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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious
and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is an academic discipline and a
social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing
general principles and researching specific cases.
Types of psychology
Branches of psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal psychology is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
Mental health professionals help assess, diagnose, and treat a wide variety of
psychological disorders including anxiety and depression. Counselors, clinical
psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in this field.
Behavioral Psychology
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon
the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. While this branch of
psychology dominated the field during the first part of the twentieth century, it became
less prominent during the 1950s. However, behavioral techniques remain a mainstay in
therapy, education, and many other areas.
Educational Psychology
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching
psychology, educational issues and student concerns. Educational psychologists often
study how students learn or work directly with students, parents, teachers and
administrators to improve student outcomes. They might study how different variables
influence individual student outcomes. They also study topics such as learning
disabilities, giftedness, the instructional process, and individual differences.
Experimental Psychology
Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to
research the brain and behavior. Many of these techniques are also used by other
areas in psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to
social issues. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including
colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses.
Social Psychology
Social psychology seeks to explain and understand social behavior and looks at diverse
topics including group behavior, social interactions, leadership, nonverbal
communication, and social influences on decision-making.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on internal mental states.
This area of psychology has continued to grow since it emerged in the 1960s.
This area of psychology is centered on the science of how people think, learn, and
remember.
Q.2 Types of behavior in working environment
1. The Commander
2. The Drifter
3. The Attacker
4. The Pleaser
5. The Performer
6. The Avoider
7. The Analytical
8. The Achiever
The Commander
Commanders might be perceived as domineering and aggressive. They don't like to
waste time worrying about how to phrase things tactfully and are often perceived as
bullies. It helps to see the positive side to these workers. They usually demonstrate
great drive and initiative. They are the ones you can count on to complete a task and
meet deadlines. Because they like to take charge of situations, they do well when given
the opportunity to lead a specific project.
The Drifter
The drifter is found at the opposite side of the spectrum to the commander. Drifters are
disorganized and unfocused. They have difficulty staying on task but do their best work
when variety and creativity are called for. They are often the ones to come up with
unique solutions that no one else could conceive of.
The Attacker
Attackers go through life with a superiority complex. They care little about other people's
feelings and often offend others. They do the most damage in situations that require
cooperative team building. They work best when given a task they can do on their own.
They can be useful when given difficult tasks that nobody else wants to do, especially
when praised for their ability to get the task done.
The Pleaser
Unlike attackers, making other people feel good is of prime importance to pleasers.
Although this might be good for the morale of the staff, it sometimes comes at the
expense of getting the work done. Pleasers respond well to praise that recognizes their
people skills. If there is a harsh message that needs to be delivered to pleasers, they
are most likely to hear the criticism if it is embedded in a lot of appreciation and thanks
for all the other things that they did well.
The Performer
This is a bit of a misnomer because performers give the impression of accomplishing a
lot more than they actually do. They have a great sense of humor and keep the
atmosphere lighthearted and upbeat with their jokes. Behind all the bluster, however,
there's often a person who does not hesitate to take credit for someone else's hard
work. They often try to shift blame for their mistakes to someone else. On the positive
side, they are very good public speakers and are skilled at forming new relationships.
The Avoider
Avoiders like to keep a low profile. They are quiet and prefer to work alone than be part
of a team that requires social interaction. They require detailed instructions and lots of
patience. They don't function well if they have to work with or for loud, aggressive types.
Although they don't usually show initiative, they are very reliable and will meticulously
follow instructions.
The Analytical
Analyticals are very meticulous, and will double-check their work as well as the work of
those around them. They aren't very receptive to change because they can't help
seeing all the negative aspects of proposed new ideas. They are more successful when
working alone, as those on their team often feel overwhelmed by the information
overload. Analyticals respond well to praise about their ability to anticipate what lies
ahead.
The Achiever
These employees display confidence in their beliefs and actions. They are capable
individuals who are aware of their own strong abilities without displaying arrogance.
They are well-liked, well-adjusted, competent workers with a sense of humor. They
consult with others and make good decisions that keep the organization's goals in the
forefront. Their decisions are not influenced by personal gain. They are gifted with the
ability to get along with all the other behavior types.
Source; http://work.chron.com/eight-classic-types-workplace-behavior-9648.html
Accessed date; 25 August, 2017
Yap, G.H (1992) Herzberg and the motivation of labour only subcontractors.
Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Bath