 1918.
a I wouldn't make any hasty dccisions, il I wcrc you.
b He behaves as i he wer"' in chaige of lhe office. Unit 21
e I'd sooncr you didn't bring the dog with you.
d I wish I hadn't sold my old car. Ex 1
e l hope you have a good time at the party! a Th! b lhte e tht! d a e - fa g a h - i Th e
f l'd rather you didn't call me again. j t hc k a I thc m - / thc n - o - p a q a r thc
g I Wish you weren't leaving in the m orning. s lli! t - u lhc v - w a x lhe y the z A 1 -
h Jt I were you I wouldn't drink any more. 2 3 a 4 the 5 the 6 the 7 the 8 the 9
i I wish I could find the answer to this problem.
Ex 2
Unit 14 a /\ b an e d- ea f g the h the / i the
j t he / - k - 1 t he m - n a o A p an q a r A
a can't be b must be e mght trnvc gon e s a t a u- v a w - x A y a z an
d should have gol here e musl have lefl il
f she's bound to be g can't have recognized h can get
i may as wcll j mighl havc told Unit 23
a Sha krsprarr was the .~on o t a town ottic.ial in Stralford on
Unit 16 Avon.
a In the past, surgeons would operate on patients without any
b Shakespeare's plays were puh lished in a collected edilion
aft<:>r his tlea th.
klnd of anaesthetic.
b They would work as qulckly as posslble to mlnlmlze the e He is usually judgcd to be England's grcatest playwright.
d He wa~ a shareholder in an acting company known as Lhe
patient 's suttering.
Lord ehamberlain's Men.
e Such operations would often cake place in the patient's own
e He was also an actor and lhe aulhor of narralive poems and
home.
sonnets.
d In sorne countries, religious authori ties wouldn't allow
f He was successful e nough lo become a properly owncr.
surgeons to study anatomy us ing dead bodies.
g He died at the age of fly-two.
e Surg1mns would ofte11 hia m al>out a 11alo 111 y uy t reating
h Theatre audiences have en joyed hs plays for over fom
soldicrs in battk.
hundred years.
f Doctors woul d also be expecled lo follow lhe explanaUons o(
l lis plays nre nftt-n changed 10 suit thc in tert>st~ of mnckrn
ancient writers.
audiences.
g \.Vhen new medica! discoveries were made in the
There are also many famous n lm versions ot the plays.
Rena issance, trad.ilional docrors wouldn't believe that the olct
metbods were wrong.
h Sorne ancient ideas - such as that of removing blood from Unit 24
patients (hleed ing} - would survive in medical practice until a Someone b bolb e l here d il e boU1 f himsel
the late nineteenth t:entury. g someone h Thcre I there j it k o ne I thcrc
m Anyone n their o There p lt q it r everyone
Unit 18
Unit 26
a would you like ro stay to lu nch?'
b ' Don't forget to take your keys.' a It's hard forme to carry ali these bags on my own.
e -Why don't we ali meet oucside the cinema?' b I wasn't aware t hat I had 10 hand in my work today.
d ' 1 didn't have anything to do with the burglary.' e l t makes me nervous to think / wben I Lhln k about startlng
e 'l'm sorry I t0ok so long over the phone call.' my new joh.
f 'You broke my kitchen wi ndow! / lt was yo11 who broke my d lt'~ easy to miss the turning if you're not carefu l.
kltchen wlndow!' e I was shockcd to h ear t hat Kevin was ill.
g 'No, 1 won' l give yo11 my name!' f Yuu're welcOillt! lu ~lay hert! wht!11ever you Uke.
h 'Woultl you like (~ome) t<:>a anti rnke~?' g l' m sure I Ieft my wa llct on the table.
i J'11 rcturn U1c moncy as soon as J can.' h lt's n ot worlh going to see lhe new Lauy Joller film.
j 'I wish T'd studied hartler al univer:.ity.' 1 lt makes me happy to know you believe me.
Unit 19 Unit 27
a/\ be ce d B ee fA ge Ex 1
a falrly b rather / falrly e quite d rather / fairly e quite
Unit 20 f q uite/ rathrr / tairly g qu ite/ rnther / fa irly
Ex 1 h quite/ rather / fa irly i rather
a The b a e t he d the e the f the g the h a Ex 2
i l'he j The k the 1- m T he n - o thr p tht> a 8 b 1 e2 d 6 e3 f 4 g 9 h 11 i s j 10 k 12
q - r the s the t the u a v the w the x -
Ex 2
a We use a telescope to view distanl objeLl~.
b Thc rent for th is flat is esoo a rnonth.
e !'ve gol a pain in my righ l arm.
d This is a really wonderful meal.
Unit 28 Unit 35
Ex 1 a .. . I would likc to help you, l don't reaJly bnvc thc time.
;i i~ one o f the best books l've reacl b ... how mud, you offcr me for lt, 1 woo't sell you the house.
b ... more intc.rcsting to go out dancing than to stay at home e ... house prices cu11linue Lo rise in rnust arl.!as, in sume areas
watching televisJon. tucy llave a1..tually :,tall\'.\l Lu foU .
e ... feel so mucb sbocked as horrlficd. d ... yuu havc not aiu the last six monthly instalments, thls
d ... alJ~tTat:t a 1:u11cept ro explaln. connact is atan end.
e ... far thc besl film thi~ ycnr. e ... rhe wPatner cnn<11tions were arronous, ali the runners
f ... about o:; much 113 1can. fini~hed the race
q ... the worst Junc wcather we've ever had. f ... we coutd have a snack first.
h ... as ea,sy to speak Frend1 as I thought. g ... case I got cold.
i ... llt:dl d~ :uu d~ lli~ la~t uue. h ... it was rainfog, the match went ahcad.
j ... you tease tite og, the angrler it will get. i ... it's roo late to starl the rneetJng now, 1 thlnk wc shou ld
bold it anothcr day.
Ex 2 j ... ropidly Lhal the guorcb wcrc token by 3urprise.
a I Uked tlili film lmt it i:,n't nearly as good as the prevlous
fllms ln tllls serles. Unt 36
b Johnny Oepp gvrs hy far 1he best performance m the film. a ... lost my watch, 1had to borrow my brother's.
r lt's one of the Jongest films on release at the momc.nt. b ... prcssing thls button, you con chongc thc sizc of thc pagc.
d lt's [getti ng) hardcr and hardc.r to understand the plol of e ... chcap, thc bikc was In good condition.
lilms like this. d ... reali7Jng the meeting was in a differcnt place, Sue we.nt
G The special effects o this film are much more impressive stroighl home.
(than thuse uf che last film). e ... being intercsted in u,e topic, I lcfl Lhe leclure befare lhe
f But I was not so much shockcd ns scarcd out of my wits, by end.
somc. parts. f ... i11:,tru1..Lo::, wdlt: yuur mu.uc.
g Thi5 is easily the most cntertam1nl( fLlm l've seen this year. g ... been arrested and charged with rheft, Tony p hnnf'd hi~
h In sorne ways it's notas funny as lhe lasl flm in lhe sedes. lnv,yer.
i Bul Ll.:, film b cvi:ry l.Jil a:, wu11 :,cd11:. h ... rece1vmg the1r letter, 1 phone tlle company.
j Thc more you watd1 tbis film tlle more you entoy lt. i ... mlssed Ule last bus, 1 had to take a taxi.
j ... coming to this school, !'ve made a lo t o new friends.
Unit 30
11 Dnvid ham't finfahcd his novel yct Unit, 37 and 38
b We waitect lora bus Jor hallan hour, but in U1e e.mi we gave Ex 1
up. a llm has fallen for the girl he sits next to in maths.
e Nlck cllcln'r ger ro che alrpcm In rime to cacrh 111s plane h nme. b Huw are yuu etting on in your 11ew schuul?
d 1'11 (only) hP hPrP 1111111 Frlrl~y e J a:rt:c LIJal yuu ha a liad uw~, LJur you LJroughr Ir upon
e J' II tAl k to yoi., nfler thc- l~son. yourself!
f I he trams here are very comtortable but they are never on
d You'U havc to dn wlthout milk in your tea.
time / they never run ou time. e Tlle fllm cl.JCJnt come up to my expecrauons.
g We'II send you the ce, UOcale once we 1eceive / havc 1eceived f Your explanation just doem't add up.
the fee. g There's a point l'd like to bring up before we nish.
h l'll be thcrc by 11.00.
1 Pcrcr could hcar loud howlinl( noiscs throul(houl 1hc nighL Ex2
Suggested answers:
Unit 31
a 1 thia.k it's time you got dowa to sorne serious work.
a l.uckily the fire officer succeeded in rescuing the c:it from the b 5orry, what CllCI you say? l'm aropp!ng off!
top o rhe cree. r Tina'~ namP kPpr rrnpping 11p / coming 11p in our
b ('J1n 1 <l isc-11ss this pmhlrm wilh yo11? convc.rsation.
e My pnrent3 don't npprove of somc of my fricnds. e 1n tbe end, the problem comes down to a lack ol proper
d How much you pay ctepends on the condition o l tlle vehicle. plannlng.
e My compuler has a problem, but someone is coming lo see h Feelin;s uf resenonent between them bullt up overa long
cu ll comorrow. pcriod.
f ArP yo11 tnsurPrl agalnst flrP? i Alan can't ahvay3 explain exactly what he i3 ;ettin; at.
g Mr Wilkins h11s d ccidrd ro rcsign from thc c-omp11ny. j llelen has come up w1th a reaUy good way to cut the cost ot
h rake a seat, anCJ l'U ask someone to attenCI to you. this project.
i 1he runaway bus collided with a parked car at the bottom of h Wt: i1JL UjJUll ttili ilul\!I LUIUJlt::tt:ly l.Jy Ulijlll..1:.
lhe hill. i I think we shoulu push on w1til we get to the top of the hill.
j This ice-cream really tastes of strawberries. j /\re you gotng In for the Advanccd Frcnch Test this ycar?
k Sorry ro be so late, l)Ut I was hcld up 111 my last meeung.
Unit 32 1 Things have certainly been looldng up since I was promotP.d
ac b u cA d n eu fe gA h B iA e mSue promised to come and help me but she lel me down.
n IJon't lel Helea in OD oul' plans, or she'II be jealous.
Unit 33 o Litt-le Johnny owned up to taking PalLla's sweets.
aR bA (8 de ec 1A ge: hR IC: )R
Unit 44
Unlt 34 a Wllat b ll e at ali d very e Wllat 1 al ali g very
aC bt\ cA dB eC 1\ gA ltB i.B jC h it i What j at all k Whal I own