ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR RADIAL WAVE FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE

EMITTED FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE SCHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLE.

 ABSTRACT
We provide an analytical solution for the radial wave function of a particle radiated outward
from a non-rotating, static and charge free black hole. This solution was taken for law dense or
higher temperature black holes using Quantum mechanical approach. Finally we can observe
that the wave function is differ from the usual format at the near distances from the event
horizon. But at the asymptotic flat regions, this wave function become the familiar format.

1. INTRODUCTION
According to Einsteins filed equation (see the equation 1), space-time is curved by the
distribution of matter and the strength of gravity is measured by the curvature.
1 8
= 4 . (1)
2
Where - Ricci Tensor, Ricci scalar and stress energy Tensor and is the metric
Tensor.
Karl Schwarzschild (et al 1916) found an exact, quite non-trivial solution for Einsteins filed
equation. This solution was obtained by vanishing term , which depicts the spherically
symmetric empty space-time outside a spherically symmetric massive body (see the equation
2). The metric which satisfies the Einsteins equation can be written in the form,
(2)
However, this solution for vacuum filed equation describes only a static space-time (time
independent). In the above solution = 2 , and is the total mass of the object.
Normally, Schwarzschild metric concern with > 2, the outside the spherical body.
Therefore, through this entire work, our interesting is about outward moving particles.
2. HAWKING RADIATION
Hawking (at el 1974) showed that black holes emit thermal radiation. Therefore black holes
are not cold objects as we might think. This Temperature can be defined due to Quantum pair
creation.

= . (3)
8
- The temperature measured by an observer at infinity distance, - Boltzmann constant.

For law dense objects this temperature reach higher values ( 1 ). According to the

Quantum field theory, it is predicted that the vacuum is not so empty and, by the means of the
uncertainty principle, pair productions are occurred. The vacuum is populated with virtual
particles, densely and the conserved quantities of particle and anti-particles are opposite of each
other, even those masses are same. This phenomenon is occurred only for a short time interval,
in mathematically, ~/. The particle pairs produced very near to the black hole event
horizon, were separated because of the strong tidal forces produced by the black hole, before
it recombine. The negative particle moves () inward to the black hole while positive particle
(+) escape to infinity. Hence the black hole continuously losses its energy and that of amount
of energy gained by the universe (exterior of the black hole). In wave-like manner, particle
penetrate impermeable barriers and this behavior can be used to identify of particle emitted by
a Black holes.
3. ENERGY OF A MOVING PARTICLE IN SCHWARZSCHILD GEOMETRY.
In curved Schwarzschild space-time, the coordinates (, , , ) provide a global reference
frame for an observer, who makes measurements at infinite distance and the coordinate
distance depend on 2 , which is a measurement of the strength of gravity. In the
limit 0, it is expected that space-time become Minkowskian. Moreover, at higher
distances ( ) this situation is known as asymptotically flatness. At this asymptotic flat
regions, the proper distance becomes approximately equal to the coordinates distance.
Therefore, we believe that format of the wave function of the radiated particle is differ from
the most familiar type. In Schawrzchild space, emitted particle moves along in geodesic. Let
us consider that, emission of light at a radius r (>>ro). (see the figure 1.)

Above diagram illustrates that the Angular frequency detected by the observer is differ from
that of r=r0. Therefore, we can the gravitational Red shift as well as the changes of the wave
function of this particle. The energy measured, by an observer at a certain distance, for that
photon, with 4-momentum P and 4-velocity U is can be written as,
= = . (4)
For time independent situation, observer is at rest, in space-time, then we may have
() = 0, 0 0. (5)
By the 4-velocity normalization,

= = 00 0 () 0 () = 1

Where, 00 = (1 2).
Then we obtain,
1
0 ()
1 2 2
= = (1 ) .
00

This time independent situation, implies that existence of Killing vector ( ). Thus, for a
stationary observer at a distance,
 1
() 2 2
= (1 ) ; = (1,0,0,0).

is conserved along the photon geodesic.

1
2 2
= = (1 ) ()

Now, for = 0 , = 0 .
1
2 2
0 = = (1 ) ()

And , 0 .
0 = ()
Thus, we can have,
2 1
= 0 (1 ) 2.

Multiplying by ,
2 1
= 0 (1 ) 2.


= . (3)
1 2

The equation 3 gives the energy of the particle moves along in geodesy.

4. DETERMINING THE RADIAL WAVE FUNCTION.

For virtual particles, we know that = . Therefore, equation 3 can be written as,
1
2 2
= (1 ) .

Now, is the momentum of the photon, measured by the observed at the infinite distance.
For 3+1 dimensional space above expression can be re-written as,

2 1
=
2
(1 ) . (4)

However, in Quantum mechanically,

1 2 22
( 2 2 , ) . (5)

Further, these two equations 4 and 5 will give a new mathematical expression related to the
wave function of the photon.
 2
1 2 2 2
2 1
( 2 2 , ) = (1 ) . (6)

For time independent case, this will be reduced to,

2 2 2
(1 ) = ( ) . (7)


Now, gives the (lets take it as ), where is the angular frequency and is
velocity of the particle moves in the geodesy.

The grad operator in Schwarzschild space is,

2
1 2 2 1 1 1 2
= 2 [ (1 ) ]+ 2 (sin ) + 2 2 . (8)
sin sin 2

Nonrotating Black holes are spherically symmetric. Therefore (, , , ) is depending on

redial measures. Hence the equation 7 becomes by substituting equation 8,

2 1 2 2
(1 ) { 2 [ (1 ) ]} = 2 . (9)