Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering PDF

Reservoir Simulation: Chapter 2
Review of Basic Concepts in Reservoir

Engineering
Ken Sorbie
2017
Outline
Introduction
Material Balance
Darcys Law for Single-Phase Flow
Darcys Law for Two-Phase Flow
Closing Remarks
Overview of Core Module 2
Brief Description of Core Module 2
Reviews basic concepts of reservoir engineering

- start with Material Balance and the definition of the quantities
which are necessary to carry out such calculations:
f, Co, Cf, Bo, Swi etc.
- illustrated by a simple calculator exercise which is then
repeated on the reservoir simulator
- respective roles of Material Balance and Reservoir Simulation
are compared
- basic reservoir engineering associated with fluid flow:

the single phase Darcy law (k), tensor permeabilities
two phase Darcy Law - relative permeabilities (kro, krw)
and capillary pressures (Pc)
Overview of Core Module 2
Brief Description of Core Module 2
The purpose of review of basic reservoir engineering is:
(i) the review in this section + the Glossary in CM1 make course
more self-contained, with all the main concepts at hand;
(ii) allows emphasis on the complementary nature of

"conventional" reservoir engineering and reservoir simulation
e.g. complementary nature of Material Balance (MB)
and numerical reservoir simulation;
(iii) to review flow concepts (Darcy's law etc.), in a manner of

use for the later derivation of the flow equations (in CM5).
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Review of basic engineering quantities
Basic concepts (Glossary) - assume familiar:
- viscosity (mo, mw, mg); density (ro, rw, rg),
- phase saturations (So, Sw and Sg)

- initial or connate water saturation (Swi or Swc) -
- residual oil saturation (Sor).
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Table 2.1: Basic reservoir engineering quan tities to revise
Symbol Name Field Units Meaning/Formulae
Bo , Bw, Bg Formation volume bbl/ST B

factors (FVF) for oil, or RB/STB
water and gas ST C = Stock Tank Conditions (60oF; 14.7psi).
Likewise for water (usually const.) and gas; Pb
= bubble point pressure below.
Bg Bo
FVF
Bw
P Pb
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Table 2.1: Basic reservoir engineering quantities to revise
Symbol Name Field Units Meaning/Formulae
Rso, Rsw Gas solubility factors SCF/STB

or solution gas oil
ratios Rso
Rso
P Pb
co, cw, cg Isothermal fluid psi-1 r k

11 r 11 VkV
compressibilities of ck k
ck r P V P k

oil, water and gas rkk P Vk P
k

rk and Vk - density and volume of phase k;

k = o, w, g
End of Section 2.1

Outline
Introduction
Material Balance
Closing Remarks
2.2 MATERIAL BALANCE
2.2.1 Introduction to Material Balance (MB)
Concept of Material Balance (MB) has a central position in the

early history of reservoir engineering.
- MB equations were originally derived by Schilthuis in 1936;
- several excellent accounts of the MB equations + application
(Amyx, Bass and Whiting, 1960; Craft, Hawkins & Terry, 1991;
Dake, 1978, 1994);
- full MB equation is presented in the Glossary for completeness.
Objectives here are:

to introduce the central idea of MB and apply it to a simple
case which is then set up as a simulation exercise;
to demonstrate the complementary nature of MB and
reservoir simulation.
Material Balance (MB) used for the following main purposes:
1. determining the STOIIP by analysing mean reservoir

pressure vs. production data;
2. calculating water influx (natural aquifer support) in production

(slows down the pressure decline);
3. predicting mean reservoir pressure in the future, if a good

match of the early pressure decline is achieved and the
correct reservoir recovery mechanism has been identified.
Material Balance (MB)
MB is principally a tool which, if applied successfully, defines
the input for a reservoir simulation model (from 1 and 2 above)
Thus, the mean field pressure decline by MB can be compared

with the predictions of the numerical reservoir simulation model
Read Comments on Material Balance by Dake

There should be no competition between material balance and
simulation, instead they must be supportive of one another: the former
defining the system which is then used as input to the model
(from Chapter 3; L. P. Dake, The Practice of Reservoir Engineering,

Developments in Petroleum Science 36, Elsevier, 1994.)
2.2.2 Derivation of Simplified Material Balance Equations
Material balance (MB) is simply a volume balance on the
changes that occur in the reservoir.
Table 2.2: Typical rock and fluid compressibilities (from Craft, Hawkins and Terry,
1991)
Fluid or formation Compressibility (10-6 psi-1)
Formation rock, crock 3 - 10

Water, cw 2-4
Undersaturated oil, co 5 - 100
Gas at 1000psi, cg 900 - 1300
Gas at 5000psi. cg 50 - 200
The simple example taken to demonstrate the main idea of

MB (Fig. 2.1) - undersaturated oil - possible water influx.
INITIAL CONDITIONS AFTER PRODUCTION (Np)
pressure = po pressure = p
OIL , Np
OIL OIL
N (N- Np)Bo
WATER , Wp
NBoi = Vf.(1-Swi) NB
(N-N oi o==V
p)B
Vff.(1-S
(1-Swiwi))
WATER, Swi WATER, Sw
W = Vf.Swi W + We - Wp
Water influx ? Water influx, We
Fig. 2.1: MB - undersaturated oil above Pb + water influx

INITIAL CONDITIONS
pressure = po
Conditions for application of MB

-reservoir is "tank like" i.e. P OIL
equilibrates immediately; N
(N-N
NB p)B
oi =
=Vf(1-S
Vof.(1-S wi) wi
)
- pressure communication - fast or
instantaneous (impossible) i.e. k
high and cf low; => larger values
of the "hydraulic diffusivity",
k/(fmcf) (Dake, 1994, p.78). WATER, Swi
W = Vf.Swi
Water influx ?
MB - undersaturated oil above Pb + water influx

Definitions: N = initial reservoir volume (STB)

Boi = initial oil formation volume factor (bbl/STB or RB/STB)
Np = cumulative produced oil at time t, pressure p (STB)
Bo = oil formation volume factor at current t and p (bbl/STB)
W = initial reservoir water (bbl)
Wp = cumulative produced water (STB)
Bw = water formation volume factor (bbl/STB)
We = water influx into reservoir (bbl)
cw = water isothermal compressibility (psi-1)
__
Dp = change in reservoir pressure, p - po
Vf = initial void space (bbl); Vf = N.Boi/(1- S wi); W = V f.Swi
Swi = initial water saturation (of whole system)
c rock = formation isothermal compressibility (psi-1)
(NB: (i) bbl = reservoir barrels, sometimes denoted RB; and (ii) in the figures above, the
oil and water are effectively assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout the system)
Definitions in Fig. 2.1 for simplified MB

In Fig. 2.1 as we go from pressure, po, to pressure, p, volume
changes in the oil, water and void space (rock) occur
=> DVo, DVw, DVvoid (DVvoid = - DVrock).
__
Pressure increase is, D p p po and the volume balance says:
DVo DVw DVrock DVo DVw DVvoid 0 (2.1)
Each of these volume changes (increases) can be calculated

straightforwardly e.g. for oil, DVo
DVo = (N - Np). Bo - N.Boi (bbl = RB)
__
DVo DVw DVrock DVo DVw DVvoid 0
Volume changes for oil, water and rock are

__
DVw = -Wp Bw + We - W .cw .D p
__
DVrock = - DVvoid = - V f .c f .D p
Fluid and rock compression
Fluid compresses with increasing pressure
1
= =

Rock compresses too, pore space expands though
1
= = =

__
DVo DVw DVrock DVo DVw DVvoid 0
Volume changes for oil, water and rock are

__
DVw = -Wp Bw + We - W .cw .D p
__
DVrock = - DVvoid = - V f .c f .D p
Add to obtain ....

Adding volume changes and noting that W = Vf.Swi
and Vf = N.Boi/(1-Swi):
+
+ = 0
1
- simplified MB for undersaturated system - Fig. 2.1 (p > Pb).
Even simpler if no water influx (We =0) or production (Wp = 0)

- MB equation simplifies even further to:
+
= 0
1
+
= 0
1
(2.6)
divide equation 2.6 by N (initial reserves) to obtain:
+
= 0 (2.7)
1
Which, when dividing by Bo, rearranges easily to:
+
=1
1 (2.8)
(Np/N) = Recovery
__
Factor (RF) as fraction of STOIIP(at t = 0,
Bo = Boi and D p 0 and therefore (Np/N)= 0, as expected
Simplified MB equation - above Pb - no water influx/production
+
1 = + (2.8)
1
1 Not necessarily linear since Bo

depends on Pressure (but close)
Np
1 __
N Note : D p negative
__
Dp
Simplified MB equation - above Pb - no water influx/production
+
1 = + (2.8)
1
1 HOW TO USE THE MB EQUATION

X
Np
1 Y Calc. RF (X) for a given depletion (Y)
N Note vol. produced oil (Np)
__ => Calc N i.e. STOIIP

Dp
Exercise 2.1: MB problem for undersaturated reservoir (Eq. 2.8)

Production by oil/water/formation expansion (p > Pb)
- no water/influx production
(i) plot mean reservoir Dp vs. 1-RF = 1- (Np/N) for first 1.5%
depletion (correct);
(ii) if this depletion observed in field & for a 200psi pressure drop,
320 MSTB was produced; calculate oil reserves of the field (N).
Input data: Swi = 0.1; crock = 5 x 10-6 psi-1; cw = 4 x 10-6 psi-1;

Initial p = 5500 psi where Boi = 1.3 and Pb = 4000 where
Bo = 1.4 (i.e. oil swells as P ) i.e. see fig ...

1.4
Bo(P) = m.P +c
Oil FVF
Bo
1.3
4000 P (psi) 5500


Hints:
(a) find the function Bo(P)
i.e. values of m and c in
1.4 the equation;
Bo(P) = m.P +c
Oil FVF
(b) substitute this in Eq. 2.28
Bo and use a calculator or
1.3
spreadsheet.
For more help see the Excel

4000 P (psi) 5500 Spreadsheet CM2Ex2-1.xls
Exercise 2.1: MB problem ANSWER part (i)
Mean Reservoir Pressure vs. RF(% )
5600
Mean Reservoir Pressure
5500
5400
5300 Series1
5200
5100
5000
0 0.5 1 1.5
Recovery Factor (RF %)
2.2.3 Conditions for the Validity of Material Balance
INITIAL CONDITIONS
NOTED PREVIOUSLY pressure = po
Conditions for application of MB

-reservoir is "tank like" i.e. P OIL
equilibrates immediately; N
NBoi = Vf.(1-Swi)
- pressure communication - fast or
instantaneous (impossible) i.e. k
high and cf low; => larger values
of the "hydraulic diffusivity",
k/(fmc) (Dake, 1994, p.78). WATER, Swi
W = Vf.Swi
Water influx ?

2.2.3 Conditions for the Validity of Material Balance
INITIAL CONDITIONS
pressure = po
Other necessary conditions for MB

Dake (1994, p.78), points out OIL
(i) must have adequate data N
collection (prod./ P/ PVT); and
NBoi = Vf.(1-Swi)
(ii) must be able to define an

average pressure decline trend i.e.
the more "tank like", the better -
large k/(fmc)) - as discussed above WATER, Swi
W = Vf.Swi
Water influx ?
End of Section 2.2

Outline
Introduction
Material Balance
Closing Remarks
2.3 SINGLE PHASE DARCY LAW
2.3.1 The Basic Darcy Experiment
Darcy in 1856 conducted a series of flow tests through packs

of sands which he took as approximate experimental models
of an aquifer (for the ground water supply at Dijon); schematic
shown in Fig. 2.2
Darcy Law & the Darcy velocity, u, is as follows:
Q k DP k P (2.9)
u . .
A m L m x
where the minus sign => fluid flow is down the pressure
gradient
Pressure drop
Volumetric
flow rate DP
Q Q
L
Length of core
Area = A
k . A DP
Q .
m L
k = permeability
.
m = viscosity
Pressure drop
Volumetric
flow rate DP
Q Q
L
Length of core
Area = A
k . A DP
Q .
m L
k = permeability
. Q k from
slope
m = viscosity - DP / L
2.3.2 Mathematical Note: on the Operators
gradient () and divergence (. )
Gradient (or grad) is a vector operation :

i j k
x y z
where i, j & k = the unit vectors in x, y and z directions.
Gradient operation acts on a scalar field e.g. P :
P P P
grad P P i j k
x y z
grad P a vector of the pressure gradients in the three

directions, x, y and z as follows:
Grad P a vector of the pressure gradients in the three
Figure 2.3: The definition of grad P or P
P
z P Unit vectors
x k j
P
P y
i
y

P

z x
Grad P a vector of the pressure gradients in the three
Figure 2.3: The definition of grad P or P
P
z P Unit vectors
x P
k P k j
z
P j
y
P y
i
y

P P
i
x
z x
2.3.2 gradient () and divergence (. )
Divergence (or div) is the dot product of the grad
operator and acts on a vector to produce a scalar.

.
i
x
. y
.
j .
k
z
The divergence of the Darcy velocity vector, u, gives:
ux i

. u i
x
. y
j . .
k uy j
z
z
u k
can expand the RHS..
Divergence (or div) ux i

u i
x
. . y
j . .
k uy j
z
z
u k
can expand the RHS by multiplying out the first (1x3)
matrix by the second (3x1) matrix to obtain a "1x1
matrix" which is a scalar as follows...
ux i
ux u y
. u x i.
y
.
j .
k uy j
z
.
x
ii
y
.j j
uz
z
.
k k

z
u k
. . .
use the relationships i i j j k k 1 to obtain....
Divergence (or div) ux i
u u y
. u x i.
y
.
j . .
k uy j x i i
z x y
.j j
uz
z
.
k k

z
u k
. . .
use the relationships i i j j k k 1 to obtain....
ux u y uz
. u
x

y

z
Can take the divergence of the grad P vector , P to
obtain the quantity, . P (div grad P), as :
P
x i

P 2 P
. P x i.
y
.
j .
k j .
z y x 2
2 P
. .k
2P
i i 2 j j 2 k
y z
P
k
z
. .
Again using the relationships, i i j j k k 1 obtain: .
2 P 2 P 2 P
. P 2 2 2 2 P
x y z
where, 2 is the Laplacian operator
From: 2 P 2 P 2 P
. P 2 2 2 2 P
x y z
the Laplacian operator is -
2 2 2
div grad 2 2 2
2
x y z
Darcys Law with Full Tensors
net flow in z-dir
net flow in x-dir
1 P
u x k xx
m x
1 P
u z k zx
DPx
m x
DPz net flow in z-dir
net flow in x-dir
1 P
u x k xz
m z
1 P
u z k zz
m z
DPz net flow in z-dir
net flow in x-dir
1 P P
u x k xx k xz
m x z
1 P P
u z k zx k zz
DPx
m x z
k k xx k xz
u P k
m k zx k zz
2.3.3 Darcy's Law in 3D - Using Vector and Tensor Notation
A tensor k in 3D can be represented by a 3 x 3

matrix: k xx k xy k xz

k k yx k yy k yz
k k zy k zz
zx
To take a dot product of this tensor, k , with the
vector P ; i.e. k P. .
The dot product of a tensor and a vector is a
vector and the operation is carried out like a matrix
multiplication ... as follows...

vector - operation is like a matrix multiplication ...
P
x

k xx k xy k xz
P
k . P k yx k yy k yz
k y
zx k zy k zz
P

z

P k P + k P + k P
x xx x xy

xz

y z
k xx k xy k xz
P P P P
k . P k yx k yy k yz k yx + k yy + k yz
k y x y z
zx k zy k zz
P
k P + k P + k P

z zx x zy

y
zz

z
giving final result ...


P P P
k xx + k xy + k xz
x y z

k . P P P
P k yx + k yy + k yz
x y z

P P P
k zx + k zy + k zz
x y z
Use this result to write Darcy Law in 3D

P
x
k xx
k xy k xz
1 P
u -
1
m
k . P - k yx
m
k yy k yz
y
k zx k zy k zz
P

z
which expands up to give ...
Darcy Law in 3D is:

P P P
ux k xx + k xy + k xz
x y z

1 P P
P

u uy - k yx + k yy + k yz
m x y z

u P P P
z k zx + k zy + k zz
x y z
where we can identify the 3 velocity components as follows...

Darcy Law in 3D - showing the 3 velocity components
1 P P P
ux - xx
k + k xy + k xz
m x y z
1 P P P
u y - k yx + k yy + k yz
m x y z
1 P P P
u z - k zx + k zy + k zz
m x y z
Darcy Law in 3D - if permeability tensor is diagonal:

k xx 0 0

k 0 k yy 0
0 k zz
0
then we obtain the conventional Darcy expressions in
the x, y and z directions
1 P 1 P 1 P
ux - k xx u y - k yy uz - k zz
m x m y m z
2.3.4 Simple Darcy Law with Gravity
In presence of gravity - the 1D Darcy Law becomes

1 P z
ux - k xx - gr
m x x
in the case of a simple inclined system at a slope of q Fig. 2.4)

z
then: sin q and Darcy Law becomes:
x
1 P
ux k xx g r sinq
m x
see Fig 2.4 ....
2.3.4 Simple Darcy Law with Gravity
In presence of gravity - the 1D Darcy Law becomes

1 P
u x k xx g r sinq
m x
Note that:
z q
sin q
x
z
Fig. 2.4
x
2.3.5 The Radial Darcy Law
In 1D and 3D, Darcy Law is in Cartesian coordinates

(x, y and z) - not appropriate for modelling wells in
reservoir simulation (CM4).
A radial (r/z) geometry is appropriate for the near-

well region, it is useful to consider the Darcy Law in
radial coordinates, r.
Radial form of the Darcy law can be derived from the

linear form as shown in Fig. 2.4A.
Fig. 2.4A Q dr RADIAL DARCY LAW
Area, A = 2p.r.h
Radial Darcy Law is:

h
r . 2
= =

Notation:
Q = volumetric flow rate of fluid into well
r = radial distance from well
h = height of formation
dP = incremental pressure drop from r to (r + dr) i.e. over dr
A = area of surface at r = 2prh
m = fluid viscosity
k = formation permeability;
rw = wellbore radius
2.3.5 The Radial Darcy Law
2
Starting from the radial Darcy Law =

1
can rearrange to obtain: =
2
Taking rw as the wellbore radius and r some appropriate
radial distance, we can easily integrate the above equation
to obtain:
()

dr = =
( ) 2
which
() =
gives => 2
2.3.5 The Radial Darcy Law mQ r
DP(r ) ln
Note logarithmic DP near wellbore, due to 2p kh rw
Fig. 2.4B: Pressure profiles, DP(r), in radial single-phase flow in

injector and producer; Pwf is the well flowing pressure (at rw)
Q
Q
Injector Producer
Pwf
DP(r) DP(r)
DP(r) = Pwf - P(r)
DP(r) = P(r) - Pwf
Pwf
rw r rw r
Will develop ideas from here on well modelling in CM4

End of Section 2.3
Outline
Introduction
Material Balance
Closing Remarks
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
2.4.1 The Two Phase Darcy Law
Darcy's Law originally applied to single phase flow but
can extend empirically to multi-phase flow (o/w/g)
Include the relative permeability which describes the

impairment of the flow of one phase by the other.
A steady-state two phase Darcy (relative permeability)

experiment shown in Fig. 2.5 (all quantities defined)
Experimental examples for rock curves of different

wettability states presented - see Glossary.
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Fig. 2.5: The two-phase Darcy Law and relative permeability. At steady-
state, the Qo and Qw in and out are the same:
DPo
DPw
Qw Qw
Qo Qo
L
- k .k . A DP
Schematic of relative permeabilities,
Qw rw . w krw and kro
mw L krw and kro are water and
1
kro oil relative permeabilities
- k .k . A DP Rel.
Qo ro . o Perm.
mo L krw
0
0 1
Sw
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Quantities in two-phase Darcy Law
Qw and Qo = volumetric flow rates of water and oil;

A = cross-sectional area;
L = system length;
mw and mo = water and oil viscosities;
k = absolute permeabilities;
DPw and DPo = the pressure drops across the water and oil
phases at steady-state flow conditions
krw and kro = the water and oil relative permeabilities
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Quantities in two-phase Darcy Law
Qw and Qo * = volumetric flow rates of water and oil;

A = cross-sectional area;
L = system length;
mw and mo * = water and oil viscosities;
k = absolute permeabilities;
DPw and DPo* = the pressure drops across the water and oil
krw and kro

* = phases at steady-state flow conditions
the water and oil relative permeabilities
*differences with single-phase Darcy Law: important

2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Experimental Relative Permeabilities for
a strongly water-wet system
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Differential form of two-phase Darcy Law in 1D with gravity
k .krw Pw z
uw - r
m w x
- g
x
w
k .kro Po z
uo - r
m o x
- g
x
o
Note that flows in each phase depend on the pressure gradients

in that phase i.e. Pw Po
and
x x
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Capillary Pressure: phase pressures, Po and Pw, at a given
Sw (So = 1 - Sw), are generally not equal - given by:
Pc Sw Po Pw
- the capillary pressure, Pc(Sw).
Strictly, Pc(Sw) = non-wetting phase P - wetting-phase P
Think of Pc(Sw) as a constraint on the phase Ps i.e. if Pc(Sw)

known (experiment) - from Po at Sw, we can calculate Pw.
Examples of capillary pressure curves are also shown in the

Glossary.
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Experimental Capillary Pressures Pc Sw Po Pw
+
drainage 0
imbibition
-
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Two-phase Darcy Law in 3D: taking absolute permeability in

tensor form, k ,with the phase relative permeabilities gives:
kw k krw ; ko k kro
where kw and ko = effective phase permeability tensors (w & o).
The Darcy velocity vectors for the water and oil, uw and uo, may
be written in 3D as follows:
1 1
uw kw . Pw r w g z and uo ko . Po ro g z
mw mo
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
2.4.2 Fractional Flow Theory and the Buckley-Leverett Eqns.
Fractional Flow: is fractional volumetric flow rate of the

phase under a given pressure gradient, in the presence of
another phase (fo+fw = 1):
Qw Qo
fw ; fo ; where QT Qo Qw
QT QT
1
fw
1 f w Sw
kro .m w
1
k rw .m o
0
0 Sw 1
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

Qw Qo
QT QT
1
fw
1 f w Sw
kro .m w
1
k rw .m o Sor
0
0 Sw 1
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

Qw Qo
QT QT
1
fw
1 f w Sw
kro .m w
1
k rw .m o
Swi Sor
0
0 Sw 1
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

df w This slope
Qw Qo
fw ; fo
is v. important
w
dS (Welge tangent)
QT QT
1
fw
1 f w Sw
kro .m w
1
k rw .m o
Swi Sor
Swf
0
0 Sw 1
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

Qw Qo
QT QT
- plays central part in Buckley-Leverett (B-L) theory of 1D
displacement - starts at conservation equation (v = Q/(Af))
Sw f w So f o
v. ; v.
t x t x
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Fractional Flow & 1D Buckley-Leverett (B-L) theory of 1D

- the conservation equation: derivation? Pore vol, V = A.dx. f
p
So f o
e.g. v.
t x fo
rock
fo
x x d x
Oil So
Note that:
QT QT
QT Water Sw
v or QT = v.A.f
A.f x x + dx
where v is the actual velocity (not Darcy velocity, u)

2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

- the conservation equation:
Pore vol, Vp = A.dx. f
So f o
e.g. v.
t x fo
rock
fo
x x d x
Oil So
Vol. oil IN overd t QT . fo x .d t
QT QT
Vol. oil OUT over d t QT . fo x d x
.d t Water Sw
Change in oil vol. over d t fo x d x

fo x Q .d t
T
x x + dx
Since QT = v.A.f , then ...
Change in oil vol. over d t fo x d x

fo x v.A.f.d t
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

Pore vol, Vp = dx. A. f
So f o
e.g. v.
t x fo
rock
fo x d x
Change in oil vol. over d t
x Oil So
QT
fo v.A.f.d t
fo Water Sw
QT
x d x x
Corresp. saturation change DSo over d t x x + dx

f o x d x fo x v.A.f.d t f o x d x fo x v.A.f.d t
Vp d x. A.f
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

DSo over d t
f o x d x fo x v.A.f.d t
d x. A.f rock
fo x
fo x d x
thro by dt
Cancel A.f and
QT
Oil So
QT
DSo

f o x d x
fo x v Water Sw
dt dx
x x + dx
which gives:
DSo
v
fo x d x
fo x
dt dx
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW

Lim. as d t 0; d x 0 of
DSo
v
fo x d x
fo x fo
rock
fo
x x d x
dt dx Oil So
is... QT QT
Water Sw
So f o
v
t x x x + dx
as required (likewise for Sw)

2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Buckley-Leverett (B-L) theory
So f o
v
t x
from this we note that fo is a function of So only, thus:
So df o So Sw df w Sw
v
. and also .. v .
t o
dS x t w
dS x
and we can identify the water and oil velocities as..
df o df w
v So v and v Sw v
o
dS w
dS
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
Buckley-Leverett Theory: This mathematical theory of

viscous dominated water oil displacement is based on the
fact that the velocity, vSw , of a fixed saturation value Sw is
given by:
f w
v Sw v.
S w
where v is the fluid velocity, v = Q/(Af) and (dfw/dSw) is the
slope of the fractional flow curve (see above). The
relationship between the fractional flow and Buckley
Leverett theory is illustrated below.
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
f w
Buckley-Leverett Theory: v Sw v.

w
S
2.4 TWO PHASE FLOW
f w
Buckley-Leverett Theory: v v.

Sw1
w Sw Sw1
S
Dist. travelled by
Sw1 is:
XSw1= VSw1 x t
XSw1
Sw1
End of Section 2.4

Outline
Introduction
Material Balance
Closing Remarks
2.4 CLOSING REMARKS
Summary of Core Module 2
Reviews basic concepts of reservoir engineering

- started with Material Balance
- simple calculator exercise (reservoir simulator)
- cf. roles of Material Balance and Reservoir Simulation
- basic reservoir engineering associated with fluid flow:

the single phase Darcy law (k), tensor permeabilities
two phase Darcy Law - relative permeabilities (kro, krw)
and capillary pressures (Pc)
=> reviewed in form which is useful for derivation

of full reservoir simulation flow equations
2.5 SOME FURTHER READING ON RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
Amyx, Bass, and Whiting: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering,
1960; excellent text if a little old fashioned - good on MB.
Archer and Wall: Petroleum Engineering: Principles and

Practice, 1986; good modern overview of P.E. - one of the
earliest books on integrating geology in the reservoir model.
Craft, B C, Hawkins, M F and Terry, R E: Applied Petroleum

Reservoir Engineering, 1991; Craft & Hawkins original text a
classic - updated in 1991 by Terry - good on MB
continued ...
2.5 SOME FURTHER READING ON RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
continued ...
Craig: The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding,
SPE, 1979; main principles and R.E. of waterflooding -
excellent on traditional analytical methods.
Dake: The Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,1978; a

modern classic on R.E. - particularly good coverage of MB
and Buckley-Leverett theory.
Dake: The Practice of Reservoir Engineering, 1994; a modern

plea for the application traditional R.E. - many examples from
Dake's experience - some controversial observations on
reservoir simulation

Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering PDF

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Reservoir Simulation: Chapter 2

Review of Basic Concepts in Reservoir

Reviews basic concepts of reservoir engineering

- basic reservoir engineering associated with fluid flow:

The purpose of review of basic reservoir engineering is:

(ii) allows emphasis on the complementary nature of

(iii) to review flow concepts (Darcy's law etc.), in a manner of

Basic concepts (Glossary) - assume familiar:

- viscosity (mo, mw, mg); density (ro, rw, rg),

- phase saturations (So, Sw and Sg)

Table 2.1: Basic reservoir engineering quan tities to revise

Symbol Name Field Units Meaning/Formulae

Bo , Bw, Bg Formation volume bbl/ST B

Symbol Name Field Units Meaning/Formulae

Rso, Rsw Gas solubility factors SCF/STB

co, cw, cg Isothermal fluid psi-1 r k

rk and Vk - density and volume of phase k;

End of Section 2.1

Concept of Material Balance (MB) has a central position in the

Objectives here are:

Material Balance (MB) used for the following main purposes:

1. determining the STOIIP by analysing mean reservoir

2. calculating water influx (natural aquifer support) in production

3. predicting mean reservoir pressure in the future, if a good

Thus, the mean field pressure decline by MB can be compared

Read Comments on Material Balance by Dake

(from Chapter 3; L. P. Dake, The Practice of Reservoir Engineering,

Fluid or formation Compressibility (10-6 psi-1)

Formation rock, crock 3 - 10

The simple example taken to demonstrate the main idea of

WATER, Swi WATER, Sw

Water influx ? Water influx, We

Fig. 2.1: MB - undersaturated oil above Pb + water influx

Conditions for application of MB

MB - undersaturated oil above Pb + water influx

Definitions: N = initial reservoir volume (STB)

Definitions in Fig. 2.1 for simplified MB

DVo DVw DVrock DVo DVw DVvoid 0 (2.1)

Each of these volume changes (increases) can be calculated

DVo DVw DVrock DVo DVw DVvoid 0

Volume changes for oil, water and rock are

DVo = (N - Np). Bo - N.Boi (bbl = RB)

Rock compresses too, pore space expands though

Pressure increase is, D p p po and the volume balance says:

DVo DVw DVrock DVo DVw DVvoid 0

Volume changes for oil, water and rock are

DVo = (N - Np). Bo - N.Boi (bbl = RB)

Add to obtain ....

Adding volume changes and noting that W = Vf.Swi

Even simpler if no water influx (We =0) or production (Wp = 0)

1 Not necessarily linear since Bo

1 HOW TO USE THE MB EQUATION

__ => Calc N i.e. STOIIP

Exercise 2.1: MB problem for undersaturated reservoir (Eq. 2.8)

Input data: Swi = 0.1; crock = 5 x 10-6 psi-1; cw = 4 x 10-6 psi-1;

Exercise 2.1: MB problem for undersaturated reservoir (Eq. 2.8)

4000 P (psi) 5500

Exercise 2.1: MB problem for undersaturated reservoir (Eq. 2.8)

For more help see the Excel

Exercise 2.1: MB problem ANSWER part (i)

Mean Reservoir Pressure vs. RF(% )

Conditions for application of MB

MB - undersaturated oil above Pb + water influx