Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER- 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
CHAPTER-3
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF
INSTRUMENT IN THE SUBSTATION
CHAPTER- 5
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS
EQUIPMENTS
A
Mini Project Report on
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 132/33KV
SUBSTATION
Mini Project Submitted in Fulfillment of The Requirements
For The Award of The Degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted By
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the mini project report Entitled
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 132/33KV
SUBSTATION
Is a bonafide record of work carried out by
We here by accord my approval of it as a mini project report carried out and presented in a
manner required for its acceptance in fulfillment for award of degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical & Electronics Engineering in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad.
We declare that the project report entitled is done by us, submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree in BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY.
PLACE : KRISHNAPURAM
ABSTRACT
A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission
line and delivers electrical power through feeders and this is used for controlling the power on
different routes. Substations are integral part of a power system and form important part of
transmission and distribution network of electrical power system.Their main functions are to
receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a
value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are
simply switching stations different connections between various transmission lines are made,
others are converting sub-stations which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert
frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa.The various circuits are joined together through
these components to a bus-bar at substation. Basically, sub-station consists of power
transformers, circuit breakers, relays, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage
transformers, synchronous condensers/ capacitor banks etc.This mini project covers the
important equipments & their function in a sub- station. And also an attempt is made to cover
the general maintenance of substation and checks the observations to be made by shift engineer.
As a part of case study we are going to visit a 132/33Kv TRANSCO substation in
Khammam.
INDEX
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of Substation ` 1
CONCLUSION 27
REFERENCES 28
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig:1.2.1 Diagram of Substation
PT Potential Transformer
CT Current Transformer
LA Lightening Arrestors
ES - Earth Switches
CB Circuit Breaker
The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. It is delivered to the
consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many places in
the line of the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristic (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric supply.
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are as
follows:
The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear
of public places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the
Govt. land over Private land.
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most important
ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2) constructional
features.
A sub-station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses, instruments
etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable service. According to
constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as
Indoor sub-station
2 Outdoor sub-station
Underground sub-station
Pole-mounted sub-station
Lightening arresters are the instruments that are used in the incoming feeders so that to
prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the
instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any
damage lightening arresters are used. The lightening arresters do not let the lightening to fall
on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the
earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done by these
lightening arrestors. The lightening arresters are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the
lightening to the ground.
These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation and as near
as possible to the transformer terminals.
The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges. A
lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts the high voltage
surges on the power system to the ground.
4.2 EARTHING
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines should be in
such a manner as to provide in units of ohms
Safety to personnel
Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents
Improve reliability of power supply
Large sub-stations- 1
Small sub-stations-2
The neutral point of earth separate system should have an independent earth, which
in turn should be interconnected with the station grounding mat
The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the
high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices
used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred KV where the use of voltage transformers
would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of
capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of
capacitors, that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the
second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this
wave trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the
main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments in the substation. Generally it is used to exclude unwanted frequency components,
such as noise or other interference, of a wave.
Note: Traps are usually unable to permit selection of unwanted or interfering signals.
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room through coupling capacitor.
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
Ip Np = Is Ns
Type : IT-245
Frequency : 50 Hz
H.S.V : 245 KV
BIL : 460/1050KV Oil
weight : 360kgs
Total weight : 1250kgs
RATIO
800-600-400/1-1-1-1-1
CORE NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5
RATED PRIMARY
800
CURRENT (A)
RATED
SECONDARY 1 1 1 1 1
CURRENT(A)
--------
OUTPUT(VA) -------- ---------- ------- - 30
-----
ACCURACY CLASS PS PS PS PS 0.5
I.S.F/A.L.F ---- --- --- --- <=5
RCT at 75 C AT 800/1
6 6 6 ---
(ohms)
At the rate of LV (132KV) side we can use 1:3 core CT. The specifications of LVCT
are given below:
Type : IT-145
Frequency : 50 Hz
HSV/NSV : 145/132 KV
BIL : 650/275 KV Oil
weight : 75Kg
Total weight : 550Kg
500/1-1, 0.66-1
RATIO
CORE NUMBER 1 2 3
RATED PRIMARY
500
CURRENT (A)
PRIMARY & 500/1 500/1 500/0.66 500/1
SECONDARY
1s1-1s2 2s1-2s2 2s1-2s3 3s1-3s2
CONNECTION
RATED SECONDARY
1 1 0.66 1
CURRENT(A)
OUTPUT(VA) 20 ------- ------------ 20
ACCURACY CLASS 5p PS 0.2
I.S.F/A.L.F 20 -------- --------- <=5
Rct at 75o C (Ohms) -------- <=5 --------- -------------
Table:4.5.1.5.1 Specifications of LVCT
NOTE
CT secondary circuit and PT primary should never be open circuited. It is
vulnerable to the CT/PT
CT primary circuit and PT secondary should never be short circuited.
VP / VS = NP / NS
Thus NS VP = NP VS
As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have more
turns in the primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected in parallel only.
Even if we connect it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not going to be a short circuit as its
primary winding has very high resistance. Its core is a set of assembled laminations. It operates
at constant flux density. The standards are IEC 600044 2 and IS 3156.
Ratio Test: By applying single phase voltage across primary the voltage
induced in the secondary winding is to be measure. This is approximately equal to
voltage applied in the primary winding or voltage ratio of the PT.
Polarity test: at the time of commissioning (at least on the PTs connected to
revenue meters)
PT secondary injection check
various operating mechanisms
1 Spring charge mechanism,
2 Pneumatic mechanism,
3 Hydraulic Mechanism.
Arc quenching medium
1 Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)
Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)
Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)
Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)
Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)
SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)
The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas
circuit breakers are preferred.
There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is more
than the dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical
equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage metal clad switchgear,
capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain
low temperature, liquidification temperature increases with the pressure.
Some of the properties of SF6 are,
Vacuum type of circuit breakers is used for small KV rated stations below 33KV.
4.7 BUS
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments
for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la
single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other
can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by
a little distance by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work
at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.
4.8 TRANSFORMERS
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles,
although the range of designsis wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic
devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high
voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical.
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce
a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil
of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed.
The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure; Current passing through the
primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped
around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic
flux passes through both primary and secondary coils.
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's
law of induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number
of turns in the secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil.
If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the
product of the magnetic field strength and the area A through which it cuts. The area is
constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic
field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.
Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an
ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Taking the ratio
of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down
the voltage Ideal power equation The ideal transformer as a circuit element.
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is
transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is
perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the
magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric
power must equal the outgoing power.
Giving the ideal transformer equation Transformers are efficient so this formula is a
reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same
factor. If an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to
the primary circuit to have an impedance of ZS = (VS/IS).
The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not get down till at
the require place. A capacitor bank is used in the outgoing bus so that it can maintain the
voltage level same in the outgoing feeder.
Experience shows that switched feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest returns
on equipment investment Sources of Energy Loss. Energy losses in transmission lines and
transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The former are caused by resistive
component of the load and cannot be avoided. The latter, coming from reactive component of
the load, can be avoided.
33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT
characteristics.
132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection. Back up protection: Directional
O/L & E/L protection.
Substations are important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends to a
considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-stations. It is, therefore, essential to
exercise utmost care while designing and building a substation.
The following are the important points which must be kept in view while laying out a
substation:
It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at the
centre of gravity of load.
It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration must be
given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc.
For reliability, consideration must be given for good design and construction,
the provision of suitable protective gear etc.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES