Peoples all over the world formed systems of belief in powers greater than their own. The earliest religions were connected with the forces of nature — the sun, the moon, wind, water, rocks and trees ~ and with animals. Eastern Religions The great religions of the world all began in Asia. Three of them ~ Judaism, Christianity, and Islam — began in the same 1500s area of west Asia. Hinduism and Buddhism began in India. | Tig, caiest Hind holy songs, vite in india ‘* In the civilizations of the ancient world, the king was ofien seen as the 1200 ——_-gods' representative. The god-king defended his people. The Egyptians believed in many gods, and in a life after death. One pharaoh, Akhenaton, tried to replace the old gods with a ‘one-god’ faith based on sun worship, The experiment was short-lived. ‘Jes eave Egypt (the Exodus). Moss receives the | ‘Tn Commandments Hindu Upanishads, ot holy | 700 0 feoks came a supreme spirit caleba, | Zoruthresea | ¢.6005 8¢ Zoroaster) | in Persia | The slr Confucius |] 500s 6c tcachesin Chin. | 1Loo-teu writes the Tao Te |f 5008 8c al hinge in are, | Jainism, in lai, ounded | 500 8c by a wise man med Mahavira Buddhism spreads in India afer Asoka becomes 4 Buddhism was taught bya prince named Gautama Buddha. In this picture he is shown meditating under a shady bodhi tee in an Indian village. ESISINZS7SPSOST DS AISISTRINOO 74> Hindu pilgrims came to bathe in the waters ofthe holy river Ganges, as people still do today. India Hinduism is the oldest of the Asian belief’. There are many Hindu gods, and many rules that govern foods, behavior, festivals, and even which jobs people may do, Buddhism began in India in the 500s ac and was later spread by missionaries to Burma and China. In its birthplace of India, Buddhism practically died out. It was different from other religions in having no god or gods. Its followers were taught to escape the sufferings of life by desiring nothing Another Indian religion, Jainism, forbade its followers to kill any living thing, even an insect. Judaism The Jews were the first people in Furope and Asia to put their faith in one god. They believed that they were a chosen people, who owed their escape from slavery in Egypt and Babylon to a supreme God A, Hindu sculptures of gods and whom they called Yahweh (the Lord). God gave the Ten i goddesses are full of energy. The four- Commandments (laws) to Moses, and prophets delivered messages | armed Vishnu isthe preserver ofthe from God. Jews believed that God would send a messiah, or saviour, Universe. He is one of Hinduism’ two to bring justice and peace. Later, followers of Jesus Christ, a Jew, ‘main gods ~ the othe is Shiva, believed he was the Messiah (the Son of God). A Ry EE A RLS A ay Confucius In China, people worshipped their ancestors and nature spirits, In the 500s Bc, a scholar named Confucius taught a system of “right behavior” which has influenced Chinese government and society ever since. He taught loyalty to the family, ‘worship of ancestors, and obedience to the laws of society. A. A bronze statue of Buddha. The name Buddha means “the * enlightened one.” 75Inc, Al rights rosorve, gts unk ee) The Indo-Europeans BEFORE YOU READ In the last chapter, you read about peoples who lizations in the great river valleys In this section, you will learn about the movements of two groups of people who lived on the grasslands of AS YOU READ Use the chart below to take notes on where each group migrated and on the features of its culture. | _meererens | Date TERMS AND NAMES Indo-Europeans Group of Asian peoples who migrated to many different places steppes Dry grasslands migration Movernent of people from ‘one place to another Hittites. Group of Indo-European peoples who occupied Anatolia Large peninsula in modern: day Turkey ‘Aryans Group of Indo-Europeans Vedas Sacred literature of the ‘Aryans Brahmin Priest caste Class ‘Mahabharata Poem that tells the story of a great war built civi- Anatoli Asia, Hittites + ocaprea Anatolia Indo-Europeans Migrate jo:2s 1-52) Who were the Indo-Europeans? The Indo-Europeans were a group of peoples who came from the steppes—the dry grasslands of, westem Asia. The Indo-Europeans rode horses and tended cattle. sheep. and goats. They spoke many different languages. but all of them came from the same original language. For some reason, starting about 1700 8.c., the Indo-Europeans began to leave their homeland, They moved into some of the settled areas and began to conquer them. These migrations, move- took ments of people from one region to anoth place over a long period of time. 11. What happened to the Indo-Europeans? The Hittite Empire (jae: 2-2) Who were the Hittites? ‘The Hittites were one of these Indo-European peoples. They rode two-wheeled chariots and used CHAPTER 3. PEOPLE AND IDEAS ON THE Move 23iron weapons to conquer Anatolia, Anatolia is also called Asia Minor. It is a huge peninsula in mod- em-day Turkey. The Hittites moved farther and took the ancient lands of Mesopotamia. When they moved to the south, they ran into the Egyptians. Neither side was able to defeat the other. So. they decided to make peace ‘The Hittites adopted many features of the cul- ture that had grown in Mesopotamia before they arrived. They changed others to suit their own ideas. Their laws, for instance. were less harsh than the code of Hammurabi. The Hittites ruled their Southwest Asian empire from about 2000 to 1190 8.c, Then they fell to a new wave of invaders, 2. How did the Hittites react to the culture they found in Mesopotamia? Aryans Transform India ines 5-65) Who were the Aryans? ‘The Aryans were another group of Indo-European people, They moved into what is now India and transformed it, They first captured the land of the people of the Indus Valley. Archaeology tells almost nothing about the Aryans. But their sacred 24 Cuarren 3 Secnon 1 Iiterature, the Vedas, tells a lot about them. The Aryans were divided into three classes of people. There were priests (Brahmins), warriors and peasants or traders. They viewed the non- Aryans living in the area as a fourth class. Over time, they made many niles for how people in these classes, or castes, could interact with one another. People were bom into their caste for life. Some impare” people lived in a group outside this class stem, They were butchers, grave diggers, and trash collectors, Becanse they did work that was thought unclean, they were called “untouchables.” ‘Over many centuries, the Aryans took more and more of what is now India. Eventually many pow: erful people tried to create their own kingdoms ‘They fought each other until one kingdom Magadha, won control over almost all of India, Around this time, an epic poem, the Mahabharata, \was written, It tells of the blending of cultures at the time. It also sets down ideals that were to become important in Hindu life 3. What is the caste system? ‘© McDougal Lite ine. A rights reservedName Date supeoreavins The Indo-Europeans Section 1 ‘A. Summarizing As you read about the migration of Indo-European peoples, fillin the blanks in the following summary From about 1700 to 1200 &.¢., waves of Indo-European nomads migrated from their homelands inthe (1) the dry grasslands north of the Caucasus Mo ntains. One group, the Hittites, settled in (2) _ a rugged peninsula in a region today called Turkey: They conquered (3) the chief ity in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, signed a peace treaty with Egypt, and blended many of their traditions with the more advanced Mesopotamian culture. With their superior two-wheeled @ and their war weapons made of (5) _ the Hittites ‘created an empire that dominated Southwest Asta for over 450 years, About 1500 8.¢., another Indo-European group, the (6) __ entered India rough the mountain passes of the Hindu Kush. Unlike the people they conquered, they were nvaders were divided into social light skinned and had not developed a writing systern. Th lasses, later called (7) ____. Over time four major social classes developed, the highest being the (8) for priests, and the lowest, the (9) or laborers. Beginning around 1000 8.¢., chiefs began to set up kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent; the most important of these kingdoms was (10) Many modern languages trace their origins to languages spoken by the Indo-Europeans. ‘Among the Indo-European family of languages spoken in Europe and Asia today are au) _ and (12) B. Writing for a Specific Purpose Identify and explain the significance of the Vedas and the Mahabharata in Indian history 44 Unrr a, CHarrer 3, Inc. Alright reserved ‘© MeDougal Lt{© McDougal Lil Inc. Al rights reserved, Name Siesta etna Hinduism and Buddhism Develop BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the Hittites and the Aryans. In this section, you will learn about the roots of Hinduism and Buddhism, AS YOU READ Use the chart below to show features of Hinduism, Buddhism, and also Jainism. Hinduism calection oF baie Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries ipsces 6-0) What is Hinduism? Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that forms no one system. Unlike many religions. it was not founded by only one person. It isa religion that allows great variety for its followers, Certain ideas became common to the beliefs ofall Hindus. Hindus believe that each person has a soul However, there is also a larger soul. called Brahman, that brings together all the individual souls. A person’ is to become free of desire World Religions Date __ TERMS AND NAMES incarnation Belief thatthe soul is rebom karma Good or bad deeds “Jainism Religion that tezches every living creature has a soul and no ing creature can be harmed ‘Siddhartha Gautama Founder of Buddhism enlightenment Wisdom hivana Buddha's word for release ‘rom selfishness and pain and not bothered by suffering. When that takes place, the person's soul wins escape from life on Earth. Hindus believe in reinearnation. ‘They believe the soul is hom again into another body after death, In the next life, the soul has another chance to lear its lessons. According to Hindus. how a person behaves in one life has an effect on the person’ next life. This is the soul’ karma— good or bad deeds Another religion that arose in India was Jainism. It was started by Mahavira, a man who lived from about 599 to 527 8.c. He believed that every creature in the world—even an animal—has CHAPTER 3. PEOPLE AND IDEAS ON THE Move 25a soul. Because of that, people must be sure not to harm any creature. Today; Jains take jobs that are certain not to hurt living things 41, Name three Hindu beliets. The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment ar What is Buddhism? Another new religion, Buddhism. arose about the same time as Hinduism and Jainism. Buddhism has millions of followers all around the world. It was started around 528 8. by Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha searched for a way that would allow hhim to escape the suffering of human life, He spent ‘many years searching for this answer, He was look- ing for enlightenment, or wisdom, Finally. he sat down and meditated under a tree. After 49 days, he had his answer. He was now called the Buddha, which means the “enlightened one.” The Buddha began to teach others how to attain enlightenment. They were to follow a plan of behavior called the Eightfold Path—right views, right resohe, right speech, right conduct. right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. This would lead to nirvana, or a release from selfishness and pain AAs with Hinduism, the Buddha taught that the soul would be reborn into a new life. This chain of new lives would continue until the soul. like Buddha, reached understanding, ‘These ideas attracted many followers people who lived in the lower classes of Indian society saw these ideas as a chance to escape from the limits placed on them. This teaching also. spread in southern India. There the Aryans did not have much influence. Some followers took the ideas to other lands In the centuries after Buddha's death in 483 #.c Buddhism appeared in Southeast Asia. Later it was carried to China and then to Korea and Japan Merchants and traders played an important role in spreading the religion. Strangely. in India where Buddhism was founded, the religion faded. Many places that are important to Buddhism remain in India, however. Buddhists frosn around the world come there to visit locations connected to the life of Buddha. 22. Name four basic beliefs of Buddhism. aa ee Ly First Noble Truth wortd ‘Third Noble Truth desires. Fourth Noble Truth 26 Curren 3 Secrion 2 Lifes filed with suftering and sorrow. Second Noble Truth The cause of all suffering is people's selfish 4esire for the temporary pleasures ofthis Skillbuilder Use the chart to answer the questions, 1. What is the subject ofthe first three ‘noble truths? ‘The way to end all suffering isto end all ‘The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial 3 = @{© McDougal Litel Ine Al ights reserva, Name cue reaons Hinduism and Buddhism Develop Section 2 A. Comparing and Contrasting As you read about Hinduism and Buddhism, take notes to filin the comparison chart below Hinduism Buddhism 1. Founder/Origins 2 Key belies 3. Gods [4 Sacred iterature 5. Effect on society 6. Modern-day traditions B. Clarifying On the back ofthis paper, deserbe the religious traditions and beliefs of Jainism. People and Ideas on the Move 45Inc. Al rights reserved. Name Date tebe deen ue hc eke) TERMS AND NAMES Minoans Group of powerful Seafaring Traders eee modemday Greece and Turkey BEFORE you READ Knossos Minoan capital ty EFO ER jane th King Mines King of Knossos In the last section, you read about major religions that See reer developed in india slong the Mediterranean In this section, you will learn about traders whose influ- ence spread throughout the Mediterranean, AS YOU READ Use the web below to take notes on how trade spread both products and culture. Minoans sent products as well as art and culture Ancient Mediterranean Trade ‘Trading Networks Minoans Trade in the art and architecture. This style later had influence Medit on the art of Greece. meee Archacologists have explored the ruins of Who were the Minoans? Knossos, the capital city of the Minoans. It was the archaeologists that first called the culture Minoan, after its famous ruler, King Minos. They found beautiful wall paintings that offer views of Minoan, culture. One interesting feature of Minoan life was the high position that women appear to have held. ‘An earth goddess seems to have headed all the gods of Crete. and women ruled over some impor- tant religious places, Women did not play: such In the Mediterrane the island of Crete. people who lived in rich cities that were safe from invaders. They controlled trade in their area, Crete, Crete is a large island on the southem edge of the Aegean Sea. The Minoans sent their fine pottery, swords, and metal drinking cups to other lands, They also sent other countries their style of 1 area, a new culture arose on he Minoans were peaceful CHAPTER 3 PEOPLE AND IDEAS ON THE Move 27important roles among other peoples who lived nearby. Minoan cities were damaged in 1470 8.¢. by a series of disasters. First, a number of earthquakes rocked the island, destroying buildings. Then a vol- ‘ano exploded on a nearby island. That was fol- lowed by huge waves and clouds of white ash from the voleano’s fire. These shocks seem to have been too much for the Minoans. The Minoan civilization ended about 1200 a.c 11. What were three important features of Minoan culture? Phoenicians Spread Trade and Civilization (sages 73-751 Who were the Phoenicians? Another group of people arose in the Mediterranean, ‘They lived in several city-states in what is today Lebanon. They traded far and wide. Some may have even sailed as far as Britain—and perhaps around Africa. They were the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians put colonies all along the Mediterranean coast. Colonies were 30 miles apart. This was the distance that one of their ships could travel in a day. One of those colonies, Carthage, in North Africa, later became a major power in the Mediterranean world. Phoenicians traded such goods as wine, weapons. metals, ivory slaves, and objects made of wood and glass. They also made a purple dye that was highly valued. 28 Charen 3 SECON 3 ‘The important achievement of the Phoenicians was their alphabet. They used symbols to stand for the sounds of consonants. They brought their sys- tem of writing to other lands such as Greece, where Greeks changed the form of some letters ‘The alphabet that we use today, however, had its, beginnings im Phoenician writing 2. How did the Phoenicians spread their culture? Ancient Trade Routes ssc: 7) What were the major trading networks? ‘Trading networks also connected the Mediterranean, Sea with other centers of world commerce in South and East Asia. Some routes went across Central Asia by land. Some sea routes went across the Arabian Sea, ‘These networks helped people exchange produets and information. Traders ca ried ideas. religions beliefs, art. and ways of living, They did not just trade goods. They also helped “trade” culture. ‘3. Why were trade networks so important?rights reserve, © McDougal Lite ne Name Sialic ke eee The Origins of Judaism BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the spread of culture through trade. In this section, you will learn about the origins of Judaism AS YOU READ Uses the chart below to take notes on the beginnings of Judaism, Date TERMS AND NAMES Palestine Region on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea Canaan Ancient home of the Hebrews Torah First five books of the Hebrew Bible ‘Abraham “Father” or the first of the Hebrew people ‘monotheism Belief in 2 single god ‘covenant Mutual promise between god and the Hebrews ‘Moses According tothe Torah, the man that led the Jews out of slavery 1 Region on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea Judah Hebrew kingdom in Palestine \wibute Payment made by a woaker ower to a stronger power Promised Land | tomlin | | —__| | Kingdom of Israel Babylonian Captivity The Search for a Promised Land (pages 72-78) Where did the Hebrews claim Jand? The Hebrews made a claim to an important piece of land. the area now called Palestine. They Delieved the land had been promised to them by “od. Their ancient home was the area of Palestine called Canaan. This region sat on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea and on the Red Sea which led to the Indian Ocean, It opened to the trade of many lands. Most of what we know about the early history of the Hebrews comes from the ‘Torah, the sacred book of the Hebrews ‘The story of the Hebrews began in Mesopotamia, There, according to the Torah, God chose a man named Abraham to be the “father.” or the first of the Hebrews. God told Abraham to move his family to Palestine. Abraham promised that he and his people would always obey God. (The Hebrews were among the world’ earliest peoples to believe in one god, or monotheism.) God, in tum, promised to always protect them from their enemies. This was the first of many ‘covenants—promises between God and the Hebrews. 4, What role di Abraham playin early Hebrew history? CHAPTER 3. PEOPLE AND IDEAS ON THE MovE 29Moses and the Exodus (o:9e: 72-00) Who was Moses? When their crops failed, the Hebrews moved to Egypt around 1650 8.c. Over time, they were forced to become slaves. After many years. they fled. The Hebrews called this mass departure “the Exodus.” According to the Torah, a man named Moses Jed them out of Egypt between 1300 and 1200 Bc. They wandered 40 years in a wilderness. During that time, the Torah says, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. These were the laws that the Hebrews were to follow. For the second time. God promised to protect them in retum for their obedi- ence to his laws. After Moses died, the Hebrews finally reached Palestine and settled. There they began to adopt new ways of life. They often fought with other peo- ples living in the area, as each group tried to con- trol the best land and other resources. The Hebrews were organized into twelve groups. called tribes. Each tribe was separate from the others. But in times of danger they would unite under leaders called judges. One of those judges named Deborah. It was unusual for nen in Hebrew society to hold such a position, Women usually were expected to stay home and raise children ‘The Hebrews had other leaders called prophets ‘They said that they were messengers sent by God to tell the people how he wanted them to aet. These prophets told the people that they had two duties: to ‘worship God and to deal in just and fair ways with ‘one another. With this message, religion was chang- ing. Instead of being a part of life run by priests, it ‘was now a matter of each person living a mora life. 2. What were the Ten Commandments? 30 Cnarrer 3 Secnon 4 The Kingdom of Israel jp392s «1-22 How was Israel formed? After the exile, the only large tribe left was the tribe of Judah. As a result, the Hebrews came to be known as the Jews. Their religion was called Judaism From about 1020 to 922 n.c., the Jews were tmnited into one kingdom, Israel. Three kings helped unite them. The first. Saul, deve off their ‘enemies. The second, David, made Jerusalem the capital, The third, Solomon, built a magnificent teinple to be used to worship God After Solomon's death. though, the kingdom split into two parts. Israel was in the north, and Judah was in the south, For the next two centuries, each of the kingdoms had times of prosperity, fol lowed by low periods 3. How was israel split? The Babylonian Captivity (osc: «2 Who conquered Israel and Judah? Disaster came when both kingdoms lost their inde- pendence. Israel and Judah began to pay tribute to Assyria, Tribute is money paid by a weaker power toa stronger power to make sure it does not attack Exentually. the northem kingdom fell to the Assyrians, Later. the southem kingdom fell to the Babylonians, Many Jews were forced into exile in Babylon, They lived there for many years during what was known as the Babylonian Captivity. Then the Babylonians themselves were conquered by the Persian king Cyrus the Great. The new ruler let 40.000 Jews return home. 4. What was the Babylonian Captivity?[McDougal Lil nc Al ight reserved Name __ Date cuweo reaoinc The Origins of Judaism Section 4 A. Following Chronological Order As you read thi the questions about the time line 2000 God commands Abraham to. ——»| 8c, take his people to Canaan. | Descendants of Abraham = ——"" Bc move to Egypt. is section, take notes to answer 1, What sacred writings describe the early history of the Hebrews? 2. How were the Hebrews treated in Egypt? — 3. Why is Moses an important figure in Jewish history? 7300- Hebrews begin their "exodus 7200 from Egypt. ac. 7020 Hebrews unite and form the ~~ Bc. kingdom of Israel. ‘962 King David is succeeded by 2 _ his son Solomon. 922 Kingdom splits into two, 8c Israel and Judah. Assyrians conquer Israel. Chaldeans attack Jerusalem a | and destroy Solomon's Temple. 7.Who was Nebuchadnezzar? 4. What were the achievements of Saul and David? 5. Why did King Solomon build a great temple in Jerusalem? 6. What were the reasons for the division? Second Temple is completed, >" B. Writing for a Specific Purpone On the back of t of Palestine, the covenant, and monotheism to 8. What ruler allowed the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem? this puper, explain the significance Judaism and the Hebrew people People and Ideas on the Move 47from THE BOOK OF EXODUS IN THE BIBLE about 900s B.c. ‘The Hebrews, a semi-nomadic people, were liberated from slavery in Egypt in about the 13th century 8.c. When they settled at Mt. Sinai, the Hebrews set up a new code of law, based on their religion. This code was based on the Ten Commandments, which the Hebrews believed had been revealed by God to their leader Moses. The following passage, Chapter 20 from the Book of Exodus, includes the Ten Commandments. THINK THROUGH HISTORY: Summarizing What are some of the main laws of the Hebrews of Moses’ time? Chapter 20 1 And God spake all these words, saying, 2 Tam the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 3 Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 4 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: 5 Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; 6 And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments, 7 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his nam 8 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. 9 Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work: 10 Bur the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maid- servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates, vain, World History: Patterns of Interaction © McDougal Littell nefrom Tae Boox oF Exopus iN rie Braue 11. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day and hallowed it. 12. YHonor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. 13 Thou shalt not kill. 14 Thou shalt not commit adultery. 15 Thou shalt not steal. 16 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor 17 Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not cover thy neighbor's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbors. 18 YAnd all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off. 19 And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God speak with us, lest we die. 20 And Moses said unto the people, Fear not: for God is come to prove you, and that his fear may be before your faces, that ye sin not. 21 And the people stood afar off, and Moses drew near unto the thick darkness where God was. 22 YAnd the Lord said unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the children of Israel, Ye have seen that I have talked with you from heaven. 23 Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods of gold. 24 An altar of earth thou shalt make unto me, and shalt sacrifice thereon thy burnt offerings, and thy peace offerings, thy sheep, and thine oxen: in all places where I record my name I will come unto thee, and I will bless thee. Source: Excerpt from the King James version of the Bible. World History: Patterns of Interaction © MeDougal Lite ne.© McDougal Lite ne, Al gh reserved cooucaL ura. Critical Thinking: World History: Patterns of Interaction Following Chronological Order Judaism Hinduism and Buddhism | zm 86 Abraham moves —— Fs | | “rom Urto Canaan re oy | | —+ wom. Aryan invaders enter om ‘sw aller 120 | | rr) | -sz21 Kingdom of trae divided — ine Kingdoms of Judah and tract (a +7286. Assyrian Empire conquers — + 70-58 Hindu teachers intar- Kingdom of dudeh Pret Vedas in The Upanishads |S. Solomon's Temple destroyed — | -s-st5.¢ Second Tomple built —f ~ + 10186. Buddhist sacred writings written down — + 40.352 Buddhism spread to Japan bby missionaries along Silk RoadsChapter 3: Visual Summary ion World History: Patterns of Interact 6 ezoucas rm. me] s,po5 0} aouaipaqo Brow ay yosow y even ueWUaIYB)U3 eysyoW Trop yeu siydoud | ‘sBup‘sa8pn! ‘sisaug squow sunuiyerg siapear | swuawpuewwoy way ned pronu8ia | ewiey me] [ROW ayqia maiqaH aun jo 54009 r94}0 pue yeso1 ay | euppna ain yo ue sBunysea) aig uo syoog sia\go pue ‘eweieyqeyew ‘speysiuedn ‘sepan, syoog AjoH pop suo vewyerg 40 $208) ]e‘spo8 Auew | spon yousquinn | Crp a Treo con ‘ewer sO ry Yu EMCO© McDougal Lite nc Al ights reserved. Name ge ke eee The Unification of China BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the Persian empire. {in this section, you will learn how China was restored to order, AS YOU READ Use a chart like the one below to take notes on new ideas and changes in China that restored order, Date TERMS AND NAMES Confucius China's most influential scholar {lial piety Children's respect for their parents and elders bureaucracy Organization of {government into agencios and departments Davis Philosophy of Laozithat puts people in touch with the forces of nature Legalism Chinese ides that a highly efficent and powerful government is the key to social order {Ching Chinese book that gave advice on practical and everyday problems vin and yang Powers that govern the natural rhythms of fe and must be balanced Gin dynasty Dynasty that unified China Shi Huangdi First emperor of China; leader of the Gin Dynasty autocracy Govemmentin which the ‘ule has unimited power Ideas about Ideas about Ideas about New political social order government nature rule Combis stresses fre base atone Confucius and the Social Order ple would have to work at five basic relationships. ee ‘These were ruler and subject, father and son, hus- How did Conficius try to restore order in China? After the fall of the Zhou dynasty: China became a land of troubles. Ancient Chinese values were for- gotten. Civilization seemed doomed. Yet some thinkers tried to find ways to restore these values. ‘One of the most important thinkers was Confucius. He was bom in 551 #.¢. Confucius believed that order could return, But first, the peo- band and wife, older and younger brothers, and friend and friend. The family relationships. he thought. were the most important. Confucius stressed that children should practice filial piety. This is respect for parents and elders Confucins also tried to make government better. He helped create the basis ofa bureaucracy. This is a gstem of departments and agencies for running the government. Education was important for the people who held jobs in this kind of government. Charen 4 Finst AcE oF Emrines 39Over time. the ideas of Confucius spread to other countries of East Asia 11. How did Confucius try to restore ancient Chinese values? Other Ethical Systems (29s 105-107) What other ethical systems developed? Another thinker of this period was Laozi, He said nature follows a universal force called the Dao, or “the Way.” His beliefs are called Daoism. Other thinkers formed a set of beliefs called Legalism. They said the government should use the law to restore order in China. Some Chinese people looked for practical advice in solving problems. They might refer to a book called I Ching. Other people turned to the idea of yin and yang, These two powers represented the harmony between opposite forces in the universe. 2. What was the basic purpose ofall these ethical systems? The Qin Dynasty Unifies China (roe 107-18 What happened during the Qin Dynasty? A133 ‘arold ruler became ruler of the Qin Dynasty. He ended the troubles of the warring states, This young ruler used the ideas of Legalismn to uunite China, After ruling for 20 years. he took a new ‘nane—Shi Huangdi. This means “First Emperor. Shi Huangdi doubled the size of China. He established an autocraey. In this kind of govern- ment, a ruler has unlimited power. Shi Huangdi forced wealthy nobles to give up their land in the country and move to his capital city. He destroyed his enemies, The emperor wanted to control ideas. too, He ordered his government to burn books. Shi Huangdi also had peasants build a network of roads that linked one comer of the empire to another. He set standards for writing, law, money. and weights and measures to be followed through ‘out the empire In the past, some Chinese rulers had built sec- tions of wall to try to block attacks from northem nomads, Shi Huangdi had hundreds of thousands of poor people connect these sections of wall and make a huge barrie, When finished. the Great Wall of China stretched for thousands of miles. ‘These steps won the emperor litte support. When he died. his son took the throne. Just three years into his reign, peasants revolted and managed. to overthrow the emperor. By 202 8... the Qin dynasty had given way to the Han dynasty: ‘3. Name two changes that Shi Huangdi made, re eu + Ahighly efficient and pete ‘more important than the social order the key to social order. ‘+ Auniversal force guides powerful governments Skillbuilder Use the chart to answer the questions, 41. Which set of ideas places more importance ial order? + Punishments are useful to all things, ‘maintain social order —— + Human beings should + Thinkers and ther ideas live simply and in should be stricty controlled | 2. In what ways are these ideas opposite? harmony with nature. by the government. 40 Curren 4 Secnon 4{© McOougal Lil Inc Al ights reserve. Name Section 4 A. Summarizing Date sueo reaoins The Unification of China As you read this section, take notes summarizing the basic ideas of the following Chinese philosophies. 1. Confucianism Ideas about social order: Ideas about government: Founder: 2. Daoism Ideas about arder and harmony. Founder: 3. Legalists | | | | | B. Synthesizing Ideas about social order: [= about government j | | On the back ofthis paper, explain the concept of yin and yang, How did this concept contribute to Chinese culture? C. Writing for a Specific Purpose On the back of this paper. explain conditions Jn China during the Qin Dynasty under the rule of Shi Huangdi. First Age of Empires 69 {Ideas about a universal force.