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thor ,ro Inelold h.r.... Hh "'.... (20) .-pI .. of J."rw.l> ,\,,. ......1 La,Oo .... -
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5114 a-.,. Tanlc XV-l.' "" ...rOT' 11 iD .''''l''bUoll of ~be hH pro,,"'"
ou\Uned 111 balle 1."... - 0.0. 1~.1l2/l)H6(1), "I", 4;1.25/157(1). '\&\M
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2. An c.4<lU16aa1 ""T'7 of thlo ........\ bal bUB 'a ..... ded \e SlO'l'3.
Sp,ul.a1 ShIh aad WeJ.41I1C the . . ..., 41 .... ""'" tho 1"",,111&\1011. It I!
"'U... \04 ,~&, 0'" oopr ot 'bAI ""oh ... ?lPO'" 'ba fa,....nl.. to ~ folloviOOCI
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Ord".,.011 R,._,."" Oonhr ...bol'd.... ~IIC ONWlll .'.tt", "T..,,.
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Dnoolo" ... nt

will "" til.." In the Onl""". '1'_,,1001 1411,..".. for whieh ='1>011 Ind."
oed e."
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(215 - 3rt 'lrlllol1). Joln' .... ica 10 ..... ~.'nh .... .,. donti>.\l1ac. !'t\.
~ 10 tal "I)" meL """ '''''' of f.,.,.Ute ,1"'rMII, on. of plaiD
"""\>0,,._..... aN!. \h. o'h... of .lallal' 0DalT11. ""h .. lub'MnUal
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a~'lJ' h.dl"!'lal""~17. 1" _Id.~ ... of \hi .... ld 4epo.hl. 'lr.allo"
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Reproduced from
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1'11000GR,\PH THIS SHEET "Nfl RHIIR~ TO OTIC-DOAC

[)(lCUMF.NT PROCESSINt, SHEET fJREVIUU5 tcOlTION MAY BE USE 0 J"1

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UNClASSIF1
DISTilBUTIDR OF REPORTS

Aut hor

lab. File

Main Offir:e File

Chief ot Ordl,e~ce

Spri n~f ield A.-mory

~atenl iet Arsenal

Rock Island Arstna l

Frankford Arsenal

Picatinny Arsenal

Aberdeen Proving GrQund

Extra Copies

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request i 0\1 work.
VatertoVD Ar.enal Laboratory
Report :-lum"oer
Pro'clem ~w. 64~"'NClASSIFIED
l'um'cor 1>-2.1 U <!4 N.,...embor '
ABMOI! JJIl) WELDIIIG

!"etallurgical ~a:nination ~f Armor and '1.1d Joint S...,l from

Ru.dan :~.o,ium Tank T-34 and HeaT"" Tank KV-l

To make cOlIll-'leteI:letallu"':"gice.l examination of subject arQ:lor and weld

joints.

l. The four type. of ~lor st.el. us.d are .B follow.:

.'!:. K~-Si-Mo allor ete.l for rolled. plate. 5/8 inch to 3/4 inch
in th1ck":leas.

Cr-Me alloy et l for 1-1/4 inch th1ck rolled armor.

111-~r-~'" alloy eteol for 3-5/8 inch thick .a.t armor.

,4. j<n-Sl-Nl-Or-Mo alloy steel l,)r 'both caat and rolled components
5 inche. and 1-7/8 inches in thickne.' respectively.
The siliccn content of the Mn-Si-l'i-Cr-Ho and. Mn-Si-Mo steels 10 high,
ranging from l.~ - 1.5% 51. All the compositions provide hardenacility
a~~~uate fo~ ~at1efaetcry auench hardening of the eect1one.

2. '.Il th the exce'!'tlon of one cc,mponent, namely. the bo .. oasting :trom

the Hed1um Tank T-3L. .....hich is 'Drimarl1y a structural Dlt:lment. the armor
ro~onents wore heat treated by Quenching, ~r.ba'cly in Jl1, fOllowed by
teenering. High temperature trL~.formation nroduct. re.ulting from incom-
plete auench hardening ~ere detected in some of the heat-treated ar~r
seet',oDS. .

3. The armor comoonents of ~he Medium Tank T-~4 were heat treated to
very high hardn levels (429 - 495 'Brinelll probably In an attemp\ to
obtain maximum resistance t~ penetration even at the expense of struetur&l
otacllity under 'caUietic attack. 'rhe components of the a...vr T,.nk ~-l
were deat t,eated to hardne more noarly approaching American practice
(285 - 321 Brinen).
good qual1ty. while that of the H.a~ Tan< XV-l contalr. xe lYe amo'onts
of hot tear. in the _ion examined. The bow c.ting ie " ,remely un-
eou.:c.d. containing Mo.ieWl.ve shrinkage.

5. The joint d.sign 1s c::araeterizeci oy dovetailir,&, sue, that the

edge of the lighter plate is \:jet into a niche mac~.:ned or fl8.~.1e-e'.1.t in t~.e
:--,c:avier plate sufficie:1t to :ring the lig:..ter "tlla~e surfs.ce apprc-ximatej"y
flush ",it!i t~e surface of t:"1.e edge of the heavier -plate. Fi ".-up is fair-
ly rC'ug!l. All wC!ldine 8p"1M.re to have Deen dO::lE it:. t:-.e flat t-r r.orizontal
fillet p{lsition.

6. Twc tYUes 0f ferritlc electrodos, ~n~ of a carbon-wangan~se and

the ot~cr of a similar anal"'sit: ""tth a su"betar.tial mclybden'..l.m additicn.
evidently '''ere ueed. for r.tost ('If t'"'e welding. ]a.se :!letal cracking of t!Je
under-bread tY'Qf' '"as negligible, 1L'ld since all .... eld de'nC"sits e:p-ryear t. have
been made on armor iIi. the final heat-treated cond1tien 'W'itho'.lt the usc of
~r.heat it is probable that a ferritic electrode with a suitable all-
mine~al t~e coating was used. Austenitic electrodes were used. ap~3rently
indiscriminately. in ~ing two .f the weld deDo.its.

7. Shallow penetration, 'Poor f'.l6ion, and seVerA undercutting were

obsel'Ved in most of the welds and arc 'Prl')oa'ol'! d'.le to improper manlpu-
lat10n of alectrodes ,... hich u:ay not have entirely suitable cperating char-
acter1st1.oc. TheGe otViO\\5 defects., t..g:et!':.er wit;" lC'w atrer.gth and perr
mett.llure:1c6.1 structure C'f ferritic weld. d.e?osits, indicate that the weld-
ed jOintt weu.ld. nave J1{1C'r re6i6tanc~ to severe sI-:oek.

S. A. Hcrra13
1st Lt., Ord. Dept.

A. Hurlieh
Associate ?'~et&.llurgist

R. H.. ZCn...ao: G
Colonel. Crd. Dept.
Director of Lab~ratory

- 2 -
 IIr:'ROD11~TIOli

Thre. velded joint sectione fro", a ~"sian :,.di\1lll ':'ank T-34 and one
welded Joint .cction from a ~.cian Heavy ';ank tv-l vere forwarded to thls
arsenal bj" Aberdeen Proving Grou.~d for ",.tallurgical examination of rolled
and east armor and welded joints in accordance with instructions of the
Office, Chief of Or"dIlallce l

Locations of s~les, as taken from the cOMplete vehicles are in-

dicated On Sketch A, B, and C furnished with the basic correspondence
(see Appendix A). Macroet~~ed cress seL:ti('l!'1!! cut pe~~nd1cular to each
weld joint show the four apple. to be made up of tho :'ollowing com-
ponents:

Sample ITo. 1 (Fieur. 1) I~ed~um Tank. Sloping top and 100'er rolled
homogeneous armer hull front plat os attached to bow casting by two dove-
tailed jOints "eld by four shallow nenBtration weld aeposUs.
~al!lple No.2 (Figure 2) l~.dium Tank. llolled homogeneo'.s hull roof
'Plate attached to rolled hO'!!log.e.neouG top sl,~pi~e fro~t plate "'y incomplete
uecetration angle joint welded f~Dm both e~~e~ ~f plate.

Sa..at:}le !"o. 3 (Jigure 2) Medium Tank. Bol~ed hot'lcgenaouB turret top

"plate att&chcd to t'.ll"ret sidewall casting by inco:nnlet,e penetration,
partially dovetailed. anglo wol~ joint welded fron ooth side_ of plate.
Sample No. 4 (FigJre 2) Heavy Tank. Rolled "o~cGeneous turrut top
plate attached to Gide~all casting by incomplete pe~etrat1ont partially
dovetailed, corner jo1r.t 1... elded from outside of joint only.

Samples fer c~emical analyses, tensile tests, hardnes~ SurV~B, macro-

etching and microscopic exami~ation were cut fro~ eaoh armor section.
Samples for chemical cnalyses, hardness surveys~ macroetehlng and micro-
scopic exami~ation of each weld joint were taken. Results r! these tests
are discussed i~ the following sections.

1. Chemical Analyses
The analyaee ot the nine armor specimens contained in the four
submitted- welded sections are included in Table I. Four basie,tJPo
analyses a~e recogniz~blel coneisting of the following al1~ys:

----.,.-
1 See Apnendix A "' :Bade Oorrespondence

- 3 ..
 !. IID-Si-1Ti-Or-Mo
'rhe oomponent. of this t''lle anal-,sis consist o! two 1-7/3 inch
thick rolled homogeneous nlates, and a 2-~/8 inch thick cast turret .tde-
.....11 .oetton from the Itedium rank: T-34, all of "hioh fall within the follow-
ing range of chemical composition:
o Mn SI ~ Or Mo
.23/.28 1.20/1.27 1.09/1.45 1.24/1.32 .85/1.05 .195/.22
Also included in this type ane.~YBis is a COW casting from the IjedlUJl Tank
T-34 whie:' has a :naxilllWll thiokne of 8jlproxi ....t.ly 5 inches. The cow
casting has higher manganese and silicon contents than the other armor sec-
tions in tte same category, namelj, 1.5~ Mn and 2.3% Si~

Mn-SI-Mo
~he two components of thl. type analysis CODs~st of 5/8 inch
__"d 3/4 inch thick rOlled homogeneous plat from the M.dium Tank T-34
l.;ring wi thin the following range of chemistry'
Mo
1.27i1.33 .20
Residual amounts of ni~~cl and chroml~~ are also prese~t. Thl~ alloy is
,xactly similar in ~anganese, s1licon, and ~ollbden~ CJntents to the
prev10usly considered Vm-Sl-Ni-Or-Mo steel.

E.. Nt-Dr-Mo

The one comoonent of th1s type analysis conoiot. of a 3-5/8

inch thick t=ret sidewall ea.Hng for tho Heavy Tank J!Y-l. The cO"'l'.ol-
tlon 1. the following:

. !i!! i ll;
30 .44 .3 4 2.91
E,. 2!.:.!!
One 1-1/ 4 lnch thick rolled homogeneous plate, from the Heavy
Tank lV-I, of the following an":,,.i. is of the Or-Ho type:

.Q
32 32 .25
2. Hardenability
Jom1ny bare, machined fro~ tw~ of the Mn-Si-Ni-Cr-Mo steel com-
ponente at the M.dium Tank T-34, &r.d from the Ni-Or-Mo and Or-Mo Gteel
co~on.nt8 of the HV} Tank lV-l Yere ousteniti.ed for 3 hour. at 1675 r.
- 4 -
and end quenched according to the standard procedare. The h&rden..b1l1~
curve. are pr.sented In Figures 3 and 4, and pertinent data sumcarl.ed In
Table II .

.All of the four !!teel. po es. horden,'-ollity adecuate to "erlllit

satisfactory quench h~rdening through the t"!ckne.e of the .~upan
oil quenching.

3. Bardoe.s Surveys

Eoekwel1 C and !rinell hardness surveys ",'et".! oade ~n surfaces

through the thickness of the vlateo. The results ex the ~doe survey.
are contained in Figur. 5, and are suumarlzod as follows:
lWmlZSS S1lanYS OF RUSSW! ARllOR

Thickness Barline o. Range Through Cro.. s..ctlm

~...d.~ Armor Section inche. Brlnell Rockwell C
1 BOll Casting 5 200 - 2US
Lower Sloping !l'ont Plate 1-7/S 444 44 - 1+7
2 Top Sloping Front Plate 1-7/8 444 - 461 4~. 5 - 47.5
Hull lWof Fla te 3/ 4 429 4 - 45.5
3 :urret Top Plate 5/S 495 aO.5 - 51.5
Ca3t Turret Slde'lall 2-3/ 8 444 - 495 5- 50.5
4 Turret Top Plate 1-1/4 321 30 - 3l.L.5
Cast T"trot Sld....all 3-5/8 285 - 293 25 - 30
4. Physical Pr0Eertle.
The tensile properties of all amor components with the exception
of the 00" casting of SamPle 1 "'eredet~rmined, and are listed. in 'l'able III.
Excessive por~sity in the bow casting prevsnted adequate determination of
ito phyoical propertlee. The elongation and reduction of area of the rolled
and ~aBt armor sections compare favorably with the same propert1~a Of
doceotic good Q'.lal1ty st l at comparably high tensne strongths.

5. Macrostructure and Microstructure

Medium Tank T-34

Sarnole 1

. Lower Sloping Froot Plate. The hot acid etched structure of

the 1-7/8 Inch thick rolled homogenoous 10 .... r sloping front plate indicates
moderately clean, crose-rolled eteel '..,1 th some residual ingottsm ev1dent
.. s shown by the different.lal etching characteristics ot the middle third
of the cro -Beotlon (Figure 6.0.). l'ypical BiHcat.e-type inclusions are
shown in rl gure 6B.

- 5-
 The m1cr~structure cO~sistB of relatively ccaree acicular
marteneite having an A..S.T.i':. grain si cf #3 - 4. The Gte~l waG com-
pletely quench hardened, prC"ba"bly in oil, and possibly te!1pereC'. at SC':l6
temperature net over 500 0 F., since no evidenee of ~rtenG:te decomposition
can be found (se. Figure. 60 and on).

30w Casting. ~r.e "eo,", casting is extrcce:'y pcrrus with shrink-

age cavities as large as 1}2 inch in dia.:neter occurring in the midsection of
the casting. T~e hot acid. :!'lacrcctch reveals a very ccoarae-grained structurc
and a large amount of fin. porcsity (Fig'-lI'e 7A). At 10... l!8gnificntion. the
II!icr(lstr~cture exhibits a c<'arse ~lidmansta.tten pattern with :'e!"rite en-
velopes at the austenite gr~in bcundaries (Figure 7E). Oriented s~~eroidized
carbides are revealed at high magnification (Flg~re 7C), ar.d somesp~eroi
dized carbides occur in the ferri te envelop (Figure p).

'Xhe microstructure of the bow cc.sting i:J.dicatea that the hel:l.t

treatment employed consistec of eithor a n~rmalizing and te~neri~g treat-
ment, or a tempering treat~ent alone. The la~k of a hardening ~reatment
i@ very unu~ual for an arnOT comncr.ent. The ~ow casting. as incorporated
into the T-34 tank is, however, -orl:na.r11y employed a.s a structura.l member.
-')nly a very narrow 1)ortion cf the casting i~ cApe-sed te ballistio attack;
and because of the angles at w~ict the top and lcwer slcping front plates
are attachud, the expcs~d n0rtion of the DOW castine, ~e~err.ble! the point of
an arrowheat1..

Sample 2

:;2E-'J..i~.ont Plate. 1'::e ":-.ot a~id ::O:Clcrcetchcd structure

of the 1-7/g inch thick rolled ho~o~vneous to~ sl~~in~ front plate is con-
siderably diffoJrent fro:!). that of tha lower slC'Fb,g fr('nt plate (ccmpare
Figure SA. t~ Figure fA). :he top .loping front plute was probably Btrni~ht
away rolled. that is. the red'..lction to tha f1:1.a1 gage was perf~rmed "by l'Clll-
iug in a constant direction (sec Figure SA). The steel q'.lAlity is poor,
many elongated stringers of nonzetallic inclusions being found thr~ugh~ut
the ercos-section. Two gdneral types of stringers occur, one consisting ~f
small. friable. alumina-type inclusions and the other of di~~onnected
silicate-type inclusions (Figures SB and 8e).
The microstructure consists of :nartellsite grains ha~ing an
A.S.!.M. grain size of f6. with some rejected pearlite and fe:rite at th~
martensite grain boundaries (ligures SD ar.d BE). The presence of the tigh
temperature transformation produ~t8 indicates insufficient quench harden-
ing since the steel ~osseSgeB adequate hardenability for its section size.
The microstructuro reveals that the armor was not tempered at a tempera-
turo in exc.s. of 400' - 500' F.
!lull Roof Plate. Tbo 3/4 inch thick rolled homogoneous hull
roof plate of the ~'iedi\l.t'l Tank T-34 Has produced by a etraight-awB"v rolling
process (Fieure 5A). As cC'mpared with C".1rrElnt domestic: standards, the steel
is of inforior quality, with numerous elongated Silicate-type inclusions
distributeo. throughout the cross-,ection (Figure 9B). Tl', Jr.' :rostructure

- 6-
cons .. t. of grains ot """-t,,nsHe with p.arlHe and ferrite r~j.ct( d at the
grain boundari , ~D well as oocasional grain. of coarse pearlite (Figur
90. 9D. and 5E). Tr.e ~rQ.enc. of high temperature tran.formation products
in ttie tt1n plate nade ot steel having ~1gh harde~~i11tYI !ndJcates 1~
proper hardeninG technique. The hUll rrof plate weB ~o'B;bly tempered at
a low temperature, not in excess of 50Qo F.

SaW'Jle 3

l'urret '=cp Plate. Tne 5/8 inch turret to_ plate ",'As alec
produced by a straight-away ~olling process (Figure lOLl. The .teel i.
sO'''''1d and rela.tively free frorn norunets.llics. ~r.e micTC"strucV..1.:.:e consists
of """tensite grains having an
A. 5.1'. t!. grain size of /'4 'Flg~r lOil and
10e). The uniform martens! tic microstructure indicateS gooi !1a.rdening
ry:ra.ctice and a lov te3porlng tetll'geratura.

~ret Sidewall Casting. T~e ~ot acid maeroetehcd structur'

of the 2-'/8 inch thick turret .ldQwall casting from t~e Medium ~ank T-34
rev.als a very fine dendritic .tructure and fine shri~ge confined to the
m!idle third of the section t~ickn.s. (Figure llA). The steel 1. mnder&te-
ly cle ...~, contaiiling rand"",l" distributed. globular nonmetallics (Figurellil).
=~e microBtruct.ufc is esse::t1ally ~artensitic with an A.S. ~.l'i. grain size
of t5 (Figure llC). Pearli~e and rerrite occur at the mertensite gr~in
boundar i in the dendritic ~e. (Figure lID), while the higher alloy den-
dritio fillings are co~l.tely mertensi!ic (Figure ll~). The caetlng was
possibly tempered at ~ l~w ~emperat~e.

HeavY Tank ltV-1

oaople 4
Top Plate. the hot acid ,,",crcetehed str',cture of the 1-1/4
inch rolled hOll',oe;enec'.ls ~urret top pla.te indicateo the steel to have been
oro rolled (Figure 12A). Sc~ttered stringer. of nonmetallics Occur in
both longitudinal and t"8:\sverso SectiOM. 'rhe eteel is moderately unclean,
wi th el11catD-typo incll.lsior.s found thr~Uhou t t:le cross-seeti(ln (Eigure 12~~
A mOdel'ate degree of ba.nding is evidenced at lov magn.ifications, with the
oteel ~aving a grain .ize of A.S.T.M. is (Figure l2C).
The microetrueture consists of te~ered martensito, forr1te,
and 8phercidited ~arbides. The presence of high temperature trans:fort:latlon
product. indicate. imyro~.r hardening teoh~ique .Inee the ha~denability of
the steel 1. extremely high (Figure 4). A temuering temperature of 1050' -
1150 F. ~e probably ~mployed.

T~r.t Sidewall Casting. The hot acid ~acroeteh.d .truot"~e

of th9 3-5/S inch thick turret sidewall casting from the Heavy Tank XV-I
rev~a18 many hot tears extending down f~r a e~ns1derable distance into the
motal (Figure lJA). "'"-e dendritic structure io moet :pronour.cei in the mid-
~le third of the crc.e-section. ~h teel is very cloan, with only scat-
tered nonmetallic. visible at a ~nifioat\on of XlOO (Figure 133).

- 7-
 The microstructure consloto ot tempered martens! te ...,11;1:.. very
small amount. of ferrite and grain ~oundary carbide. occurring irregularly
in the dendritic axe. (Figures l3D and 131). The hardn and m'o'o8tructure
indicate a tempering temperature of approximately 1200 F.
6. G.neral Consideration. (Armor)

The analyses of the armor components from the ~~;edium Tan\!. T-34
demonstrate judicious seloction of alloying elements from the viewpoint of
ccn8e~ation. The Mn-Si-Mo analysis for the light gage armor 1s an excel-
lent example of a steel containing ver,y small amounts of any strategic
o.noy. The Mn-Si-Ni-Cr-).!o analysis wr.s pro~ably d....loped to provide in-
creased hardenability for application to armor of heavier gage. The silicon
content of these steele is much greater than that of domostic cast and
rolled armor. It hae been found difficUlt in American practice to produce
high silicon armor steels low in nO!Ur.etallic content.

Th. Ni-Cr-Mo 3-5/8 inch thick turret sidewall casting and the
1-1/4 inch thick Cr-Me rolled steel plate frem the Heavy Tank IV-l are both
somewhat similar in composition to currently produced cODestic heavy arnor.
The Or-Mo steel has a. considerable e:.;cess of harde:labili ty when applied to
1-1/4 inch thick plates.
The subjeet a~or is consiierably harder than ~erican armor of
comparable thicknesses. Th~ comparison between the average hardness of cur-
rently produced ~~erican a~~r and the subject Russian armor is as follows:

Hard~e"s Range of Hardne.s Range of

Plate American Ar:nor Russian A.rnor
Thickn.ss Type Ar:lIOr :3Hl! llHN
5/S" l~ach1nabloRolled Homoge"eoue 320 - 350
5/ S " Hard Rolled Homogeneous 360 - 390 495
3/ 4" Rolled Homogeneous 310 - 350 42 9
1-1/411 Rolled Homogeneous ~gO - 320 321
'-7/g ff - 2" Rolled Romogeneous 260 - 290 444 - 461
2" - 2-3,'8" C... t Hot:l.oge.a.eous 235 - 270 444 - 1195
3-5/ 8" - 411 Cast Ht->mogenoous 200 - 230 285 - 293
tt 1s the practice in this country to reduce the hardness of armor
with an increase iL th1cL~ess to maintain good resistance to the shock re-
sUlting from the impact. of large caliber projectiles. It hae been demon-
etrated by ballistic teets t~~t therr. is an optimum hardness for each
thickness of armor for maxim"llJll be..~118tic properti9E1, and that th.e optimUln
hard~ees 1s an inverse !uncti~n of thickness under overmatching projectils
conditions at normal Incidence of fire. The maximum oallietic properties
include not only resista:J.ce to penetration, "bu',; also resitlta.nce to spall 1Jl ,
shattering, or cracking under th~ i~~act of both overmatching armor-piercing
and d:eforming projectiles. the latter tYl'e p"oduc:ne; a high orda,. of shock
imp.. ot.

- 8 -
 American armor does not generally fail etruct'.lrally upon. oomplete
penetration; the projectile either p~she. the material aside, or p~chea
out a pl~, leaving the ar~or atill capable of affor~ing protection againot
further ballistic attack. On the other hand, very hard armor has a teDdenqy
to t"il etructurally when impacted by- l'lOojectiles of sufficient caliber and
{eloci ty to prod'.lce co:nplete pe:1stT'atitjn; tt~ armor breaking up or cracking
so extensivelY as to effectively decrea.e ! ts a"oil! ty to resist furth.r
impacta. Hard armor would be expected to have higher ballistic limits
againat ~dermatching projectiles than soft armor at all Obliquities, and
would possibly have supurior resistance to penetration of cTermatehing pro-
jectil at very high obliquity. In the cas. of hard armor undsr ballistic
attack at high obliquities, it is believed that the high hardn would be
instrumental in defleeting ~he projectile in su~h manner ae to increase its
ObliqUity, thereby enabling the armor to defeat the projectile.
In deSigning armor to afford maximum protection against armor-
piercing high explosive projectilss intende~ to detonate after complete
penotration of the armor. the consideration of resistance to penetration
~, in some CAses. be more important than resistance to shock. The Bub-
ject Russian armor appears tc have been designed tor maximum resistance to
penetration of undermatch1ng projectiles at all ooliq'.1.1ties and possibly
matching and overmatchL!/! A.P. It.E. projectile. at high obliquities .Ionnor
up to 3 inch.s in thickn e and hav1~g hardnesse. in the range of 400 - 500
3rinell would be expected to evidenee extre~.ly brittle behavior under
normal and low obliquity impact of overmatching ar~or-piercing projectiles.

Th!! quality of the rolled steel armor components covers the p,ntire
tange irem poor to excellent, indicating wide variations in production
technique. Several of the plates were iucompletely quench hardened al-
though pC'Dsessing ha.rdenabili ty adequate to q,uench harden through the
section thickness.

IIllLDING Airp JOIll'r IDlSIGN

1. Visual E..~mins.t1on

~hc eUl':fece aWee.rance of the welds aiter removal of a hea.vy coat

of paint was generally qUite rough indic~ting inexperience on the part of
the ~elders ir. using too high a c'\lI'rent cr 1mproperl~~ I:::8.nipula,tlng elec-
trOdes. IlePOSHB A and C, Sample 1 (Fig"r. 11, deposit B, Sample 2, end
depo.lt A, Sample 3 (Figure 21 appear to havo b. en welded in the flat 1'001--
tion. ~}one of these are completely filled. wi th weld. I:letal ber,&.use of in-
adecuate weaving of the electrode during denosition of the cron beads.
All of the remaining deposits appear to have been "el~ed in the Mrizontal
fillet 'Position and all 5t,,0 .....' .severe und.el'~utt1ng due to too high a current
or improper manipulation of the electrode, wh' h may not be entirely Buit-
able in operati".; charlloteri.tics for .. eldillE, In this position. If elec-
trOde bad b,en heli at slight angle and whi~ned (oscillated backWard And
forward to p~rm1t even Qolidificati~n of met&lJ the amount of ~dercutting
would have bee" less.

- 9-
 2. Chemical Analyse.

ResUlt. of ch.mical analy cf _ampl._ machined from wold dspoe!tl

are given in Taole IV.

Two types of f.rritic electrodee evidently were used. rerr1ti~

deposits of joint sample., Ncs. I, 2, and 4, appear to have beon made wlth
a low alloy or plain carbon electrode, posslt,ly wi th a sMll manganese a(.--
dition. The remaining alloy content of thete ',,,"eld deposits appears to 1:e
due to pickup frem the base metals. ~he low~r manganese in weld depcsit
of Sample 4 corresponds with a lower mangane99 cont.ent of the base metals
of this joint.

An auetenitic electrode WBS used for the oody of wold deposit A,

Sample 2, Bnd fcr the crown Bnd body of weld deposit A, Sample 4 (Figures 2
Bnd 15). The f erritic croWD of the for'mer deposit may have oeen made "lth
the same type of electrode as was used fer the i~~er deposit of this jOint,
the higher nickel Bnd chromiuc 'being due to pickup from the underlying
Buetenitic "eld metal.

The weld metal analyses of the two dsposits of joint SBm>le 3

indicate that a substantial molybdenum addition was introduced either !n
the core wire or coating of the ~lectl'ode used in welding this joint.

3. H..rdne SurveyS

Results of V1cke~s-Br1nell har~~ess surveys of weld deposits and

~eld h~at-affected zones of base metals ars sumF.arized in Table V.

In gener~l, beth ~ustenltlc and ferr1tic weld ~etal hardnessss

are low (185 to 250 standard Brinell*) with are~s of higher hardne (250 -
324 ]rlnen) for scme of the ",eld metal passes which are in contact with
the base metals and have picked up higher carbon and alloy content

The ferritic crown deposit A. joint Sample 2. which has picked

up a high nickel and chromium content from the underlying austenitic weld
metal 1. of higher hardness (370 - 396 ]rlnell) than ony of the other weld
metal. The low carbon content of this deposit and the fact that it do.s
not cover the whole of the cro~'In, make i t appear unlikely that this was
an expedient intended to give a hard surface to the weld joint.

Maximum Mrdnesses of the base metals a f'motion of severity

I

of weld-quenching cycle and carbon and alloy contonts of the plate, range
from 466 - 307 standard ErinalI. A band near the o"toids 01 ths weld hea\-
affected zone has been tcmpored by the welding heat to a much lower hardness.

4. Macroexaminatlon

ME..croetched s(lctlor.s through the weld deposits r)f joint S8.I:lple 1

(Figure 1) are ehowr. In FI~e 14, and macroetched sections of weld de-
posit. of joint Samplos 2. 3, and 4, are show~ in Figure 15.

* See note, Table V

- 10 -
 7he four veld deposits of Samule 1 appear to have been made with
three to six passes of 8 forritie electrode. Penetration and fusion are
poor and there are 8(~veral large gas holes in the 'Weld !:letal. 1'1".8 rolled
plates were welded aa flame cut, but the dovetailing recesses in the bow
caeting ehow :narks of a ro,,r. I:lachining tool and .vid.ntly .... r. prepared
in a ehaper. Mild steel stripo havo been inserted at the end cf the Imler
frent plate and have fused at one end 1~to the ~uter ~elc ieposit.

The inner denosit of Sample 2 was made with four pas~e8 of a fer-
ritie electrode. ~he root of t~e ~uter deposit was ~ie with a fe~ritic
beati f the body wi th eeveraJ passes of an auste:;.i tic electrode, and a pClr-
ticn of the ero',ro, wi th e. ferr:!. tiC) electrode. Penetratior. and fusi(l!) at the
root of the jOint a.re poor. No particular lr.lI'poSe can be seen in the use
of auste"itic weld metal in this d.poeit.

Th. t~c weld depe.it. of ~le 3 appoar to have been ~. with

two pa each of a slightly different typo of forrHic electrode from that
used for the other three jointR (e diBeu ion of chemical analyses). ~he
deposit. have mar.y large gas holts. Penetration at the root of jOint is
poer, Surface. of the dovetaili~ rac in the turret sidewall ca.ti~
show grln~ing ~rk.,

Joint S!LIOplc 1+ ,"a"eare to have been made with a root deposit cf

three p .... e. with a ferrit!c electrodo followed by a body Blld crown depoeit
of five or .ix pa with an auet.nitic el.ctrode. ruslon of the ferrltic
root is very poer and there is serious und&rcutting at the nlate junction
with the austenitic crowr.. T~e dovcT,ailing reccs!!! in tr.c tu.rrct sidowall
casting was made o~ fl~Te gouging as evidenced by surface s?pearanco and
presence of a heat-affected. zone '1t this Burfsoe of macrootohed eeetion.
Fit~~ ~f thie joint is very poor.

Shello ... but distinct heat-aff.cted zor.e areae indicate that all
welding was ~one vlt~out the usc of pre~eat on armor in the final heat
treated ~cndlt1on.

l'hotoz:l!crcgrauhs of 9truct~res in the weld depocits and f'.l8~.cn zone

aroac 01' the fo'.lr' samples are sr.own in ::&'ig\ll!"o 16. Y.1crostru.chlre of ~ha
plain C-!'m forri-tic electrode used in wel6. Samples 1. 3. aI'.d 4. is typically
low carbcn pearlite with excess ferrite in a dendritic pattern (upper left
photomicrograph, :figure 161. ',feld. ",.tal beads in conta.ct with bas. m.t ..l
have a hig!Jer proportior. cf carbj doe beca\'u~e of pickup of carDOn from the
armcr. Tr.e small crack g!"owing out of an area cf incomplete penetratiC'n
and the linear segregation of small inclusions in the weld metal are ex-
e.mple. of defect. found In th deposit. (upper right and upper c.nter lott
photo~icrograp~s). Base metal structure adjacent to the fUsion zones 10 the
usual coarse-grained martensito.

!1icr()structure of ferritic root bead in outer deposit. Sample 2,

(up-per center left photomicrogra:ph) consists of htg.l:J. transformation temperer
ture earh1dce ~nd excess ferrite with original dendritic pattern brcken ~p

.. 11 -
by reheat11\g 'by austenitic weld deposita. Ferr1tic 'bead.s at crown of t'luter
~eld doposit, because of higher alloy content TIi~ked up froo underlying
austenitic doposit. confJists largel~; of low transforoe.tion temporature
carbides in a ferr1t1c ~ackground.. This structure a.ccounts fOl" th.e higher
harlnes8 ncted for thiE weld metal. A small weld metal crack was obcerved
at fUsion li~e of austenitic and torrttic crOwn bead weld oetals (lower
left center photcmi~rograph).

!'he microstruct'.lre 0: the root beads of the two .... eld depos! to of
Sample 3 (rlght lo ..... e!' eenter photomi::rograph) consists of high traIlE'forma-
tion temperature carbides and excess ferrite. The origlnal dendritic
segl:egation has been largel? "broken up &.nd carbides have been partially
ephoroidized by heat of ~ubseouent welding passes. A much ~i~her prop~r
tion of carbides is present, bec:a.'..lse of oarbo& pick'.lp from plate, than in
crown beads of same de~osits. The microstructure of the latter (lo~er left
photcmicrograp~) is low careen pearlite with typical dendritic sogregation
of free ferrite.

A photomicrograph of junction of ferritic and austenitic weld

metals of joint Sample l, .ho"" the former to oensist of high tranBfol'mation
temperature carbides and ferrite with eXOess ferrite network at bc~darlae
of grain system produced br ~eat Df subsequent austenitic weld deposit. Two
small fusion zone crackc extended from nctchoB due to inco~lote fusion of
for~itic root bead &Ad armor_ A base metal crack in turret roof plato undor
ferr1tic weld deposit was associated with nonmetallic stringers in th1s
rolled plate.

6. General Considerations (:folding and Joint ~e.i6n)

The joint de:3ign is charactorized by dovetatlir.g which. eer""es to

locate the velds in pDs1tion~ protected fr~m di~oct ballistic attack!
elim.inates any da"nger of bullet ep'-a~h, and in moat cases, :-ed.ucee the amount
of welding nee.s.ary to form the joint. The fitup i. fairly rough. Little
beveling ~s done_ Complete penetration was not ac~ievad in any of the
joints. Fusion at the root of \fe_d.s wa.s very 'Peer and several fusiC'n zone
cracks were observed tn originate at notches d'J.e to lack of fUBion.

All welding a~ears to have aeen done either in the flat or hori-
zontal fillet position. Joints med~ in t~e latter position shew severo
underouttllli probably due to improper lII8.llipulation of electrode.
~o types of ferrltic electrodes evidently ~ere usedi one C-Mn, and
the other of similar analysis with a molybdenuc addition. T~. latter gave a
very porou.s weld depOSit. :Base metal cracking of . . . he ".llldercead type was
negllgibl. a.nd since all 'Weld de"Posi ts a.ppeaI' to hav"J been made on armC)r in
the final heat-treated conditto" without the uss of preheat, it i. probable
that a tcrrltic olectrode with a suitable all-miueral type co&ting va, used.
Austenitic olectrC'des were u!ed, apparently indiscriminately, in two J()inte.
The resl.tanca of the four weld joints to Bevere shock would not
bO,expected to be good because of shallow penetration, poor fusion, under-
cutting, and lo~ strength ot ferritic weld metal. 1neee obvious defects
are off.et OJ- a d.sign which !OaIf minimize exposure of weld joints to 0..1-
lhUe attack.
- 12 -
 UBL'l: I

CheQicel AnalYses of Ru.6~iar_ Armor

MlT,Or Section C l'.n Si 1 P Ni Cr lIo Cu AI,.

Sa::!ple 1 (1,.d1u:!!
Tank T-~4)
- =
Top sloping
front plate .23 1.20 1.10 .026 .021 1.26 1.05 .215 .09 .025

Pow casting .29 155 2.29 .021 .029 1.52 1.05 .25 .12 .01~'

Lo . . . er sloping
trc .. t plate .2~ 1.27 1.45 .018 .023 1.32 1.03 .22 .09 .02
~ample 2 (I':edium
Te.nk_T-3 4 )
Tcp slopine:
front r1ate .2' 1. 20 1.09 .C2E' . 0;'\'
~- 1.24 . go ~ . . '9 "'15
Eu1.1 roc-fpIate .2"5 1. ,,7 1.14 .C42 . DIS' .14 .:0 1~'5 .n .02

Sample 3 (~~e,:'.b.~
~ank _T-~4)

!op plate .,6 1. ,3 1. ~9 .022 .017 .14 .C~ .20 .12 .025
C.;Ict turret
sidewall .26 1.20 1. 37 .ClO .018 1. 26 .85 .195 .04 .015
Samp:e 4 (!leavy
:'ank KV-l)
:-- -~

1'op plate . '7.2 .41 32 .016 .00S .16 2.3 4 .25 .l'l .015
Cast turret
sid.wall 30 .44 .3 4 .0 41 .016 291 1. 47 .27 .10 .02
 End-QRench Hard"nobility Data

Bow Casting: Top Sloping Front Top Plate Turret Side-

from Kedl.lm Phte from Sample from Heavy wall from
~ank T'34 1 (t,:od. Tank T-34) Tank Io'-V-l He.vY T""kKVl
Actual Thicknes. of
Section - !nche"l 5 1-7/8 1-1/ 4 3-5/ 8
Hardness 1/1'0" from
~enchgd E~d. Ec 51.5 46.5 52 50.5
:k. of Ifl6th of on
inch for' a Drop

of 5 lie ,:i"i",um 20 20 Minimum

hardnc.3s Minimum hardness hardnass
of 10 Rc is is
i. 37 Rc 39
48.5 46.5
t.e 43 Ec Eo 16 Rc
32
F..d.r':'ness at 2-1/2 1-
fro", ~.,enchod End.. !i.e 48.5 37 41 46.5
:r.ickne~9 cf Plato
~:r..::::''-"~ltl to ~3 Rc G..."(,b.ter Greater
i~ tea :enter - Inches tr..an
(uil (luench)
35 th"n
5" 4"
 WLE III

P~ssicnl Pronerties of Buss1an Armor

Tensile
Direction of Yield Strength otrength Elonga- Red. of Brinell
I en s i1 e SF ec ime n C"-'ol",;"tJ_C",1,,'f",s",e",t'-"F-".s1",.,--_",t2s.=-i~._-,t",i",o!!.n~%"-_-"A:r,,-,,oa,,-,;':.'_.!:II",a",r",dn",e",s"o<-.
S!l::PLE 1 ~ l~edi = Tank T.. ,4)
TCE Slouir~ Frcnt Flate (1-113" Rclled HOI:J.C\t;:e!lcouo)
Lcngi tudinal 1 172,000 21),COO 10,0 44.9 43 0
" 2 171,COO 217,00C 12.1 49.C
45.~
" ..~ 171,COO
167,000
221,000
214,000
10.7
12,1, _ _ ~
lcr.gi <:'ldinal Average 170,250 217,750 11.2 47.2

:racAveree 1 149,000 202,000 10.0 37.6

" 2 16c,000 215,500 g.~ 331
II
~},OCO 217,500 .71 l'
" 7.9
1

7ra~~v~r$e Average 158,7CO 211,700 3.8 34.9

Lr-wer Slo'Oini$ FrC'nt Plat, (l-I/ P" ::;"lled :::cmoge~~~s )
lcngitudinal 1 17F,ccC) 22S,CCO 11.4 ~9.4 444
"
II ,
2 lE5.OC0
182,800
2~O,CCC
231. cee
12.1
11.4
47.0
49.C'
" Ii 177,000 230 CCC 12.1 49.C
Lont~l tud.inal Avera~o lBC,aCO 229,75C 11.8 4\1. ~
'--'
':ra:l.svcrse 1 230.000 93 37. ~
" 2 164,OCO 231,000 93 38 .5
" 210,0(0 23l,000 10.0 38 . 0
" a 177,000 227,500 9.3 398
:r~~svdrso Average 190.30C 229, geo 95 38.5
,s,A,::;FU; 2 (l;ediUr.1 Tank T-34)
TOE Sl~PJ!n~ FrC'nt Plate (1-lI8" Holled HomC"geneou3
Longitudina.l 1 176,000 22Q,50C 10.7 39. 4 441~ - 461
II

" ,
2 179.000
ISJ,OOe.'
224,000 12.1
221,50(1 . 10.7
47.0
44.S
4 177,000 221,000 11.4 47.0
Lcpgitudinal Average :"75.250 221,750 11.2 445
':'ransv,nae 1 18 4 ,000 222,OCO ~.6 32 . 6
,. 2 117,OOC 221, DOC 7.9 331
" 3
4
178,COO 217,500 93 31. 2
34 .5
" 181,000 220,000 7.1
Tra~svers~ Average lS0,00C 220,100 8.2 3:: 9
=-
 TABLE III (Cent. 1
Ten~i1e
Direction of Yi.~d Strength Strength Elonga- Red. ef B..tnell
Tensile S"ec1men 0.1;:' Offset psi. pe1. ticn ;Ii Area % Hardness

Hull Roof Flate (~/4" Rolled Homoeeneous)

Transverse 1 167,OCC 215,000 7.1 30.8
" 2 166.ccc 210,000 8.6 32.6
Transverse Average 166,500 212,5:)0 79 31. 7
= =
SAMPLE ~ (:"ed1um ~ank 1-34)
Tep Plate (<;/8" Rolled HO:a!('gene O'l9)
10.0 495
---
Longit~dinal 1 219.000 270,000 }89
2 215.000 262.000 93 39. 8
Longi+.udinal A~erage
------------------
217.000 266,000 97 }9. 4
Trens"rerse 1 211,00'0 275,000 7.1 27.0
," 2
3
204,000
205.000
267.000
2;;7, ceo
7.1
71
26.0
26.5
~rans~erse Avera~e 207.700 269.7CO 7.1 26.5
~.l.I'ret Si~.ewal1 (2_~/gn Cas t :-:orr.oFeneous)
1 160,000 218.0rO 4.) 11.9 444 - 495
2 1h1,000 223.000 5.0 11.9
3 159. cO_O_ _ _ _2~16...:._0_0o_ _6_._4_ _ _
16_._6_
Avera.go 16e.oco 219,COO 52 135

SAMl'1:l: 4 (roayY Tank ![V-I)

~op Plate (1-li4" Rolled 5c!!logeneo~:.e)
Langi tuii!l.al 1 133,000 1~'.OOO 15.7 59. 6 321
" 2 1,6,OGO 15~.OOO 14.3 58.1
"
" a 1}6.00(. 15".00015.0
~0.OO..?____ 1;2,000 15.0
58.1
5S.5
Longitudinal Average 133.750 153,750 1,).0 56.6
Transverse 1 132,000 154,000 14.3 49g
" 2 13 6 .00C 153.000 14., 47. 4
" ( 129,00C 14".000 129 48 .
" 138,000 15 4 ,5::'(' 14.} 49.4
Transversu Average 133.75C' 152.~OO 14.0 48.g

l'otrret Sidewall (3-5/8" Cast Hom~1lus)

1 120,OCO 140,000 8.6 17.6 285 .. 293
2 120,000 141,500 12.1 26.0
120.000 140,500 12.1 25.5
a 119.000 141,500 10.7 2}.6
Average ll.9,750 2}.2
 Che::'lica.l An&lyses of Weld. l:etal Deposits

1ield
?ePosit .f1 l~n 0'
::3:. :Ii Cr ~ V

~ 'WI!( T-}4

Sample No.1
(Figure No.1) :B .07 .97 .75 .24 .20 .05 Nil
c .10 1.03 .91 .l'9 .3 4 .09 n

~
~ .os .93 .63 .16 .17 .03 "
SlI.I:IJlle No. 2
(Figure No. 2) J,.

Ferritic Crcwn .10 .98 .63 297 ~.S2 .06 111.L

Austonitic Eody .11 .82 .48 6,of 10.02 .08

:B .10 .81 .50 .'F ,16 .10 "

Sa:nnle 1'0. 3
Ciigure No. 2) J,. .08 ~9 72 .18 .19 .27 Nil

B .12 .74 . 6} .18 .13 .26

!!ZAVY =Al.'K KV-J.

Sample No, 4
(Figure No. 2) A
Root Passos .15 .51 .11 55 51 .09 Nil
Crown Passes . 19 .57 .41 12.i2 l r!97 .10
 TfulLE 7
- -
Summary of Ha::-int:::':s Survey RE's'.llts en '[tIded. Jeir..ts

'lcld Hefit-Affected Zone

~ield ~'Jctal F...arJ.1.CSE F-urdness :;~i1""'W:;
r.tinimum Hardness E~ce Metal
Vickers Brir.~ll Vickers Brinell nf Tempered ~no Brinell
____________________________________________________ .________________________________~V~i~c~kers ~B~r~l~n~c~l~l~_______________
I.fediUIli Tank: '1-34, SaJUI:le No.1
(Figure 1) Front
Deposit A - crown 233-"49 2,2-244 Plates 493 453 317 ,00 4)0-444
body and root 264-345 240-~24
Dep~slt B - crown 172-188 172 -183
- 3o",
boC'y and root 227-258 229-2 52 Cesttng 498 459 262 255 2uo-24e
Deposit C - body and root 245-2 64 240-257
Deposit D - side bead 256-283 2?(J-272
ether weld metal 185-221 186-222

Y.edlum Tank T-34. Sample Ifoo 2

(Figure 2) :::!:-lll nct
Deposit A - crown 401-42 9 '70-'96 .r'l~t.e "'25 )07 264 257 429
body(austeni tic) 1Qg-2C9 lq9-211
root 191-213 lY2-214 70p . Sloping
teuoslt B - ton bead 227- 236 2?9-2~": Front ~;14 471 ,12 296 444-461
body 162-197 185-13B Flate

Medium Tank T-~.l.!-. Sa..ormle Ho. 3

(Figure 2) T1.rrret !f\P
De~osit A - crown 221-245 2 "2-24G Plate 4!e 441 29 4 281 495
root 2'0-31( 230-29 4 Turret
Deposit B - crown 243-309 239-29' Sidewall 50f 466 314 296 444-495
root 256-345 250-324 ~a,stint';

Heavy TIUlJ< XV-I. Sample Noo 4 'Iurret Top

(Figure 2) Plate 463 445 276 266 321
Deposit A - crown(auBtenitic) 196-228 197-234 Turret
rQot 19 2- 2}6 193-235 Si dewal1 446 413 297 283 285-293
Cas~ing

COn?erted from Vickers-Brtnell to ~tendard Brinel1 (Steel Ball, 3000 XV load)

 Reproduced from
best available copy

" 1

LG, ( P
,,, ', ... <> _ ~ T!
 Reproduced from
best available copy

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r
1

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 DISTANOE FRO .. WATER CUOLED END Of STANDA.IZ
HAP,OHUILIT'I' BAR- SIXTE!NTHS
,PLATE HEAT
NO. NO .. + . .;O,--t:"'-"F

L -__ ._L. ,. __ L._1... __... L..........L._ ...... __ .L___ ....JL .....;._-'-___. l . - _..........__ .~_~_......

Reproduced from
best available copy
 PLATE HEAT OUENOH
e
,~~ 1.;61:/8 ~~
NO. NO. N .. 1 cRiNO cu Al TEMI! TIN! . I.f
/opp !'IrE .3';: .41 .ZS .11
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Page Intentionally Left Blank
 ~.1_s.:t.~_':t-34 V.e~ .o::~~ .\~":~'l.!...)l
BO:\i_ .~~~t...!;~~

+'

l:"
o

!lot acU macro.ten -A.- Xl!

Vel'7 coarse gl'a1a.ed IDAOl"Outruct".lre. Porous east1n!!.

JUDO -l!- 111 tal-?1cral

Aeicular Vld.manatatten strJ...::t-ure. Fet":"1.te
envelopes at austenite grain QOundari~8.

JUOOO - c: - 111 tal-Ploral

'l'yplcol orlent"Uoft of 0...1>14.. 111
ferri teo Proba.bl8 heat treat:a8Dt
conslsted of te;lllerlng after caaUng.

rDUliZ 7

Reproduced from
best available copy
 !.'!....1.a,~. _~~~_M_..d,i"". 'I'''*..~.'!"'i'.I~ ?).
1-7/S' .Jl!lL~S!.!]ron.L~lc'!t.. _~RoJ.)~L ""'""l~neo.:!~ ~cr)

Longlhdlnal
Hot acld aaeroo'oh Xl
Poor q~11tr .' 1 apparently 8tralght-8v~ rolled.

. _ .
.... ...... ,i ~ " , _ _.. ....... ~~

--
XlOO ~B- Un.tc:'.d XlCO -0- Unetc~ed
Poor q"",l1 ty st.el. Typical .lon~ Strl~e-:rg of silicate type L1~luslons
~ated 8tr1~ger composed of aaall alao preetmt in lBl"ge nu;nbers.
friabl., al'a1na-t1J)8 inclusions.

XlCO _D- lI!ltal-Plcral X1000 -:I- lIital-Pl eral

Ho!logeneous aalaular etruotur.. a.all amount. 01 lerri i~ and pearl! te
A.S.T.M. grain 81s. - 16. reJectod at Martensite grain ~oun
darho. POIBlbly tempered at low
temperature.

Reproduced from
best available copy
 1~~8_1_~._I:-J. !!eli'~ :~ .t~1?1.~ .:.;.
JLI!'. IIIlIIII~_~r.Ll,.. te .t~.1)'_"-<LHomo,._n_.~.~-,'r)

Longitudinal !ranlver
IIot acid .""ro.toh -J.. Xl
Poor quality .t l apparently
.treight-_war rolled

-
.

noo ~ Un.tohod XlOO -C-. If! tal-Pi eral

Poor qoal!t7 at l. Very hIgh con- Acicular .truet,.,.. vit!> feathery
caD:tl"atlon of el,ngated incl'.1e1on patoh of forr1te at grain boun-
darie ...... S.T.M. grail11. *~5.

nooo _no
W_
IIltal-J'loral 11000 -... 111 tal-.Plcral
'f7p1cal .10ro.tr...,t...... Martone1 to 'f7pical of 1
l1"ai.. 1 with f .....l '....d p ....lite at bard"ad
gra1ll b01llldari... l .. eollplote11' . . 4 ...... ' ....n. "nil
q'.... ch harden.d. Po.s1bly tllllpered ferrite At grain bound:'.r1e
at loy temperatUl"e.

FIJ.URJ:
- --
Q
~

Reproduced from
best available copy
 Ru,,_.JRE_'!-J4yl"d lum-.1'.!E.!. (&:r.plL.i.l

5/8" Turrf't 'fop Pl~t .. (Rolla~ ~.":'. oCf'n~,o~.!I_ ~I~.2~J

.,~.;;\,<

~~I' +:.; ""!:'i'~

.. ~

Loftdtudl ..al

Bot Ae14 Macroetch

Soun4 Steel apparentlJ
"vaT rolled.

XlOO BUo.l P1 cral XlOOO Nltal Pieral

Ho.o~neou. aciculRr mlcroatructur. Cosplate11 G8rt~n.ltlc
A.S.T.M. ~t"ln Ille _ 4. .'cro,tructure. POlltb17 \.~.r.d
at lov t p~rature.

Reproduced from
best available copy
 Ro' Acid _ .... uoll ..... Xl
Cen\erllne ahrlDk&.. in aD
a'harvle. a..... 'raeture

X100 .R- U '.1Iod

"040 ..,.17 clean .t l. Globalal"
UOO .c. II\d Plcra1
Ko.ocen.oul .cloular .truetur
lnelulloni no' lerecate4 1n .aT
aanaeJ'.
A.S.'.N. Kraln 01 '5.

X1000 .Do- IUd Plora1 UODO .1- I'\al Plc .. l

Structure round 1n manr 4endrlte
axel. '.rr1t. and pearllte
r.J~eted at aar"Dllt. crain
boundar! .
S\ructure '7Plcal of dendrl\lc
ftlllD~. Martenette free froa
htch t.~pr.tur. tran.formatlon
producta. Posllb17 tempered at
low tellpArftture.

71~URZ 11

Reproduced from
best available copy
 ltu..,h,n IV_1 HpftyY Tftnk (S~.,?ltt _0)

1"" Top F!.:.te lliollf'Hi RO_o.&!.ft.".:P_\.l!. Ar:tlo~J

.
.. -
" ~

,.- t

,>"
. .
... :~
tall"" \114i,..1 !Mn... e"
Rot Aetd Mae.o.\.h .-J.- Xl
K04 ... t.17 4i'\7 .\0.1. Ste~l 0.. beeft oro
rollod.

1100 U...,.hed 11.00 I1lta! Ptoral

Typical elongated tnelu.lon MoaeNt.l)' banded .tru.ct'~r
ModeratelY dlrtf .tepl. Llhter etchln~ r.~loD. are richer
1n terrtte. A. !.M. ~raln
el - '8.

11000 .Do 111\&1 Pla.a1

'.-po.od ...\eft.i\. with f it. and
earbid oou1\ia fro. pa.tial
tran.formatlon at .1.~a'e4 '~.r.tur~ .
IneoRpl.,.17 qu."eh hard ... 4.

WH.;.6H-S9JC
rlGURJ 12

Reproduced from
best available copy
 lIu!!.lan.....!-T-l !l0'!!Z..J.8;!!J SNIrol~lti
}:$fS Tvr., Sl~nall (east l!o..moGonO'UI ... ,..",,r,,;.

80' acU .........\0.. ......... Xl

Lare. _" ... of l1li\ h .... ""-41IIc for _alllera"le
Ilep'" 1&&0 \&1.

noo ..3- 1IA.' ....1l noo -0- lIi tal-P1cral

Cl. . . ., 1. W.ll ca" ....4 clo~ a.la,t 17 boaoc"eG~ t~cture
lar bob.l "" .... I.f.lI....&111 al - ~5.

nooo -II- IU.J.-Plo"al 2:1000 -a- It \&1-Pioral

!_... e4 ....'_l1h. vitia _all or_er ar'_.ito t1Ptcel ot
_t>Wlh or f.rrUe ..4 ....."14.. r~ -.lor porUon ot .tcro.'ructur
eulU ... trOD b1p '_eratur. 'rail'"
:to.....~h" foun4 in d.. 4r1 tt. u

rlalJlU 1..1

Reproduced from
best available copy
 ; .

TO,," SLOP 1".0.

rRONT p1,.~H

~O ...
:: II '-:1' I .~-::;,

90101 CAST illiG LowER SI..Ol>ING

"RO~' 1I\..ln

.,

'0.1,
cr "'-1..0

Reproduced from
best available copy
toP ~LOP!""Q
Ot'J'lT PI.U[

S.t.f4PL.( ~Q. 2

TI.RAtT
SIDEwALL
CASTING
UMPL.C NO, 3

T'.IRR[T
TOp PLAn

S"~I.C "'-0, j,

1uR"n
SIDEWALL
CAST I ""G

tTCHI 51 N\UL FOLLO .... [D S'" 41, PICU

~ACRQ(TC.HEC iCClICr-..9 t .. ROUGH W(1.0 oeposiTS 0" SA""'I.E:S "'c, ,~

AI\IO 3,RuSSI .. N M(O'u~ T"~~ T-34, ""'0 S,t,l-'PLC ~a. ~ R'JSSI'"
HC"\lV lAN~ ~"_I, SEE rI3'..;RE t ,.OR !..OC.lt.TIC!I.j cr .. tLO DCP:SITS
I~ JOI~TS.

Reproduced from
best available copy
"'1(.'(,1 PI CRAL XICC. ;:I':""'!...
wnO "!ETAL. SAMPLE NO.1. DEPOSIT O. JUNCTION or WELD ... ~O .. ow(R r.cjl ~'-4" E
SA~PLt ~O.I. O(P~SIT C.

_..;o;"( ... lTI:

W[Le ""CT_:..

XI (X., PI ,RAI. XICO PICR.1.

~VNCTICN or W[I.D A~D LOVER '~ONT PLATE, JUNCTION O~ ~RONT PLATt, ~UST[NITIC, ... ND
SAMPl.t~O. I. DEPOSit D. FCRRITlc D[POSIT9. ~AMPI.E NO. i. DEPOSIT A.

:. . -~ ..,.;,.,l: "
~~.;;

AUSTeNITIC
.. ELD M[T ... L ..
XIOO PICRAL ~IOC PleR_ ..
CRAe. AT ru910~ LI~E OF VELD BEADS. WELD MlAL. ROOT 8[.0. S"'~PL[ No.3.
SAMPLE NO.2. DEPOSIT .... DEPOSIT ~.

~

w
o
J
W

U
~

"
XI~O PICRa~ x290 PIC~.L
wLD METAL. CROWN 8E~D. SAMPLE No.3. JUNCTlDN or AUSTENITIC AND HRR,"IC .. n.. o
C'"OSIT A. D('aa,fa, S... MPLE NO.4, DEPOS!T ~.

PHOTOMICROGRA,HS or wt~D JDINTS I~ RUISIA~ MtOluM T.~K

'-34 A!'iO H[.AVY TANK KV_I.

Reproduced from
best available copy
38810 CorrespoLdence
COPT - 26 JrOTeaber 19113 - abk:
nil IIZPAl!TKml'l'
Office of the Chief of OrdnAnco
Washington, D, C.

0.0. 400.112/4376(0)
Attn: St.el and Welding

Subject: Seaple Sections of Ru.sian XV:lana. Tjll Tanks

~o: Commanding Officer

Watortown ArBon&!
!'1atertown, Ma8S.

Attn: Colonel H. R. ZorLi&

1. Aberdoen Proving Ground tas been instructed to send to.
Watertown Laboratory, eelect.d sample. of armor and "elding from
Russian tanka in accordance with tte attached sketch A, E, and C,
dated 27 August 1943.
2. A complete mctallur&ical exaoination lG ,0 bo made covering
rolled homogeneou., cast armor and "elament .
3. It i. ,eau.sted a complete crn"e .ection of each specimen
1/4" t~ lIz' wide, 'shodn& rolled homogenet,u., cast ~rmor I'oIld weld,
be cut and machil:ed On both sides, polishe,i, e\chd. in a lIII.nner to
bring out bead sequence, and coated for pr(tectl~n. These are tn ~~
aent to the office of Colonel G. Elkins Xn~le, Spocial Steel. and
Welding Section. Technical Dlv1&ion, Waehington, D. C. as Boon &s
I

possible.

4. A similar section i. to be cut, but unpolished, and .et

aside for futuro analysis by an cutside agency if it i. fo"nd
d iraole.

Ey order of tho ~i.f of Ordn~~ce:

(s/t) G. Elkins Anable

Colonel. Ord. Dept.
3 Incla. Ani.tant
A. indicated abaTe.
CC - Col. S.!. Ritchi.
Cal't. :E. S. Davis
1t. H.F. Ero"n
Lt. L.J. Cogan
II.aJor J. V. Coombe

IitD.451.25/157(8)
MIOII'"

fs." r y,c

T.P S\.... ,~
'F'........ ~1o.1If'f
&- H.~ .

fio"" .
L.... C S ... o",,,,,
fl "' .... ",.IiI"t'P

.-

"0,041. I-:".....'JI .. , ... 1\,

 MEllIU'YI Til ....... T-:;4
. ,._ .. -

S,DE V,h-J
'RI~HT EL.""TloN

6f-J.~;""''''--....,"--1:........ "'0 ....

r.~"_"'f'

(" A)l' ""'7"' "A,tlt"'

~.,. ~A._

'P .. ,.'t" . J ~"''''"'''''-' , . If

.... ".~' Jo .. .......... ,~.#!t SA.~n."
 K161

'.A~"" -;-,,<tlf"r
~1~' ,N.A~
Page Intentionally Left Blank