Effect of Displacement

Indian Political Science Association
DISPLACEMENT : AN UNDESIRABLE AND UNWANTED CONSEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Nandita Kaushal
Source: The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 70, No. 1 (JAN. - MAR., 2009), pp. 77-
89
Published by: Indian Political Science Association
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The Indian Journal of Political Science
Vol. LXX, No. 1, Jan.-Mar., 2009
DISPLACEMENT :
AN UNDESIRABLE AND UNWANTED CONSEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT
Nandita Kaushal
Displacement is a ubiquitous as it is found all over the world. Wherever economic

development is taking place, displacement is emerging as something that is adversely
affecting the lives of affected people. At times this raises question regarding futility of
economic development projects. Development and displacement are essentially political
processes as they are the outcome of political decision making. Development and
displacement reflect the relative power of various groups involved particularly the power
of politically, economically and socially strong groups to impose harsh sacrifices on the
weak and unprivileged groups.
Economic development is regarded as indispensable for the progress and prosperity of

any country. Ever since human beings have existed development is taking places and the countries
in different parts of the world are marching ahead. Since without development, there will be
status quo, there can be no progress and growth. Seen in this perspective economic development
is desirably required for the betterment of man. However pace of development varies from time to
time and place to place. Economic development raises the living standards of people so that
they are better off from their previous state. It necessarily involves creation of basic infrastructure
like railways, roads, shipping, civil aviation, power station, irrigation facilities, means of
communication, and establishment of industries. Such projects are invariably required as they
improve lives of people, provide employment to them and supply them better services.
The fact is that economic development not only generates positive consequences but
also gives rise to negative consequences in the form of forced displacement and involuntary
resettlement of affected people. Development induces displacement, which is the other side of
the rosy picture. Since displacement is induced by development, policy makers of a country
cannot ignore this harsh reality. This reality has to be accepted and measures are required to be
taken to reduce the sufferings of the people.
This is at times manifested in the location of development project. For instance, several
years back the Central Government in India decided to break-up the MIG aircraft project into two
parts and located them in two different states. These places Nasik and Koraput are over nine
hundred kilometers apart.
Internal displacement is a condition where persons or group of persons have been forced
or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of residence and who remain within the borders
of their own countries.lnternal displacement affects, both directly and indirectly, millions of
people worldwide. As internally displaced persons are cut off from their homes, communities,
and source of livelihood, they usually live in destitute conditions and are vulnerable to human
rights abuses. In recent years the term 'forced migration' and 'forced resettlement' have emerged.
Forced migration is the result of political, environmental and developmental displacement. Forced
resettlers are development induced displaced persons who have been involuntarily resettled by
allocating a specific area within their country and who have been provided with atleast a minimum
The Indian Journal of Political Science 78
of resources and services inorder to sustain and re-establish themselves. This resettlement can
be planned in advance so that project authorities can take necessary steps to minimize disruptive
impact and to maintain or improve standard of living of resettlers. However, in practice this rarely
happens. Often displaced persons are poorest and politically most marginalized and they are
likely to become more impoverished.
Thus, development induced displacement forces individuals and communities to leave

their homes and homelands for the purposes of economic development. Such displacement can
be within a city or a district; from one village, city, district, state to another. It can also be across
long distances, at times to socio-culturally and economically different settings. Development
induced displacement involves a fundamental dilemma: economic development as a move to
improve living conditions of people is desirable but displacement associated with is undesirable.
Worldwide the effects of displacement are strongly felt amongst economically and socially
vulnerable and politically marginalized groups and indigenous communities. In recent years
increasing globalization, economic liberalization policies, structural adjustment and stabilization
programmes have intensified development induced displacement
EXTENT OF DISPLACEMENT :
It is estimated that as many as one hundred million people across the globe have been
displaced as a result of economic development. However there are no reliable official statistics
of the number of people displaced by development projects. The World Bank notes that though
large dams constitute only 26.6 % of the total World Bank funded projects causing displacement,
the resulting displacement makes up 62.8 % of the total number of people displaced. Of the
various types of development projects that bring about physical displacement, dams and related
infrastructure are the largest contributors.
DISPLACEMENT IN WORLD BANK PROJECTS

Cause Projects Percentage People Percentage
Dams, Irrigation, Canals 46 31.5 1,304,000 66.4
Urban Infrastructure, Water, Supply, 66 45.2 443,000 22.6
Sewerage, Transportation
Thermal (including mining) 15 10.3 94,000 4.8
"thr 19 T 122,000 ~6 2
Total World Bank 146 100 1,963,000 100
Latin America 13 8.9 180,000 9.1
Total Of World Bank 146 100 1,963,000 100
SOURCE: WBED, 1996.
Displacement : An undesirable and unwanted consequence of Development 79
The WBED has calculted that about 40 percent of development induced displacement
every year is a result of dam projects. Of the projects assisted by World Bank, 63 percent of
involuntary displacement and resettlement is in dam projects.
Displaced persons are at times those who are specially vulnerable by class, caste,
gender or age. Following table depicts, in India, population facing displacement and tribal people
as percentage of displaced by various dams :
DAMS AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE TRIBAL PEOPLE
Name Of State Population Facing Tribal People As
Project Displacement Percentage of Displaced
Karjan Gujarat 11,600 100
Sardar Sarovar Gujarat 200,000 57.6
Maheshwar Madhya Pradesh 20,000 60
Bodhghat Madhya Pradesh 12,700 73.91
Icha Bihar 30,800 80

"hai Bihar 37,600 87^92
!
Koel Karo Bihar 66,000 88
Mahi Bajaj Rajasthan 38,400 76.28
S agar
Polavaram Andhra Pradesh 150,000 52.90
Maithon & Bihar 93,874 56.46
Panchet
Upper Orissa 18,500 89.20

Indravati
Pong Himachal Pradesh 80,000 56.25
Inchampalli Andhra Pradesh- 38,100 76.28

Maharashtra
Tultuli Maharashtra 13,600 51.61
Daman Ganga Gujarat 8,700 48.70
Bhakra Himachal Pradesh 36,000 34.76

!
Masan Bihar 3,700 31.00
Source : Satajit Singh, Taming Tita Waters, OUP, 19
CAUSES AND FORMS OF DISPLACEMENT :
Various diverse causes have given rise to development-induced displacement. These

causes include : water supply-dams, reservoirs, irrigation ; urban infrastructure ; energy-mining
power projects, oil exploration and extraction ; agricultural expansion ; transportation- roads,
railways, highways, canals ; and parks, sanctuaries, and forest reserves.
Large multi-purpose river valley projects or dam projects displace people in several ways
lik construction of colonies, canals, catchment area treatment, downstream impacts,
compensatory afforestation, and related conservation schemes like sanctuaries and nation
pafks.
Displacement takes place where townships are established for personnel involved in the
construction of project ; and where protected areas are established as compensatory measures
for the forest lands and natural habitats lost as a result of submergence
Mining induced displacement occurs where rich deposits of minerals are found. It is
highly visible in countries like India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Argentina,
Venezuela. Guyana, Peru, Chile, Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa etc.
uroan infrastructure and transportation projects that cause displacement include slum
clearance, establishment of industrial and commercial estates, building of sewerage systems,
roads, railway tracks and stations, power projects, schools, hospitals, ports, airports, and
communication networks.
Displacement of people for construction of Special Economic Zones, shopping malls and
multiplexes is of recent origin.
PROTESTANO RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS :
The development projects have given rise to issues of equity, justice, fairness, transparency,
accountability, and equality before law in the distribution of benefits and sharing of burdens.
Since project affected people do not want to suffer displacement, protest and resistance
movements are on rise. Protest movements have created national awareness of problem of
displacement which has become a key issue in the development debate. These movements
have pressurized the governments to reconsider sympathetically the problems of displacement
and take necessary legal and humanitarian measures for resettlement and rehabilitation of
displaced people.
Mass mobilization against Silent Valley Project resulted in decision to discontinue the
project in 1983.
Protest movements brought about the withdrawl of Rathong Chu Project (Sikkim) in 1 997
and the Bedthi Project in 1998.
Kashipur movement in Orissa is against the Birlas- Utkal Aluminia Limited.
Movement in Erasama near Paradip in Orissa is against permission given to South Korean
Multi National Corporation, Poseo, to set up greenfield steel project.
Movements in Punjab are against the forcible acquisition of land for Trident Group in
Barnala, for international airport in Ludhiana, and for thermal power plant at Nabha.
Movement in Manesar in Haryana is protesting multi product Special Economic Project

of Reliance Industries.
Movement in Singur in West Bengal is against small car project of Tata Group.
Movement in Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh is protesting the proposed setting up of steel

plant by Tata Group.
Movement in Nandiram in West Bengal is against the acquisition of farmland for giving it
to Tata Company for setting up car manufacturing plant.
So far the most publicized protest movement against big dams is against Sardar Sarovar
Project. In 1988 Save The Narmada Movement (Narmada Bachao Andolan) was started.
This movement, under the leadership of Medha Patkar, is using Gandhian techniques
like non-cooperation with project authorities, blocking of all project related work and
people refusing to leave their villages.
People under the banner of Adivasi- Moolvasi Raksha Manch in Jharkhand are resisting
acquisition of tribal land by Arcellor-Mittal steel conglomerate for setting up of steel plant.
IMPACT OF DISPLACEMENT :
Development-induced displacement generally give rise to severe social, economic and

environmental problems as it brings about widespread changes. World Bank Group's Policy on
Involuntary Resettlement (Operational Policy 4.12, approved on 23.10. 2001) clearly observes
that Bank experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if
unmitigated, often give rise to severe economic, social and environmental risks : productive
systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income
sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less
applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks
are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the
potential for mutual help are diminished or lost.
Displacement involves not only the phy

expropriation of productive lands and other a
Affected persons are those who stand to lo

of their physical and non-physical assets, i
resources such as forests, rangelands, fishi
properties, tenancy; income-earning opportuni
When people are displaced existing producti
income generating assets are lost. There is sev
services and their customers; and disruptio
face an open market situation where individual
environment. Majority of people tend to
Consequently, often people are socially and
off. Environment also degrades due to introdu
resettled areas.
Displacement has caused deeply distressing and stressful psychological and social-
cultural consequences. T raditional production systems are dismantled; ancestral sacred regions,
places of worship, religious mela grounds, ancestral graves are desecrated; kinship groups and
relations are scattered; and family system and informal social networks are disturbed. People's
cultural identity and their links with the past are affected. Displacement increases instances of
social disturbances like alcoholism, gambling, theft, prostitution, domestic violence and wife
beating. These are the result of feelings of anxiety, idleness, indolence, and insecurity. These
directly affect the lives and status of women. For instance at Sardar Sarovar Projects resettlement
sites increased tendency of alcoholism increased rate of domestic violence. As men become
powerless their scapegoats are women and children.
Elizabeth Colson3 has focused on psychological stress caused by the experience of

being forcibly displaced. She has noted that while all migrants are liable to increased levels of
stress, this is compounded for those who are forced to move against their will by bereavement at
the loss of their homes and anger and resentment towards the agents and institutions that
forced them to move. This is likely to lead to a loss of trust in society generally and to the
expression of opposition and antagonism towards the administrative authorities and the staff of
humanitarian organizations who have power over their lives. Michael M. Cornea4, a former
Senior Advisor for Sociology and Social Policy at the World Bank and the main architect of
Bank's policy on involuntary resettlement, has developed Impoverishment Risk and
Reconstruction model. It is meant to act as a guide to avoid or minimize the impoverishing
effects of forced resettlement.
The model is built around a core concept, the risks of impoverishment. It proposes that
the onset of impoverishment can be represented through a model of eight interlinked potential
risks intrinsic to displacement. These risks are: landlessness, joblessness, homelessness,
marginalization, food insecurity, increased morbidity and mortality, loss of access to common
property, and social disintegration.
The impact of displacement can be explained as following :
LANDLESSNESS : According to Cemea expropriation of land removes the main foundation

upon which people's productive systems, commercial activities and livelihoods are constructed.
This is the principal form of de-capitalization and pauperization of displaced people, as they lose
both natural and humanmade capital.
Impoverishment from landlessness may take various forms: (a) initial loss of land to
development project; (b) damage to land's productive potential in surrounding, non-appropriated
areas; (c) subsequent losses in the productive potential of land on account of environmental
problems; and (d) loss of land occurring due to inability of landless people to gain access to
alternative lands. Following table shows that as a result of resettlement by six infrastructure
projects in Orissa, landlessness increased in all six populations, reachina upto five times its
pre-displacement rates-
Project Number of Percentage of Landless Percentage of Landless

Families Before Displacement After Displacement
Displaced
Sam Barrage 318 24 38
1TPS 44 2 75
lb Valley 39 56 92
UKP 74 12 31
NALCO (mining) 100 20 88
HAL 44 36 59
Source : Theodore E. Down

1998, Institute For Socio
JOBLESSNESS : Di
and disrupts economic
social relations of pro
is often chronic and continues long after physica

Balaji Pandey5 and his research team have d
56 % of women were jobless, the figure rose to 8
employment dropped from 37% to 12%, while in
HOMELESSNESS : Homelessness is loss of h

be permanent or temporary. In poorly executed d
It is often associated with loss of identity and cul
of pre-displaced place in terms of family coh
household and neighbouring households is lost
deprivation.Homelessness was a major impoverish
displaced by gold mining company, Teberebie Gol
MARGINALISATION : Marginalisation occur

economic power and move into relative lower soc
is accompanied by social and psychological mar
resettlers in themselves and in society, feeling of
especially when displaced become outsiders an
Host communities are usually unwilling to acc

cultural incompatibility and competition for scar
displaced people are at disadvantage.
LONELINESS AND HELPLESSNESS : Displace

which disturbs kinship ties, and social networks
in case of resettlement of oustees in Sardar S
depended mainly on voluntary sale of agricultu
communities into number of villages in unfamilia
social bonds generates a profound sense of lon
FOOD INSECURITY : Forced displacement an

and malnutrition as impoverishment deprives peo
protein intake levels are below the minimum pre
HEALTH RISKS : Displacement deteriorates h

of health status by stress and trauma of moving
sewage increases recurrence of diarrhea, dysen
psychological trauma cause outbreak of various d
diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis. I
affected. All these increase the rate of morbidity
LOSS OF ACCESS TO COMMON PROPERTY : Displacement results in loss of access

to common property like pastures, forest lands, grasslands, water bodies, burial grounds. This
deteriorates income and livelihood levels.
DISRUPTION OF FORMAL EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES : Displacement interrupts the

functioning of schools and restricts access of children to education for a year or for longer
periods of time. Empirical evidences show that majority of children never return to school and
start working as labourers at an early age. The attention of parents is distracted and instead of
education they tend to prefer helping working hands
OTHER RISKS : Displacement gives rise to loss of civil and human rights; loss of access
to public services; loss of subsistence resources; disruption of social structures, networks, ties;
and loss of cultural identity and mutual help mechanisms.
Failure to mitigate or avoid above risks may give rise to new poverty. For the poor people
loss of even a small portion of resource has a devastating effect. In long term displacement
reduces individual and social chances for sustainable development.
According to S.C. Verma, former chairperson of Narmada Valley Development Agency,6

no trauma could be more painful for a family than to get uprooted from a place where it has lived
for generations and to move to a place where it may be a total stranger. And nothing could be
more irksome than being asked to switch over to an avocation which has not practiced before.
Yet the uprooting has to be done Because the land occupied by the family is required for a
development project which holds promise of progress and prosperity for the country and the
people in general. The family getting displaced thus makes a sacrifice for the sake of the
community. It undergoes hardship and distress and faces an uncertain future so that others
may live in happiness and be economically better off.
The meager and inadequate compensation and rehabilitation assistance are insufficient
to rebuild the previous standards of living of the displaced people. Compensation is not
commensurate with the total sudden loss faced. There are disparities and arbitrariness in
assessing the value of land and other immovable property, and long delays and corruption in the
payment of compensation. There are many instances where major portion of compensation
amount are taken away by officials; and poor and helpless people are exploited by land owners,
money lenders, government officials and lawyers.
Whatever compensation is fixed and paid is in cash rather than in kind. It is seen that
this amount is mis-utilised and depleted by oustees in short periods by fraud, for meeting
domestic and living expenses, for repayment of old debt, for performance of social functions, in
liquor and conspicuous consumption.Squandering away compensation amount make mem
destitute and their situation worse in the long ru
As displaced persons, many of whom are f

cultivable lands they either migrate to the cities
wastelands or forest tracts and clear them for cu
marginal lands and exploitation by bureaucracy.
It has been observed that project authorities

displaced people in relocation and in their gradual
they are indulged in the vacation of land in pro
state. In Srisailam project, located in Andhra Prad
launched 'Operation Demolition'. Under heavy po
Revenue and Irrigation and Power, accompani
which were to be flooded. It rendered 1 00,000
without settlement of compensation claims. In H
Mahanadi, when in 1956 people were displac
disbursed. Thus people were rendered home
Due to failure to operationalise land-for-land

and governments is to find sustainable non-land
have failed to pursue successfully self-emplo
Bango Project in Chhattisgarh, about forty lakh
twelve beneficiaries were given one hundred bir
then birds suddenly died of some illness. Sinc
been ruined.
Often resettlement sites are inhospitable and

of livelihood opportunities or preferences of di
Sarovar Project oustees, villagers reported that
like to be relocated. For people displaced from B
Madhya Pradesh, five model villages were built.
there were no livelihood prospects, people migr
without any people.
There is little or no attempt to recreate lost

in such sites and they long for forests and op
shelters are not available. Often houses are m
inappropriate material and design. In an entirely
modes of subsistence. In such surrounding p
Bargi Dam Projects, even so many years after
resettlement sites. Sometimes locations are small islands which are surrounded by reservoir
waters. For many resettlement sites at Hasdeo Bango, small wooden boats are the only modes
of transportation. Earthen roads are submerged for six months in a year. Although Hasdeo
Bango reservoir was built to support super thermal power projects in Korba district in Chhattisgarh,
most of resettled families have no electricity. In Bargi resettlement sites school going children
have been forced to use boats or walk on muddy paths. Many children have left schools. It is
usually observed that in resettlement sites there is lack of basic amenities like potable water,
sewerage, schools, hospitals, electricity, roads, open playgrounds, and modes of transportation
and communication.
Certain groups of people are more vulnerable to impoverishment These include indigenous
people, elderly, women and children. This type of impoverishment has been observed in indigenous
areas throughout the world. A study of 1 10 development projects taking place during India's
Eighth Five Year Plan (1990-95) discovered that 1.6 million people were displaced, of which
almost half were tribal people.7 The vast majority of displaced tribal people suffer assetlessness,
unemployment, debt bondage and hunger.
Elderly, women and children are disproportionately burdened by displacement. The loss
of authority and right was compounded by the breakup of families, a weakening of kinship ties,
and a loss of security and insurance created by family and kinship relationships. The situation
was most dismal for landless women who were depended on other people's land or on forest
resources. These women became further impoverished and often destitute.8
Forced displacement increases the rate of domestic violence. Many women are its victim.
As productive economic activities of women decrease or cease and they do not remain productive
contributors, their social status is lost. Their authority and right in decision making weakens.
Further, the payment of compensation in cash directly disempowers women as loss of status
as productive contributors prevents them from influencing decisions related to money spending.
Also loss of access to traditional sources of livelihood marginalizes them in labour market. Their
health and nutrition levels go down and they are unable to provide secure future for their children.
Their children are denied access to educational and health facilities. Resettlement and
rehabilitation policies mostly do not pay any attention to the rights of women.
Other extremely vulnerable groups are persons without land, including landless agricultural
workers, destitutes, beggars, uncared aged persons, disabled, leprosy patients, physically and
mentally challenged persons, and children without adult care. In normal circumstances, society
has traditional means of social security and support for these groups. In times of crisis these
means collapse and the impoverished groups are highly marginalized.
CONCLUSION :
Economic development is essential for the progress of any country. No country can take
the risk of forbidding the strategy of economic development. However the manner in which
development has created the problem of displacement, has raised the issue of equity and
justice. It is usually observed that adverse effects of displacement are mostly due to shortcomings
in rehabilitation and resettlement policies and programmes. Resettlement is often not regarded
as an integral part of development project and therefore steps are not taken beforehand. Many
relevant issues are absent from existing laws and policies. Rather project authorities awake to
the problem of displacement when it goes out of hand. Even then compensation instead of
sustainable development is the goal of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation should at least restore the
income, livelihood and social system of displaced persons to pre-displacement stage. This
requires resettlement planning which is a means to mitigate adverse impacts of development to
create development opportunities for project affected people. Involuntary displacement and
resettlement should be regarded as an integral part of project from earliest stages of project
formulation.
Notes :
1. Michael M. Cernes and Christopher McDowell (eds.) 2000. Risks And Reconstruction : Experience
Resetters And Refugees. Washington D.C. The World Bank.
2. Asian Development Bank, 1998. Handbook On Resettlement : A Guide To Good Practice. Asian
Development Bank. Manila, Philippines.
3. Elizabeth Colson : Coping In Adversity (Unpublished Essay), 1991, quoted in Development-Indu

Displacement : Problems, Policies and People, edited by Chris de Wet; Bergbabn Books, Oxford, N
York; 2006.
4. Michael M. Cernea, Risks And Reconstruction Model For Resettling Displaced Population, Economic
and Political Weekly, June 15, 1996.
5. Balaji Pandey: 1998a, Depriving The Underprivileged For Development. Institute For Socio-Econo
Development, Bhubaneswar.
-1998b, Impoverishing Effects Of Coal Mining Projects. A Case Study Of Five Villages In Orissa,
Development Projects And Impoverishment Risks : Resettling Project Affected People In India, H
Mohan Mathur and Marsden D. (eds.), New Delhi : Oxford University Press.
6. Quoted in N.C. Saxena : Dams, Displacement, Policy And Law In India.
7. Balaji Pandey: 1998, Depriving The Underprivileged For Development. Institute For Socio-Econo
8. Balaji Pandey: 1998 Displaced Development : Impact Of Open Cast Mining On Women. New Delh
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
REFERENCES :
+ Asian Development Bank : 1998, Handbook On Resettlement : A Guide To Good Pract

Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
+ Cernea Michael M. : 1996, Public Policy Responses To Development Induced Population Di

Economic and Political Weekly ; June 15, 1996.
199 6, Risks And Reconstruction Model For Resettling Displaced Population. Economic and Political
Weekly, June 15, 1996.
+ Cemea Michael M. and Christopher McDowell (eds.) : 2000, Risks and Reconstruction : Experience Of
Resettlers And Refugees , Washington D.C. : The World Bank.
+ Colson Elizabeth : Coping In Adversity (unpublished essay), 1991, quoted in Development-Induced

Displacement : Problems, Policies And People, edited by Chris de Wet, Bergbabn Books, Oxford, New
York.
Datt Ruddar and K.P.M. Sundharam : Indian Economy, S. Chand and Company Limited, New Delhi,
Fortieth Revised Edition.
+ Downing Theodore E. : 2002, Avoiding New Poverty : Mining-Induced Displacement And Resettlement,
online report of Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development Project of International Institute for
Environment and Development.
+ Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee : 1992,
Guidelines On Aid And Environment No. 3, Guidelines For Aid Agencies On Involuntary Displacement
And Resettlement In Development Projects, Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, Paris.
+ Pandey Balaji : 1998, Depriving The Underprivileged for Development Institute For Socio-Economic
+ 1998, Impoverishing Effects Of Coal Mining Projects. A Case Study Of Five Villages In Orissa. In
Development Projects And Impoverishment Risks : Resettling Project Affected People In India. Hari
Mohan Mathur and Marsden D. (eds.), New Delhi : Oxford University Press.
1998, Displaced Development : Impact of Open Cast Mining on Women, New Delhi, Friedrich Ebert
Stiftung.
4- Saxena N.C. : Dams, Displacement, Policy And Law In India.
+ Wet Chris de : 2006, editor of Development-Induced Displacement : Problems, Policies And People,
Bergbabn Books, Oxford, New York.
4 Wyndham Jessica : A Developing Trend : Laws And Policies On Internal Displacement.

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Indian Political Science Association

DISPLACEMENT : AN UNDESIRABLE AND UNWANTED CONSEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT

Displacement is a ubiquitous as it is found all over the world. Wherever economic

Economic development is regarded as indispensable for the progress and prosperity of

Thus, development induced displacement forces individuals and communities to leave

DISPLACEMENT IN WORLD BANK PROJECTS

Dams, Irrigation, Canals 46 31.5 1,304,000 66.4

Urban Infrastructure, Water, Supply, 66 45.2 443,000 22.6

Thermal (including mining) 15 10.3 94,000 4.8

Total World Bank 146 100 1,963,000 100

Latin America 13 8.9 180,000 9.1

Total Of World Bank 146 100 1,963,000 100

SOURCE: WBED, 1996.

DAMS AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE TRIBAL PEOPLE

Name Of State Population Facing Tribal People As

Project Displacement Percentage of Displaced

Karjan Gujarat 11,600 100

Sardar Sarovar Gujarat 200,000 57.6

Maheshwar Madhya Pradesh 20,000 60

Bodhghat Madhya Pradesh 12,700 73.91

Icha Bihar 30,800 80

Mahi Bajaj Rajasthan 38,400 76.28

Polavaram Andhra Pradesh 150,000 52.90

Maithon & Bihar 93,874 56.46

Upper Orissa 18,500 89.20

Pong Himachal Pradesh 80,000 56.25

Inchampalli Andhra Pradesh- 38,100 76.28

Tultuli Maharashtra 13,600 51.61

Daman Ganga Gujarat 8,700 48.70

Bhakra Himachal Pradesh 36,000 34.76

Masan Bihar 3,700 31.00

Source : Satajit Singh, Taming Tita Waters, OUP, 19

CAUSES AND FORMS OF DISPLACEMENT :

Various diverse causes have given rise to development-induced displacement. These

PROTESTANO RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS :

Kashipur movement in Orissa is against the Birlas- Utkal Aluminia Limited.

Movement in Manesar in Haryana is protesting multi product Special Economic Project

Movement in Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh is protesting the proposed setting up of steel

Development-induced displacement generally give rise to severe social, economic and

Displacement involves not only the phy

Affected persons are those who stand to lo

Elizabeth Colson3 has focused on psychological stress caused by the experience of

The impact of displacement can be explained as following :

LANDLESSNESS : According to Cemea expropriation of land removes the main foundation

Project Number of Percentage of Landless Percentage of Landless

Sam Barrage 318 24 38

NALCO (mining) 100 20 88

Source : Theodore E. Down

is often chronic and continues long after physica

HOMELESSNESS : Homelessness is loss of h

MARGINALISATION : Marginalisation occur

Host communities are usually unwilling to acc

LONELINESS AND HELPLESSNESS : Displace

FOOD INSECURITY : Forced displacement an

HEALTH RISKS : Displacement deteriorates h

LOSS OF ACCESS TO COMMON PROPERTY : Displacement results in loss of access

DISRUPTION OF FORMAL EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES : Displacement interrupts the

According to S.C. Verma, former chairperson of Narmada Valley Development Agency,6

destitute and their situation worse in the long ru

As displaced persons, many of whom are f

marginal lands and exploitation by bureaucracy.

It has been observed that project authorities

Due to failure to operationalise land-for-land

Often resettlement sites are inhospitable and