Bulgaria - Wikipedia

5/18/2017 BulgariaWikipedia
Coordinates:4245N2530E
Bulgaria
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Bulgaria( i /blri,bl/Bulgarian:,tr.
RepublicofBulgaria
Blgariya),officiallytheRepublicofBulgaria(Bulgarian:
,tr.RepublikaBlgariya,pronounced[r
publikbarij]),isacountryinsoutheasternEurope.Itis RepublikaBlgariya(Bulgarian)
borderedbyRomaniatothenorth,SerbiaandMacedoniatothe
west,GreeceandTurkeytothesouth,andtheBlackSeatothe
east.Withaterritoryof110,994squarekilometres
(42,855sqmi),BulgariaisEurope's16thlargestcountry.
Organisedprehistoricculturesbegandevelopingoncurrent Flag Coatofarms

BulgarianlandsduringtheNeolithicperiod.Itsancienthistory
sawthepresenceoftheThracians,Greeks,Persians,Celts, Motto:
(Bulgarian)
Romans,Goths,AlansandHuns.Theemergenceofaunified "Sedinenietopravisilata" (transliteration)
BulgarianstatedatesbacktotheestablishmentoftheFirst "Unitymakesstrength"
BulgarianEmpirein681AD,whichdominatedmostofthe
BalkansandfunctionedasaculturalhubforSlavsduringthe Anthem:
(Bulgarian)
MiddleAges.WiththedownfalloftheSecondBulgarianEmpire
MilaRodino (transliteration)
in1396,itsterritoriescameunderOttomanrulefornearlyfive DearMotherland
centuries.TheRussoTurkishWarof187778ledtothe 0:00 MENU
formationoftheThirdBulgarianState.Thefollowingyearssaw
severalconflictswithitsneighbours,whichpromptedBulgaria
toalignwithGermanyinbothworldwars.In1946itbecamea
onepartysocialiststateaspartoftheSovietledEasternBloc.In
December1989therulingCommunistPartyallowedmultiparty
elections,whichsubsequentlyledtoBulgaria'stransitionintoa
democracyandamarketbasedeconomy.
Bulgaria'spopulationof7.2millionpeopleispredominantly
urbanisedandmainlyconcentratedintheadministrativecentres
ofits28provinces.Mostcommercialandculturalactivitiesare
centredonthecapitalandlargestcity,Sofia.Thestrongest
sectorsoftheeconomyareheavyindustry,powerengineering, Locationof Bulgaria(darkgreen)

andagriculture,allofwhichrelyonlocalnaturalresources. inEurope(green&darkgrey)
intheEuropeanUnion (green)[ Legend]
Thecountry'scurrentpoliticalstructuredatestotheadoptionofa Capital Sofia
democraticconstitutionin1991.Bulgariaisaunitary andlargestcity 4241N2319E
parliamentaryrepublicwithahighdegreeofpolitical,
Officiallanguages Bulgarian
administrative,andeconomiccentralisation.Itisamemberof
theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheCouncilofEuropea Officialscript Cyrillic
foundingstateoftheOrganizationforSecurityandCooperation Ethnicgroups(2011[1]) 84.8%
inEurope(OSCE)andhastakenaseatattheUNSecurity Bulgarians
Councilthreetimes. 8.8%Turks
4.9%Roma
1.5%others
Religion Bulgarian
Contents OrthodoxChurch
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria&printable=yes 1/35
1 History
Demonym Bulgarian
1.1 Prehistoryandantiquity
1.2 FirstBulgarianEmpire Government Unitary
1.3 SecondBulgarianEmpire parliamentary
1.4 Ottomanrule republic
1.5 ThirdBulgarianstate President RumenRadev
2 Geography PrimeMinister BoykoBorisov
2.1 Environment Legislature NationalAssembly
2.2 Biodiversity
3 Politics Formation
3.1 Government FirstBulgarianEmpire 6811018
3.2 Legalsystem SecondBulgarianEmpire 11851396
3.3 Administrativedivisions PrincipalityofBulgaria 3March
3.4 Foreignrelations 1878[note1]
3.5 Military Declarationof 5October
4 Economy Independencefromthe 1908[note2]
4.1 Scienceandtechnology OttomanEmpire
4.2 Infrastructure Currentconstitution 13July1991
5 Demographics EuropeanUnionaccession 1January2007
5.1 Language Area
5.2 Literacyandeducation Total 110,994km2
5.3 Religion (42,855sqmi)
5.4 Healthcare (105th)
5.5 Populationgrowthandbirthrates Water(%) 0.3
6 Culture
6.1 UNESCOWorldHeritage Population
6.1.1 Cultural 31December 7,101,859[2]
6.1.2 Natural 2016estimate (100th)
6.2 Sports Density 64.9/km2
7 Seealso (168.1/sqmi)
8 Footnotes (95th)
9 References GDP(PPP) 2016estimate
10 Bibliography Total
11 Externallinks $144.598billion[3]
(76th)
Percapita $20,327(62nd)
GDP(nominal) 2016estimate
History Total $52.418billion[3]
(81st)
Prehistoryandantiquity Percapita $7,369(75th)
Gini(2015) 37[4]
HumanactivityinthelandsofmodernBulgariacanbetraced
medium
backtothePaleolithic.Animalbonesincisedwithmanmade
markingsfromKozarnikacaveareassumedtobetheearliest HDI(2015) 0.794[5]
examplesofsymbolicbehaviourinhumans.[6]Organised high56th
prehistoricsocietiesinBulgarianlandsincludetheNeolithic Currency Lev(BGN)
Hamangiaculture,[7]Vinaculture[8]andtheeneolithicVarna Timezone EET(UTC+2)
culture(fifthmillenniumBC).Thelatteriscreditedwith Summer(DST) EEST(UTC+3)
inventinggoldworkingandexploitation.[9][10]Someofthese
Drivesonthe right
firstgoldsmeltersproducedthecoins,weaponsandjewelleryof
theVarnaNecropolistreasure,theoldestintheworldwithan Callingcode +359
ISO3166code BG
approximateageofover6,000years.[11]Thissitealsooffers InternetTLD .bg

insightsforunderstandingthesocialhierarchyoftheearliest
Europeansocieties.[12][13]
Thracians,oneofthethreeprimaryancestralgroupsofmodernBulgarians,[14]beganappearingintheregionduring
theIronAge.[15]Inthelate6thcenturyBC,thePersiansconqueredmostofpresentdayBulgaria.[16][17][18]and
keptituntil479BC.[18]WithinfluencefromthePersians,[19]thebulkoftheThraciantribeswereunitedinthe
Odrysiankingdominthe470sBCbykingTeres,[20][21][22]butwerelatersubjugatedbyAlexandertheGreatandby
theRomansin46AD.AfterthedivisionoftheRomanEmpireinthe5thcenturytheareafellunderByzantine
control.Bythistime,Christianityhadalreadyspreadintheregion.AsmallGothiccommunityinNicopolisad
IstrumproducedthefirstGermaniclanguagebookinthe4thcentury,theWulfilaBible.[23][24]ThefirstChristian
monasteryinEuropewasestablishedaroundthesametimebySaintAthanasiusincentralBulgaria.[25]Fromthe
6thcenturytheeasternmostSouthSlavsgraduallysettledintheregion,assimilatingthepartlyHellenisedor
RomanisedThracians.[26][27][28]
FirstBulgarianEmpire
In680Bulgartribes[14]undertheleadershipofAsparukhmovedsouth
acrosstheDanubeandsettledintheareabetweenthelowerDanubeandthe
Balkan,establishingtheircapitalatPliska.[29][30]Apeacetreatywith
Byzantiumin681markedthebeginningoftheFirstBulgarianEmpire.The
Bulgarsgraduallymixedwiththelocalpopulation,adoptingacommon
languageonthebasisofthelocalSlavicdialect.[31]
SucceedingrulersstrengthenedtheBulgarianstatethroughoutthe8thand
9thcenturies.Krumdoubledthecountry'sterritory,killedByzantine
KhanKrumfeastswithhisnobles emperorNicephorusIintheBattleofPliska,[32]andintroducedthefirst
afterthebattleofPliska.Hisservant writtencodeoflaw.PaganismwasabolishedinfavourofEasternOrthodox
(farright)bringsthewinefilledskull ChristianityunderBorisIin864.Thisconversionwasfollowedbya
cupofNicephorusI. ByzantinerecognitionoftheBulgarianchurch[33]andtheadoptionofthe
CyrillicalphabetdevelopedatPreslav[34]whichstrengthenedcentral
authorityandhelpedfusetheSlavsandBulgarsintoaunifiedpeople.[35][36]Asubsequentculturalgoldenage
beganduringthe34yearruleofSimeontheGreat,whoalsoachievedthelargestterritorialexpansionofthe
state.[37]
WarswithMagyarsandPechenegsandthespreadoftheBogomilheresyweakenedBulgariaafterSimeon's
death.[38][39]ConsecutiveRus'andByzantineinvasionsresultedintheseizureofthecapitalPreslavbythe
Byzantinearmyin971.[40]UnderSamuil,Bulgariabrieflyrecoveredfromtheseattacks,[41]butthisriseended
whenByzantineemperorBasilIIdefeatedtheBulgarianarmyatKlyuchin1014.Samuildiedshortlyafterthe
battle,[42]andby1018theByzantineshadendedtheFirstBulgarianEmpire.[43]
SecondBulgarianEmpire
AfterhisconquestofBulgaria,BasilIIpreventedrevoltsanddiscontentbyretainingtheruleofthelocalnobility
andbyrelievingthenewlyconqueredlandsoftheobligationtopaytaxesingold,allowingthemtobepaidinkind
instead.[44]HealsoallowedtheBulgarianPatriarchatetoretainitsautocephalousstatusandallitsdioceses,but
reducedittoanarchbishopric.[44][45]AfterhisdeathByzantinedomesticpolicieschangedandaseriesof
unsuccessfulrebellionsbrokeout,thelargestbeingledbyPeterDelyan.In1185AsendynastynoblesIvanAsenI
andPeterIVorganisedamajoruprisingwhichresultedinthereestablishmentoftheBulgarianstate.IvanAsen
andPeterlaidthefoundationsoftheSecondBulgarianEmpirewithTarnovoasthecapital.[46]
Kaloyan,thethirdoftheAsenmonarchs,extendedhisdominionto
BelgradeandOhrid.Heacknowledgedthespiritualsupremacyofthepope
andreceivedaroyalcrownfromapapallegate.[47]Theempirereachedits
zenithunderIvanAsenII(12181241),whencommerceandculture
flourished.[47]ThestrongeconomicandreligiousinfluenceofTarnovo
madeita"ThirdRome",unlikethealreadydecliningConstantinople.[48]
Thecountry'smilitaryandeconomicmightdeclinedaftertheAsendynasty ThewallsofTsarevetsfortressin
endedin1257,facinginternalconflicts,constantByzantineandHungarian VelikoTarnovo,thecapitalofthe
attacksandMongoldomination. [47][49]Bytheendofthe14thcentury, secondempire
factionaldivisionsbetweenthefeudallandlordsandthespreadof
BogomilismhadcausedtheSecondBulgarianEmpiretosplitintothreetsardomsVidin,TarnovoandKarvuna
andseveralsemiindependentprincipalitiesthatfoughteachother,alongwithByzantines,Hungarians,Serbs,
VenetiansandGenoese.Bythelate14thcenturytheOttomanTurkshadstartedtheirconquestofBulgariaandhad
takenmosttownsandfortressessouthoftheBalkanmountains.[47]
Ottomanrule
TarnovowascapturedbytheOttomansafterathreemonthsiegein1393.
AftertheBattleofNicopolisin1396broughtaboutthefalloftheVidin
Tsardom,theOttomansconqueredallBulgarianlandssouthoftheDanube.
ThenobilitywaseliminatedandthepeasantrywasenserfedtoOttoman
masters,[50]withmuchoftheeducatedclergyfleeingtoothercountries.[51]
UndertheOttomansystem,Christianswereconsideredaninferiorclassof
people.Thus,Bulgarians,likeotherChristians,weresubjectedtoheavy
taxesandasmallportionoftheBulgarianpopulaceexperiencedpartialor
completeIslamisation,[52]andtheirculturewassuppressed.[51]Ottoman
authoritiesestablishedtheRumMillet,areligiousadministrative
communitywhichgovernedallOrthodoxChristiansregardlessoftheir
ethnicity.[53]Mostofthelocalpopulationgraduallylostitsdistinctnational
consciousness,identifyingasChristians.[54][55]However,theclergy
remaininginsomeisolatedmonasterieskeptitalive,andthathelpeditto
surviveasinsomerural,remoteareas,[56]aswellasinthemilitantCatholic
communityinthenorthwesternpartofthecountry.[57]
HristoBotev,aprominent
revolutionaryintheAprilUprising SeveralBulgarianrevoltseruptedthroughoutthenearlyfivecenturiesof
Ottomanrule,mostnotablytheHabsburgbacked[58]Tarnovouprisingsin
1598andin1686,theChiprovtsiUprisingin1688andKarposh'sRebellionin1689.[50]Inthe18thcentury,the
EnlightenmentinWesternEuropeprovidedinfluencefortheinitiationofamovementknownastheNational
awakeningofBulgaria.[50]Itrestorednationalconsciousnessandbecameakeyfactorintheliberationstruggle,
resultinginthe1876AprilUprising.Upto30,000BulgarianswerekilledasOttomanauthoritiesputdownthe
rebellion.ThemassacrespromptedtheGreatPowerstotakeaction.[59]TheyconvenedtheConstantinople
Conferencein1876,buttheirdecisionswererejectedbytheOttomans.ThisallowedtheRussianEmpiretoseeka
solutionbyforcewithoutriskingmilitaryconfrontationwithotherGreatPowers,ashadhappenedintheCrimean
War.[59]In1877RussiadeclaredwarontheOttomanEmpireanddefeateditsforceswiththehelpofBulgarian
volunteers.
ThirdBulgarianstate
TheTreatyofSanStefanowassignedon3March1878byRussiaandthe
OttomanEmpire,andincludedaprovisiontosetupanautonomous
BulgarianprincipalityroughlyontheterritoriesoftheSecondBulgarian
Empire.[61][62]3MarchhassincebecomeLiberationDay,apublicholiday
inBulgaria,[63]thoughtheholidaywassuppressedandfelloutoffavour
followingtheleftwinguprisingin1944.[64]
TheotherGreatPowersimmediatelyrejectedthetreatyoutoffearthatsuch
alargecountryintheBalkansmightthreatentheirinterests.Itwas
supersededbythesubsequentTreatyofBerlin,signedon13July,which TheRussianandBulgariandefenceof
providedforamuchsmallerstatecomprisingMoesiaandtheregionof ShipkaPasswascrucialforthe
Sofia,leavinglargepopulationsofBulgariansoutsidethenew independenceofBulgaria. [60]
country.[61][65]ThisplayedasignificantroleinformingBulgaria's
militaristicapproachtoforeignaffairsduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.[66]
TheBulgarianprincipalitywonawaragainstSerbiaandincorporatedthesemiautonomousOttomanterritoryof
EasternRumeliain1885,proclaimingitselfanindependentstateon5October1908.[67]Intheyearsfollowing
independence,Bulgariaincreasinglymilitarisedandwasoftenreferredtoas"theBalkanPrussia".[68][69]
Between1912and1918,BulgariabecameinvolvedinthreeconsecutiveconflictstwoBalkanWarsandWorld
WarI.AfteradisastrousdefeatintheSecondBalkanWar,Bulgariaagainfounditselffightingonthelosingsideas
aresultofitsalliancewiththeCentralPowersinWorldWarI.Despitefieldingmorethanaquarterofits
populationina1,200,000strongarmy[70][71]andachievingseveraldecisivevictories,atDoiranandDobrich,the
countrycapitulatedin1918.Thewarresultedinsignificantterritoriallosses,andatotalof87,500soldiers
killed.[72]Morethan253,000refugeesimmigratedtoBulgariafrom1912to1929duetotheeffectsofthese
wars,[73]placingadditionalstrainonthealreadyruinednationaleconomy.[74]
ThepoliticalunrestresultingfromtheselossesledtotheestablishmentofaroyalauthoritariandictatorshipbyTsar
BorisIII(19181943).BulgariaenteredWorldWarIIin1941asamemberoftheAxisbutdeclinedtoparticipate
inOperationBarbarossaandsaveditsJewishpopulationfromdeportationtoconcentrationcamps.[75]Thesudden
deathofBorisIIIinthesummerof1943pushedthecountryintopoliticalturmoilasthewarturnedagainst
Germanyandthecommunistguerrillamovementgainedmomentum.ThegovernmentofBogdanFilov
subsequentlyfailedtoachievepeacewiththeAllies.BulgariadidnotcomplywithSovietdemandstoexpel
Germanforcesfromitsterritory,resultinginadeclarationofwarandaninvasionbytheUSSRinSeptember
1944.[76]ThecommunistdominatedFatherlandFronttookpower,endedparticipationintheAxisandjoinedthe
Alliedsideuntilthewarended.[77]
Theleftwinguprisingof9September1944ledtotheabolitionofmonarchicrule,butitwasnotuntil1946thata
onepartypeople'srepublicwasestablished.[78]ItbecameapartoftheSovietsphereofinfluenceunderthe
leadershipofGeorgiDimitrov(19461949),wholaidthefoundationsforarapidlyindustrialisingStaliniststate
whichwasalsohighlyrepressivewiththousandsofdissidentsexecuted.[79][80][81]Bythemid1950sstandardsof
livingrosesignificantly,[82]whilepoliticalrepressionswerelessened.[83]Bythe1980sbothnationalandpercapita
GDPsquadrupled,[84]buttheeconomyremainedpronetodebtspikes,the
mostseveretakingplacein1960,1977and1980.[85]TheSovietstyle
plannedeconomysawsomemarketorientedpoliciesemergingonan
experimentallevelunderTodorZhivkov(19541989).[86]Hisdaughter
LyudmilabolsterednationalpridebypromotingBulgarianheritage,culture
andartsworldwide.[87]InanattempttoerasetheidentityoftheethnicTurk
minority,anassimilationcampaignwaslaunchedin1984whichincluded
closingmosquesandforcingethnicTurkstoadoptSlavicnames.These
Bulgariansoldierswithwirecutters
policies(combinedwiththeendofcommunistrulein1989)resultedinthe
duringWWI
emigrationofsome300,000ethnicTurkstoTurkey.[88][89]
UndertheinfluenceofthecollapsingoftheEasternBloc,on10November1989theCommunistPartygaveupits
politicalmonopoly,Zhivkovresigned,andBulgariaembarkedonatransitiontoaparliamentarydemocracy.[90]The
firstfreeelectionsinJune1990werewonbytheBulgarianSocialistParty(BSP,thefreshlyrenamedCommunist
Party).[91]Anewconstitutionthatprovidedforarelativelyweakelectedpresidentandforaprimeminister
accountabletothelegislaturewasadoptedinJuly1991.Thenewsysteminitiallyfailedtoimprovelivingstandards
orcreateeconomicgrowththeaveragequalityoflifeandeconomicperformanceremainedlowerthanunder
communismwellintotheearly2000s.[92]A1997reformpackagerestoredeconomicgrowth,butlivingstandards
continuedtosuffer.[93]After2001economic,politicalandgeopoliticalconditionsimprovedgreatly,[94]and
BulgariaachievedhighHumanDevelopmentstatus.[95]ItbecameamemberofNATOin2004[96]andparticipated
intheWarinAfghanistan.AfterseveralyearsofreformsitjoinedtheEuropeanUnionin2007despitecontinued
concernsaboutgovernmentcorruption.[97]
Geography
BulgariaoccupiesaportionoftheeasternBalkanpeninsula,borderingfivecountriesGreeceandTurkeytothe
south,MacedoniaandSerbiatothewest,andRomaniatothenorth.Thelandbordershaveatotallengthof1,808
kilometres(1,123mi),andthecoastlinehasalengthof354kilometres(220mi).[98]Itstotalareaof110,994square
kilometres(42,855sqmi)ranksitastheworld's105thlargestcountry.[99][100]Bulgaria'sgeographiccoordinates
are43N25E.[101]
ThemostnotabletopographicalfeaturesaretheDanubianPlain,theBalkanMountains,theThracianPlain,andthe
RhodopeMountains.[98]ThesouthernedgeoftheDanubianPlainslopesupwardintothefoothillsoftheBalkans,
whiletheDanubedefinestheborderwithRomania.TheThracianPlainisroughlytriangular,beginningsoutheast
ofSofiaandbroadeningasitreachestheBlackSeacoast.[98]
TheBalkanmountainsrunlaterallythrough
themiddleofthecountry.Themountainous
southwestofthecountryhastwoalpine
rangesRilaandPirin,whichborderthe
lowerbutmoreextensiveRhodopeMountains
totheeast.[98]Bulgariaishometothehighest
pointoftheBalkanpeninsula,Musala,at
2,925metres(9,596ft)[102]anditslowest
Left:PirinMountaininwesternBulgaria
pointissealevel.Plainsoccupyaboutone
Right:MaslennosPrimorskoontheBlackSeacoast
thirdoftheterritory,whileplateausandhills
occupy41percent.[103]Thecountryhasa
densenetworkofabout540rivers,mostofwhicharerelativelysmallandwithlowwaterlevels.[104]Thelongest
riverlocatedsolelyinBulgarianterritory,theIskar,hasalengthof368kilometres(229mi).Othermajorrivers
includetheStrumaandtheMaritsainthesouth.[98]
Bulgariahasadynamicclimate,whichresultsfromitsbeingpositionedatthemeetingpointofMediterraneanand
continentalairmassesandthebarriereffectofitsmountains.[98]NorthernBulgariaaverages1C(1.8F)cooler
andregisters200millimetres(7.9in)moreprecipitationannuallythantheregionssouthoftheBalkanmountains.
Temperatureamplitudesvarysignificantlyindifferentareas.Thelowestrecordedtemperatureis38.3C
(36.9F),whilethehighestis45.2C(113.4F).[105]Precipitationaveragesabout630millimetres(24.8in)per
year,andvariesfrom500millimetres(19.7in)inDobrudjatomorethan2,500millimetres(98.4in)inthe
mountains.Continentalairmassesbringsignificantamountsofsnowfallduringwinter.[106]
Environment
BulgariaadoptedtheKyotoProtocol[107]andachievedtheprotocol'sobjectivesbyreducingcarbondioxide
emissionsfrom1990to2009by30percent.[108]However,pollutionfromfactoriesandmetallurgyworksand
severedeforestationcontinuetocausemajorproblemstothehealthandwelfareofthepopulation.[109]In2013,air
pollutioninBulgariawasmoreseverethananyotherEuropeancountry.[110]Urbanareasareparticularlyaffected
byenergyproductionfromcoalbasedpowerplantsandautomobiletraffic,[111][112]whilepesticideusageinthe
agricultureandantiquatedindustrialsewagesystemsproduceextensivesoilandwaterpollutionwithchemicalsand
detergents.[113]BulgariaishometoMaritsaIztok2,alignitefiredpowerstationcausingthehighestdamagecosts
tohealthandtheenvironmentintheentireEuropeanUnionaccordingtotheEuropeanEnvironmentAgency.[114]It
istheonlyEUmemberwhichdoesnotrecyclemunicipalwaste,[115]althoughanelectronicwasterecyclingplant
openedinJune2010.[116]Thesituationhasimprovedinrecentyears,andseveralgovernmentfundedprograms
havebeenputintoplaceinanattempttoreducepollutionlevels.[113]AccordingtoYaleUniversity's2012
EnvironmentalPerformanceIndex,Bulgariaisa"modestperformer"inprotectingtheenvironment.[117]Over75%
ofsurfaceriversmeetthestandardsforgoodquality.Animprovementofwaterqualitybeganin1998andhas
maintainedasustainabletrendofmoderateimprovement.[118]
Biodiversity
Theinteractionofclimatic,hydrological,geologicalandtopographicalconditionshave
producedarelativelywidevarietyofplantandanimalspecies.[119]Bulgariaisoneof
thecountrieswithhighestbiodiversityinEurope.[120]Bulgaria'sbiodiversityis
conservedinthreenationalparks,11natureparks[121]and16biospherereserves.[122]
Nearly35percentofitslandareaconsistsofforests,[123]wheresomeoftheoldest
treesintheworld,suchasBaikushev'spineandtheGranitoak,[124]grow.Mostofthe
plantandanimallifeiscentralEuropean,althoughrepresentativesofArcticandalpine
speciesarepresentathighaltitudes.[125]Itsfloraencompassmorethan3,800species
ofwhich170areendemicand150areconsideredendangered.[126]Achecklistof
largerfungiofBulgariareportedthatmorethan1,500speciesoccurinthecountry.[127]
Animalspeciesincludeowls,rockpartridges,wallcreepers[125]andbrownbears.[128]
TheEurasianlynxandtheeasternimperialeaglehavesmall,butgrowing Alluvialforest(Longoz)
inKamchiaBiosphere
populations.[129]
Reserve
In1998,theBulgariangovernmentapprovedtheNationalBiologicalDiversityConservationStrategy,a
comprehensiveprogrammeseekingthepreservationoflocalecosystems,protectionofendangeredspeciesand
conservationofgeneticresources.[130]BulgariahassomeofthelargestNatura2000areasinEuropecovering
33.8%ofitsterritory.[131]
Politics
Bulgariaisaparliamentarydemocracyinwhichthemostpowerful
executivepositionisthatofprimeminister.[94]Thepoliticalsystemhas
threebrancheslegislative,executiveandjudicial,withuniversalsuffrage
forcitizensatleast18yearsold.TheConstitutionofBulgariaprovidesalso
possibilitiesofdirectdemocracy.[132]Electionsaresupervisedbyan
independentCentralElectionCommissionthatincludesmembersfromall
TheNationalAssemblybuildingin majorpoliticalparties.Partiesmustregisterwiththecommissionpriorto
Sofia participatinginanationalelection.[133]Normally,theprimeministerelectis
theleaderofthepartyreceivingthemostvotesinparliamentaryelections,
althoughthisisnotalwaysthecase.[94]
PoliticalpartiesgatherintheNationalAssembly,whichconsistsof240deputieselectedtofouryeartermsby
directpopularvote.TheNationalAssemblyhasthepowertoenactlaws,approvethebudget,schedulepresidential
elections,selectanddismissthePrimeMinisterandotherministers,declarewar,deploytroopsabroad,andratify
internationaltreatiesandagreements.Thepresidentservesastheheadofstateandcommanderinchiefofthe
armedforces,andhastheauthoritytoreturnabillforfurtherdebate,althoughtheparliamentcanoverridethe
presidentialvetobyasimplemajorityvoteofallmembersofparliament.[94]
Government
ThefirstGERBgovernmentwasformedafterthecentrerightpoliticalpartywonthe2009generalelectioninJuly
with117seatsintheNationalAssemblyandrulingasaminoritygovernmentwithoutsupportfromtheother
politicalpartiesintheparliament.[134]However,thegovernmentresignedon20February2013afternationwide
protestscausedbyhighcostsofutilities,lowlivingstandards[135]andthefailureofthedemocraticsystem.[136]The
protestwavewasmarkedbyselfimmolations,spontaneousdemonstrationsandastrongsentimentagainstpolitical
parties.[137]Asaconsequence,theParliamentwasdissolvedandanewprovisionalgovernmentwassetupbythe
President.ThesubsequentsnapelectionsinMay2013resultedinanarrowwinforGERB.[138]However,withno
supportfromtheotherthreepoliticalpartiesthatenteredtheparliament,on24May,GERBleaderBoykoBorisov
returnedthepresident'smandatetoformagovernment.TheBulgarianSocialistPartynominatedtheexFinance
MinisterPlamenOresharskiforthepostofPrimeMinisterinMay2013.[139][140]Onlytwoweeksafteritsinitial
formationtheOresharskigovernmentcameunderoppositioncriticismandhadtodealwithanotherwaveoflarge
scaleprotestssomewithmorethan11000participants.[141]Thegovernmentsurvivedfivevotesofnoconfidence
beforevoluntarilyresigning[142]on23July2014.[143]On6August,acaretakergovernmentledbyGeorgi
BliznashkiwasswornintoofficeandtheOresharskigovernmentwasofficiallydissolved.[144]
AnewroundofsnapelectionsinOctober2014[145]resultedinathirdGERBvictorywitharoundathirdofthe
vote.Arecordofeightpartieswonseats,thefirsttimesincethebeginningofdemocraticelectionsin1990that
morethansevenpartiesenteredparliament.[146]AfterbeingtaskedbyPresidentRosenPlevnelievtoforma
government,Borisov'sGERBformedacoalition[147]andmembersofthepartiesintheReformistBloc(Democrats
foraStrongBulgaria(DSB),UnionofDemocraticForces(SDS),BulgariaforCitizensMovement(DBG),
AlternativeforBulgarianRevivalandBulgarianAgrarianNationalUnion(BZNS))werechosenforMinister
positions.However,BoykoBorisovmadeavowin2016shouldGERBPresidentnomineeTsetskaTsachevadoes
notwintheBulgarianpresidentialelection,2016,hewouldresignasaPrimeMinister.GERBlostatthiselection
fromtheindependentcandidateRumenRadevwhowas,nevertheless,supportedbytheBulgarianSocialistParty.
Subsequently,BoykoBorisovresignedforthesecondtime.ThenewpresidentRumenRadevformedacaretaker
governmentledbyOgnyanGerdzhikovofficiallydissolvingtheSecondBorisovGovernment.
AtthenextsnapelectionsinMarch2017,GERBwonforthefourthtimeandfourotherpartiesenteredthe
parliamentBulgarianSocialistParty,PatrioticFront,MovementforRightsandFreedomsandVolia.
Legalsystem
Bulgariahasatypicalcivillawlegalsystem.[148]ThejudiciaryisoverseenbytheMinistryofJustice.TheSupreme
AdministrativeCourtandtheSupremeCourtofCassationarethehighestcourtsofappealandoverseethe
applicationoflawsinsubordinatecourts.[133]TheSupremeJudicialCouncilmanagesthesystemandappoints
judges.Bulgaria'sjudiciary,alongwithotherinstitutions,remainsoneofEurope'smostcorruptand
inefficient.[149][150][151][152]
LawenforcementiscarriedoutbyorganisationsmainlysubordinatetotheMinistryoftheInterior.[153]The
NationalPoliceService(NPS)combatsgeneralcrime,maintainspublicorderandsupportstheoperationsofother
lawenforcementagencies.[154]NPSfields27,000policeofficersinitslocalandnationalsections.[155]TheMinistry
ofInterioralsoheadstheBorderPoliceServiceandtheNationalGendarmerieaspecialisedbranchforanti
terroristactivity,crisismanagementandriotcontrol.Counterintelligenceandnationalsecurityaretheresponsibility
oftheStateAgencyforNationalSecurity,establishedin2008.[156]
Administrativedivisions
Bulgariaisaunitarystate.[157]Sincethe1880s,thenumberofterritorialmanagementunitshasvariedfromseven
to26.[158]Between1987and1999theadministrativestructureconsistedofnineprovinces(oblasti,singular
oblast).Anewadministrativestructurewasadoptedinparallelwiththedecentralisationoftheeconomic
system.[159]Itincludes27provincesandametropolitancapitalprovince(SofiaGrad).Allareastaketheirnames
fromtheirrespectivecapitalcities.Theprovincessubdivideinto264municipalities.
Municipalitiesarerunbymayors,whoareelectedtofouryearterms,andbydirectlyelectedmunicipalcouncils.
Bulgariaisahighlycentralisedstate,wherethenationalCouncilofMinistersdirectlyappointsregionalgovernors
andallprovincesandmunicipalitiesareheavilydependentonitforfunding.[133]
1.Blagoevgrad 12.Pleven 21.Stara

2.Burgas 13.Plovdiv Zagora
3.Dobrich 14.Razgrad 22.Targovishte
4.Gabrovo 15.Ruse 23.Varna
5.Haskovo 16.Shumen 24.Veliko
6.Kardzhali 17.Silistra Tarnovo
7.Kyustendil 18.Sliven 25.Vidin
8.Lovech 19.Smolyan 26.Vratsa
9.Montana 20.Sofia 27.Yambol
10.Pazardzhik Province
11.Pernik
12.Pleven 21.Stara
Foreignrelations
BulgariabecameamemberoftheUnitedNationsin1955andsince1966
hasbeenanonpermanentmemberoftheSecurityCouncilthreetimes,
mostrecentlyfrom2002to2003.[160]Bulgariawasalsoamongthe
foundingnationsoftheOrganizationforSecurityandCooperationin
Europe(OSCE)in1975.ItjoinedNATOon29March2004,signedthe
EuropeanUnionTreatyofAccessionon25April2005,[96][161]andbecame
afullmemberoftheEuropeanUnionon1January2007.[97]Pollscarried
outsevenyearsafterthecountry'saccessiontotheEUfoundonly15%of
Bulgariansfelttheyhadpersonallybenefitedfrommembership,withalmost
40%ofthepopulationsayingtheywouldnotbothertovoteinthe2014EU TheEUparliamentinBrussels.
elections.[162]EuroAtlanticintegrationbecameapriorityforthecountry Bulgariaisoneof28memberstates
sincethefallofCommunism,althoughtheCommunistleadershipalsohad oftheEuropeanUnion.
aspirationsofleavingtheWarsawPactandjoiningtheEuropean
Communitiesby1987.[163][164][165]
Bulgaria'srelationshipwithitsneighbourssince1990hasgenerallybeengood.Thecountryalsoplaysanimportant
roleinpromotingregionalsecurity.[166]Bulgariahasanactivetripartiteeconomicanddiplomaticcollaboration
withRomaniaandGreece,[167]maintainsstrongrelationswithEUmembers,theUnitedStates,andRussia,and
continuestoimproveitstraditionallygoodtieswithChina[168]andVietnam.[169]TheHIVtrialinLibya,which
followedaftertheimprisonmentofseveralBulgariannursesinBenghaziin1998,hadasignificantimpacton
relationsbetweenBulgaria,theEuropeanUnion,andLibya.ItresultedinthereleaseofthenursesbyMuammar
Gaddafi'sgovernment,whichwasgrantedacontracttoreceiveanuclearreactorandweaponssuppliesfromFrance
inexchange.[170]
Military
BulgariahostedsixKC135Stratotankeraircraftand200supportpersonnel
forthewareffortinAfghanistanin2001,whichwasthefirststationingof
foreignforcesonitsterritorysinceWorldWarII.[13]Internationalmilitary
relationswerefurtherexpandedinApril2006,whenBulgariaandthe
UnitedStatessignedadefencecooperationagreementprovidingforthe
usageofBezmerandGrafIgnatievoairbases,theNovoSelotrainingrange,
andalogisticscentreinAytosasjointmilitarytrainingfacilities.[171]The
sameyearForeignPolicymagazinelistedBezmerAirBaseasoneofthe
MikoyanMiG29jetfightersofthe sixmostimportantoverseasfacilitiesusedbytheUSAFduetoits
BulgarianAirForce proximitytotheMiddleEast.[172]Atotalof756troopsaredeployedabroad
aspartofvariousUNandNATOmissions.Historically,Bulgariadeployed
significantnumbersofmilitaryandcivilianadvisorsinSovietallied
countries,suchasNicaragua[173]andLibya(morethan9,000personnel).[174]
DomesticdefenceistheresponsibilityoftheallvolunteermilitaryofBulgaria,consistingoflandforces,navyand
airforce.Thelandforcesconsistoftwomechanisedbrigadesandeightindependentregimentsandbattalionsthe
airforceoperates106aircraftandairdefencesystemsinsixairbases,andthenavyoperatesavarietyofships,
helicoptersandcoastaldefencemeasures.[175]Followingaseriesofreductionsbeginningin1990,thenumberof
activetroopscontractedfrom152,000in1988[176]toabout32,000inthe2000s,[177]supplementedin2010bya
reserveforceof302,500soldiersandofficersand34,000paramilitaryservicemen.[178]Theinventoryismostlyof
Sovietorigin,suchasMiG29fighters,SA10GrumbleSAMsandSS21Scarabshortrangeballisticmissiles.As
of2012,thegovernmentplannedtospend$1.4billionforthedeploymentofnewfighterjets,communications
systemsandcyberwarfarecapabilities.[179]Totalmilitaryspendingfor2016wasBGN1.3billion(USD
560m).[180]
Economy
Bulgariahasanemergingmarketeconomy[181]intheuppermiddleincome
range,[182]wheretheprivatesectoraccountsformorethan80percentof
GDP.[183]Fromalargelyagriculturalcountrywithapredominantlyrural
populationin1948,bythe1980sBulgariahadtransformedintoan
industrialeconomywithscientificandtechnologicalresearchatthetopof
itsbudgetaryexpenditurepriorities.[184]ThelossofCOMECONmarketsin Ratesofeconomicgrowth(greenand
1990andthesubsequent"shocktherapy"oftheplannedsystemcauseda red)andunemployment(blue)
steepdeclineinindustrialandagriculturalproduction,ultimatelyfollowed
byaneconomiccollapsein1997.[185][186]Theeconomylargelyrecoveredduringaperiodofrapidgrowthseveral
yearslater,[185]buttheaveragesalaryremainsoneofthelowestintheEUat1,036leva(529)permonthinMarch
2017.[187]Morethanafifthofthelabourforceareemployedonaminimumwageof1perhour.[188]Wages,
however,accountforonlyhalfofthetotalhouseholdincome,[189]owingtothesubstantialinformaleconomywhich
amountstoalmost32%ofGDP.[190]BulgarianPPSGDPpercapitastoodat47percentoftheEUaveragein2015
accordingtoEurostatdata,[191]whileatthesametimethecostoflivinginthecountrywas47percentoftheEU
averageaswell.[192]Thecurrencyisthelev,whichispeggedtotheeuroatarateof1.95583levfor1euro.[193]
Bulgariaisnotyetpartoftheeurozonebutisshowingprogress.[194]
Economicindicatorshaveimprovedafterthefinancialcrisisof20072008.Afterseveralconsecutiveyearsofhigh
growth,GDPcontracted5.5percentin2009andunemploymentremainedabove12percent.[195][196]Industrial
outputdeclined10percent,miningby31percent,andferrousandmetalproductionmarkeda60percent
drop.[197]Positivegrowthwasrestoredin2010,[196]althoughinvestmentsandconsumptioncontinuetodecline
steadilyduetorisingunemployment.[198]Thesameyear,intercompanydebtexceeded51billion,meaningthat60
percentofallBulgariancompaniesweremutuallyindebted.[199]By2012,ithadincreasedto83billion,or227
percentofGDP.[200]ThegovernmentimplementedstrictausteritymeasureswithIMFandEUencouragementto
somepositivefiscalresults,butthesocialconsequencesofthesemeasureshavebeen"catastrophic"accordingto
theInternationalTradeUnionConfederation.[201]Corruptionremainsanotherobstacletoeconomicgrowth.
BulgariaisoneofthemostcorruptEuropeanUnionmembersandranks75thintheCorruptionPerceptions
Index.[202]Weaklawenforcementandoveralllowcapacityofcivilserviceremainaschallengesincurbing
corruption.However,fightingagainstcorruptionhasbecomethefocusofthegovernmentbecauseoftheEU
accession,andseveralanticorruptionprogramshavebeenundertakenbydifferentgovernmentagencies.[203]
EconomicactivitiesarefosteredbythelowestpersonalandcorporateincometaxratesintheEU,[204]andthethird
lowestpublicdebtofallmemberstatesat28.7%ofGDPin2016.[205]In2016,GDP(PPP)wasestimatedat
$143.1billion,withapercapitavalueof$20,116.[206]SofiaandthesurroundingYugozapadenplanningareaare
themostdevelopedregionofthecountrywithapercapitaPPSGDPof20,600($27,400)in2014.[207]Bulgariais
anetreceiveroffundsfromtheEU.Theabsoluteamountofreceivedfundswas589millionin2009.[208]
Thelabourforceis2.45millionpeople,[209]ofwhom7.1percentare
employedinagriculture,35.2percentareemployedinindustryand57.7
percentareemployedintheservicessector.[210]Extractionofmetalsand
minerals,productionofchemicals,machineryandvehiclecomponents,[211]
petroleumrefining[212]andsteelareamongthemajorindustrial
activities.[213]Mininganditsrelatedindustriesemployatotalof120,000
peopleandgenerateaboutfivepercentofthecountry'sGDP.[214]Bulgaria
isEurope'ssixthlargestcoalproducer.[214][215]Localdepositsofcoal,iron,
copperandleadarevitalforthemanufacturingandenergysectors.[216]
Bulgaria(orange)anditslargest AlmostalltopexportitemsofBulgariaareindustrialcommoditiessuchas
exportpartnersbyshareoftotal oilproducts,copperproductsandpharmaceuticals.[217]Bulgariaisalsoa
exports netexporterofagriculturalandfoodproducts,ofwhichtwothirdsgoto
OECDcountries.[218]Itisthelargestglobalproducerofperfumeryessential
oilssuchaslavenderandroseoil.[13][219]Agriculturehasdeclinedsignificantlyinthepasttwodecades.Production
in2008amountedtoonly66percentofthatbetween1999and2001,[217]whilecerealandvegetableyieldshave
droppedbynearly40percentsince1990.[220]Oftheservicessector,tourismisthemostsignificantcontributorto
economicgrowth.[221]Inrecentyears,Bulgariahasemergedasatravellingdestinationwithitsinexpensiveresorts
andbeachesoutsidethereachofthetouristindustry.[222][223]LonelyPlanetrankeditamongitstop10destinations
for2011.[224]MostofthevisitorsareBritish,Romanian,GermanandRussian.[225]ThecapitalSofia,themedieval
capitalVelikoTarnovo,[226]coastalresortsGoldenSandsandSunnyBeachandwinterresortsBansko,Pamporovo
andBorovetsaresomeofthelocationsmostvisitedbytourists.[221]
Scienceandtechnology
Bulgariaspends0.95%ofGDPonResearch&Devleopment.[227]Chronic
underinvestmentinresearchsince1990forcedmanyscientificprofessionalsto
leavethecountry.[228]Asaresult,Bulgariascoreslowintermsofinnovation,
competitivenessandhighvalueaddedexports.[229][230]Principalareasofresearch
anddevelopmentareenergy,nanotechnology,archaeologyandmedicine.[231]The
BulgarianAcademyofSciences(BAS)istheleadingscientificestablishmentand
employsmostBulgarianresearchersinitsnumerousinstitutes.Ithasbeenactivein
thefieldofspacesciencewithRADOM7radiationmonitoringexperimentsonthe
InternationalSpaceStation[232]andChandrayaan1,[233]anddomestically
developedspacegreenhousesontheMirspacestation.[234][235]Bulgariabecamethe
sixthcountryintheworldtohaveanastronautinspacewithGeorgiIvanov'sflight
onSoyuz33in1979.BulgariaisanactivememberofCERNandhascontributedto
itsactivitieswithnearly200scientistssinceitsaccessionin1999.[236][237]
Asupercomputercabinetat
Inthe1980sBulgariawasknownasthe"SiliconValleyoftheEasternBloc" NCSA
becauseofitslargescalecomputingtechnologyexportstoCOMECONstates. [238]
TheICTsectorgenerates10percentofGDP[239]andemploysthethirdlargestcontingentofICTspecialistsinthe
world.ANationalCentreforSupercomputingApplications(NCSA)operatestheonlysupercomputerin
SoutheasternEurope.[240][241]TheBulgarianAcademyofSciencesisplanningtobuyanothersupercomputerin
2015whichwillbeusedtogetherwithHiTechSME's.[242]
Internetusagehasincreasedrapidlysince2000thenumberofusersgrewfrom430,000to3.4million(48per
centpenetrationrate)in2010.[243]Telephoneservicesarewidelyavailable,andacentraldigitaltrunklineconnects
mostregions.[244]Morethan90percentoffixedlinesareservedbytheBulgarianTelecommunicationsCompany
(BTC),[245]whilemobileservicesareprovidedbythreeoperatorsMtel,TelenorandVivacom.[246]
Infrastructure
Bulgaria'sstrategicgeographiclocationandwelldevelopedenergysector
makeitakeyEuropeanenergycentredespiteitslackofsignificantfossil
fueldeposits.[247]Nearly34percentofitselectricityisproducedbythe
nuclearpowerstationatKozloduy[248]andpublicopinionstronglysupports
nuclearenergydevelopment.[249]Therapidexpansionofalternativeenergy
sourcessuchaswindandsolarpowerstations[250]makeBulgariaoneofthe
fastestgrowingwindenergyproducersintheworld.[251]Thecountryaims
toproduce16percentofitselectricityfromrenewableenergysourcesby
Trakiamotorway 2020.[252]
Thenationalroadnetworkhasatotallengthof40,231kilometres
(24,998mi),[253]ofwhich39,587kilometres(24,598mi)arepaved,butnearlyhalffallintothelowestinternational
ratingforpavedroads.[244]Railroadsareamajormodeoffreighttransportation,althoughhighwayscarrya
progressivelylargershareoffreight.Bulgariahas6,238kilometres(3,876mi)ofrailwaytrack[244]andcurrentlya
totalof81kilometres(50miles)ofhighspeedlinesareinoperation.[254][255][256][257]Raillinksareavailablewith
Romania,Turkey,Greece,andSerbia,andexpresstrainsservedirectroutestoKiev,Minsk,MoscowandSaint
Petersburg.[258]SofiaandPlovdivarethecountry'sairtravelhubs,whileVarnaandBurgasaretheprincipal
maritimetradeports.[244]VarnaisalsoscheduledtobethefirststationonEUterritorytoreceivenaturalgas
throughtheSouthStreampipeline.[259]
Demographics
ThepopulationofBulgariais7,364,570peopleaccordingtothe2011nationalcensus.Themajorityofthe
population,or72.5percent,resideinurbanareas[260]approximatelyonesixthofthetotalpopulationis
concentratedinSofia.[261][262]Bulgariansarethemainethnicgroupandcomprise84.8percentofthepopulation.
TurkishandRomaminoritiescomprise8.8and4.9percent,respectivelysome40smallerminoritiescomprise0.7
percent,and0.8percentdonotselfidentifywithanethnicgroup.[1]
Language
DistributionoflanguagesofBulgaria(2001)[263]
AllethnicgroupsspeakBulgarian,eitherasafirstorasa Bulgarian 84.5%

secondlanguage.Bulgarianistheonlylanguagewithofficial Turkish 9.6%
statusandnativefor85.2percentofthepopulation.Theoldest Roma(Gypsy) 4.1%
writtenSlaviclanguage,Bulgarianisdistinguishablefromthe others 0.9%
otherlanguagesinthisgroupthroughcertaingrammatical undeclared 0.9%
peculiaritiessuchasthelackofnouncasesandinfinitives,anda
suffixeddefinitearticle.[264][265]
Literacyandeducation
Governmentestimatesfrom2003puttheliteracyrateat98.6percent,withnosignificantdifferencebetweenthe
sexes.Educationalstandardshavebeentraditionallyhigh,[266]althoughstillfarfromEuropeanbenchmarksandin
continuingdeteriorationforthepastdecade.[267]Bulgarianstudentswereamongthehighestscoringintheworldin
termsofreadingin2001,performingbetterthantheirCanadianandGermancounterpartsby2006,scoresin
reading,mathandsciencehaddeteriorated.StateexpendituresforeducationarefarbelowtheEuropeanUnion
average.[267]TheMinistryofEducation,YouthandSciencepartiallyfundspublicschools,collegesand
universities,setscriteriafortextbooksandoverseesthepublishingprocess.[268]TheStateprovidesfreeeducation
inprimaryandsecondarypublicschools.[266]Theeducationalprocessspansthrough12grades,wheregradesone
througheightareprimaryandninethroughtwelvearesecondarylevel.[268]Highschoolscanbetechnical,
vocational,generalorspecialisedinacertaindiscipline,whilehighereducationconsistsofa4yearbachelor
degreeanda1yearmaster'sdegree.[269]
Religion
TheConstitutionofBulgariadefinesitasasecularstatewithguaranteed
religiousfreedom,butdesignatesOrthodoxyasa"traditional"religion.[270]
TheBulgarianOrthodoxChurchgainedautocephalousstatusin927
AD,[271][272]andcurrentlyhas12diocesesandover2,000priests.[273]More
thanthreequartersofBulgarianssubscribetoEasternOrthodoxy.[274]Sunni
Muslimsarethesecondlargestcommunityandconstitute10percentofthe
religiousmakeup,althoughamajorityofthemdonotprayandfindtheuse
BulgarianOrthodoxTheophany
ofIslamicveilsinschoolsunacceptable.[275]Lessthanthreepercentare
Crucession
affiliatedwithotherreligions,11.8percentdonotselfidentifywitha
religionand21.8percentrefusedtostatetheirbeliefs.[274]
Healthcare
Bulgariahasauniversalhealthcaresystemfinancedbytaxesandcontributions.[276]TheNationalHealthInsurance
Fund(NHIF)paysagraduallyincreasingportionofthecostsofprimaryhealthcare.[277]Projectedhealthcare
expendituresfor2013amountto4.1percentofGDP.[278]ThenumberofdoctorsisabovetheEUaveragewith181
physiciansper100,000people,[279]butdistributionbyfieldsofpracticeisuneven,thereisasevereshortageof
nursesandothermedicalpersonnel,andthequalityofmostmedicalfacilitiesispoor.[280]Personnelshortagesin
somefieldsaresoseverethatpatientsresorttoseekingtreatmentinneighboringcountries.[281]Bulgariaranks
121stgloballybyaveragelifeexpectancy,whichstandsat74.5yearsforbothgenders.[282]Theprimarycausesof
deatharesimilartothoseinotherindustrialisedcountries,mainlycardiovasculardiseases,neoplasmsand
respiratorydiseases.[276]
Populationgrowthandbirthrates
Bulgariaisinastateofdemographiccrisis.[283][284]Ithashadnegativepopulationgrowthsincetheearly1990s,
whentheeconomiccollapsecausedalonglastingemigrationwave.[285]Some937,000to1,200,000people
mostlyyoungadultsleftthecountryby2005.[285][286]Thetotalfertilityrate(TFR)wasestimatedin2013at1.43
childrenborn/woman,whichisbelowthereplacementrateof2.1.[287]Athirdofallhouseholdsconsistofonlyone
personand75.5percentoffamiliesdonothavechildrenundertheageof16.[284]Consequently,populationgrowth
andbirthratesareamongthelowestintheworld[288][289]whiledeathratesareamongthehighest.[290]Themajority
ofchildrenareborntounmarriedwomen(ofallbirths57.4percentwereoutsidemarriagein2012).[291]
Culture
Ninehistoricalandnaturalobjectshave
beeninscribedinthelistofUNESCOWorld
HeritageSites:theMadaraRider,the
ThraciantombsinSveshtariandKazanlak,
theBoyanaChurch,theRilaMonastery,the
RockhewnChurchesofIvanovo,Pirin
NationalPark,SreburnaNatureReserveand
theancientcityofNesebar.[293]
Nestinarstvo,aritualfiredanceofThracian
Bulgarianfolkdancersandmusicians origin,[294]isincludedinthelistof
intraditionalattire UNESCOIntangibleCulturalHeritage.[295]
FireisanessentialelementofBulgarian
folklore,usedtobanishevilspiritsand
diseases.Bulgarianfolklorepersonifiesillnessesaswitchesandhasawiderangeof
Thraciangoldenwreathin
creatures,includinglamya,samodiva(veela)andkarakondzhul.[296]Someofthe
theNationalHistorical
customsandritualsagainstthesespiritshavesurvivedandarestillpractised,most
Museum
notablythekukeriandsurvakari.[297]Martenitsaisalsowidelycelebrated.[298]
SlavicculturewascentredinboththeFirstandSecondBulgarianEmpires
duringmuchoftheMiddleAges.ThePreslav,OhridandTarnovoliterary
schoolsexertedconsiderableculturalinfluenceovertheEasternOrthodox
world.[299][300][301]ManylanguagesinEasternEuropeandAsiauseCyrillic
script,whichoriginatedinthePreslavLiterarySchoolaroundthe9th
century.[302]Themedievaladvancementintheartsandlettersendedwith
theOttomanconquestwhenmanymasterpiecesweredestroyed,andartistic
activitiesdidnotreemergeuntiltheNationalRevivalinthe19th
MonasteryofSaintIvanofRila
century.[303]AftertheLiberation,Bulgarianliteraturequicklyadopted
EuropeanliterarystylessuchasRomanticismandSymbolism.Sincethe
beginningofthe20thcentury,severalBulgarianauthors,suchasIvanVazov,PenchoSlaveykov,PeyoYavorov,
YordanRadichkovandTzvetanTodorovhavegainedprominence.[304][305]In1981BulgarianbornwriterElias
CanettiwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature.[306]
Bulgarianfolkmusicisbyfarthemostextensivetraditionalartandhasslowlydevelopedthroughouttheagesasa
fusionofEasternandWesterninfluences.ItcontainsFarEastern,Oriental,medievalEasternOrthodoxand
standardWesternEuropeantonalitiesandmodes.[307]Themusichasadistinctivesoundandusesawiderangeof
traditionalinstruments,suchasgadulka,gaida(bagpipe),kavalandtupan.Oneofitsmostdistinguishingfeaturesis
extendedrhythmicaltime,whichhasnoequivalentintherestofEuropeanmusic.[13]TheStateTelevisionFemale
VocalChoiristhemostfamousperformingfolkensemble,andreceivedaGrammyAwardin1990.[308]Bulgaria's
writtenmusicalcompositioncanbetracedbacktotheearlyMiddleAgesandtheworksofYoanKukuzel(c.1280
1360).[309]Classicalmusic,operaandballetarerepresentedbycomposersEmanuilManolov,PanchoVladigerov
andGeorgiAtanasovandsingersGhenaDimitrova,BorisHristovandNikolayGyaurov.[310][311][312][313][314]
Bulgarianperformershavegainedpopularityinseveralothergenreslikeprogressiverock(FSB),electropop(Mira
Aroyo)andjazz(MilchoLeviev).
Thereligiousvisualartsheritageincludesfrescoes,muralsandicons,manyproducedbythemedievalTarnovo
ArtisticSchool.[315]VladimirDimitrov,NikolayDiulgheroffandChristoaresomeofthemostfamousmodern
Bulgarianartists.[303]Filmindustryremainsweak:in2010,Bulgariaproducedthreefeaturefilmsandtwo
documentarieswithpublicfunding.Culturaleventsareadvertisedinthelargestmediaoutlets,includingthe
BulgarianNationalRadio,anddailynewspapersDnevenTrud,Dnevnikand24Chasa.[316]
WhilemajorsectionsofBulgaria'smediaarecontrolledbystateentities,includingBulgarianNationalTelevision,
theBulgarianNationalRadio,andtheBulgarianTelegraphAgency,reportingisgenerallydeemedtobeunbiased
bydirectgovernmentinterference,althoughthereisnospecificlegislationtomaintainthis.[317]Writtenmediahas
nolegalrestrictions,[318]andalargenumberofprivatetelevisionandradiostationsalsoexist.Despitethis,
traditionalBulgarianmediaoutletsareexperiencingnegativeeconomicandpoliticalpressures,andinstancesof
selfcensorshiphaveemerged.Meanwhile,internetmediaisgrowinginpopularityduetoitslackofcensorshipand
thediversityofcontentandopinionsitpresents.[319]
BulgariancuisineissimilartothoseofotherBalkancountriesanddemonstratesastrongTurkishandGreek
influence.[320]Yogurt,lukanka,banitsa,shopskasalad,lyutenitsaandkozunakareamongthebestknownlocal
foods.Orientaldishessuchasmoussaka,gyuvech,andbaklavaarealsopresent.Meatconsumptionislowerthan
theEuropeanaverage,givenanotablepreferenceforalargevarietyofsalads.[320]Rakiaisatraditionalfruitbrandy
whichwasconsumedinBulgariaasearlyasthe14thcentury.[321]BulgarianwineisknownforitsTraminer,
MuskatandMavrudtypes,ofwhichupto200,000tonnesareproducedannually.[322][323]Until1989,Bulgariawas
theworld'ssecondlargestwineexporter.[324]
UNESCOWorldHeritage
Cultural
Srebarna
Reserve
BoyanaChurch(1979) Rockhewn Thracian
Churchesof Tombof
MadaraRider(1979) MadaraRiderSveshtari
Ivanovo
RockHewnChurchesofIvanovo(1979)
ThracianTombofKazanlak(1979) Boyana Thracian Nesebar
AncientCityofNesebar(1983) Church Tombof
Kazanlak
RilaMonastery(1983) Rila
ThracianTombofSveshtari(1985) Monastery
PirinNational
Park
Natural
UNSECOWorldHeritageculturalsightsin
PirinNationalPark(1983) Bulgaria
SrebarnaNatureReserve(1983) :Naturalsite
:Culturalsite
Sports
Bulgariaperformswellinsportssuchaswrestling,weightlifting,boxing,gymnastics,volleyball,footballand
tennis.[325]Thecountryfieldsoneoftheleadingmen'svolleyballteams,rankedsixthintheworldaccordingtothe
2013FIVBrankings.[326]Footballisbyfarthemostpopularsport.[325]SomefamousplayersareDimitarBerbatov,
formerManchesterUnitedandTottenhamHotspurforward,GeorgiAsparuhov,formerLevskiSofiaforwardand
HristoStoichkov,winneroftheGoldenBootandtheGoldenBallandthemostsuccessfulBulgarianplayerofall
time.[327]ProminentdomesticclubsincludePFCCSKASofia[328][329]andPFCLevskiSofia.Thebestperformance
ofthenationalteamatFIFAWorldCupfinalscamein1994,whenitadvancedtothesemifinalsbydefeating
consecutivelyGreece,Argentina,MexicoandGermany,finishingfourth.[325]Bulgariahasparticipatedinmost
Olympiccompetitionssinceitsfirstappearanceatthe1896games,whenitwasrepresentedbyCharles
Champaud.[330]Thecountryhaswonatotalof218medals:52gold,86silver,and80bronze,[331]whichputsitin
24thplaceinthealltimeranking.
StefkaKostadinovaisthereigningworldrecordholderinthewomen'shighjumpat2.09metres(6feet10inches),
whichshejumpedduringthe1987WorldChampionshipsinAthleticsinRome.Herworldrecordisoneofthe
oldestinmodernathletics.AltogetherKostadinovasetsevenworldrecordsthreeoutdoorsandfourindoors.She
alsoholdsthewomen'sworldrecordforhavingjumpedover2.00metres(6feet7inches)197times.
YordankaDonkovaisaformerhurdlingathlete,notableforwinninganOlympicgoldmedalandbronzemedalas
wellas9medalsatEuropeanindoorandoutdoorchampionships.Donkovasetfour100mhurdlesworldrecordsin
1986.Herfifthworldrecord,atimeof12.21setin1988,stooduntil2016.
PetarStoychevisalongdistancemarathonswimmerwhosetanewswimmingworldrecordforcrossingthe
EnglishChannelin2007.
MariaGigovaandMariaPetrovahaveeachheldarecordofthreeworldtitlesinrhythmicgymnastics.
KaloyanMahlyanov(),knownasKotoshKatsunoriisaformerprofessionalsumowrestler
whobecamethefirstEuropeantoearnthetitleozekiinJapan.
VeselinTopalovbecameFIDEWorldChessChampionbywinningtheFIDEWorldChessChampionship2005.He
losthistitleintheWorldChessChampionship2006againstVladimirKramnik.
BulgarianationalvolleyballteamhasregularlyfeaturedintheTop10,andhasearnedsilvermedalsatthe1980
SummerOlympics,the1970FIVBVolleyballMen'sWorldChampionshipandthe1951EuropeanChampionship,
aswellasnumerousbronzemedals,includingatthe2007WorldCupinJapan.
Seealso
OutlineofBulgaria
InternationalrankingsofBulgaria
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinBulgaria
Footnotes
1.19FebruaryintheJuliancalendarusedatthetime.
2.22SeptemberintheJuliancalendarusedatthetime.
References
1.NSICensusdata2011,p.4.
2.NSICensusdata2015.
3."Bulgaria"(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=15&sy=2015&ey=202
2&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=918&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&gr
p=0&a=).InternationalMonetaryFund.Retrieved29April2017.
4."Ginicoefficientofequivaliseddisposableincome(source:SILC)"(http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/productsdatasets//te
ssi190).EurostatDataExplorer.Retrieved31March2016.
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7.Slavchev,Vladimir(20042005).MonumentsofthefinalphaseofCulturesHamangiaandSaviaontheterritoryof
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8.Chapman,John(2000).FragmentationinArchaeology:People,Places,andBrokenObjects.Routledge.p.239.
ISBN9780415158039.
9.Roberts,BenjaminW.Thornton,ChristopherP.(2009)."DevelopmentofmetallurgyinEurasia"(http://britishmuseum.a
cademia.edu/BenjaminRoberts/Papers/340888/Development_of_metallurgy_in_Eurasia).DepartmentofPrehistoryand
Europe,BritishMuseum.p.1015.Retrieved8June2012."Incontrast,theearliestexploitationandworkingofgold
occursintheBalkansduringthemidfthmillenniumBC,severalcenturiesaftertheearliestknowncoppersmelting.
ThisisdemonstratedmostspectacularlyinthevariousobjectsadorningtheburialsatVarna,Bulgaria(Renfrew1986
Highametal.2007).Incontrast,theearliestgoldobjectsfoundinSouthwestAsiadateonlytothebeginningofthefourth
millenniumBCasatNahalQanahinIsrael(Golden2009),suggestingthatgoldexploitationmayhavebeenaSoutheast
Europeaninvention,albeitashortlivedone."
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1028113.Retrieved8June2012."ThefirstmajorgoldworkingcentrewassituatedatthemouthoftheDanube,onthe
shoresoftheBlackSeainBulgaria..."
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=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&pg=PA290&dq=varna+necropolis+oldest#v=onepage&q=varna%20necropolis%20oldest&f=false).The
UniversityofChicagoPress.p.292.ISBN9780226305110.Retrieved20December2011."Theoldestknowngold
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datedbetween4,600BCand4,200BC)."
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Retrieved4December2011."TheNecropolisatVarnaisanimportantsiteinunderstandingthisculture."
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December2011.Checkdatevaluesin:|accessdate=(help)
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8JqmkoC&pg=PA53&dq=Yet+we+cannot+identify+the+Thracians&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ggBMUpuoMKGg0QX6o4HIBA&
ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Yet%20we%20cannot%20identify%20the%20Thracians&f=false).3.Cambridge
UniversityPress.p.53.ISBN0521224969."YetwecannotidentifytheThraciansatthatremoteperiod,becausewedo
notknowforcertainwhethertheThracianandIllyriantribeshadseparatedbythen.ItissafertospeakofProtoThracians
fromwhomtheredevelopedintheIronAge..."
16.Kidneretal.(2013).MakingEurope:TheStoryoftheWest(https://books.google.nl/books?id=1_E_CQAAQBAJ&dq=da
rius+conquer+bulgaria&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s)(2ed.).CengageLearning.p.57.ISBN9781111841317."(...)In
addition,thePersiansgainedThrace(moderndayBulgaria)"
17.Thonemann,PeterPrice,Simon(2010).TheBirthofClassicalEurope:AHistoryfromTroytoAugustine.PenguinUK.
ISBN9780141946863."Dariusextendedtheeasternandwesternboundariesoftheempirestillfurther,conqueringthe
IndusValleyandmuchofmodernBulgaria(ancientThrace)"
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19.Roisman&Worthington,pp.135138,343345.
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dom+persian&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=FgyaVNzN4LXavePguAG&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Teres%20I%20odrysia
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Thraciantribes(Thuc.2.29andhissovereigntyextendedasfarastheEuxineandtheHellespont)"
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VelikoTarnovoinnorthernBulgaria),wheretheirleaderBishopWulfila(Ulfilas)inventedtheGothicalphabetand
translatedtheHolyBibleintoGothictoproducethefirstbookwritteninGermaniclanguage."
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subsequentlywaveredbetweenRomeandConstantinopleuntilthelatterwaspersuadedtograntdefactoautonomyto
Bulgariainchurchaffairs."
34.Crampton,R.J.(2007).Bulgaria.OxfordUniversityPress.p.13.ISBN9780199541584.
35."ReignofSimeonI"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42725/ThespreadofChristianity).
EncyclopdiaBritannica.Retrieved27July2014."Bulgaria'sconversionhadapoliticaldimension,foritcontributed
bothtothegrowthofcentralauthorityandtothemergingofBulgarsandSlavsintoaunifiedBulgarianpeople."
36.Crampton,R.J.(2007).Bulgaria.OxfordUniversityPress.p.12.ISBN9780199541584."Nosingleactdidmore,in
thelongrun,toweldChristianSlavandProtoBulgarintoaBulgarianpeoplethantheconversionof864."
37.TheFirstGoldenAge.
38."ReignofSimeonI"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42725/ThespreadofChristianity).
EncyclopdiaBritannica.Retrieved4December2011."UnderSimeon'ssuccessorsBulgariawasbesetbyinternal
dissensionprovokedbythespreadofBogomilism(adualistreligioussect)andbyassaultsfromMagyars,Pechenegs,the
Rus,andByzantines."
39.Browning,Robert(1975).ByzantiumandBulgaria.TempleSmith.pp.1945.ISBN0851170641.
40."ReignofSimeonI"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42726/ReignofSimeonI?anchor=ref4
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42.Scylitzae,Ioannis(1973).SynopsisHistoriarum.CorpusFontiumByzantiaeHistoriae(HansThurned.).p.457.
ISBN9783110022858.
43.Pavlov,Plamen(2005)."Theplotsof'masterPresiantheBulgarian' "(http://www.liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/buntari/
zagovorite.htm).RebelsandadventurersinmedievalBulgaria(inBulgarian).LiterNet.Retrieved20December2011.
"And,intheSpringof1018,"thepartyofcapitulation"prevailedandBasilIIfreelyenteredthethencapitalofBulgaria
Ochrid."
44.Ostrogorsky,Georg(1969).HistoryoftheByzantineState.RutgersUniversityPress.p.311.
45.Cameron,Averil(2006).TheByzantines.BlackwellPublishing.p.170.ISBN9781405198332.
46."BulgariaSecondBulgarianEmpire"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42727/ThesecondB
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47.JamesDavidBourchier(1911)."HistoryofBulgaria"(http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclopdia_Britannica/Bulg
aria/History).EncyclopdiaBritannica1911.Retrieved9December2011.
ntial_History_of_Bulgaria_in_Seven_Pages).BulgarianAcademyofSciences.p.4.Retrieved20December2011."The
capitalTarnovobecameapolitical,economic,culturalandreligiouscentreseenas'thethirdRome'incontrastto
Constantinople'sdeclineaftertheByzantineheartlandinAsiaMinorwaslosttotheTurksduringthelate11thcentury."
49."TheGoldenHorde"(http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Mongolia.html).LibraryofCongressMongoliacountrystudy.
Retrieved4December2011."TheMongolsmaintainedsovereigntyovereasternRussiafrom1240to1480,andthey
controlledtheupperVolgaarea,theterritoriesoftheformerVolgaBulgharstate,Siberia,thenorthernCaucasus,
Bulgaria(foratime),theCrimea,andKhwarizm"
50."BulgariaOttomanrule"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42728/Ottomanrule).
EncyclopdiaBritannica.Retrieved21December2011."WiththecaptureofarumpBulgariankingdomcentredatBdin
(Vidin)in1396,thelastremnantofBulgarianindependencedisappeared....TheBulgariannobilitywasdestroyedits
memberseitherperished,fled,oracceptedIslamandTurkicizationandthepeasantrywasenserfedtoTurkishmasters."
51.Jireek,K.J.(1876).GeschichtederBulgaren(https://books.google.com/?id=VBhThVLpc4MC&pg=PA88)(inGerman).
Nachdr.d.Ausg.Prag.ISBN3487064081.Retrieved20December2011.
52.Minkov,Anton(2004).ConversiontoIslamintheBalkans:KisveBahasPetitionsandOttomanSocialLife,1670
1730(https://books.google.com/books?id=zQsB_AghBKkC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=conversation+to+islam+to+the+balk
ans&source=bl&ots=Gde0c3vIfC&sig=NW6yzalUpauVEU9462LURkQR27A&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=nwloUP21MpDJswa914
AQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=conclusion&f=false).BRILL.p.193.ISBN9004135766.
53.Detrez,Raymond(2008).EuropeandtheHistoricalLegaciesintheBalkans(https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx
8qlWCMC&pg=PA47&dq=millet++bulgarian+identity+detrez&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=Smith%2C%20A.%20The%20Ethn
ic%20Origins%20of%20Nations.%20&f=false).PeterLangPublishers.p.36.ISBN9052013748.
54.Fishman,JoshuaA.(2010)."HandbookofLanguageandEthnicIdentity,"DisciplinaryandRegionalPerspectives(http
s://books.google.com/books?id=7oAUeUVtc58C&pg=PA276&dq=there+were+almost+no+remnants+of+a+Bulgarian+eth
nic+identity&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=JR2tUPiwGMbVsgaAtICIDQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=there%20were%20
almost%20no%20remnants%20of%20a%20Bulgarian%20ethnic%20identity%3B&f=false).OxfordUniversityPress.
p.276.ISBN0195374924."TherewerealmostnoremnantsofaBulgarianethnicidentitythepopulationdefineditself
asChristians,accordingtotheOttomansystemofmillets,thatis,communitiesofreligiousbeliefs.Thefirstattemptsto
defineaBulgarianethnicitystartedatthebeginningofthe19thcentury."
55.Roudometof,VictorRobertson,Roland(2001).Nationalism,globalization,andorthodoxy:thesocialoriginsofethnic
conflictintheBalkans(https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA68&dq=rum+millet+identity&hl=bg
&sa=X&ei=gQHuTubqOoT0ga39uCcAg&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=rum%20millet%20identity&f=false).
GreenwoodPublishingGroup.pp.6871.ISBN0313319499.
56.Crampton,R.J.(1987).ModernBulgaria(https://books.google.com/books?id=iL06AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq
=Bulgarians+had+established+a+form+of+national+cultural+consciousness.+Though+far+from+the+nationalism+of+the+
nineteenth+century,+with+its+concepts+of+popular+sovereignty+and+organised+political+movements,+this+sense+of+id
entity+was+strong+enough+to+preserve+the+concept+of+Bulgaria+as+a+distinct+religious,+cultural+and,+perhaps,+polit
ical+entity.&source=bl&ots=rRSEohj5Bp&sig=xZ6FEVAUTZozfewLmX8wxGbL6_s&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=ysXaUN3bKpD
R4QTbyYHICQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Bulgarians%20had%20established%20a%20form%20of%20nati
onal%20cultural%20consciousness.%20Though%20far%20from%20the%20nationalism%20of%20the%20nineteenth%20c
entury%2C%20with%20its%20concepts%20of%20popular%20sovereignty%20and%20organised%20political%20movem
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f%20Bulgaria%20as%20a%20distinct%20religious%2C%20cultural%20and%2C%20perhaps%2C%20political%20entity.
&f=false).CambridgeUniversityPress.p.8.ISBN0521273234.Retrieved2October2013.
57.Carvalho,Joaquim(2007).ReligionandPowerinEurope:ConflictandConvergence(https://books.google.com/books?id
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0millet%20national&f=false).EdizioniPlus.p.261.ISBN8884924642.
58."BulgariaOttomanadministration"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42730/Ottomanadmini
stration).EncyclopdiaBritannica.Retrieved20October2012.
59.TheFinalMovetoIndependence.
60."ReminiscencefromDaysofLiberation*"(http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125840).Novinite.3March2011.
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61.SanStefano,BerlinandIndependence.
62.Blamires,Cyprian(2006).WorldFascism:Ahistoricalencyclopedia(https://books.google.com/?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg
=PA107&dq=bulgaria+fascist+parties+and+organizations#v=onepage&q=bulgaria%20fascist%20parties%20and%20organ
izations&f=false).ABCCLIO.p.107.ISBN1576079414.Retrieved20December2011."The"GreaterBulgaria"re
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long."
63.Mrchkov,Vasil(2011).LabourLawinBulgaria.KluwerLawInternational.p.120.ISBN9789041136169.
64.Sygkelos,Yannis(2011).NationalismfromtheLeft:TheBulgarianCommunistPartyDuringtheSecondWorldWarand
theEarlyPostWarYears.Brill.p.220.ISBN9789004192089.
65."Timeline:BulgariaAchronologyofkeyevents"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1061402.stm).
BBCNews.6May2010.Retrieved20December2011.
66.HistoricalSetting.
67.Crampton,R.J.(2007).Bulgaria.OxfordUniversityPress.p.174.ISBN9780199541584.
68.Dillon,EmileJoseph(February1920)."XV".TheInsideStoryofthePeaceConference(http://www.mirrorservice.org/sit
es/ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/4/4/7/14477/14477h/14477h.htm).Harper.ISBN9783842475946.
Retrieved20December2011."TheterritorialchangeswhichthePrussiaoftheBalkanswascondemnedtoundergoare
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69.Pinon,Rene(1913).L'EuropeetlaJeuneTurquie:lesaspectsnouveauxdelaquestiond'Orient(https://books.google.co
m/?id=xL9DAAAAYAAJ&q=prusse+des+balkans&dq=prusse+des+balkans)(inFrench).Perrinetcie.ISBN9781144
413819.Retrieved20December2011."OnaditsouventdelaBulgariequ'elleestlaPrussedesBalkans"
70.Tucker,SpencerCWood,Laura(1996).TheEuropeanPowersintheFirstWorldWar:AnEncyclopedia(https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA172&dq=Direct+and+Indirect+Costs+of+the+Great+World+War&hl=bg&c
d=5&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Direct%20and%20Indirect%20Costs%20of%20the%20Great%20World%20War&f=fals
e).Taylor&Francis.p.173.ISBN0815303998.
71.Broadberry,StephenKlein,Alexander(8February2008)."AggregateandPerCapitaGDPinEurope,18702000:
Continental,RegionalandNationalDatawithChangingBoundaries"(https://web.archive.org/web/20120622094503/http://
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72."WWICasualtyandDeathTables"(http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html).PBS.Retrieved9July
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73.Mintchev,Vesselin(October1999)."ExternalMigrationinBulgaria"(https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012418/htt
p://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=473FBAEF623D4ADA903A17241B78BDDB).SouthEast
EuropeReview(3/99):124.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=473F
BAEF623D4ADA903A17241B78BDDB)on17January2013.Retrieved8May2013.
74.Chenoweth,Erica(2010).RethinkingViolence:StatesandNonStateActorsinConflict(https://books.google.com/books?i
d=JyD_AmGnu34C&pg=PA129&dq=bulgaria+refugees+economy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hQJ7T5neBoeH4gSXsNyHBA&redi
r_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bulgaria%20refugees%20economy&f=false).BelferCenterforScienceandInternationalAffairs.
p.129.ISBN9780262014205."Bulgaria,forexample,hadanetsurplusofrefugeesandwasfacedwiththedaunting
taskofabsorbingthousandsofBulgarianrefugeesfromGreeceoverarelativelyshortperiod.Whileinternationalloans
fromtheRedCrossandotherorganizationshelpedtodefraythesubstantialcostsofaccommodatingsurpluspopulations,
itplacedastrenuousfinancialburdenonstatesthatwerestillrecoveringfromthewaranexperiencingeconomicdownturn
aswellaspoliticalupheaval."
75.BulgariainWorldWarII:ThePassiveAlliance.
76.WartimeCrisis.
77.Pavlowitch,StevanK.(2008).Hitler'snewdisorder:theSecondWorldWarinYugoslavia(https://books.google.com/?id=
R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA239&dq=puppet++State+in+Macedonia++1944+mihailov).ColumbiaUniversityPress.pp.238
240.ISBN0231700504.Retrieved20December2011."WhenBulgariaswitchedsidesinSeptember..."
78.Crampton,R.J.(2005).AconcisehistoryofBulgaria(https://books.google.com/?id=Ylz4fe7757cC&pg=PA271&dq=refe
rendum+bulgaria+1946#).CambridgeUniversityPress.p.271.ISBN0521616379.Retrieved20December2011.
79.HannaArendtCenterinSofia,withDinyuSharlanovandVenelinI.Ganev.CrimesCommittedbytheCommunistRegime
inBulgaria(http://www.ustrcr.cz/data/pdf/konference/zlocinykomunismu/COUNTRY%20REPORT%20BULGARIA.pd
f).Countryreport."CrimesoftheCommunistRegimes"Conference.2426February2010,Prague.
80.Valentino,BenjaminA(2005).Finalsolutions:masskillingandgenocideinthetwentiethcentury.CornellUniversity
Press.pp.91151.
81.Rummel,Rudolph,StatisticsofDemocide,1997.
82.DomesticPolicyandItsResultsQuote:"...realwagesincreased75percent,consumptionofmeat,fruit,andvegetables
increasedmarkedly,medicalfacilitiesanddoctorsbecameavailabletomoreofthepopulation..."
83.AfterStalin.
84.StephenBroadberryAlexanderKlein(27October2011)."AggregateandpercapitaGDPinEurope,18702000"(https://
web.archive.org/web/20130530083710/http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1699/papers/Broadberry_Klein.pdf)(PDF).
pp.23,27.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1699/papers/Broadberry_Klein.pdf)(PDF)on30
May2013.Retrieved12July2013.
85.Vachkov,DanielIvanov,Martin(2008).BulgarianForeignDebt19441989.Siela.pp.103,153,191.
ISBN9789542803072.
86.TheEconomy.
87.ThePoliticalAtmosphereinthe1970s.
88.Bohlen,Celestine(17October1991)."VoteGivesKeyRoletoEthnicTurks"(https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/17/worl
d/bulgariavotegiveskeyroletoethnicturks.html).TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved20December2011."in1980s...the
Communistleader,TodorZhivkov,beganacampaignofculturalassimilationthatforcedethnicTurkstoadoptSlavic
names,closedtheirmosquesandprayerhousesandsuppressedanyattemptsatprotest.Oneresultwasthemassexodusof
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ISBN0226561410.Retrieved20December2011."Accordingly,whenBulgariawasconvertedtoChristianity(after
865),bringingmassiveSlavicspeakingpopulationswithinthepaleofChristendom,anewliterarylanguage,OldChurch
Slavonic,directlybaseduponBulgarianspeech,developedfortheiruse."
302.Ertl,AlanW(2008).TowardunderstandingEurope:Apoliticalprcisofcontinentalintegration(https://books.google.co
m/?id=X9PGRaZtzcC&pg=PA436&dq=preslav+school+cyrillic#v=onepage&q=preslav%20school%20cyrillic&f=false).
UniversalPublishers,Inc.p.436.ISBN1599429837.Retrieved20December2011."Atthebeginningofthe10th
centuryanewalphabettheCyrillicalphabetwasdevelopedonthebasisofGreekandGlagoliticcursiveatthePreslav
LiterarySchool."
303."BulgariaThearts"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42715/Thearts).Encyclopdia
Britannica.2011.Retrieved20December2011."TheearlyimpetusofBulgariantraditionsintheartswascutshortbythe
Ottomanoccupationinthe14thcentury,andmanyearlymasterpiecesweredestroyed....thefoundationswerelaidfor
laterartistssuchasVladimirDimitrov,anextremelygiftedpainterspecializingintheruralscenesofhisnativecountry...
Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thebestknowncontemporaryBulgarianartistwasChristo,anenvironmental
sculptorknownforwrappingfamousstructures"
304."BulgariaThearts"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42715/Thearts).Encyclopdia
Britannica.2011.Retrieved20December2011."Worldclassicsandmodernforeigndramasaretypicallyproduced,as
wellasbothmodernandtraditionalBulgarianplays,includingthosebyIvanVazovandpoetPeyoYavorov...These
includedpoetssuchasPenchoSlaveykov,Yavorov,andDimchoDebelyanov...Morerecentauthorsofnoteincludepoet
AtanasSlavov,YordanRadichkov,andBlagaDimitrova."
305."FrenchBulgarianTheoristTzvetanTodorovWinsTopSpanishAward"(http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=94
265).Novinite.18June2008.Retrieved20December2011.
306.Lorenz,DagmarC.G.(17April2004)."EliasCanetti"(http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=725).
LiteraryEncyclopedia.TheLiteraryDictionaryCompanyLimited.ISSN1747678X(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1747
678X).Retrieved20December2011.
307.Kremenliev,BorisA.(1952).BulgarianMacedonianFolkMusic(https://books.google.com/?id=wOOfVFJWMLIC&pg=
PA52&dq=bulgarian+music#v=onepage&q=bulgarian%20music&f=false).UniversityofCaliforniaPress.p.52.
Retrieved20December2011."Bulgaria'sscalesarenumerous,anditmaybedemonstratedthattheyareafusionof
EasternandWesterninfluences....first,Orientalscalessecond,churchmodes:theosmoglasie...third,theconventional
scalesofWesternEurope....AmongthescaleswhichhavecomestotheBalkansfromAsia,thepentatonicisoneofthe
mostwidelyusedinBulgaria.WhetheritcamefromChinaorJapan,asDobriHristovsuggests"
308."32ndGrammyAwardsWinners"(http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=1989&genre=All).
GrammyAwards.Retrieved4December2011.
309.Lang,DavidMarshall(1976).TheBulgarians:frompagantimestotheOttomanconquest.WestviewPress.p.145.
ISBN9780891585305."JohnKukuzel,theeminentBulgarian/bornreformerofByzantinemusic."
310."The2011/2012seasonoftheNationalOperaandBalletHouse"(https://web.archive.org/web/20120623132141/http://bnr.
bg/sites/en/Music/Pages/2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx).BulgarianNationalRadio.25October2011.
Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://bnr.bg/sites/en/Music/Pages/2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx)on23June
311."Obituary:GhenaDimitrova"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1491905/GhenaDimitrova.html).The
Telegraph.13June2005.Retrieved20December2011.
312.Forbes,Elizabeth(29June1993)."Obituary:BorisChristoff"(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryboris
christoff1494547.html).TheIndependent.Retrieved20December2011.
313.Kozinn,Allan(29June1993)."BorisChristoff,Bass,Diesat79EsteemedforHisBorisGodunov"(https://www.nytime
s.com/1993/06/29/obituaries/borischristoffbassdiesat79esteemedforhisborisgodunov.html).TheNewYorkTimes.
314."NicolaiGhiaurov,OperaticBass,Diesat74"(https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/03/arts/nicolaighiaurovoperaticbassd
iesat74.html).TheNewYorkTimes.3June2004.Retrieved13December2013.
315.Grabar,Andr(1928).LapeinturereligiouseenBulgarie.P.Geuthner.p.95.ASIN:B005ZI4OV8
316."MediaLandscapeBulgaria"(http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/bulgaria).EuropeanJournalismCentreaccessdate=2May
2014.
317.LibraryofCongressFederalResearchDivision(October2006)."CountryProfile:Bulgaria"(http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/c
s/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf)(PDF).LibraryofCongress.pp.18,23.Retrieved4September2009."MassMedia:In2006
Bulgaria'sprintandbroadcastmediagenerallywereconsideredunbiased,althoughthegovernmentdominated
broadcastingthroughthestateownedBulgarianNationalTelevision(BNT)andBulgarianNationalRadio(BNR)and
printnewsdisseminationthroughthelargestpressagency,theBulgarianTelegraphAgency.[...]HumanRights:Inthe
early2000s,Bulgariagenerallyhasbeenratedhighlyontheissueofhumanrights.However,someexceptionsexist.
Althoughthemediahavearecordofunbiasedreporting,Bulgaria'slackofspecificlegislationprotectingthemediafrom
stateinterferenceisatheoreticalweakness."
318.MediaLandscapeBulgaria(http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bulgaria/),EuropeanJournalismCentre
Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014211/http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bulgaria/)22July
2010attheWaybackMachine.
319.FootprintofFinancialCrisisintheMedia,BulgariaCountryReport(http://www.soros.org/initiatives/media/articles_publi
cations/publications/financialcrisismedia20091201/bulgaria20091201.pdf),OpenSocietyInstitute,December2009
Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185125/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/media/articles_publications/publi
cations/financialcrisismedia20091201/bulgaria20091201.pdf)3May2011attheWaybackMachine.
320.Albala,Ken(2011).FoodCulturesoftheWorldEncyclopedia(https://books.google.com/?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=RA3
PA61&dq=bulgaria+slavic+culture#v=onepage&q=bulgaria%20slavic%20culture&f=false).ABCCLIO.pp.61,62.
ISBN9780313376269.Retrieved20December2011.
321."ArcheologicalFindProvesRakiaIsBulgarianInvention"(http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id=132826).Novinite.10
October2011.Retrieved20December2011.
322."TheRussiansbought81mln.litresofBulgarianwine"(http://www.investor.bg/news/article/60913/5.html).Investor
GroupBG.Retrieved15April2010.
323."TheBulgarianTable,fromSudjuktoShopska"(http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id=130835).Novinite.4August
324."BulgariaBouncesBack"(http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=136420).Novinite.7February2012.Retrieved
7February2012.
325."BulgariaSportandrecreation"(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42718/Sportandrecreatio
n).EncyclopdiaBritannica.2011.Retrieved20December2011."Ininternationalsportscompetition,Bulgarianshave
excelledintennis,wrestling,boxing,andgymnastics,butthecountry'sgreatestreputemaybeinweightlifting....Fansof
football(soccer),themostpopularsportinBulgaria,werebuoyedbythesuccessofthenationalteaminthe1994World
Cup,whenitadvancedtothesemifinalmatchundertheleadershipofforwardHristoStoichkov.Thepremierleaguein
Bulgariahas16teams,ofwhichfourplayinSofia:CSKA,Levski,Slavia,andLokomotiv."
326."FIVBofficialrankingsasperOctober7,2013"(http://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball/VB_Ranking_M_201310.asp).
InternationalVolleyballFederation(FIVB).7October2013.Retrieved26October2013.
327."HristoStoichkovBulgarianLeagueAmbassador"(http://www.epfleuropeanleagues.com/fao/hristo_stoichkov.htm).
ProfessionalFootballAgainstHunger.Retrieved4December2011.
328."RankingsofAGroup"(http://bgclubs.eu/ranking/points).BgClubs.Retrieved20December2011.
329.IngoFaulhaber."Bestclubof20thcenturyrankingattheofficialsiteoftheInternationalFederationofFootballHistory
andStatistics"(http://www.iffhs.de/?a413f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01905fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883ccb05ff1d).
Iffhs.de.Retrieved20December2011.
330."Athens1896"(https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142341/http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=001&p=0039
&n=000001).BulgarianOlympicCommittee.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.bgolympic.org/fce/index.shtml?s=0
01&p=0039&n=000001)on28September2011.Retrieved4December2011.
331."Bulgaria"(http://www.olympic.org/bulgaria).OfficialwebsiteoftheOlympicmovement.Retrieved4December2011.
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frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0032)).Retrieved4December2011.
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@field(DOCID+bg0052)).Retrieved4December2011.
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G1K&sig=lkiajbVuNcHEbI5Lz3MnvIUBG1U&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=sb6RVP2qHoPUaqeGgZgE&ved=0CEkQ6AEwB
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GeographicdatarelatedtoBulgaria(https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/186382)atOpenStreetMap
Bulgaria(http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bulgaria.htm)atUCBLibrariesGovPubs.
Bulgaria(https://dmoztools.net/Regional/Europe/Bulgaria)atDMOZ
WikimediaAtlasofBulgaria
BulgariaProfile(http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bulgaria)fromBalkanInsight
PresidentofTheRepublicofBulgaria(http://www.president.bg/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria&oldid=780526902"
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