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where =
=
= ( )
FSK Receiver
FSK Characteristics:
poorer error performance than PSK or QAM
Used for asynchronous data modems
Continuous-Phase FSK
angle-modulated
constant-amplitude
Digital modulating signal modulates an analog carrier signal
to produce analog signals with different phase angles depending
on the input digital modulating signal
Kinds of PSK:
= 2 2
1 1
= 2 2 +
2 2
2
= where = ()
2
B = = ()
Example:
For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an
input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the maximum and minimum
upper and lower side frequencies, draw the output spectrum,
determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculate the baud.
Given:
Solution:
= 70
= 10
Find:
.
b.
c.
.
e.
BPSK Receiver
Output Phases:
1. +450
2. +1350
3. 450
4. 1350
QPSK Transmitter
Example:
For the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 17, construct the truth table,
phasor diagram, and constellation diagram.
Solution:
If Q = 0 and I = 0:
Solution:
The bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to one-half of the
transmission bit rate, or
The highest fundamental frequency of Q or I:
A simple way to solve bandwidth is to use:
QPSK Receiver
( + )
I Channel Produce
LPF
detector 1
+ -2V(logic 1)
+
Input Carrier Receive
QPSK Power Binary
BPF Recovery
Signal splitter Data
Q I
+900
+
Produce
LPF
detector 1
Q Channel +2V(logic 1)
( + ) Clock
Recovery
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
- Modified QPSK where the I & Q waveforms are shifted in
phase from each other by of the bit time
- Also known as OKQPSK (offset-keyed QPSK)
Advantage: Limited phase shift that must be imparted during modulation
Disadvantage: Changes in the output phase occur at twice the data rate in
either the I or Q channels.
Not Good!!
3. 8 PSK
= 3 (), = 23 = 8 - 8 output phases
8-PSK transmitter:
Example:
For a tribit input of Q 0, 1 0, and C 0 (000), determine the output
phase for the 8-PSK modulator shown in Figure 23.
Gray Code = maximum distance coding
- two adjacent phases change by only 1 bit
- used to reduce the number of transmission errors
results in only a single bit being received in error
Bandwidth considerations of 8-PSK
Lower side frequency (LSF):
6
Bandwidth = USF LSF = + =
6 6 3
Example:
For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate (fb) equal to 10 Mbps
and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double-
sided Nyquist bandwidth (fN) and the baud. Also, compare the results
with those achieved with the BPSK and QPSK modulators in examples
4 and 6. Use the 8-PSK block diagram shown in Figure 23 as the
modulator model.
Solution:
Given: = 10
= 70
Find:
a. ,
b. Baud
10
a. = = = = = 3.33
3 3
3.33
= or = = 1.667
2 2 2 2
. = 3.333
For the same bit rate, the bandwidths of the following are:
BPSK:
= 10
QPSK:
= 5
8-PSK:
= 3.333
4
I Channel Produce I
ADC
detector C
Carrier
8PSK Power QIC Output
BPF Recovery
Input splitter Data bits
Q I C
+900
Parallel to serial
converter
Produce
ADC
detector
Q Channel 4
Clock
Recovery
4. 16 PSK
= 4 (), = 24 = 16- 8 output phases
5. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
- Amplitude and phase-shift keying is combined
a. 8 QAM
= 8
8-QAM Transmitter
8-QAM transmitter
Note:
The only difference between the 8-QAM transmitter and the 8-PSK
transmitter is the omission of the inverter between the C channel and the
Q product modulator.
= 0, = 0 0.541
Q = 0, = 0 0.541
Output for:
I channel product modulator
Phasor Diagram
Constellation Diagram
Bandwidth of 8-QAM
=
3
8-QAM Receiver
- same as 8-PSK, only that ADC has different conversion factor
4
I Channel Produce I
ADC
detector C
Carrier
8PSK Power QIC Output
BPF Recovery
Input splitter Data bits
Q I C
+900
Parallel to serial
converter
Produce
ADC
detector
Q Channel 4
Clock
Recovery
b. 16-QAM
= 4, = 16
16-QAM Transmitter
Example:
Input: = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0 (0000)
Find:
a. output amplitude
b. output phase
Answer:
From the table
Outputs:
I Channel Product Modulator
Output of Modulator:
=
4
Example:
Find the bandwidth requirement and the baud for the transmission of the
data with a rate of = 10 using 16-QAM.
Answer:
. = = 2.5
4
. = 2.5
Note: as n increases, bandwidth compression occurs
BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY
- Information density
- Spectral efficiency
- Used to compare performance of one digital modulation technique
over the other
- Ratio of transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth
requirement
= ( )
where
Example:
Solution:
24
a. = 3 = 3 = 8
b. = 3
= 8
24
c. = = 3/
8
CARRIER RECOVERY
- the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from
a receiver signal
- phase referencing
Kinds:
1. Squaring Loop
- usually used for BPSK
Received BPSK signal:
+
Output of squarer:
Output is only 2
2. Costas Loop
3. Remodulator