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A. R = VI
B. I = V/R
C. V = I/R
D. I = R/V
A. -7 A
B. +13 A
C. +7 A
D. -13 A
Q6. Calculate the magnitude of the power dissipated in R3 in the following circuit.
A. 45 mW
B. 45 W
C. 150 W
D. 150 mW
A. 39
B. 52
C. 49
D. 12
A. 16
B. 3
C. 6
D. 8
Q9. Calculate the output voltage V of the following circuit.
A. 5V
B. 10 V
C. 6V
D. 3V
A. 4V
B. 6V
C. 8V
D. 2V
A. 25 Hz
B. 50 Hz
C. 50 kHz
D. 25 kHz
Q12. What circuit element is represented by the following circuit symbol?
ANSWER KEY
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. B
11. A
12. B
A. 20 Hz
B. 10 rad/s
C. 10 Hz
D. 20 rad/s
Q2. Which of the following equations describes the waveform shown in the previous question?
A. v = 5 sin 63 t
B. v = 10 sin 10 t
C. v = 5 sin 10 t
D. v = 10 sin 63 t
Q3. Which of the following equations describes the waveform shown here?
A. True
B. False
Q5. What is the average value of a sinusoidal voltage that has a peak value of 15 volts?
A. 0V
B. 9.56 V
C. 10.6 V
D. 19.1 V
Q6. A current of 5 A r.m.s. is passed through a resistor of 4 . What power will be dissipated in the resistor?
A. 20 W
B. 50 W
C. 100 W
D. 200 W
Q7. A moving-coil meter produces a full-scale deflection for a current of 100 A and has a resistance of 500 . Select a series resistor
to turn this device into a voltmeter with an f.s.d. of 1 V.
A. 8.5 k
B. 9 k
C. 9.5 k
D. 10 k
Q8. What reading would be displayed by an analogue ltimeter if it were switched to an AC voltage range and connected to a
symmetrical square waveform of 10 V peak?
A. 7.07 V
B. 9.01 V
C. 10 V
D. 11.1 V
Q9. What reading would be displayed if the signal from the last question were measured on an AC voltage range of a sophisticated
digital ltimeter?
A. 7.07 V
B. 9.01 V
C. 10.0 V
D. 11.1 V
Q10. What is the relationship between the two waveforms shown here?
A. A lags B by pi/4
B. A lags B by pi/2
C. A leads B by pi/4
D. A leads B by pi/2
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. A
3. Resistance and DC Circuits
Q1. A piece of resistive material has a length of 10 mm, a cross sectional area of 7 mm2 and a resistivity of 4700 10-8 -m. What is its
resistance?
A. 67
B. 67 m
C. 30.4
D. 30.4 k
A. -8A
B. -2 A
C. 2A
D. 8A
A. -10 V
B. 10 V
C. 12 V
D. 18 V
Q4. Determine the open-circuit output voltage of the following circuit.
5V
A. 6.82 V
B. 8.18 V
C. 10 V
2 mA
A. 3.33 mA
B. 5 mA
C. 6.67 mA
A. True
B. False
Q7. Use the principle of superposition to determine the output voltage V of the following circuit (you should be able to do this using mental
arithmetic).
A. True
B. False
Q9. Mesh analysis involves systematically applying Kirchhoff's current law to the meshes within a circuit.
A. True
B. False
Q10. How many meshes are present within the following circuit?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C
Q1. A 22 F capacitor has a charge of 250 C stored on it. What is the voltage across the capacitor?
A. 0.88 V
B. 5.5 V
C. 11.4 V
D. 15.5 V
Q2. A capacitor has plates 15 times 30 mm which have a separation of 10 m. If the gap between the plates filled with air, calculate the
capacitance of the device.
A. 400 pF
B. 400 nF
C. 400 F
D. 400 mF
Q3. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor described in the last question if the gap between the plates is filled with a dielectric with a
relative permittivity of 200.
A. 2 pF
B. 80 mF
C. 80 nF
D. 200 nF
Q4. The conducting plates of a capacitor have a separation of 25 m. If the potential across the capacitor is 75 volts, what is the electric
field strength in the dielectric?
A. 3 MV/m
B. 3.3 MV/m
C. 30 MV/m
D. 333 MV/m
A. 0.5 F
B. 2 F
C. 4.5 F
D. 9 F
A. 0.5 F
B. 2 F
C. 4.5 F
D. 9 F
Q7. In a capacitor, the relationship between the current and the voltage can be written as I = C dV/dt.
A. True
B. False
Q8. The circuit in (a) below shows an arrangement that applies a step voltage across a combination of a resistor and an initially uncharged
capacitor. What quantity is shown plotted against time in the graph in (b)?
Q9. The circuit in (a) below shows an arrangement that applies a sinusoidal voltage across a capacitor. Given the relationship between the
voltage and the current in a capacitor, which of the following statements is correct?
A. (b) represents the current IC and (c) represents the voltage VC.
B. (b) represents the voltage VC and (c) represents the current IC.
Q10. Calculate the energy stored in a 22 F capacitor when it is charged to 120 V.
A. 290 J
B. 158 mJ
C. 317 mJ
D. 3.17 J
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. B
Q1. A straight wire carries a current of 7 A. What is the magnetic field strength, H, at a distance of 500 mm from the wire?
A. 0.17 A/m
B. 0.22 A/m
C. 2.23 A/m
D. 14 A/m
Q2. A coil of 250 turns carries a current of 3 A. What is the magnetomotive force, F, produced by this arrangement?
A. 83 ampere-turns
B. 187 ampere-turns
C. 356 ampere-turns
D. 750 ampere-turns
A. True
B. False
Q4. Faraday's law states that the magnitude of the e.m.f. induced in a circuit is proportional to the magnitude of the flux linking the circuit.
A. True
B. False
Q5. The current in a 25 mH inductor changes at a constant rate of 7 A/s. What voltage is induced across this coil?
A. 3.57 mV
B. 175 mV
C. 350 mV
D. 1.75 V
Q6. Calculate the inductance of the air-filled coil shown here.
A. 176 nH
B. 35 H
C. 87 H
D. 123 H
A. 2 mH
B. 20 mH
C. 90 mH
D. 120 mH
A. 2 mH
B. 20 mH
C. 90 mH
D. 120 mH
Q9. The circuit in (a) below shows an arrangement that applies a step voltage across a combination of a resistor and an initially unexcited
inductor. What quantity is shown plotted against time in the graph in (b)?
Q10. What energy is stored in an inductor of 40 mH when a current of 8 A is passing through it?
A. 1.6 mJ
B. 128 mJ
C. 160 mJ
D. 1.28 J
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. B 5.B 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. D
Q1. Calculate the angular frequency small of a signal that has a cyclic frequency f of 20 Hz.
A. 3.18 rad/s
B. 31.8 rad/s
C. 126 rad/s
D. 168 rad/s
Q2. Which one of the following statements is correct in relation to alternating waveforms?
A. 0.9
B. 2.7
C. 5.7
D. 6.3
Q4. Calculate the reactance of a capacitor of 470 F at an angular frequency of 150 rad/s.
A. 14.2
B. 56.1
C. 89
D. 130
Q5. A sinusoidal current of 5 A peak and 60 Hz flows through a capacitor of 20 mF. What voltage will appear across the capacitor?
A. 167 mV
B. 663 mV
C. 893 mV
D. 4.17 V
Q6. The diagram below shows a phasor representation of the voltage V across a combination of a resistor and an inductor. Calculate the
magnitude and phase of the voltage V.
Q7. Determine the complex impedance of the following series arrangement at a frequency of 60 Hz.
A. 239 + j69
B. 239 + j135
C. 170 + j135
D. 170 + j69
Q8. Which of the following combinations of components represents an impedance of 110 + j 314 at a frequency of 100 Hz?
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A 5.B 6. D 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. A
7. Power in AC Circuits
Q1. When a sinusoidal voltage is applied across a resistance, R, how is the average power, P, related to the r.m.s. voltage, V, and the r.m.s.
current, I ?
A. P = V2I
B. P = VI
C. P = VIR
D. P = VI2
Q2. If a sinusoidal voltage v = Vp sin t is applied across a capacitor, C, what is the average value of the power dissipated in the capacitor?
A. C Vp2
B. 0
C. 2C Vp2
D. Vp2 /C
Q3. In reactive circuits, the product of the r.m.s. voltage and the r.m.s. current is termed the active power.
A. True
B. False
Q4. The voltage across a component is measured as 80 V r.m.s. and the current through it is 4 A r.m.s. If the current leads the voltage by
20degrees what is the apparent power in the component?
A. 109 VA
B. 116 VA
C. 301 VA
D. 320 VA
Q5. In the arrangement of Question 4, what is the active power in the component?
A. 109 W
B. 116 W
C. 301 W
D. 320 W
Q6. In the arrangement of Question 4, what is the reactive power in the component?
A. 109 var
B. 116 var
C. 301 var
D. 320 var
Q7. Since many high-power loads are capacitive, the national power distribution grid tends to have a power factor of 0.8 -- 0.9 leading.
A. True
B. False
Q8. An amplifier has an output impedance Zo of 70 + j35 . What value of load impedance will permit maximum power transfer?
A. 70 - j35
B. -70 + j35
C. 70 + j35
D. -70 - j35
Q9. By what phase angle are the phases of a three-phase supply separated?
A. 60degrees
B. 90degrees
C. 120degrees
D. 180degrees
Q10. When measuring power in a three-wire, three-phase arrangement, the total power can be determined by measuring the power in two of
the three circuits.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. D 5.C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A
A. Vi ( Z2/(Z1 + Z2)
B. Z2/(Z1 + Z2)
C. Vi ( Z1/(Z1 + Z2)
D. Z1/(Z1 + Z2)
Q2. Calculate the cut-off frequency fc of the following circuit.
A. 96.7 Hz
B. 15.4 rad/s
C. 96.7 rad/s
D. 15.4 Hz
A. 56.8 rad/s
B. 357 Hz
C. 515 rad/s
D. 515 Hz
A. A high-pass network.
B. A low-pass network.
Q6. What are the characteristics of the following circuit?
A. A high-pass network.
B. A low-pass network.
A. A high-pass network.
B. A low-pass network.
A. A high-pass network.
B. A low-pass network.
Q9. Calculate the resonant frequency of the following arrangement.
A. 53 Hz
B. 128 Hz
C. 226 Hz
D. 1421 Hz
Q10. Which of the following forms of filter is optimized for a linear phase response?
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5.B 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C
9. Transient Behaviour
Q1. The switch in the following circuit closes at t = 0. If the capacitor is initially discharged, calculate the voltage on the capacitor at t = 3 s.
A. 2.43 V
B. 12.6 V
C. 13.8 V
D. 14.2 V
Q2. The switch in the following circuit closes at t = 0. If the inductor is initially de-energised, calculate the time at which the current in the
coil reaches 150 mA.
A. 1.44 ms
B. 4.82 ms
C. 6.93 ms
D. 12.7 ms
Q3. Which of the following equations is not a correct statement of the initial and final value formulae?
A. v = Vi + (Vf -- Vi)e-t/T
B. v = If + (Ii -- If)e-t/T
C. v = Vf + (Vi -- Vf)e-t/T
Q4. Derive an expression for the output voltage of the following circuit, for the period after t = 0.
A. v = 6 + 6e-t/0.2
B. v = 12 - 6e-t/0.2
C. v = 6 - 6e-t/0.2
D. v = 12 - 12e-t/0.2
Q5. Which of the following equations could describe the voltage waveform shown here?
A. v = -Ve-t/T
B. v = Ve-t/T
C. v = V(1 - e-t/T)
D. v = -V(1 - e-t/T)
Q6. For an exponential curve of the form v = A(1 -- e-t/T), the waveform has achieved approximately 37% of its total transition at a time t =
T.
A. True
B. False
Q7. How would you categorise the behaviour of the following circuit, for the input waveform shown?
A. It resembles a differentiator.
B. It resembles an integrator.
Q8. How would you categorise the behaviour of the following circuit, for the input waveform shown?
A. It resembles a differentiator.
B. It resembles an integrator.
Q9. In a second order system, critical damping corresponds to the situation where the damping factor is equal to 1.
A. True
B. False
Q10. In a second order system, a damping factor of greater than 1 causes the system to be underdamped.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5.A 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. B
Q1. A coil consisting of 50 turns of copper wire has an area of 30 cm2. Determine the peak magnitude of the sinusoidal voltage produced
across the terminals of the coil if it rotates within a magnetic field of 700 mT at a rate of 3000 rpm?
A. 5.25 V
B. 13 V
C. 25 V
D. 33 V
Q2. What is normally used to convert the alternating voltage produced by rotating a coil in a magnetic field, into a direct voltage?
A. A regulator.
B. A transformer.
C. A commutator.
D. A semiconductor rectifier.
Q3. In the following diagram of a DC generator, what is indicated by the label 'X'?
A. The commutator.
B. The armature.
C. The field coils.
D. The armature windings.
Q4. In the diagram of the previous question, what is indicated by the label 'Y'?
A. The commutator.
B. The field coils.
C. The armature windings.
D. The armature.
Q5. In the following diagram of an alternator, what is indicated by the label 'Z'?
Q6. In the diagram of the previous question, what is indicated by the label 'W'?
Q7. A six-pole alternator is required to operate at 50 Hz. What is the required rotation speed?
A. 17 rpm
B. 50 rpm
C. 1000 rpm
D. 3000 rpm
Q8. What is the rotation speed of a six-pole synchronous motor when used with a single-phase 60 Hz supply?
A. 60 rpm
B. 180 rpm
C. 3,600 rpm
D. 10,800 rpm
Q9. What form of motor is shown here?
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. A 5.A 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. B
A. A 'systemic' approach might be seen as a 'reductionist' approach, implying that a complex system is no more than the sum
of its parts.
B. A 'systems' approach to engineering represents a 'holistic' approach, that combines both systematic and systemic issues.
C. A 'systematic' approach involves looking at properties of the whole system, rather than simply at individual parts.
Q2. Top-down design is widely used within the development of engineering systems of all kinds. How should this approach be categorised?
A. A systems approach.
B. A systematic approach.
C. A systemic approach.
A. Any combination of elements that has a single input and a single output.
B. Any closed volume for which all the inputs and outputs are known.
C. Any combination of components or elements that has a useful function.
Q4. The inputs and outputs of a system can be any form of physical quantity.
A. True
B. False
Q5. When considering the public address system shown here, which of the following statements is correct?
A. The input is sound and the output is an electrical signal.
B. Both the input and the output are sound.
C. Both the input and the output are electrical signals.
D. The input is an electrical signal and the output is sound.
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
Q9. Binary signals are the most common form of digital signals?
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5.D 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. A
12. Sensors
Q2. What term describes the maximum expected error associated with a measurement or a sensor?
A. Resolution.
B. Range.
C. Accuracy.
D. Precision.
Q3. Which of the following forms of temperature sensor produces a large change in its resistance with temperature, but is very non-linear?
A. A thermistor.
B. A pn junction sensor.
C. A platinum resistance thermometer.
Q4. One of the most widely used forms of light sensor is the photodiode. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Horizontal.
B. Vertical.
Q9. In the following circuit, if the resistance of the sensor varies linearly with the measured quantity, then the output voltage Vo is also
linearly related to the measured quantity.
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5.A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. A
13. Actuators
Q3. For long distance communication we often make use of fibre-optic cable. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Fibres made from glass can be used over distances of several hundred kilometers.
B. Fibres made from glass are only suitable for short range communication.
C. Fibres made from optical polymer can be used over distances of several hundred kilometers.
A. When measuring AC quantities, the calibration of many meters means that incorrect readings will be produced unless the
waveform is sinusoidal.
B. Moving-iron meters can be used to measure AC or DC quantities.
C. The deflection of a moving-coil meter is proportional to the average value of the current.
D. The most widely-used form of meter is the moving-iron meter.
Q5. What form of electric motor is most widely used in high-power applications?
A. DC motors.
B. AC motors.
C. Stepper motors.
A. A permanent-magnet speaker.
B. A moving-iron speaker.
C. A piezoelectric actuator.
Q8. Many light dimmers operate by repeatedly turning the light On and OFF at high speed.
A. True
B. False
A. True
B. False
Q10. Many wrist watches use electric motors to move conventional hands. What form of motor is most suited to this application?
A. A stepper motor.
B. An AC motor.
C. A DC motor.
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 5.B 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A
Q1. The temperature control system in the human body is an example of a closed-loop control system.
A. True
B. False
Q2. The diagram below shows a closed-loop control system. What element is represented by the circle labeled X?
Q3. In a temperature control system, what represents the output of the system?
Q5. Under what conditions does the gain of a feedback system approximate to 1/B?
A. 0.1
B. 0.11
C. 9
D. 10
Q9. What are the effects of negative feedback on the input and output resistance of an amplifier?
Q10. Negative feedback reduces the noise corrupting a signal by a factor of (1 + AB).
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5.D 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. B
15. Operational Amplifiers
A. An infinite voltage gain, zero input resistance and an infinite output resistance.
B. An infinite voltage gain, an infinite input resistance and zero output resistance.
C. An infinite voltage gain, an infinite input resistance and an infinite output resistance.
D. An infinite voltage gain, zero input resistance and zero output resistance.
Q3. The graphs below show the input and output waveforms of an amplifier. What is the gain of this circuit?
A. -2.5
B. -0.4
C. 0.4
D. 2.5
Q5. In the following circuit, what value of R1 is required to give a voltage gain of -50?
A. -49 kilohm.
B. 49 kilohm.
C. 50 kilohm.
D. -50 kilohm.
A. It has a voltage gain of unity, a low input resistance and a high output resistance.
B. It has a voltage gain of unity, a high input resistance and a high output resistance.
C. It has a voltage gain of unity, a high input resistance and a low output resistance.
D. It has a voltage gain of unity, a low input resistance and a low output resistance.
Q7. What would be a typical value for the unity-gain bandwidth of a 741 operational amplifier?
A. 104
B. 105
C. 106
D. 107
Q8. The following circuit is to be used to construct an amplifier with a gain of -20 using a 741 op-amp. Which of the following would be
appropriate values for the two resistors?
A. R1 = 20 ohms and R2 = 1 ohms.
B. R1 = 20 kilohm and R2 = 1 kilohm.
C. R1 = 20 Megohm and R2 = 1 Megohm.
D. R1 = 20 Gigohm and R2 = 1 Gigohm.
Q9. An amplifier is constructed using a 741 op-amp. What is the maximum gain that can be achieved if the arrangement must have a
bandwidth of 10 kHz?
A. 10
B. 100
C. 1,000
D. 10,000
Q10. In the following circuit, the use of negative feedback decreases the output resistance.
A. True
B. False
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5.C 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. A
A. Silicone.
B. Germanium.
C. Gallium arsenide.
D. Gallium nitride.
Q2. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. 0.25 V.
B. 0.5 V.
C. 0.7 V.
D. 1.1 V.
Q4. What would be a typical magnitude for the reverse current in a general-purpose silicon diode?
A. A few picoamps.
B. A few nanoamps.
C. A few microamps.
D. A few milliamps.
Q5. Which type of special-purpose diode is formed by a junction between a layer of metal and a layer of semiconductor?
A. A varactor diode.
B. A tunnel diode.
C. A zener diode.
D. A Schottky diode.
Q6. Which type of special-purpose diode has the characteristics of a voltage-controlled capacitor?
A. A varactor diode.
B. A zener diode.
C. A tunnel diode.
D. A Schottky diode.
A. 10 mV.
B. 25 mV.
C. 50 mV.
D. 100 mV.
Q9. Envelope detectors based on diodes are used in most forms of AM radio, from crystal sets to superheterodyne receivers.
A. True
B. False
Q10. Estimate the maximum positive voltage produced by the following arrangement.
A. 4.3 V.
B. 5.7 V.
C. 6.3 V.
D. 7.7 V.
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5.D 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B
Q1. What is the dominant form of distortion produced by the simple push-pull amplifier shown here?
A. Harmonic distortion.
B. Crossover distortion.
C. Clipping.
Q2. The efficiency of an electronic amplifier is important primarily because this determines the amount of waist heat produced within the
amplifier.
A. True
B. False
Q3. What class of amplifier is shown here?
A. Class A.
B. Class B.
C. Class AB.
D. Class C.
Q4. In Class C amplifiers, the active devices are switches and are either completely ON or completely OFF.
A. True
B. False
A. A power diode.
B. A triac.
C. A thyristor.
D. A diac.
Q6. When a thyristor has been fired by an appropriate gate pulse, when will it to turn off?
A. Feedback control.
B. Phase control.
C. Proportional control.
D. Burst firing.
Q8. Determine the output voltage of the following regulator (assuming that the input voltage is sufficiently high to allow normal operation).
A. 11 V.
B. 12 V.
C. 15 V.
D. 16 V.
A. The output voltage of a switching regulator is controlled by altering the switching frequency.
B. A great advantage of switching regulators is that their power consumption is very low.
C. Switching regulators use switching speeds of 20 kHz or more.
D. Both bipolar transistors and FETs have very good switching characteristics.
Q10. A power supply that makes use of a switching regulator is referred to as a switch-mode power supply.
A. True
B. False
Introduction to Semiconductors
1. An atom is made up of
A) protons.
B) neutrons.
C) electrons.
D) all of the above
A) 2.
B) 2n2 where n is the number of the shell.
C) 4.
D) 8.
A) is intrinsic.
B) has trivalent impurity atoms added.
C) has pentavalent impurity atoms added.
D) requires no doping.
4. A diode conducts when it is forward-biased, and the anode is connected to the __________ through a limiting resistor.
A) positive supply
B) negative supply
C) cathode
D) anode
A) ground
B) direction of electron flow
C) cathode
D) anode
A) 0.3 V.
B) 1.7 V.
C) 0.7 V.
D) 0.7 V.
9. You have an unknown type of diode in a circuit. You measure the voltage across it and find it to be 0.3 V. The diode might be
A) a silicon diode.
B) a germanium diode.
C) a forward-biased silicon diode.
D) a reverse-biased germanium diode.
10. A reverse-biased diode has the _____ connected to the positive side of the source, and the _____ connected to the negative side of the
source.
A) cathode, anode
B) cathode, base
C) base, anode
D) anode, cathode
A) voltage.
B) current.
C) recombination.
D) equilibrium.
12. A silicon diode is forward-biased. You measure the voltage to ground from the anode at _____, and the voltage from the cathode to
ground at _____.
A) 0 V, 0.3 V
B) 2.3 V, 1.6 V
C) 1.6 V, 2.3 V
D) 0.3 V, 0 V
13. There is a small amount of current across the barrier of a reverse-biased diode. This current is called
A) forward-bias current.
B) reverse breakdown current.
C) conventional current.
D) reverse leakage current.
14. The boundary between p-type material and n-type material is called
A) a diode.
B) a reverse-biased diode.
C) a pn junction.
D) a forward-biased diode.
16. As the forward current through a silicon diode increases, the voltage across the diode
18. As the forward current through a silicon diode increases, the internal resistance
A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains the same.
19. A silicon diode measures a low value of resistance with the meter leads in both positions. The trouble, if any, is
20. Single-element semiconductors are characterized by atoms with ____ valence electrons.
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 2
21. Effectively, how many valence electrons are there in each atom within a silicon crystal?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
22. What occurs when a conduction-band electron loses energy and falls back into a hole in the valence band?
A) doping
B) recombination
C) generation
D) none of the above
23. What types of impurity atoms are added to increase the number of conduction-band electrons in intrinsic silicon?
A) bivalent
B) octavalent
C) pentavalent
D) trivalent
E) none of the above
24. What factor(s) do(es) the barrier potential of a pn junction depend on?
A) reverse-biased.
B) forward-biased.
C) avalanched.
D) saturated.
26. For a forward-biased diode, as temperature is _____, the forward current _____ for a given value of forward voltage.
A) decreased, increases
B) increased, increases
C) increased, decreases
D) decreased, decreases
27. For a forward-biased diode, the barrier potential _____ as temperature increases.
A) decreases
B) remains constant
C) increases
28. An ideal diode presents a(n) _____ when reversed-biased and a(n) _____ when forward-biased.
A) open, short
B) short, open
C) open, open
D) short, short
A) open
B) short
C) resistive
ANSWER KEY
1. All of the above
2. 2n2 where n is the number of the shell.
3. has pentavalent impurity atoms added.
4. positive supply
5. anode
6. the value of dc voltages for the device to operate properly.
7. that impurities are added to decrease the resistance of the material.
8. 0.7 V.
9. a germanium diode.
10. cathode, anode
11. current.
12. 2.3 V, 1.6 V
13. reverse leakage current.
14. a pn junction.
15. is subjected to a large reverse voltage.
16. is relatively constant.
17. A material with few free electrons.
18. decreases.
19. the diode is internally shorted.
20. 4
21. 8 22. recombination 23. Pentavalent 24. all of the above 25. forward-biased. 26. increased, increases 27. Decreases 28. open,
short 29. open
Diode Applications
1. If the ac supply is 60 Hz, what will be the ripple frequency out of the half-wave rectifier?
A) 30 Hz
B) 50 Hz
C) 60 Hz
D) 120 Hz
2. If the ac supply is 50 Hz, what will be the ripple frequency out of the full-wave rectifier?
A) 50 Hz
B) 60 Hz
C) 100 Hz
D) 120 Hz
3. A silicon diode in a half-wave rectifier has a barrier potential of 0.7 V. This has the effect of
4. In a regulated supply, what term describes how much change occurs in the output voltage for a given change in the input voltage?
A) load regulation
B) voltage regulator
C) line regulation
D) ripple voltage
5. In a regulated supply, what term describes how much change occurs in the output voltage over a certain range of load current values,
from minimum to maximum current?
A) line regulation
B) voltage regulator
C) current regulator
D) load regulation
7. Refer to Figure 2-1. The probable trouble, if any, indicated by these voltages is
Figure 2-1
A) one of the diodes is open.
B) a diode is shorted.
C) an open transformer secondary.
D) the filter capacitor is shorted.
E) no trouble exists.
8. Refer to Figure 2-1. If the voltmeter across the transformer reads 0 V, the probable trouble, if any, would be
9. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which oscilloscope trace indicates the output from a properly operating half-wave rectifier without a filter?
10. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which oscilloscope trace indicates the output from a properly operating full-wave rectifier with a filter?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
11. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which oscilloscope trace indicates the output from a full-wave filtered rectifier with an open diode?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
12. Refer to Figure 2-2. The oscilloscope trace in (b) could represent the output from
13. Refer to the circuit in Figure 2-3(a). Refer to the output waveforms shown in Figure 2-4 and select the correct approximate output
waveform.
Figure 2-4
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
14. Refer to the circuit in Figure 2-3(b). Refer to the output waveforms shown in Figure 2-4 and select the correct approximate output
waveform.
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
15. Refer to the circuit in Figure 2-3(c). Refer to the output waveforms shown in Figure 2-4 and select the correct approximate output
waveform.
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
16. Refer to the circuit in Figure 2-3(d). Refer to the output waveforms shown in Figure 2-4 and select the correct approximate output
waveform.
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
17. Refer to Figure 2-5. Which diode arrangement will supply a negative output voltage?
Figure 2-5
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
18. Refer to Figure 2-5. Which diode arrangement will supply a positive output voltage?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
19. A silicon diode has a voltage to ground of 117 V from the anode. The voltage to ground from the cathode is 117.7 V. The diode is
A) open.
B) shorted.
C) forward-biased.
D) reverse-biased.
20. The output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is _____ the input frequency.
A) one-half
B) twice
C) equal to
D) none of the above
21. Each diode in a center-tapped full-wave rectifier is _____ -biased and conducts for _____ of the input cycle.
A) forward, 90
B) reverse, 180
C) forward, 180
D) reverse, 90
22. The output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is _____ the input frequency.
A) one-half
B) equal to
C) twice
D) one-quarter
23. What is the PIV for each diode in a full-wave center-tapped rectifier? Note: Vp(out) = peak output voltage.
A) Vp(out) 0.7 V
B) Vp(out) + 0.7 V
C) 2Vp(out) 0.7 V
D) 2Vp(out) + 0.7 V
24. In the operation of a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor-input filter, the ripple factor can be lowered by _____ the value of the filter
capacitor or _____ the load resistors.
A) decreasing, decreasing
B) decreasing, increasing
C) increasing, decreasing
D) increasing, increasing
25. What type of diode circuit is used to clip off portions of signal voltages above or below certain levels?
A) clipper or limiter
B) clamper
C) IC voltage regulator
D) none of the above
26. What type of diode circuit is used to add or restore a dc level to an electrical signal?
A) clipper or limiter
B) clamper
C) IC voltage regulator
D) none of the above
27. What is the VRRM (PIV rating) for the 1N4001 rectifier diode?
A) 50 V
B) 100 V
C) 200 V
D) 400 V
E) none of the above
28. How many terminals do the 7800 series fixed positive voltage regulators have?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) none of the above
ANSWER KEY
1. 60 Hz
2. 100 Hz
3. reducing the peak output voltage by 0.7 V.
4. line regulation
5. load regulation
6. peak inverse voltage
7. the filter capacitor is shorted.
8. an open transformer secondary.
9. b
10. c
11. d
12. a full-wave rectifier (no filter) with an open diode.
13. c
14. b
15. d
16. a
17. c
18. a
19. forward-biased.
20. equal to
21. forward, 180
22. twice
23. 2Vp(out) + 0.7 V
24. increasing, increasing
25. clipper or limiter
26. clamper
27. 50 V
28. 3
A) photoluminescence.
B) gallium arsenide.
C) electroluminescence.
D) gallium phosphide.
A) forward-bias region.
B) reverse-bias region.
C) zero-crossing region.
D) reverse-breakdown region.
A) PIN diodes.
C) step-recovery diodes.
D) tunnel diodes.
4. A laser diode normally emits
A) coherent light.
B) monochromatic light.
5. An 8.2 V zener has a resistance of 5 . The actual voltage across its terminals when the current is 25 mA is
A) 8.2 V.
B) 125 mV.
C) 8.325 V.
D) 8.075 V.
6. A 6.2 V zener is rated at 1 watt. The maximum safe current the zener can carry is
A) 1.61 A.
B) 161 mA.
C) 16.1 mA.
D) 1.61 mA.
7. Refer to Figure 3-1. If the load current increases, IR will _____ and IZ will _____.
Figure 3-1
A) increase.
B) decrease.
A) increase.
B) decrease.
A) increase.
B) decrease.
Figure 3-2
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
12. Refer to Figure 3-2. Which symbol is correct for a zener diode?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
16. An LED is forward-biased. The diode should be on, but no light is showing. A possible trouble might be
A) in high-power circuits.
A) in high-power circuits.
19. You have an application for a diode to be used in a tuning circuit. A type of diode to use might be
A) an LED.
B) a Schottky diode.
C) a Gunn diode.
D) a varactor.
20. Zener diodes with breakdown voltages less than 5 V operate predominantly in what type of breakdown?
A) avalanche
B) zener
C) varactor
D) Schottky
21. Zener diodes with breakdown voltages greater than 5 V operate predominantly in what type of breakdown?
A) avalanche
B) zener
C) varactor
D) Schottky
A) varactor
B) Schottky
C) LED
D) Gunn
23. A varactor is a pn junction diode that always operates in _____-bias and is doped to _____ the inherent capacitance of the
depletion region.
A) forward, maximize
B) reverse, maximize
C) reverse, minimize
D) forward, minimize
A) silicon.
B) germanium.
C) gallium.
A) LED
B) zener
C) current regulator
D) pin
A) laser
B) tunnel
C) Schottky
D) step-recovery
27. What kind of diode is formed by joining a doped semiconductor region with a metal?
A) laser
B) tunnel
C) pin
D) Schottky
A) zener
B) LED
C) tunnel
D) step-recovery
A) zener
B) LED
C) laser
D) Schottky
A) over-voltage protection
ANSWER KEY
1. electroluminescence.
2. reverse-breakdown region.
3. hot carrier diodes.
4. coherent and monochromatic light.
5. 8.325 V.
6. 161 mA.
7. remain the same, decrease
8. increase.
9. increase.
10. decrease.
11. e
12. b
13. d
14. c
15. a
16. the diode is open.
17. in very fast-switching circuits.
18. in circuits requiring negative resistance.
19. a varactor.
20. Zener 21. Avalanche 22. Varactor 23. reverse, maximize 24. gallium. 25. current regulator 26. Schottky 27. Schottky 28. step-
recovery 29. LED 30. to eliminate harmonic distortion
Bipolar Junction Transistor
1. The dc load line on a family of collector characteristic curves of a transistor shows the
A) saturation region.
B) cutoff region.
C) active region.
A) hre.
B) hfe.
C) IC.
D) VCE.
4. For a silicon transistor, when a base-emitter junction is forward-biased, it has a nominal voltage drop of
A) 0.7 V.
B) 0.3 V.
C) 0.2 V.
D) VCC.
5. The value of DC
A) 375 mA
B) 37.5 mA
C) 3.75 mA
D) 0.375 mA
A) 15
B) 167
C) 0.011
D) 90
9. For normal operation of a pnp BJT, the base must be _____ with respect to the emitter and _____ with respect to the collector.
A) positive, negative
B) positive, positive
C) negative, positive
D) negative, negative
10. A transistor amplifier has a voltage gain of 100. If the input voltage is 75 mV, the output voltage is:
A) 1.33 V
B) 7.5 V
C) 13.3 V
D) 15 V
11. A 35 mV signal is applied to the base of a properly biased transistor with an r'e = 8 and RC = 1 k. The output signal voltage at
the collector is:
A) 3.5 V
B) 28.57 V
C) 4.375 V
D) 4.375 mV
A) 0.6 V
B) 0.7 V
C) 1.2 V
D) 0.079 V
A) 9.9 V
B) 9.2 V
C) 0.7 V
D) 19.3 V
A) 9.2 V
B) 9.9 V
C) 9.9 V
D) 9.2 V
Figure 4-2
A) 0.05 mA
B) 2.085 mA
C) 1.065 mA
D) 7.4 mA
16. Refer to Figure 4-2. Determine the minimum value of IB that will produce saturation.
A) 0.25 mA
B) 5.325 A
C) 1.065 A
D) 10.425 A
17. Refer to Figure 4-2. Determine the minimum value of V IN from the following that will saturate this transistor.
A) 13.21 V
B) 12.51 V
C) 0.7 V
D) 9.4 V
18. Refer to Figure 4-3. The value of DC = 100 and VIN = 8 V. Determine IC(sat).
Figure 4-3
A) 18 mA
B) 7.92 mA
C) 1.8 mA
D) 8 A
19. Refer to Figure 4-3. In this circuit DC = 100 and VIN = 8 V. The value of RB that will produce saturation is:
A) 92 k
B) 9.1 M
C) 100 k
D) 150 k
20. Refer to Figure 4-3. The measured voltage, VCE, is 20 V. The transistor is in
A) saturation.
B) cutoff.
C) normal.
21. Refer to Figure 4-3. You measure VCE and find it nearly equal to zero. You now know that the transistor is
A) operating in cutoff.
B) operating normally.
C) operating in saturation.
22. What is the order of doping, from heavily to lightly doped, for each region?
A) IE = IB + IC
B) IB = IC+ IE
C) IC = IB + IE
A) DC
B) hFE
C) DC
A) DC
B) DC / (DC + 1)
C) DC
27. In what range of voltages is the transistor in the linear region of its operation?
A) 0 < VCE
A) IC
B) C
C) both IC and C
A) TO-18
B) TO-92
C) TO-39
D) TO-52
31. The magnitude of dark current in a phototransistor usually falls in what range?
A) mA
B) A
C) nA
D) pA
ANSWER KEY
A) base bias.
B) collector-feedback bias.
C) no supply voltage.
A) IC.
B) VCE.
C) the Q-point.
5. The input resistance at the base of a voltage-divider biased transistor can be neglected
A) at all times.
B) only if the base current is much smaller than the current through R2 (the lower bias resistor).
C) at no time.
D) only if the base current is much larger than the current through R 2 (the lower bias resistor).
6. What is the Q-point for a fixed-bias transistor with IB = 75 A, DC = 100, VCC = 20 V, and RC = 1.5 k?
A) VC = 0 V
B) VC = 20 V
C) VC = 8.75 V
D) VC = 11.25 V
7. Ideally, for linear operation, a transistor should be biased so that the Q-point is
A) near saturation.
B) near cutoff.
C) where IC is maximum.
Figure 5-1
A) 53 A.
B) 50 A.
C) 50 mA.
D) 53 mA.
A) 10 A.
B) 10 mA.
C) 5 mA.
D) 50 mA.
A) 5.3.
B) 53.
C) 94.
D) 100.
11. Refer to Figure 5-2. Determine IC.
Figure 5-2
A) 5 A
B) 5 mA
C) 0 mA
D) 10 mA
A) 5 V
B) 10 V
C) 15 V
D) 2.5 V
13. Refer to Figure 5-2. Assume IC IE. Determine the value of RC that will allow VCE to equal 10 V.
A) 1 k
B) 1.5 k
C) 2 k
D) 2.5 k
A) 32 mA
B) 3.2 mA
C) 168 A
D) 320 A
15. Refer to Figure 5-3(a). The most probable cause of trouble, if any, from these voltage measurements would be
Figure 5-3
B) RE is open.
D) no problems.
16. Refer to Figure 5-3(b). The most probable cause of trouble, if any, from these voltage measurements is
B) RE is open.
D) no problems.
17. Refer to Figure 5-3(c). The most probable cause of trouble, if any, from these voltage measurements is
A) the base-emitter junction is open.
B) RE is open.
D) no problems.
18. Refer to Figure 5-3(d). The most probable cause of trouble, if any, from these voltage measurements is
B) RE is open.
D) no problems.
A) voltage-divider bias.
B) base bias.
C) emitter bias.
D) collector bias.
A) zero, zero
B) VCC, IC(sat)
C) zero, I(sat)
D) VCC, zero
21. The linear (active) operating region of a transistor lies along the load line below _____ and above _____.
A) cutoff, saturation
B) saturation, cutoff
A) base
B) collector
C) emitter
D) voltage-divider
A) DCRC
B) dc (RC || RE)
C) DC re
D) DCRE
24. Which transistor bias circuit provides good Q-point stability with a single-polarity supply voltage?
A) base bias
B) collector-feedback bias
C) voltage-divider bias
D) emitter bias
25. Which transistor bias circuit arrangement has poor stability because its Q-point varies widely with DC?
A) base bias
B) collector-feedback bias
C) voltage-divider bias
D) emitter bias
26. Which transistor bias circuit arrangement provides good Q-point stability, but requires both positive and negative supply voltages?
A) base bias
B) collector-feedback bias
C) voltage-divider bias
D) emitter bias
27. Which transistor bias circuit arrangement provides good stability using negative feedback from collector to base?
A) base bias
B) collector-feedback bias
C) voltage-divider bias
D) emitter bias
28.
FIGURE 5-4
Refer to Figure 5-4. In the voltage-divider biased npn transistor circuit, if RC opens, the transistor is
A) saturated.
B) cutoff.
C) nonconducting.
29. Refer to Figure 5-4. In the voltage-divider biased npn transistor circuit, if R2 opens, the transistor is
A) saturated.
B) cutoff.
C) nonconducting.
30. Refer to Figure 5-4. In the voltage-divider biased npn transistor circuit, if R1 opens, the transistor is
A) saturated.
B) cutoff.
C) nonconducting.
ANSWER KEY
1. collector-feedback bias
2. both positive and negative supply voltages
3. all of the above
4. all of the above
5. only if the base current is much larger than the current through R 2 (the lower bias resistor).
6. VC = 8.75 V
7. halfway between cutoff and saturation.
8. 50 A
9. 5 mA
10. 100
11. 5 mA
12. 2.5 V
13. 1.5 k
14. 320 A
15. RE is open
16. no problems.
17. a short from collector to emitter
18. the base-emitter junction is open
19. voltage-divider bias
20. zero, I(sat)
21. saturation, cutoff
22. voltage-divider
23. DCRE
24. voltage-divider bias
25. base bias
26. emitter bias
27. collector-feedback bias
28. nonconducting
29. saturated
30. cutoff