Contents

UNO :- Introductory Note ............................................................................................................................................... 2

ASEAN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ................................................................................................................... 15
Explainer: What joining SCO means for Pakistan .................................................................................................... 18
'It is a historic day': Pakistan becomes full member of SCO at Astana summit ............................................................ 20
PM meets Afghan president ........................................................................................................................................ 21
UN Secretary General felicitates Pakistan ................................................................................................................ 22
Putin, Nawaz discuss bilateral ties ............................................................................................................................. 22
Modi meets Xi ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ............................................................................................................................. 24
Military activities[edit] ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Economic cooperation[edit] ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Cultural cooperation[edit] .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Summits[edit] .............................................................................................................................................................. 32
List of summits[edit] ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Relations with the West[edit] .................................................................................................................................... 35
Geopolitical aspects of the SCO[edit] ..................................................................................................................... 35
Leaders of SCO member states, as of 2017[edit] .................................................................................................... 36
DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS .................................................................................................................................... 37
Former Place Names of Countries and Cities................................................................................................................ 45
Countries, their capitals and currencies ....................................................................................................................... 47
O.I.C ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
About OIC .................................................................................................................................................................. 58
::.PAKISTAN AND THE OIC ............................................................................................................................................. 60
UNO :- Introductory Note
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United
Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the
International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.

The UN Charter being signed by a delegation at a ceremony held at the Ve terans War Memorial Building on 26 June
1945.

Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17
December 1963 and came into force on 31 August 1965. A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted
by the General Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An
amendment to Article 109, adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12
June 1968.

The amendment to Article 23 enlarges the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen. The
amended Article 27 provides that decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by
an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven) and on all other matters by an affirmative vote of
nine members (formerly seven), including the concurring votes of the five permanent members of the
Security Council.

The amendment to Article 61, which entered into force on 31 August 1965, enlarged the membership of the
Economic and Social Council from eighteen to twenty-seven. The subsequent amendment to that Article,
which entered into force on 24 September 1973, further increased the membership of the Council from
twenty-seven to fifty-four.

The amendment to Article 109, which relates to the first paragraph of that Article, provides that a General
Conference of Member States for the purpose of reviewing the Charter may be held at a date and place to
be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members
(formerly seven) of the Security Council. Paragraph 3 of Article 109, which deals with the consideration of
a possible review conference during the tenth regular session of the General Assembly, has been retained in
its original form in its reference to a "vote, of any seven members of the Security Council", the paragraph
having been acted upon in 1955 by the General Assembly, at its tenth regular session, and by the Security
Council.

Overview
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member
States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in
its founding Charter.

Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character, the United Nations can take
action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change,
 sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies,
gender equality, governance, food production, and more.

The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling
dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for
governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems together.

The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General.

2015 marked the 70th anniversary of the United Nations.

Main Organs
The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council,
the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. All were established in
1945 when the UN was founded.

The UN General Assembly Hall during a vote in November 2014 to elect fo ur judges to the International Court of
Justice (ICJ).

General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. All 193
Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with
universal representation. Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly
Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and general debate, which many heads of state
attend and address. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of
new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on
other questions are by simple majority. The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a
one-year term of office.

Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of
international peace and security. It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members). Each
Member has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council
decisions. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of
aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of
adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or
even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. The Security
Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every month.

Daily programme of work of the Security Council

Subsidiary organs of the Security Council
Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue
and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of
internationally agreed development goals. It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN
system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields, supervising
subsidiary and expert bodies. It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-
year terms. It is the United Nations central platform for reflection, debate, and innovative thinking
on sustainable development.

Trusteeship Council
The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter XIII, to provide
international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven
Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government
and independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence. The
Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994. By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994,
the Council amended its rules of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as
occasion required -- by its decision or the decision of its President, or at the request of a majority of its
members or the General Assembly or the Security Council.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Its seat is at the
Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands). It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations
not located in New York (United States of America). The Courts role is to settle, in accordance with
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions
referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.

Secretariat
The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members
who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's
other principal organs. The Secretary-General is chief administrative officerof the Organization, appointed
by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term.
UN staff members are recruited internationally and locally, and work in duty stations and on peacekeeping
missions all around the world. But serving the cause of peace in a violent world is a dangerous occupation.
Since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds of brave men and women have given their lives in its
service.

Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and Others :

The UN system, also known unofficially as the "UN family", is made up of the UN itself and many affiliated
programmes, funds, and specialized agencies, all with their own membership, leadership, and budget. The
programmes and funds are financed through voluntary rather than assessed contributions. The Specialized
Agencies are independent international organizations funded by both voluntary and assessed contributions.
Programmes and Funds
UNDP
The United Nations Development Programme works in nearly 170 countries and territories, helping to
eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build resilience so countries can sustain progress. As the UNs
development agency, UNDP plays a critical role in helping countries achieve the Sustainable Development
Goals.

UNICEF
The United Nations Children's Fund provides long-term humanitarian and development assistance to
children and mothers.

UNHCR
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR protects refugees worldwide and
facilitates their return home or resettlement.

WFP
The World Food Programme aims to eradicate hunger and malnutrition. It is the worlds largest
humanitarian agency. Every year, the programme feeds almost 80 million people in around 75 countries.

UNODC
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC helps Member States fight drugs, crime, and
terrorism.

UNFPA
The United Nations Population Fund UNFPA is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every
pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, and every young person's potential is fulfilled.

UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is the United Nations body responsible for
dealing with development issues, particularly international trade the main driver of development.

UNEP
The United Nations Environment Programme established in 1972, is the voice for the environment within
the United Nations system. UNEP acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise
use and sustainable development of the global environment.

UNRWA
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees has contributed to the welfare and
human development of four generations of Palestine refugees. Its services encompass education, health
care, relief and social services, camp infrastructure and improvement, microfinance and emergency
assistance, including in times of armed conflict. It reports only to the UN General Assembly.
 UN Women
UN Women merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the UN system,
which focus exclusively on gender equality and womens empowerment.

UN-Habitat
The mission of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme is to promote socially and
environmentally sustainable human settlements development and the achievement of adequate shelter for
all.

UN Specialized Agencies
The UN specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations. All were
brought into relationship with the UN through negotiated agreements. Some existed before the First World
War. Some were associated with the League of Nations. Others were created almost simultaneously with
the UN. Others were created by the UN to meet emerging needs.

World Bank
The World Bank focuses on poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards worldwide by
providing low-interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants to developing countries for education, health,
infrastructure, and communications, among other things. The World Bank works in over 100 countries.

World Bank Group

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

IMF
The International Monetary Fund fosters economic growth and employment by providing temporary
financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment and technical assistance. The
IMF currently has $28 billion in outstanding loans to 74 nations.

WHO
The World Health Organization is the directing and coordinating authority on international health within
the United Nations system. The objective of WHO is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible
level of health. Health, as defined in the WHO Constitution, is a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization focuses on everything from teacher
training to helping improve education worldwide to protecting important historical and cultural sites
around the world. UNESCO added 28 new World Heritage Sites this year to the list of irreplaceable
treasures that will be protected for today's travelers and future generations.

ILO
The International Labor Organization promotes international labor rights by formulating international
standards on the freedom to associate, collective bargaining, the abolition of forced labor, and equality of
opportunity and treatment.

FAO
The Food and Agriculture Organization leads international efforts to fight hunger. It is both a forum for
negotiating agreements between developing and developed countries and a source of technical knowledge
and information to aid development.

IFAD
The International Fund for Agricultural Development, since it was created in 1977, has focused exclusively
on rural poverty reduction, working with poor rural populations in developing countries to eliminate
poverty, hunger and malnutrition; raise their productivity and incomes; and improve the quality of their
lives.

IMO
The International Maritime Organization has created a comprehensive shipping regulatory framework,
addressing safety and environmental concerns, legal matters, technical cooperation, security, and
efficiency.

WMO
The World Meteorological Organization facilitates the free international exchange of meteorological data
and information and the furtherance of its use in aviation, shipping, security, and agriculture, among other
things.

WIPO
The World Intellectual Property Organization protects intellectual property throughout the world through
23 international treaties.

ICAO
The International Civilian Aviation Organization sets international rules on air navigation, the investigation
of air accidents, and aerial border-crossing procedures
ITU
The International Telecommunication Union is the United Nations specialized agency for information and
communication technologies. It is committed to connecting all the world's people wherever they live and
whatever their means. Through our work, we protect and support everyone's fundamental right to
communicate

UNIDO
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization is the specialized agency of the United Nations
that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental
sustainability.

UPU
The Universal Postal Union is the primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players. It helps to
ensure a truly universal network of up-to-date products and services.

UNWTO
The World Tourism Organization is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of
responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.

Other Entities
UNAIDS
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS is co-sponsored by 10 UN system agencies: UNHCR,
UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, the ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank and has ten
goals related to stopping and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS.

UNISDR
The United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction serves as the focal point in the United Nations system
for the coordination of disaster reduction.

UNOPS
The United Nations Office for Project Services is an operational arm of the United Nations, supporting the
successful implementation of its partners' peacebuilding, humanitarian and development projects around
the world.
Related Organizations
IAEA
The International Atomic Energy Agency, is the world's centre for cooperation in the nuclear field. The
Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and
peaceful use of nuclear technologies.

WTO
The World Trade Organization is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements, and a place
where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.

CTBTO
The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization promotes the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (which is not yet in force) and the build-up of the verification
regime so that it is operational when the Treaty enters into force.

OPCW
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons is the implementing body of the Chemical
Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force in 1997. OPCW Member States work together to
achieve a world free of chemical weapons.

IOM
The International Organization for Migration works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of
migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical
solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including
refugees and internally displaced people.

History of the United Nations

1 January 1942 || The name "United Nations" is coined

The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in
the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives
of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

UN Radio Classics | British actor Sir Laurence Olivier reads the Preamble to the Charter of the UN
24 October 1945 || The United Nations officially comes into existence

In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis
of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the
United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944.

The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not
represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.

The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified
by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other
signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.

Official Languages
There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The correct interpretation and translation of these six languages, in both spoken and written form, is very
important to the work of the Organization, because this enables clear and concise communication on issues of
global importance.

The United Nations Emblem

The design is "a map of the world representing an azimuthal equidistant projection centred on the North Pole,
inscribed in a wreath consisting of crossed conventionalized branches of the olive tree, in gold on a field of smoke-
blue with all water areas in white. The projection of the map extends to 60 degrees south latitude, and includes five
concentric circles" (original description of the emblem).

The United Nations Flag

The official emblem of the United Nations in white, centered on a light blue background.

Approval
The UN logo was approved on 7 December 1946.Its Use

The UN logo has been incorporated into the logos of several UN Family members. The logo is also used on United
Nations stamps.

ASEAN
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS:
ESTABLISHMENT AND MEMBERSHIP
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok
by the five original Member Countries, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and
Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined on 8 January 1984, Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Laos and Myanmar
on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999.

OBJECTIVES

The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are: (i) to accelerate the
economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in
the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and
peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations, and (ii) to promote regional peace and stability
through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the
region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in Southeast Asia, signed at the First ASEAN Summit on
24 February 1976, declared that in their relations with one another, the High Contracting Parties
should be guided by the following fundamental principles:

1.Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity
of all nations
.2.The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or
coercion;
3.Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
4.Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
5.Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
6.Effective cooperation among themselves.

POLITICAL COOPERATION

The TAC stated that ASEAN political and security dialogue and cooperation should aim to promote
regional peace and stability by enhancing regional resilience. Regional resilience shall be achieved by
cooperating in all fields based on the principles of self-confidence, self-reliance, mutual respect,
cooperation, and solidarity, which shall constitute the foundation for a strong and viable community of
nations in Southeast Asia.

Some of the major political accords of ASEAN are as follows:

ASEAN Declaration, Bangkok, 8 August 1967;

Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Declaration, Kuala Lumpur, 27 November 1971;
Declaration of ASEAN Concord, Bali, 24 February 1976;
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Bali, 24 February 1976;
ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea, Manila, 22 July 1992;
Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone, Bangkok, 15 December 1997; and
ASEAN Vision 2020, Kuala Lumpur, 15 December 1997.
Declaration of ASEAN Concord II, Bali, 7 October 2003
The ASEAN Security Community is envisaged to bring ASEANs political and security cooperation to a
higher plane to ensure that countries in the region live at peace with one another and with the world
at large in a just, democratic and harmonious environment.
In 1992, the ASEAN Heads of State and Government declared that ASEAN should intensify its external
dialogues in political and security matters as a means of building cooperative ties with states in the
Asia-Pacific region. Two years later, the ASEAN Regional Forum or ARF was established. The ARF aims
to promote confidence-building, preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution in the region. The
present participants in the ARF include: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, China,
European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Singapore, Thailand, the United
States, Vietnam.

Through political dialogue and confidence building, no tension has escalated into armed confrontation
among ASEAN members since its establishment more than three decades ago.

ECONOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL COOPERATION

When ASEAN was established, trade among the Member Countries was insignificant. Estimates
between 1967 and the early 1970s showed that the share of intra-ASEAN trade from the total trade of
the Member Countries was between 12 and 15 percent. Thus, some of the earliest economic
cooperation schemes of ASEAN were aimed at addressing this situation. One of these was the
Preferential Trading Arrangement of 1977, which accorded tariff preferences for trade among ASEAN
economies. Ten years later, an Enhanced PTA Programme was adopted at the Third ASEAN Summit in
Manila further increasing intra-ASEAN trade.

The Framework Agreement on Enhancing Economic Cooperation was adopted at the Fourth ASEAN
Summit in Singapore in 1992, which included the launching of a scheme toward an ASEAN Free Trade
Area or AFTA. The strategic objective of AFTA is to increase the ASEAN regions competitive
advantage as a single production unit. The elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers among the
member countries is expected to promote greater economic efficiency, productivity, and
competitiveness. The Fifth ASEAN Summit held in Bangkok in 1995 adopted the Agenda for Greater
Economic Integration, which included the acceleration of the timetable for the realization of AFTA
from the original 15-year timeframe to 10 years.

In 1997, the ASEAN leaders adopted the ASEAN Vision 2020, which called for ASEAN Partnership in
Dynamic Development aimed at forging closer economic integration within the region. The vision
statement also resolved to create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN Economic
Region, in which there is a free flow of goods, services, investments, capital, and equitable economic
development and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities. The Hanoi Plan of Action, adopted
in 1998, serves as the first in a series of plans of action leading up to the realization of the ASEAN
vision.

In addition to trade and investment liberalization, regional economic integration is being pursued
through the development of Trans-ASEAN transportation network consisting of major inter-state
highway and railway networks, principal ports and sea lanes for maritime traffic, inland waterway
transport, and major civil aviation links. ASEAN is promoting the interoperability and interconnectivity
of the national telecommunications equipment and services. Building of Trans-ASEAN energy
networks, which consist of the ASEAN Power Grid and the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Projects are also
being developed.

ASEAN cooperation has resulted in greater regional integration. Within three years from the launching
of AFTA, exports among ASEAN countries grew from US$43.26 billion in 1993 to almost US$80 billion
in 1996, an average yearly growth rate of 28.3 percent. In the process, the share of intra-regional
trade from ASEANs total trade rose from 20 percent to almost 25 percent. Tourists from ASEAN
countries themselves have been representing an increasingly important share of tourism in the
region. In 1996, of the 28.6 million tourist arrivals in ASEAN, 11.2 million or almost 40 percent, came
from within ASEAN itself.

Today, ASEAN economic cooperation covers the following areas: trade, investment, industry, services,
finance, agriculture, forestry, energy, transportation and communication, intellectual property, small
and medium enterprises, and tourism.

Desiring to build a community of caring societies, the ASEAN leaders resolved in 1995 to elevate
functional cooperation to a higher plane to bring shared prosperity to all its members. The Framework
for Elevating Functional Cooperation to a Higher Plane was adopted in 1996 with a theme: Shared
prosperity through human development, technological competitiveness, and social cohesiveness.
Functional cooperation is guided by the following plans:

ASEAN Plan of Action on Social Development;

ASEAN Plan of Action on Culture and Information;
ASEAN Plan of Action on Science and Technology;
ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment;
ASEAN Plan of Action on Drug Abuse Control; and
ASEAN Plan of Action in Combating Transnational Crime

EXTERNAL RELATIONS

The ASEAN Vision 2020 affirmed an outward-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal role in the international
community and advancing ASEANs common interests.

ASEAN has made major strides in building cooperative ties with states in the Asia-Pacific region and
shall continue to accord them a high priority. Cooperation with other East Asian countries has
accelerated with the holding of an annual dialogue among the leaders of ASEAN, China, Japan, and
the Republic of Korea. In 1997, a joint statement between ASEAN and each of them was signed
providing for framework for cooperation towards the 21st century. In November 1999, the leaders of
ASEAN, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea issued a Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation
outlining the areas of cooperation among them.

The ASEAN Summit of 1992 mandated that ASEAN, as part of an increasingly interdependent world,
should intensify cooperative relationships with its Dialogue Partners. Consultations between ASEAN
and its Dialogue Partners are held at the Foreign Ministers level on an annual basis. ASEANs
Dialogue Partners include Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, the Republic of
Korea, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the United Nations
Development Programme. ASEAN also promotes cooperation with Pakistan on certain sectors.

Consistent with its resolve to enhance cooperation with other developing regions, ASEAN maintains
contact with other inter-governmental organizations, namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization,
the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Rio Group, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation,
and the South Pacific Forum.
Most ASEAN Member Countries also participate actively in the activities of the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC), the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), the East Asia-Latin America Forum (EALAF).

STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS

The highest decision-making organ of ASEAN is the Meeting of the ASEAN Heads of State and
Government. The ASEAN Summit is convened every year. The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (Foreign
Ministers) is held on an annual basis. Ministerial meetings on several other sectors are also held:
agriculture and forestry, economics, energy, environment, finance, information, investment, labour,
law, regional haze, rural development and poverty alleviation, science and technology, social welfare,
transnational crime, transportation, tourism, youth, the AIA Council and, the AFTA Council.
Supporting these ministerial bodies are 29 committees of senior officials and 122 technical working
groups.

To support the conduct of ASEANs external relations, ASEAN has established committees composed
of heads of diplomatic missions in the following capitals: Brussels, London, Paris, Washington D.C.,
Tokyo, Canberra, Ottawa, Wellington, Geneva, Seoul, New Delhi, New York, Beijing, Moscow, and
Islamabad.

The Secretary-General of ASEAN is appointed on merit and accorded ministerial status. The
Secretary-General of ASEAN, who has a five-year term, is mandated to initiate, advise, coordinate,
and implement ASEAN activities. The members of the professional staff of the ASEAN Secretariat are
appointed on the principle of open recruitment and region-wide competition.

ASEAN has several specialized bodies and arrangements promoting inter-governmental cooperation in
various fields: ASEAN University Network, ASEAN-EC Management Centre, ASEAN Centre for Energy,
ASEAN Agricultural Development Planning Centre, ASEAN Earthquake Information Centre, ASEAN
Poultry Research and Training Centre, ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, ASEAN
Rural Youth Development Centre, ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Center, ASEAN Tourism
Information Centre, and ASEAN Timber Technology Centre.

In addition, ASEAN promotes cooperative activities with organizations with related aims and
purposes: ASEAN-Chambers of Commerce and Industry, ASEAN Business Forum, ASEAN Tourism
Association, ASEAN Council on Petroleum, ASEAN Ports Association, ASEAN Vegetable Oils Club, and
the ASEAN-Institutes for Strategic and International Studies. Furthermore, there are 53 Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs), which have formal affiliations with ASEAN.

ASEAN AND PAKISTAN - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS:

Asean has evolved in to a major regional organisation over the period of years and its significance is
increasing day by day.Infact it wouldn't be wrong to call ASEAN a well established player in the
market of South Asia which has played a pivtol, and more focussed role in bringing about the
cooperation between the countries on socio and economic level especially.
The organization with the mutual assistance of its member countries have moved forward and is
planning to accelerate its projects in order to bring more economic prosperity in the region.

Pakistan in the present year also looks forwrad in becoming a full dialogue partner Of ASEAN which
will be an excellent opprotunity to get closer to the powerful regional grouping that ASEAN is.Pakistani
government has shown a keen perspective towards becoming a comprehensive partner of the regional
group which will be an ultimate benefit for our country both economicaly and socially.For this very
reason our government alongwith Malaysia and other countries has been making efforts to include
Pakistan in the list of the full dialogue partner memebers.

It is hoped that with a step by step the process will move forward at a comfortable pace and there will
be continuing enhancement of commitment among all the partciapnts and memebr states in future
and Pakistan too will be able to benefit from the organization concerning its social and economic trade
programs.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

Ever since the continents started interacting politically, some 500 years ago, Eurasia has been the
center of world power

Brezezinsksi

Introduction:
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation
which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan and Russia. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai
Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the
organisation.

Secretariat: Beijing
Secretary General: Bolat Nurgaliev
Official Languages: Chinese, Russian
Members: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Russia
Observers: Pakistan, India, Iran, Mongolia
Purpose: To further cooperation among member contries on social, cultural, economic and security
fronts. While focusing primarily on security matters, the organization in recent years, expanded its
mandate to also include cooperation in the economic, humanitarian and technological fields.

Structure:
a) The Council of Heads of State is the top decision-making body in the SCO. This council meets at
the SCO summits, which are held each year in one of the member states' capital cities.

b) The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council
also holds annual summits, at which members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation. The council
also approves the organizations budget.
c) The council of Foreign Ministers also holds regular meetings, where they discuss the current
international situation and the SCO's interaction with other international organizations
d) As the name suggests, the Council of National Coordinators coordinates the multilateral
cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO's charter.
e) The Secretariat of the SCO is the primary executive body of the organisation.
RATS (Regional Anti Terrorism Structure):
It is Tashkent based permanent organ of SCO. It is established to guard against the terrorist
activities.

Summits:
2001: Beijing, China
2009: Yekaterinburg, Russia
2010: Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

History and Background:

In 1996, China, Russia and three Central Asian states bordering on China- Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,
Kyrgyzstan signed the Shanghai Agreement on Confidence Building in the Border Areas in the
military field followed in 1997 by the agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in the border
areas.
The shared security regime formed the first multi-lateral bond between these countries called the
Shanghai Five.

In 2001, the same group of countries along with Uzbekistan further consolidated their relations by
setting up the SCO as an institution.

Activities of SCO:

Security Cooperation

SCO considers terrorism, separatism and extremism as its main threats. In 2004, RATS was
established in Tashkent.

Joint military exercises have taken place among SCO member states.
In 2007, CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organisation) in Dushanbe was established in order to
broaden co-operation in security, crime and drug trafficking.

Economic Cooperation:

A Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states on
23 September 2003. At the same meeting the PRC's Premier, Wen Jiabao, proposed a long-term
objective to establish a free trade area in the SCO.

In 2009, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to SCO member states to shore up
the struggling economies of its members amid the global financial crisis

SCO member states are also planning to set up an energy club.

Cultural Cooperation:

An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005.

Importance:
The SCOs six full members account for 60 percent of the land mass of Eurasia and its population is a
third of the world, while with its affiliates, the SCO accounts for half of the human race. Its members
posses 17.5% ofwooil reserves, 47.5% of world natural gas reserves and 45% of worlds population.

Pakistans avidly seeks membership in SCO:

Pakistan has been on observer status for the last four years. Pakistan seeks full membership in SCO
to strengthen the countrys engagement with the organisation for promoting peace and development
in the region. In December 2009, in a meeting with Secretary General of SCO, President Asif Ali
Zardari said in the wake of the militancy and extremism, it was imperative that Pakistan, which has
an observer status in the organisation since 2005, be given full membership.

The president also said by making counter-terrorism its priority, the SCO had assumed a greater
responsibility in enhancing regional security and it would be greatly beneficial if the SCO member and
observer states shared intelligence and experiences on counter-terrorism.

He said Pakistan was keen to be associated with the SCOs regional counter-terrorism structure based
in Tashkent. The president said the SCO, with a combined GDP of $4.5 trillion, could play an
important role in promoting regional trade and economic cooperation.

Compiled from the internet and the above article

Explainer: What joining SCO means for Pakistan
Baqir Sajjad SyedUpdated June 10, 2017

The Foreign Office hailed Pakistans admission in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) on Friday as a
historic occasion and an important foreign policy milestone.

Pakistans former permanent representative to the United Nations in Geneva, Ambassador Zamir Akram,
explains to Dawn the SCOs evolution, its importance as a regional political and security bloc, and the
significance of Pakistans membership. He also takes a look at how Pakistan-India disputes could affect the
organisation.

Q: When was the SCO formed and what were its objectives?

A: The forerunner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was the Shanghai-5, which was set up in 1996 and
comprised China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Then when Uzbekistan joined in 2001 it
became the SCO.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union (in 1991) and emergence of the United States as the sole superpower,
countries like Russia and China the aspiring major powers felt the need to engage and cooperate with each
other to protect their interests, especially in Central Asia. The objectives of the SCO, therefore, are to protect
political interests of the member countries and promote security, economic and trade cooperation between
them. Over time with the emergence of a terrorist threat to these countries, counterterrorism has also become a
key area for cooperation in the SCO. Another very important consideration for the SCO has been to promote
regional connectivity.

Q: When and how did Pakistan first become associated with the SCO? What objectives would Pakistan like to
achieve as a full member?

A: Pakistan, due to its close friendship with China and because of the emergence of independent states in
Central Asia, has always been interested in promoting regional connectivity and itself as a pivotal state or as a
bridge, especially for landlocked Central Asian states. Pakistan has been very much interested in projecting
itself and its interests within the region. Therefore, Pakistan became an observer in the SCO in 2005.
From that time till Friday when we were admitted as a full member, it has been our endeavour to work in
concert with this very important regional organisation, which represents the largest geographical bloc in the
world and has also now become the biggest bloc in terms of population with the inclusion of Pakistan and India.
Pakistan has acquired further importance because of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). In that
sense it is a tremendous achievement and also presents a big opportunity to Pakistan.

Q: Terrorism has been a major concern for the region, particularly after emergence of the militant Islamic State
(IS) group. How far could the SCO be helpful in facilitating Pakistan in cooperating with other members in
dealing with this threat?

A: President Vladimir Putin today in his statement recognised Pakistans role in counterterrorism. The Chinese
also acknowledge that. In fact Pakistan, China, Russia and Iran are highly concerned about the emergence of IS
in their neighbourhood. The SCO would provide a platform for all of us to work together. Moscow has hosted a
regional conference on Afghanistan and it was also part of this effort. Pakistan wants to work with SCO partners
for countering the terrorism threat in the region. Unfortunately, India talks about terrorism, but is involved in
promoting terrorism in Pakistan by using Afghanistans territory, where they are supporting Tehreek-i-Taliban
Pakistan (TTP) and funding terrorism in Balochistan. I expect that Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif would have
raised this concern with SCO partners.

Q: Pakistan and India have assumed full membership of the SCO together. Would their confrontation weigh
down SCOs activities and impede the realisation of its objectives?

A: Pakistan will respect, as it has always respected, the mandate and parameters of organisations that it is part
of. We will not use the SCO to find solution for disputes with India, just as we have not used Saarc or other
regional forums to find solutions for disputes with India. There are of course other international organisations,
the UN and its various organs, for instance. Moreover, we are ready to engage with India in a bilateral dialogue
on those disputes.

However, what can happen is that with the SCO providing a platform for regional cooperation and connectivity,
it can contribute to better relations between Pakistan and India. If that happens, it will improve the prospects
for resolution of our bilateral issues as well. Unfortunately, India does not look at the SCO in that context.
Prime Minister Narendra Modis statement at the SCO today illustrates that. He used the platform to castigate
Pakistan. On one hand, they say disputes with Pakistan are not international or multilateral, but then they use
multilateral forums for raising bilateral complaints. India should realise that if it wants peace with Pakistan, the
SCO provides a platform for achieving that.

Published in Dawn, June 10th, 2017

'It is a historic day': Pakistan becomes full member of SCO at Astana summit
APP | Dawn.comUpdated June 09, 2017

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Chinese President Xi Jinping, Kazakh
President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon, Kyrgyz President
Almazbek Atambayev and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif pose for a family photo following a meeting of heads of member
states at the SCO summit in Astana, June 9. Reuters

Pakistan on Friday became a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, DawnNews reported.

Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in his inaugural speech during the 17th SCO summit welcomed
Pakistan as full member of the organisation.

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, addressing the summit, said, "The SCO goals resonate with Pakistan's national
ethos, and so do the core values of the Shanghai spirit and the SCO charter with our own quest for peaceful
neighbourhood."

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attends the SCO Summit in Astana on June 9. AFP

The premier welcomed a proposal made by Chinese President Xi Jinping on a five-year treaty for good
neighbourliness among SCO members, and thanked the founding members including China, Russia and others
for their staunch support to Pakistan.

"As leaders, we should leave a legacy of peace and amity for our future generations, not a toxic harvest of
conflict and animosity. Instead of talking about counter-weights and containment, let us create shared spaces
for all," PM Nawaz urged SCO heads of state.

The PM congratulated India, which also became a full member of the SCO today.

He added that in the coming decades, the SCO, which has emerged as a 'sheet anchor' for regional stability
would serve as a strong link between Asia Pacific, East Asia, West Asia and the Atlantic region.
"It is destined to become a cornerstone of global politics and economics, with economics gaining primacy," PM
Nawaz said.

"The SCO gives us a powerful platform for partnerships to promote peace, build trust and spur economic
development for shared prosperity."

"Moreover, it helps us all combat terrorism, reduce arms race, eliminate poverty... deal with natural disasters,
tackle climate change and assure water security," he added.

Expansion of the SCO has taken place at an 'opportune time', Nawaz said, as China's 'One Belt, One Road'
(OBOR) initiative has transformed the global economic landscape.

"In Pakistan, we are diligently implementing the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, which is a flag of the
OBOR," the PM said. "What is more, these megaprojects will benefit the entire SCO community."

Pakistan, which has been an observer at the SCO since 2005, applied for a permanent membership in 2010. The
decision to grant Pakistan membership was made by the SCO Heads of States in a meeting held in Ufa, Russia,
in 2015.

Founded in 2001, the SCO is comprised of six member states, mainly focusing on military cooperation between
the members which involves intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism operations in Central Asia.

Pakistan and India who until now had been observers have become the first nations to be inducted as
members since the formation of the organisation.

PM Nawaz attended the summit along with a delegation comprising Adviser to the PM on Foreign Affairs Sartaj
Aziz, Minister for Commerce Khurram Dastgir Khan and Minister of State for Petroleum Jam Kamal.

PM meets Afghan president

Earlier today, PM Nawaz met Afghan President Ashraf Ghani on the sidelines of the SCO, Radio
Pakistan reported.

Both leaders discussed bilateral ties during their meeting which comes days after Ghani at the Kabul Process
lashed out at Pakistan, accusing it of waging an "undeclared war of aggression" against Afghanistan.
Earlier, PM Nawaz exchanged pleasantries with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in their first meeting
since 2015, when Modi stopped by Lahore on a 'surprise visit' to meet the premier on his birthday.

UN Secretary General felicitates Pakistan

United Nations (UN) Secretary General Antonio Guterres congratulated Pakistan for attaining a membership in
the SCO during his meeting on the sidelines with Sharif, according to a press release issued by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs.

During the meeting, Guterres lauded Pakistan's role in the international community and for playing an
important part in the UN. The Foreign Office said the two discussed issues on bilateral, regional and
international levels, where the PM asserted that Pakistan believed in "building cooperative and stronger
relationships with other members of the international community".

Sharif said there were "legitimate expectations" for the UN to play its role in the resolution of the Jammu and
Kashmir issue and other global challenges.

The premier supported the secretary general's call for cooperation in advancing peace by resolving disputes
through dialogue and negotiations, agreeing that success in conflict prevention and resolution could only be
achieved via talks.

Appreciating the country's role in the international community, the UN chief appreciated Pakistan for hosting
Aghan refugees for the past 37 years, the press release said.

Putin, Nawaz discuss bilateral ties

Russian President Vladimir Putin (R) shakes hands with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif during their meeting in Astana,
Kazakhstan.AP.

In a separate meeting on the sidelines of the summit in Astana, the prime minister met Russian President
Vladimir Putin where the two leaders discussed matters pertaining to bilateral interests, according to a report
by Radio Pakistan.

The two discussed matters of mutual interest between the two countries and cooperation in different areas.
Advisor on Foreign Affairs Sartaj Aziz and Minister for Commerce Khurram Dastgir were also present at the
meeting.

Modi meets Xi
Indian PM Modi today met China's Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the summit, Times of India reported.

During the meeting, Modi thanked the Chinese president for supporting India's bid for full membership of the
SCO.

"I am grateful to you for your efforts and support for India's SCO membership," ToI quoted Modi saying to
Jinping.

"Met President Xi Jinping. We spoke about India-China relations and how to further improve ties," Modi
tweeted after the meeting.

The meeting between the two leaders comes weeks after India made the decision not to send an official
delegation to the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing where Jinping hosted dozens of world leaders senior
officials, touting his vision of a new Silk Road that opens trade routes across the globe.

India has criticised China's global initiative and warned of an unsustainable debt burden for countries
involved.

India has also remained incensed that the CPEC one of the key OBOR projects passes through Kashmir and
Pakistan, claiming that it is a violation of India's territorial integrity.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The template Infobox organization is being considered for merging.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Simplified Chinese:

Russian:

Logo

Members Observers Dialogue partners Observer applicants Disputed

territories

Abbreviation SCO

Formation 15 June 2001

(superseded Shanghai Five group, founded on 26 April

1996)

Type Mutual security, political, economic organisation

 Headquarters Beijing, China

Membership
8 member states[show]

4 observer states[show]

6 dialogue partners[show]

4 guest attendances[show]

Official language Chinese, Russian

Secretary General Rashid Alimov

Deputy Secretaries Sabyr Imandosov

General
Wang Kaiwen

Aziz Nosirov

Vladimir Potapenko

Website SectSCO.org

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, and security organisation,
the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China by the leaders
of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Charter was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003.[1] These countries, except for
Uzbekistan, had been members of the Shanghai Five group, founded on 26 April 1996 in
Shanghai. India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members on 9 June 2017 in Astana, Kazakhstan.

Origins[edit]
The Shanghai Five grouping was created 26 April 1996 with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military
Trust in Border Regionsin Shanghai, China by the heads of states
of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
On 24 April 1997, the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a
meeting in Moscow, Russia.[2] On 20 May 1997, presidents of Russia Boris Yeltsin and prime minister of
China Jiang Zemin signed a declaration on a "multipolar world"[3].

Russian President Vladimir Putin, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Chinese President Jiang Zemin, Kyrgyz
President Askar Akayev, and Tajik President Emomali Rahmon, at one time the leaders of the Shanghai Five.

Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in Almaty, Kazakhstan in 1998, in Bishkek,
Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in Dushanbe, Tajikistan in 2000. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to
"oppose intervention in other countries' internal affairs on the pretexts of 'humanitarianism' and 'protecting
human rights;' and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries' national independence,
sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability."[4]
In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai. There the five member nations first admitted Uzbekistan in
the Shanghai Five mechanism (thus transforming it into the Shanghai Six). Then all six heads of state signed
on 15 June 2001 the Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, praising the role played thus far by the
Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation.
In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in Saint Petersburg, Russia. There they signed
the SCO Charter which expounded on the organisation's purposes, principles, structures and forms of
operation, and established it in international law.
In July 2005, at the summit in Astana, Kazakhstan, with representatives
of India, Iran, Mongolia and Pakistan attending a SCO summit for the first time, the president of the host
country, Nursultan Nazarbayev, greeted the guests in words that had never been used before in any context:
"The leaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanity".[5]
By 2007 the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation, energy and
telecommunications and held regular meetings of security, military, defence, foreign affairs, economic, cultural,
banking and other officials from its member states.[citation needed]
In July 2015 in Ufa, Russia, the SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members. India and Pakistan
signed the memorandum of obligations in June 2016 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, thereby starting the formal
process of joining the SCO as full members.[6] On 9 June 2017, at the historic summit in Astana, India and
Pakistan have officially joined SCO as full-fledged members.
The SCO has established relations with the United Nations in 2004 (where it is an observer in the General
Assembly), Commonwealth of Independent States in 2005, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in
2005, the Collective Security Treaty Organization in 2007, the Economic Cooperation Organization in 2007,
the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2011, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building
Measures in Asia (CICA) in 2014, and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific in 2015.[7]
In 2017, SCO's eight full members account for approximately half of the world's population, a quarter of the
world's GDP, and about 80% of Eurasia's landmass.

Organisational structure[edit]
The Council of Heads of State is the top decision-making body in the SCO. This council meets at the SCO
summits, which are held each year in one of the member states' capital cities. The current Council of Heads of
State consists of:

Almazbek Atambayev (Kyrgyzstan)

Emomalii Rahmon (Tajikistan)
Shavkat Mirziyoyev (Uzbekistan)
Xi Jinping (China)
Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan)
Vladimir Putin (Russia)
Ram Nath Kovind (India)
Mamnoon Hussain (Pakistan)
The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council also holds
annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation. The council also approves
the organisation's budget. The current Council of Heads of Government consists of:

Sooronbay Jeenbekov (Kyrgyzstan)

Kokhir Rasulzoda (Tajikistan)
Abdulla Aripov (Uzbekistan)
Li Keqiang (China)
Bakhytzhan Sagintayev (Kazakhstan)
Dmitry Medvedev (Russia)
Narendra Modi (India)
Shahid Khaqan Abbasi (Pakistan)
The Council of Foreign Ministers also hold regular meetings, where they discuss the current international
situation and the SCO's interaction with other international organisations.[8]
The Council of National Coordinators coordinates the multilateral cooperation of member states within the
framework of the SCO's charter.
The Secretariat of the SCO is the primary executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement
organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas),
function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework,
and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. It is located in Beijing. The current SCO Secretary-
General is Dmitry Fyodorovich Mezentsev of Russia, appointed to the office of Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation Secretary-General on 7 June 2012, to hold this position from 1 January 2013 to 31 December
2015.[9]
The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of
the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three
evils of terrorism, separatism and extremism. The Head of RATS is elected to a three-year term. Each member
state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.[10]
The official working languages of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation are Chinese and Russian.

Membership[edit]
Main article: Member states of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Date Country

China

Kazakhstan

26 April 1996 Kyrgyzstan

Russia

Tajikistan

15 June 2001 Uzbekistan

India

9 June 2017

Pakistan

Observer states[edit]
Putin with representatives from Iran and Mongolia, observers in the SCO, at a meeting of the Council of Heads of
Government in 2005.

Afghanistan[12]
Afghanistan received observer status at the 2012 SCO summit in Beijing, China on 6 June 2012.[12]

Belarus[13]
In 2008, Belarus applied for partner status in the organisation and was promised Kazakhstan's support towards
that goal.[citation needed]However, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov voiced doubt on the probability of Belarus'
membership, saying that Belarus was a purely European country.[14] Despite this, Belarus was accepted as a
Dialogue Partner at the 2009 SCO Summit in Yekaterinburg, and after applying in 2012, was granted observer
status in 2015.[13]
 Iran
Iran has observer status in the organisation, and applied for full membership on 24 March 2008.[15] However,
because it was under sanctions levied by the United Nations at the time, it was blocked from admission as a
new member. The SCO stated that any country under UN sanctions could not be admitted.[16] After the UN
sanctions were lifted, Chinese president Xi Jinping announced its support for Iran's full membership in SCO
during a state visit to Iran in January 2016.[17]

Mongolia
Mongolia became the first country to receive observer status at the 2004 Tashkent Summit. Pakistan, India
and Iran received observer status at the 2005 SCO summit in Astana, Kazakhstan on 5 July 2005.

Dialogue partners[edit]
Afghan President Hamid Karzai at an SCO summit in 2004.

The position of Dialogue Partner was created in 2008 in accordance with Article 14 of the SCO Charter of 7
June 2002. This article regards Dialogue Partner as a state or an organisation who shares the goals and
principles of the SCO and wishes to establish relations of equal mutually beneficial partnership with the
Organisation.[18]

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Cambodia

Nepal
Nepal was granted dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at the group's
2015 summit in Ufa, Russia.[19]

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka was granted dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at the group's
2009 summit in Yekaterinburg.[20][21]

Turkey[12]
Turkey, a member of NATO, was granted dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
(SCO) at the group's 2012 summit in Beijing.[12] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoan has stated that
he has discussed the possibility of abandoning Turkey's European Union membership candidacy in return for
full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[22] This was reinforced again, after a series of
tension between Turkey and the European Union in 21 November 2016.[23] Two days later, on 23 November
2016, Turkey was granted the chairmanship of the energy club of SCO for the 2017 period. That made Turkey
the first country to chair a club in the organisation without full membership status.

Guest attendances[edit]

ASEAN
CIS
Turkmenistan
UN
Future membership possibilities[edit]
In June 2010, the SCO approved the procedure of admitting new members, though new members have yet to
be admitted.[16] Several states, however, participate as observers, some of whom have expressed interest in
becoming full members in the future. The implications of Iran joining the organization has been given much
thought academically.[24] In early September 2013 Armenian Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan said during his
meeting with his Chinese counterpart that Armenia would like to obtain an observer status in the SCO.[25]
Except for Afghanistan, the observers are moving towards being accorded full member status.[26][27] Meanwhile,
in 2012 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Nepal and Sri Lanka applied for observer status within the
organization.[28] Egypt[29] and Syria have also submitted applications for observer status,[30] while
Egypt, Israel,[31][32] [33] Maldives and Ukraine[34] have applied for dialogue partner status.[35][36] Iraq also signaled its
interest in becoming a Dialogue Partner of the SCO in 2017 during the visit to SCO headquarters in Beijing of
Mr. Ahmed Tahseen Birwari, the Iraqi ambassador.[37]
Vietnam also signaled its interest in becoming a Dialogue Partner of the SCO in 2011 during the trip to Hanoi of
Mr. Kirill Barsky, the special envoy of the Russian President to the SCO. According to expert opinion, there are
potential disadvantages and advantages of Vietnams becoming a member of the SCO in following main areas:
balancing her relations with China, Russia, and the USA, defense of the territorial integrity and potential for
economic benefits.[38]

Activities[edit]
Cooperation on security[edit]
The SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' Central Asian security-related concerns, often describing
the main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism. However evidence is growing that
its activities in the area of social development of its member states is increasing fast.[citation needed][39][unreliable source?]
At 1617 June 2004 SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the Regional Antiterrorism Structure (RATS)
was established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the
counter-terrorism rubric.[40]
Grigory Logninov claimed in April 2006 that the SCO has no plans to become a military bloc. Nonetheless he
argued that the increased threats of "terrorism, extremism and separatism" make necessary a full-scale
involvement of armed forces.[41]
In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), in the
Tajik capital Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.[42] Joint
action plans between the two organisations are planned to be signed by early 2008 in Beijing.[43]
The organisation is also redefining cyberwarfare, saying that the dissemination of information "harmful to the
spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states" should be considered a "security threat". An accord
adopted in 2009 defined "information war", in part, as an effort by a state to undermine another's "political,
economic, and social systems".[44]

Military activities[edit]
SCO leaders at Peace Mission 2007. Hu Jintao, Vladimir Putin, Nursultan Nazarbayevand Islam Karimov

Over the past few years, the organisation's activities have expanded to include increased military cooperation,
intelligence sharing, and counterterrorism.[45]
There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first
phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China. Since then China and Russia have teamed up for
large-scale war games in 2005 (Peace Mission 2005), 2007 and 2009, under the auspices of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation. More than 4,000 soldiers participated at the joint military exercises in 2007 (known
as "Peace Mission 2007") which took place in Chelyabinsk Russia near the Ural Mountains, as was agreed
upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO Defence Ministers.[46][47] Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov said
that the exercises would be transparent and open to media and the public. Following the war games' successful
completion, Russian officials began speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking
on a military role. Peace Mission 2010, conducted 925 September at Kazakhstan's Matybulak training area,
saw over 5,000 personnel from China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan conduct joint planning
and operational maneuvers.[48]
The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members. During the 2007 war games
in Russia, with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Russia's
President Vladimir Putin used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience: Russian strategic
bombers, he said, would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the Cold War. "Starting
today, such tours of duty will be conducted regularly and on the strategic scale", Putin said. "Our pilots have
been grounded for too long. They are happy to start a new life".
On 4 June 2014, in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, the idea was brought up to merge the SCO with the Collective
Security Treaty Organization. It is still being debated.

Economic cooperation[edit]
Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan are also members of the Eurasian Economic Union. A Framework
Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states on 23 September 2003.
At the same meeting the PRC's Premier, Wen Jiabao, proposed a long-term objective to establish a free trade
area in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the
region.[49][50] A follow up plan with 100 specific actions was signed one year later, on 23 September 2004.[51]
On 26 October 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said
that the SCO will prioritise joint energy projects; such will include the oil and gas sector, the exploration of
new hydrocarbon reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of an Inter-bank SCO Council was
also agreed upon at that summit in order to fund future joint projects. The first meeting of the SCO Interbank
Association was held in Beijing on 2122 February 2006.[52][53] On 30 November 2006, at The SCO: Results and
Perspectives, an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry
announced that Russia is developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club".[54] The need for this "club" was reiterated
by Moscow at an SCO summit in November 2007. Other SCO members, however, have not committed
themselves to the idea.[55] However, on 28 August 2008 summit it was stated that "Against the backdrop of a
slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and financial policy, control over the
capital flowing, ensuring food and energy security have been gaining special significance".[56]
At the 2007 SCO summit Iranian Vice President Parviz Davudi addressed an initiative that has been garnering
greater interest and assuming a heightened sense of urgency when he said, "The Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation is a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international
banking systems".[57]
The address by Putin also included these comments:
We now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopoly in world finance and the policy of economic selfishness.
To solve the current problem Russia will take part in changing the global financial structure so that it will be
able to guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and to ensure progress.
The world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different geo-political situation, with the emergence of new
centers of economic growth and political influence.
We will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and development
architectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity are becoming
inseparable notions.[58]
On 16 June 2009, at the Yekaterinburg Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to
SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global financial crisis.[59] The
summit was held together with the first BRIC summit, and the China-Russia joint statement said that they want
a bigger quota in the International Monetary Fund.[60]
Cultural cooperation[edit]
Cultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework. Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time
in Beijingon 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture
Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 2728 April 2006.[61][62]
An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan
has also suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.[63]

Summits[edit]
Summit of Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 2007.

According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at
alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in
Russian.[64] The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers)
shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the council members. The Council of Foreign Ministers is
supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of
the Council of Foreign Ministers can be called by any two member states.[64]

List of summits[edit]

Heads of State

Date Country Location

14 June 2001 China Shanghai

7 June 2002 Russia Saint Petersburg

29 May 2003 Russia Moscow

17 June 2004 Uzbekistan Tashkent

5 July 2005 Kazakhstan Astana

15 June 2006 China Shanghai

16 August 2007 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

28 August 2008 Tajikistan Dushanbe

1516 June 2009 Russia Yekaterinburg

1011 June 2010 Uzbekistan Tashkent[65]

1415 June 2011 Kazakhstan Astana[66]

67 June 2012 China Beijing

13 September 2013 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

1112 September 2014 Tajikistan Dushanbe

910 July 2015 Russia Ufa

2324 June 2016 Uzbekistan Tashkent[67]

89 June 2017 Kazakhstan Astana

June 2018 China TBA

Heads of Government

Date Country Location

14 September 2001 Kazakhstan Almaty

23 September 2003 China Beijing

23 September 2004 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

26 October 2005 Russia Moscow

15 September 2006 Tajikistan Dushanbe

2 November 2007 Uzbekistan Tashkent

30 October 2008 Kazakhstan Astana

14 October 2009 China Beijing[68]

25 November 2010 Tajikistan Dushanbe[69]

7 November 2011 Russia Saint Petersburg

5 December 2012 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek[70]

29 November 2013 Uzbekistan Tashkent

1415 December 2014 Kazakhstan Astana

1415 December 2015 China Zhengzhou

23 November 2016 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

Relations with the West[edit]
Western media observers believe that one of the original purposes of the SCO was to serve as a
counterbalance to NATO and in particular to avoid conflicts that would allow the United States to intervene in
areas bordering both Russia and China.[71][72] In addition, while not a member state, the President
of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad used his speeches at the SCO to make verbal remarks towards the United
States.[73]
The United States applied for observer status in the SCO, but was promptly rejected in 2005.[74]
At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence
of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO requested the U.S. to set a clear timetable for
withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. Shortly afterwards, Uzbekistan requested the U.S. to leave
the K2 air base.[75]
The SCO has made no direct comments against the U.S. or its military presence in the region; however, some
indirect statements at the past summits have been viewed by the western media as "thinly veiled swipes at
Washington".[76]

Geopolitical aspects of the SCO[edit]

SCO summit in Ufa, Russia in 2015

There have been many discussions and commentaries about the geopolitical nature of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation. Matthew Brummer, in the Journal of International Affairs, tracks the implications of
SCO expansion into the Persian Gulf.[77] Also, according to political scientist Thomas Ambrosio, one aim of SCO
was to ensure that liberal democracy could not gain ground in these countries.[78]
Iranian writer Hamid Golpira had this to say on the topic: "According to Zbigniew Brzezinski's theory, control of
the Eurasian landmass is the key to global domination and control of Central Asia is the key to control of the
Eurasian landmass....Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theory, since they formed
the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance
border security, but most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States
and NATO in Central Asia".[79][80]
At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCO issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation which addressed their "concerns" and contained an elaboration of the organisation's
principles. It included: "The heads of the member states point out that, against the backdrop of a contradictory
process of globalisation, multilateral cooperation, which is based on the principles of equal right and mutual
respect, non-intervention in internal affairs of sovereign states, non-confrontational way of thinking and
consecutive movement towards democratisation of international relations, contributes to overall peace and
security, and call upon the international community, irrespective of its differences in ideology and social
structure, to form a new concept of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction."[81]
In November 2005 Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov reiterated that the "Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) is working to establish a rational and just world order" and that "The Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation provides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new
model of geopolitical integration".[82]
The People's Daily expressed the matter in these terms: "The Declaration points out that the SCO member
countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region, and calls on
Western countries to leave Central Asia. That is the most noticeable signal given by the Summit to the world".[83]
A 2010 analysis in American Legion Magazine said that 'Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao... has concluded
that the United States is maneuvering "to preserve its status as the world's sole superpower and will not allow
any country the chance to pose a challenge to it."'[84]
An article in The Washington Post in early 2008 reported that President Vladimir Putin stated that Russia could
aim nuclear missiles at Ukraine if Russia's neighbor and former fraternal republic in the Soviet Union joins the
NATO alliance and hosts elements of a U.S. missile defence system. "It is horrible to say and even horrible to
think that, in response to the deployment of such facilities in Ukrainian territory, which cannot theoretically be
ruled out, Russia could target its missile systems at Ukraine", Putin said at a joint news conference with
Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko, who was visiting the Kremlin. "Imagine this just for a second".[85][86]

Leaders of SCO member states, as of 2017[edit]

People's Republic of China
Xi Jinping
President of China

Republic of India
Narendra Modi
Prime Minister of India

Republic of Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbayev
President of Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Republic
Almazbek Atambayev
President of Kyrgyzstan

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
Prime Minister of Pakistan

Russian Federation
Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

Republic of Tajikistan
Emomali Rahmon
President of Tajikistan

Republic of Uzbekistan
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
President of Uzbekistan

NATO
DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
Galileo was first to discover rotation of earth
Kohler and Milstein discovered monoclonal antibodies.
Photography was invented by Mathew Barry
Albert Sabin invented Polio vaccine (oral)
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (Russian) published his first version of periodic table in
1869.
X-ray machine was invented by James Clark
Arthur Campton discovered x-rays and Cosmic rays.
Chadwick discovered Neutron
Telescope was invented by Galileo
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming
Noble gases discovered by Cavendish
Gun powder was first invented in China
Velocity of light was measured by Michelson
Archimedes gave laws about Floatation of Bodies
Balloon fly up in air according to Archimedess principle
Dr. Christian Bernard was first to perform heart transplant in 1967 in cape town(SA)
First man to receive artificial heart was Dr. Barney B. Clark
Barometer was invented by Pascal
Robert Hook discovered Cell in 1665
Aspirin discovered by Dresser
Atomic theory given by Dalton
Atomic number given by Mosley
Bacteria by Leeunhock
Blood circulation by William Harvey
Calculus by Newton
Co2 by Fishcer
Chlorine by K. Scheele
Oxygen by Priestley
Hydrogen by Cavandish
Super conductor by Bendnorz and Muller in 1987 and were awarded Nobel Prize
Cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney.
Chloroform by Guthrie
Deuterium by Harlod
Dynamite by Alfred B. Nobel
 DNA by Watson Crick
Gene by Johanson
Chromosomes by Waldyar
Electric resistance by Ohm
Electrolysis by Faraday
Electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897
Neutron by Chadwick
Proton by Rutherford
Positron by Anderson
Ozone by Echonbein
Planetary motion by Kepler
Radioactivity by Bacquerel
Radium by Currie
Insulin by Banting & Best
Human heart transplant by Bernard
Vaccine (measles) by Peebles
Vaccine (polio) by Salk
Vaccine (rabies) by Louis Pasteur
Vaccine (small pox) by Edward Jenner
Cause of Malaria was discovered by Ronald Ross
Adding machine invented by Pascal
Atom Bomb by Otto Hahn
Air Brake by George Washington
Air Conditioning by H. Carier
Airplane (with motor) by Wright Bothers
Airplane (jet engine) by Ohain
Automobile (electric) by William Morrison
Automobile (differential gear) by Benz
Bakelite by Leo Hendricks Backland
Balloon by Mont Golfer
Barometer by Torricelli
Bicycle (modern) by Starley
Bifocal lens by Benjamin Franklin
Burner (gas) by Bunsen
Calculating machine (digital) by Charles Babbage
Camera (photographic) by Josef N. Niepce
Carburetor by Daimler
 Cement by Joseph Aspidin
Circuit breaker by Hilliard
Computer (electronic) by J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauckly
Diesel engine by Rudolf Diesel
Digital camera was invented by Eastman Kodak.
Gas engine by Daimler
Electric fan by wheeler
Electric flat iron by Henry Sealy
Electric generator by Hippolyte Pixie
Electric motor by Michael Faraday
Motor A.C by Tesla
Motor D.C by Devin Port
Electric shaver by W.S. Hadaway
Electric vaccum cleaner by James Spangler
Electromagnet by William Sturgeon
Electron Microscope by Vladimir Zwryin
Microscope (compound) by Janessen and Leeuhock
Flying shuttle by Johan Kay
Gun powder by Roger Bacon
Gas engine (four cycle) by Otto and Daimler
Helicopter by Sikorsky
Interneral combustion engine by Daimler
Jet engine by Frank Whittle
Knitting Machine by William Lee
Lamp (incadecent) by Thomas Edision
Montgoflier invented balloon.
Talbot invented photographic paper.
Dickenson invented paper machine.
Blanchard invented parachute.
Colts invention is pistol.
Howe was the inventor of sewing machine.
Lamp (mercury) by Hewit
Laser (practical) by Gordon Gould
Laser (operable) by T.H.Mainman
Machine gun by Gatling
Match (safety) by Pasch
Microphone by Graham Bell
 Motion pictures (camera) by Edison
Motor cycle by Daimler
Motor scooter by Bradsha
Parachute by Garnerin
Pen (fountain) by Waterman
Pen (ball-point) John Loud Biro
Photoelectric cell by Julius Elster
Piano by Christopher
Printing press (screw type) by Guten Berg
Radar by Watson Watt
Railway (electric) by Werner Siemens
Razor safety by Gillette
Razor (electric) by Jacob Schick
Refrigerator by Ferdinand Carre
Revolver by Samuel Solt
Rifle by August Kotter
Rifle (automatic) by John Moses Browning
Rocket Engine by Goddard
Safety pin by Walter Hunt
Sewing Machine by Elias Howe and Thomas Saint
Stainless steel by Herry Brearley
Stream boat by Abbans
Submarine by Holland
Tank military by Swinton
Telephone by Graham Bell
Radio by Marconi
Telescope (reflecting) by Galileo
Telescope (refracting) by Newton
Television (mechanical) by J.L. Baird
Television (electric) by Fransworth
Thermometer by Galilo
Termomter (mercury) by Farhenheit
Tractor by Robert Keeley
Transformer by William Stanley
Transistor by William Shockley
Type writer by Henry Mill
Washing machine (electric) by Alva Fisher
 Washing machine (manual) by Hamilton E. Smith
Welding (electric) by E. Thomson
Zipper (meshed tooth) by Gideon Sundback
Celcius devised Centrigrade scale
Bacteria were discovered by Louis Pasture.
Ramsay discovered inert gas.
Proton was discovered by Goldstein
Who is credited with the development of polio vaccine? Jonas Salk
Christopher Cockerel invented what: Hovercraft
The electric chair was invented by a dentist
Bardeen and Brattin discovered Semiconductor
What was invented by James Dewer in 1872: Vacuum or thermos flask
Atom Bomb (Uranium Fission) was invented by Otto Hahn in 1941.
Electron was discovered in 1897.
Oxygen was discovered in 1774.
Tomas A Edison was American.
X-rays and Cosmic rays were discovered by Arthur Compton.
Printing press was invented by Johann Gutenberg.
Gramophone was invented by Emile Berliner.
Blood pressure was discovered by William Harvey.
Magnifying glass was invented by Roger Bacon.
Insulin was discovered by Banting.
Michael Faraday invented Electric Motor in belonged to England.
ECG invented by Einthogen.
Columbus Day is observed on 2nd Monday in October.
In 1774 Oxygen was discovered by Priestly.
In 1589 William Lee invented knitting machine.
More than 2000 years ago a Roman Ruler Julius Caesar invented the calendar that
we use today.
Lipstick was first introduced in 1915 in America.
Zippers were introduced in 1890.
China was discovered by Marco Polo.
Sea route from Europe to India was discovered by Vasco-de-Gama.
Canada was discovered by Jacques Cartier.
Australia was discovered by William Jon zoon.
Parachute was invented by L.S Lenormand in 1783.
Box Camera was invented by G.Eastman in 1988.
 Electric Generator was invented by Hippolyte Pixil in the year 1832. He belonged to
France.
In 1907 Electric Washing Machine was invented by an American named A.J 1916.
Motorcycle was invented by Gottlieb Daimler in 1885, he belonged to Germany.
First person to reach North Pole was Robert E.Peray.
Dynamo was invented by Faraday in the year of 1831.
On 14th Dec 1911 South Pole was discovered by Armunden.
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492, he belonged to Italy.
Sea route to India was discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1498, he belonged to
Protugese.
Sandwich Island (now called Hawaiian Island) was discovered by Captain cook in
1770, he belonged to English.
Suez Canal was designed by French Engineer Ferdiand de Lesseps in 1869.
Solar System was discovered by Copernicus in 1540, he belonged to Poland.
Planery motion was discovered by Kepler in 1600, he belonged to Germany.
Artificial radioactivity was discovered by Madam Joliet and Irene Curie in 1934.
Atomic number were discovered by Mosley in 1913.
Atomic theory was given by Dalton in 1803.
Who invented wax paper- Thomas Edison
Atomic Structure was studied by Bohr and Rutherford in 1913.
Circumference of the earth was calculated by Jean Picard.
Current Electricity was invented by Volta in 1800, he belonged to Italy.
Cause of yellow fever was discovered by Reed in 1900.
Discovery of Oxygen was made by J.Priestly in 1774.
Deuterium (Heavy Hydrogen) was discovered by H.C Urey in 1932.
Discovery of Electron was made by J.J Thomson in 1897.
Dynamite was made my Alfred Noble, he belonged to Sweden.
Fundamental laws of electrical attraction was made by Coulomb.
Hydrogen was discovered by Cavendish in 1766.
Induction of electric current was discovered by Michaed Farraday in 1841.
Incandescent bulb was made by Edison in 1860.
Intelligence tests were made by Binet in 1905.
Laughing gas (Nitrous oxide) was discovered by Priestly.:
Chromosomes were discovered by Hofmeister.
Otto Hahm invented A.Bomb.
Wright Brothers invented Aeroplane.
W. Shockley discovered transistor.
 Christian Barnard was pioneer in heart transplantation.
William Harvey discovered Circulation of blood.
Ramsay discovered inert gas.
Aristotle was the first to classify animals into groups.
Theophrastus is regarded as the father of botany.
Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavandish.
Proton was discovered by Goldstein.
Thomson discovered electron.
Commercial cork is obtained from Quercus.
Bacteria were discovered by Louis Pasture.
In 1803, the English Scientist John Dalton described the atom as the smallest unit of
an element.
In 1897 J.J Thomson discovered electron, negative charges.
In 1911 Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealander living in Britain, carried out experiment
with atomic particles.
Scientist use enormous machine called particle accelerator to discover and find out
about subatomic particles.
Ernest Rutherford in 1908, with the equipment discovered the atomic nucleus.
Hans Geiger (1882-1945) invented the Geiger Counter used to measure
radioactivity.
The scientist who designed the first internal combustion engine used to burn low
grade fuel.
Francois Isaac de Rivaz
The scientist who discovered water: Antoine Lavoisier (Chk)
Nitric acid__ acid was discovered by Jabbar bin Hayyan.(HCL was also discovered
by him)
What calculating aid was invented by William Oughtred in 1662: Slide Rule
What was invented by James Dewer in 1872: Vacuum or thermos flask
Fredrick Sanger discovered which medical life saver: Insulin
Who invented Scissors-Leonardo Da Vinci
In 1902 What did Mary Anderson invent-Windscreen Wipers
The technique to produce the first test tube baby was evolved by Patrick Stepote and
Robert Edwards
Sumiton invented Tank.
The very first electric light was invented in Scotland in 1835 by James Lindsay.
The molecular theory of matter was experimentally testified by Robert Brown.
The theory of inheritance of acquired characters was propounded by J.B. Lamarck
 What was invented by Dr Edward Land in 1947: Polaroid
Dr. James Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953.
Structure of DNA was given by Watson and Crick.
Air conditioner invented by "willis H. carrier"U.S. in 1902.
Camera (photographic) has been invented by "Joseph N. Niepce"France in 1822.
The scientist who designed the first internal combustion engine used to burn low
grade fuel. Etienne Lenoir
Pioneers in Science
Former Place Names of Countries and Cities
Al Madnah al Munawwarah----------------Yathrib

Ethiopia-----------------------------------Abyssinia

Ankara------------------------------------Angora,Turkey

Czech Republic and Slovakia--------------Bohemia, Moravia, Chechoslovakia

Sri Lanka----------------------------------Ceylon

Istanbul, Turkey---------------------------Constantinople, Turkey

Beijing, China------------------------------Peking, China

Iran----------------------------------------Persia

Iraq---------------------------------------Mesopotamia

Zimbabwe---------------------------------Southern Rhodesia

Zambia------------------------------------Northern Rhodesia

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam-----------------Saigon, South Vietnam

St. Petersburg, Russia---------------------Petrograd and Leningrad, Russia

Thailand-----------------------------------Siam

Tanzania----------------------------------Tanganyika and Zanzibar, German East Africa

Democratic Republic of Congo-------------Zaire

Namibia-----------------------------------South-West Africa

Moldova-----------------------------------Moldavia

Burkina Faso-------------------------------Upper Volta

Libya--------------------------------------Tripolitania and Cyrenaica

Algeria-------------------------------------Numidia

Mali----------------------------------------Sudanese Republic
France-------------------------------------Gaul

Central African Republic, Chad--------------French Equatorial Africa

Rwanda and Burundi------------------------German East Africa

China (north)-------------------------------Cathay

China (south)-------------------------------Mangi

Vietnam------------------------------------Cochin-China (south), Annam (central), Tonkin (north)

Myanmar-----------------------------------Burma

Tokyo, Japan-------------------------------Edo

Korea (North and South)--------------------Choson

Cambodia-----------------------------------Kampuchea

Taiwan--------------------------------------Formosa

Mumbai-------------------------------------Bombay

Chennai-------------------------------------Madras

Kolkata--------------------------------------Calcutta

Pune----------------------------------------Poona

Faisalabad----------------------------------Lyallpur

Bannu(N.W.F.P)-----------------------------Edwardesabad,Dhulipnagar

Hyderabad(Sindh)---------------------------Neroon Kot
Countries, their capitals and currencies
This page will provide you the information regarding all the countries in the world, their
capitals and their currencies. Country names are listed in alphabetical order. Second column
specifies the capital of the corresponding country and the third column specifies the currency
being used in that country. Use the provided information as per your need and convenience.

Country Name Capital Currency

Afghanistan Kabul Afghani

Albania Tirane Lek

Algeria Algiers Dinar

Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro

Angola Luanda New Kwanza

Antigua and Barbuda Saint John's East Caribbean dollar

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso

Armenia Yerevan Dram

Australia Canberra Australian dollar

Austria Vienna Euro (formerly schilling)

Azerbaijan Baku Manat

The Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar

Bahrain Manama Bahrain dinar

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka

Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar

Belarus Minsk Belorussian ruble

Belgium Brussels Euro (formerly Belgian franc)

Belize Belmopan Belize dollar

Benin Porto-Novo CFA Franc

Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum

La Paz
Bolivia (administrative); Boliviano
Sucre (judicial)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Marka

Botswana Gaborone Pula

Brazil Brasilia Real

Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar

Bulgaria Sofia Lev

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA Franc

Burundi Bujumbura Burundi franc

Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel

Cameroon Yaounde CFA Franc

Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar

Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean escudo

Central African Republic Bangui CFA Franc

Chad N'Djamena CFA Franc

Chile Santiago Chilean Peso

China Beijing Yuan/Renminbi

Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso

Comoros Moroni Franc

Congo, Republic of the Brazzaville CFA Franc

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Kinshasa Congolese franc

Costa Rica San Jose Coln

Yamoussoukro
Cote d'Ivoire (official); Abidjan (de CFA Franc
facto)

Croatia Zagreb Kuna

Cuba Havana Cuban Peso

Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus pound

Czech Republic Prague Koruna

Denmark Copenhagen Krone

Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti franc

Dominica Roseau East Caribbean dollar

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Dominican Peso

East Timor (Timor-Leste) Dili U.S. dollar

Ecuador Quito U.S. dollar

Egypt Cairo Egyptian pound

El Salvador San Salvador Coln; U.S. dollar

Equatorial Guinea Malabo CFA Franc

Eritrea Asmara Nakfa

Estonia Tallinn Kroon

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr

Fiji Suva Fiji dollar

Finland Helsinki Euro (formerly markka)

France Paris Euro (formerly French franc)

Gabon Libreville CFA Franc

The Gambia Banjul Dalasi

Georgia Tbilisi Lari

Germany Berlin Euro (formerly Deutsche mark)

Ghana Accra Cedi

Greece Athens Euro (formerly drachma)

Grenada Saint George's East Caribbean dollar

Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal

Guinea Conakry Guinean franc

Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA Franc

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar

Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde

Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira

Hungary Budapest Forint

Iceland Reykjavik Icelandic krna

India New Delhi Rupee

Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah

Iran Tehran Rial

Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar

Ireland Dublin Euro (formerly Irish pound [punt])

Israel Jerusalem* Shekel

Italy Rome Euro (formerly lira)

Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar

Japan Tokyo Yen

Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar

Kazakhstan Astana Tenge

Kenya Nairobi Kenya shilling

Kiribati Tarawa Atoll Australian dollar

Korea, North Pyongyang Won

Korea, South Seoul Won

Kosovo Pristina Euro (German Mark prior to 2002)

Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som

Laos Vientiane New Kip

Latvia Riga Lats

Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound

Lesotho Maseru Maluti

Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar

Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar

Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc

Lithuania Vilnius Litas

Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro (formerly Luxembourg franc)

Macedonia Skopje Denar

Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy franc

Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit

Maldives Male Rufiya

Mali Bamako CFA Franc

Malta Valletta Maltese lira

Marshall Islands Majuro U.S. Dollar

Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya

Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee

Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso

Micronesia, Federated States of Palikir U.S. Dollar

Moldova Chisinau Leu

Monaco Monaco Euro

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tugrik

Montenegro Podgorica Euro

Morocco Rabat Dirham

Mozambique Maputo Metical

Rangoon (Yangon);
Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw or Nay Pyi Kyat
Taw (administrative)

Namibia Windhoek Namibian dollar

no official capital;
Nauru government offices Australian dollar
in Yaren District

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee

Amsterdam; The
Netherlands Hague (seat of Euro (formerly guilder)
government)

New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar

Nicaragua Managua Gold cordoba

Niger Niamey CFA Franc

Nigeria Abuja Naira

Norway Oslo Norwegian krone

Oman Muscat Omani rial

Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani rupee

Palau Melekeok U.S. dollar

Panama Panama City balboa; U.S. dollar

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Kina

Paraguay Asuncion Guaran

Peru Lima Nuevo sol (1991)

Philippines Manila Peso

Poland Warsaw Zloty

Portugal Lisbon Euro (formerly escudo)

Qatar Doha Qatari riyal

Romania Bucharest Leu

Russia Moscow Ruble

Rwanda Kigali Rwanda franc

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre East Caribbean dollar

Saint Lucia Castries East Caribbean dollar

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown East Caribbean dollar

Samoa Apia Tala

San Marino San Marino Euro

Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome Dobra

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal

Senegal Dakar CFA Franc

Yugoslav new dinar. In Kosovo both the euro

Serbia Belgrade
and the Yugoslav dinar are legal

Seychelles Victoria Seychelles rupee

Sierra Leone Freetown Leone

Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar

Slovakia Bratislava Koruna

Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian tolar; euro (as of 1/1/07)

Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Islands dollar

Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling

Pretoria
(administrative);
Cape Town
South Africa Rand
(legislative);
Bloemfontein
(judiciary)

South Sudan Juba Sudanese Pound

Spain Madrid Euro (formerly peseta)

Colombo; Sri
Sri Lanka Jayewardenepura Sri Lanka rupee
Kotte (legislative)

Sudan Khartoum Dinar

Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar

Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni

Sweden Stockholm Krona

Switzerland Bern Swiss franc

Syria Damascus Syrian pound

Taiwan Taipei Taiwan dollar

Tajikistan Dushanbe somoni

Tanzania Dar es Salaam; Tanzanian shilling

 Dodoma (legislative)

Thailand Bangkok baht

Togo Lome CFA Franc

Tonga Nuku'alofa Pa'anga

Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain Trinidad and Tobago dollar

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar

Turkey Ankara Turkish lira (YTL)

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Manat

Vaiaku village,
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O.I.C
About OIC
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (formerly Organization of the Islamic Conference) is the second largest
inter-governmental organization after the United Nations which has membership of 57 states spread over four
continents. The Organization is the collective voice of the Muslim world and ensuring to safeguard and protect the
interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony among various people of the
world. The Organization was established upon a decision of the historical summit which took place in Rabat, Kingdom of
Morocco on 12th Rajab 1389 Hijra (25 September 1969) as a result of criminal arson of Al-Aqsa Mosque in occupied
Jerusalem.

In 1970 the first ever meeting of Islamic Conference of Foreign Minister (ICFM) was held in Jeddah which decided to
establish a permanent secretariat in Jeddah headed by the organizations secretary general. Mr. Iyad Ameen Madani is
the 10th Secretary General who assumed the office in January 2014.

The present Charter of the Organization was adopted by the Eleventh Islamic Summit held in Dakar on 13-14 March
2008 which laid down the objectives and principles of the organization and fundamental purposes to strengthen the
solidarity and cooperation among the Member States. Over the last 40 years, the membership has grown from its
founding members of 25 to 57 states. The Organization has the singular honor to galvanize the Ummah into a unified
body and have actively represented the Muslims by espousing all causes close to the hearts of over 1.5 billion Muslims
of the world. The Organization has consultative and cooperative relations with the UN and other inter-governmental
organizations to protect the vital interests of the Muslims and to work for the settlement of conflicts and disputes
involving Member States. In safeguarding the true values of Islam and the Muslims, the organization has taken various
steps to remove misperceptions and have strongly advocated elimination of discrimination against the Muslims in all
forms and manifestations.

The Member States of the OIC face many challenges in the 21st century and to address those challenges, the third
extraordinary session of the Islamic Summit held in Makkah in December 2005, laid down the blue print called the Ten-
Year Program of Action which envisages joint action of Member States, promotion of tolerance and moderation,
modernization, extensive reforms in all spheres of activities including science and technology, education, trade
enhancement, and emphasizes good governance and promotion of human rights in the Muslim world, especially with
regard to rights of children, women and elderly and the family values enshrined by Islam.

Under the Charter, the Organization aims, inter alia, to:

Enhance and consolidate the bonds of fraternity and solidarity among the Member States;
Safeguard and protect the common interests and support the legitimate causes of the Member States and
coordinate and unify the efforts of the Member States in view of the challenges faced by the Islamic world in
particular and the international community in general;
 Respect the right of self-determination and non-interference in the domestic affairs and to respect sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity of each Member State;
Ensure active participation of the Member States in the global political, economic and social decision-making
processes to secure their common interests;
Reaffirm its support for the rights of peoples as stipulated in the UN Charter and international law;
Strengthen intra-Islamic economic and trade cooperation; in order to achieve economic integration leading to the
establishment of an Islamic Common Market;
Exert efforts to achieve sustainable and comprehensive human development and economic well-being in Member
States;
Protect and defend the true image of Islam, to combat defamation of Islam and encourage dialogue among
civilizations and religions;
Enhance and develop science and technology and encourage research and cooperation among Member States in
these fields;
In order to realize these objectives, Member States shall act, inter alia, in accordance with the following principles:

All Member States commit themselves to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter;
Member States are sovereign, independent and equal in rights and obligations;
All Member States shall settle their disputes through peaceful means and refrain from use or threat of use of force
in their relations;
All Member States undertake to respect national sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of other
Member States and shall refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of others;
Member States shall uphold and promote, at the national and international levels, good governance, democracy,
human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law.

The Organization is composed of the following main bodies:

The Islamic Summit, composed of Kings and Heads of State and Government of Member States, is the supreme
authority of the Organization. It convenes once every three years to deliberate, take policy decisions and provide
guidance on all issues pertaining to the realization of the objectives and consider other issues of concern to the Member
States and the Ummah.

The Council of Foreign Ministers, which meets once a year, considers the means for the implementation of the
general policy of the Organization by, inter alia:

a. Adopting decisions and resolutions on matters of common interest in the implementation of the objectives and the
general policy of the Organization;

b. Reviewing progress of the implementation of the decisions and resolutions adopted at the previous Summits and
Councils of Foreign Ministers;
The General Secretariat, which is the executive organ of the Organization, entrusted with the implementation of the
decisions of the two preceding bodies.

In order to coordinate and boost its action, align its view points and stands, and be credited with concrete results in
various fields of cooperation -political, economic, cultural, social, spiritual and scientific- among Member States, the
Organization has created different committees, nearly all, at ministerial level, a number of which are chaired by Heads
of State. The Al-Quds Committee, the Standing Committee for Information and Cultural Affairs (COMIAC), the Standing
Committee for Economic and Trade Cooperation (COMCEC), and the Standing Committee for Scientific and
Technological Cooperation (COMSTECH) are the ones Chaired by Heads of State.

The number and types of secondary organs and institutions, working toward the achievement of the OIC objectives,
have been steadily increasing, and cover various areas of cultural, scientific, economic, legal, financial, sports,
technological, educational, media, as well as vocational, social and humanitarian. Depending on their degree of
autonomy vis--vis the parent organization, they are classified as subsidiary organs and specialized or affiliated
institutions.

::.PAKISTAN AND THE OIC

Introduction

The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an inter-governmental organization grouping

fifty-six States. These States decided to pool their resources together, combine their efforts and
speak with one voice to safeguard the interest and ensure the progress and well-being of their
peoples and those of other Muslims in the world over.

The Organization was established in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco, on 12 Rajab 1389H (25 September
1969) when the First meeting of the leaders of the Islamic world was held in this city in the wake of
the criminal arson perpetrated on 21 August 1969 by Zionist elements against Al-Aqsa Mosque, in
occupied Jerusalem. It was indeed in order to defend the honour, dignity and faith of the Muslims, to
face this bitter challenge launched in the holy city of Al-Quds so dear to them and against the Mosque
of Al-Aqsa, the first Qibla and third holiest Shrine of Islam, that the leaders of the Muslim world, at
their Summit in Rabat, seized that event - which brought about unanimous worldwide condemnation
and reprobation - to think together of their common cause and muster the force required to overcome
their differences, unite and lay the foundations of this large grouping of States, that is, the
Organization of the Islamic Conference which they entrusted, in absolute priority, with liberating
Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa from Zionist occupation.

Six months after that historical meeting, i.e. in Muharram 1390H (March 1970), the First Islamic
Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs held in Jeddah set up a permanent General Secretariat, to
ensure a liaison among Member States and charged it to coordinate their action. The Conference
appointed its Secretary General and chose Jeddah as the Headquarters of the Organization, pending
the liberation of Jerusalem, which would be the permanent Headquarters.

Two and a half years after Rabat, in Muharram 1392H (February 1972), the Islamic Conference of
Foreign Ministers, meeting in its Third Session, adopted the Charter of the Organization, whose
purpose is to strengthen solidarity and cooperation among Islamic States in the political, economic,
cultural, scientific and social fields.

Under the Charter, the Organization aims to:

1. Strengthen:

a) Islamic solidarity among Member States;

b) Cooperation in the political, economic, social, cultural and scientific fields:
c) The struggle of all Muslim people to safeguard their dignity, independence and national rights.

2. Coordinate action to:

a) Safeguard the Holy Places;

b) Support the struggle of the Palestinian people and assist them in recovering their rights and
liberating their occupied territories.

3. Work to:

a) Eliminate racial discrimination and all forms of colonialism;

b) Create a favorable atmosphere for the promotion of cooperation and understanding between
Member States and other countries.

The Charter also enumerates principles which OIC Member States undertake to inspire themselves
from, in order to achieve the objectives of the Organization.

The Charter also enumerates the principles governing OIC activities, namely:

1. Full equality among Member States

2.Observation of the right to self determination and non-interference in the internal affairs of Member
States
3. Observation of the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of each State
4.The settlement of any dispute that might arise among Member States by peaceful means such as
negotiations, mediation, conciliation and arbitration
5. A pledge to refrain, in relations among Member States, from resorting to force or threatening to
resort to the use of force against the unity and territorial integrity or the political independence of any
one of them

In order to achieve its objectives, the Organization has main bodies, secondary organs, institutions
and specialized committees.

The Islamic Conference is composed of the following main bodies

The Conference of Kings and Heads of State and Government, is the supreme authority of the
Organization which meets once every three years to lay down the Organization's policy
The Conference of Foreign Ministers, which meets once a year to examine a progress report on the
implementation of its decisions taken within the framework of the policy defined by the Islamic
Summit

The General Secretariat, which is the executive organ of the Organization, entrusted with the
implementation of the decisions of the two preceding bodies.

In order to coordinate and boost its action, align its view points and stands, and be credited with
concrete results in the various fields of cooperation: political, economic, cultural, social, spiritual and
scientific, among Member States, the Organization has created different committees, nearly all, at
ministerial level, a number of which are chaired by Heads of State. The Al-Quds Committee, the
Standing Committee for Information and Cultural Affairs (COMIAC), the Standing Committee for
Economic and Trade Cooperation (COMCEC), the Standing Committee for Scientific and Technical
Cooperation (COMSTECH) and the Islamic Peace Committee are the ones Chaired by Heads of State.
Fourteen Committees which have been thus established, deal with other important issues such as
Palestine, the Sahel, Afghanistan, Kashmir etc.

The number and types of secondary organs and institutions, working toward the achievement of the
OIC objectives, have been steadily increasing, and cover various areas of cultural, scientific,
economic, legal, financial, sports, technological, educational, media, as well as vocational, social and
humanitarian. Depending on their degree of autonomy vis-a-vis the parent organization, they are
classified as subsidiary and specialized organs, or affiliated institutions.

Last but not least, it is worth mentioning that by the 3rd year of the World Decade for Cultural
Development launched by the United Nations in 1988 under the auspices of UNESCO - the
Organization of the Islamic Conference had built Islamic Colleges, and Cultural Institutes and Centres
to spread Islamic culture and dispense the Teaching of Arabic, the language of the Holy Qur'an, as
well as other languages.

Pakistan's Role In the OIC

Pakistan with its legacy rooted in the Islamic faith and its consistent support for Muslim causes, as
well as in response to the overwhelming public support for the cause of liberation of Al-Quds Al-
Sharif, was a founding member of the OIC in 1969.

Relations with the Islamic world are the corner stone of foreign policy of Pakistan. As a founding
member of the OIC Pakistan has an abiding commitment to the purposes, principles and objectives of
its Charter. Pakistan has played an important role in strengthening cooperation among Muslim States
by its active participation in the programmes and activities of the OIC. The efforts by Pakistan have
received due acknowledgment in the OIC signified by its membership of all key OIC's Specialized
Committees and Contact Groups on critical issues of the Islamic world - Palestine, Afghanistan,
Jammu & Kashmir, Bosnia, Kosovo and Sahel.

Pakistan is the Chairman of the OIC Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation
(COMSTECH) which has its Headquarters in Islamabad. Pakistan also host the Secretariat of the
Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry( ICCI). The Office of the OIC's Secretary General's
Special Representative on Afghanistan is based in Islamabad.
The Headquarters of the Islamic Telecommunication Union would also be established in Islamabad.
Pakistan is the Chairman of the Council and the Executive Committee of the Parliamentary Union of
the OIC Member States (PUOICM).

Mr. Sharif-ud-Din Pirzada a noted Lawyer and a former Foreign Minister of Pakistan served as the
Secretary General of the OIC from 1984 to 1988 . Pakistan is a member of all OIC subsidiary,
affiliated and specialized Organs.

Pakistan hosted the second Islamic Summit Conference in Lahore on 22nd to 24th February 1974.
Pakistan also hosted the Second Conference of the OIC Foreign Ministers (ICFM) held in Karachi from
26th to 28 December 1970, Eleventh ICFM in Islamabad from 17th to 22nd May 1980 and the
Twenty-first ICFM held in Karachi on 25th to 29th April 1993. The Special Sessions of the OIC Foreign
Ministers Conference in 1980 and in 1994 were also held in Pakistan.

To commemorate Fifty years of the Independence of Pakistan an Extra-ordinary Session of the Islamic
Summit was held in Islamabad on 23rd March 1997. A large number of the Islamic Heads of State
and Government, in a grand gesture of solidarity with Pakistan attended the Summit meeting and
conveyed their full support to the sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity of
Pakistan on this auspicious occasion.