Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Tij 5 log@tij 1 273.15] (5) 6.2.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the
2 components using Eq 3, Eq 4, and Eq 5.
where vij is the kinematic viscosity, in mm /s, of component
6.2.4 Use the target blend viscosity, vB, as a reference
i at temperature tij in degrees Celsius, exp() is e (2.716) raised
viscosity. Transform vB to WB using equations Eq 3 and Eq 4.
to the power x, and log is the common logarithm (base 10).
6.2.5 Calculate the transformed temperatures at which each
6.1.3.1 If the kinematic viscosity is greater than 2 mm2/s, component has that viscosity:
the exponential term in Eq 3 is insignificant and may be
omitted. ~Ti1 2 Ti0!
TiL 5 ~W 2 Wi0! 1 Ti0 (11)
~Wi1 2 Wi0! L
6.1.3.2 Transform the temperature at which the blend vis-
cosity is desired using Eq 5. This transformed temperature is 6.2.6 Calculate the predicted blend fraction of the first
designated TB. component:
6.1.4 Calculate the inverse slope for each component, as ~TB 2 T0L!
follows: f1 5 (12)
~T1A 2 T0L!
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
~Ti1 2 Ti0! and the fraction of the second component is f2= (1 f1)
mi2 1 5 (6)
~Wi1 2 Wi0! because the total of the two components is 100 %.
6.1.5 Calculate the predicted transformed viscosity, WB, of NOTE 5See the worked example in Appendix X4.
the blend at temperature TB, as follows:
Procedure C
TB 1 ( fi ~mi21Wi0 2 Ti0!
WB 5 (7) 6.3 Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Components With
( ~fimi2 1!
Known Blending Fractions Using the ASTM Blending Method:
where the sum is over all components. 6.3.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict
6.1.6 Calculate the untransformed viscosity of the blend, nB, the viscosity of a blend at a given temperature, given the
at the given temperature: viscosities of the components at the same temperature and their
Z8B 5 10WB (8) blend fractions. Any number of components may be included.
Z8B
If the blend fractions are in volume percent, this is known as
ZB 5 10 2 0.7 (9)
the ASTM Blending Method. If the blend fractions are in mass
percent, this is known as the Modified ASTM Blending
vB 5 ZB 2 exp@20.7487 2 3.295ZB 1 0.6119ZB2 2 0.3193ZB3 # Method.
(10) 6.3.2 Compile the viscosities of the components at a single
where Z8B and ZB are the results of intermediate calculation temperature (the reference temperature). The viscosity of
steps with no physical meaning. component i at that temperature is designated vi. If the
viscosities are not known, measure them using a suitable test
NOTE 2For viscosities between 0.12 and 1000 mm2/s, the transform- method.
ing Eq 3 and Eq 4 and the untransforming equations Eq 9 and Eq 10 have
a discrepancy less than 0.0004 mm2/s. NOTE 6Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for
NOTE 3See the worked example in Appendix X3. this purpose.
6.3.2.1 If the viscosity of a component is not known at the
Procedure B reference temperature, but is known at two other temperatures,
6.2 Calculating the Blend Fractions of Components to Give use Viscosity-Temperature Charts D341 or Eq 10 to calculate
a Target Viscosity Using the Inverse Wright Blending Method: its viscosity at the reference temperature.
6.2.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict 6.3.3 Transform the viscosities of the components using Eq
the required blending fractions of two components to meet a 2.
target blend viscosity at a given temperature, given the 6.3.4 Calculate the transformed viscosity of the blend as a
viscosity-temperature properties of the components. This is weighted average of the component transformed viscosities,
known as the Inverse Wright Blending Method. using the blend fractions as the weighting factors:
( [fiWi# 7.3 Report which procedure was used for the calculation.
WB 5 (13)
( [fi#
where WB is the transformed viscosity of the blend, fi is the 8. Measurement Uncertainty
blend fraction of component i, and Wi is the transformed 8.1 The calculations in this practice are exact, given the
viscosity of component i. input data.
6.3.4.1 Normally, the sum of blend fractions is 100 %: 8.2 Measuring or compiling the input data can introduce
( ~fi! 5 1 (14) sources of variation. For example, the measured viscosities of
and the denominator in Eq 12 may be omitted. However, the the components will vary according the precision of Test
more general formula may be used when more convenient, for Methods D445 or D7042, and will lead to variation in
example to save re-normalizing the base stock fractions in an calculated results using this practice. For the Wright Blending
oil containing other components (for example, additives). Methods, measuring viscosities at narrowly-spaced tempera-
6.3.5 Calculate the predicted (untransformed) viscosity of tures is expected to lead to greater variability than using widely
the blend at the reference temperature: spaced temperatures, due to the increased uncertainty in the
vB 5 ~ZB 2 0.7! 2 exp@2 0.7487 2 3.295~ZB 2 0.7! 1 0.6119~ZB slope of the fitted viscosity-temperature equations.
2 0.7!2 2 0.3193~ZB 2 0.7!3# (15) 8.3 Agreement between the methods in this practice and
experimental results were determined in two studies.
NOTE 7See the worked example in Appendix X5.
8.3.1 The agreements between calculated and predicted
Procedure D results were compared for 37 fuel blends.4 The fuel compo-
6.4 Calculating the Blend Fractions of Components to nents included light gas oil, heavy gas oil, light cat cracked
Give a Target Viscosity using the Inverse ASTM Blending cycle oil, bright stock furfural extract, kerosine, and short
Method residue. For fuel blends, the agreement is close to the precision
6.4.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict of the experimental data and viscosity blending using mass
the required blending fractions of two components to meet a fractions is preferred to volume fractions. Using mass frac-
target blend viscosity at a given temperature, given the tions, all blend combinations show a positive bias (calculated
viscosity of the components at the same temperature. This is higher than actual). The bias is dependent on blending ratio and
known as the Inverse ASTM Blending Method. clearly indicates that viscosity blending is nonlinear. The
6.4.1.1 In principle, the blend fractions may be calculated magnitude of the bias seems to be correlated with the absolute
for more than two blending components, if additional con- density difference and the viscosity difference between the
straints are specified for the final blend. Such calculations are blend components.
beyond the scope of this practice.
8.3.1.1 For fuels, the difference between calculated and
6.4.2 Compile the viscosities of the components at the
measured blend viscosities is expected to exceed the following
temperature at which the target blend viscosity is specified. The
values only one time in twenty:
viscosity of component i at this temperature is designated vi. If
ASTM Method Wright Method
the viscosities are not known, measure them using a suitable Blending Basis Mass% Vol% Mass% Vol%
test method. If the viscosity of a component is not known at the N
reference temperature, but is known at two other temperatures, Fuels 21 30% 47% 14 21%
Fuels 12 5% 4% 4% 8%
calculate the viscosity at the reference temperature using Near Blends
Viscosity-Temperature Charts D341 or Eq 10.
with the greatest disagreement around equal proportions of
NOTE 8Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for
this purpose.
components (for example, 50:50). Near blends refers to
binary blends of adjacent viscosity streams (for example, light
6.4.3 Transform the viscosities of the components and the gas oil and heavy gas oil or light cycle cat cracker oil and
target blend using Eq 4.
heavy gas oil), and excludes dumbbell blends (for example,
6.4.4 Calculate the blend fraction of the first component:
light cycle cat cracker oil and bright stock furfural extract, or
~ WB 2 W2 ! kerosine and short residuum).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
f1 5 (16)
~ W1 2 W 2 !
8.3.2 The agreements between calculated and predicted
where Wi is the transformed viscosity of component i at the results were compared for 30 base stock blends.5 The base
given temperature and f1 is the blending fraction of component stock components included S100N, S150N, S600N, and Bright
1. The blending fraction of the second component is f2= (1 f1) Stock. For base stock blends, the difference between calculated
because the total of the two components is 100 %. and experimental results are expected to exceed the following
NOTE 9See the worked example in Appendix X6. values only one time in twenty:
7. Report
7.1 Report the predicted viscosity of the blend at the given 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
temperature, if known blending fractions were given. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1573.
7.2 Report the calculated blending fractions, if a target 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
blend viscosity was given. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1574.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. RATIONALE
X1.1 A method to calculate the viscosity-temperature questioned compliance with a nonmandatory procedure. This
properties of a blend, given the viscosity-temperature proper- could not be resolved by moving the calculations to an Annex
ties of the components and their blending fraction was first (Mandatory Information) because not all users of Viscosity-
published by Wright.6 A graphical procedure was included as Temperature Charts D341 intended to perform blending calcu-
an Appendix (nonmandatory information) in Viscosity- lations. A separate practice was needed.
Temperature Charts D341 for many years. For companies
using these methods, this led to conflicts with auditors who X1.2 The graphical methods of Viscosity-Temperature
Charts D341 have been superseded by computational methods
using calculators or spreadsheets. The graphical method is not
6
W. Andrew Wright, Prediction of Oil Viscosity Blending, American Chemical included in this practice and an electronic adjunct was
Society, Atlantic City Meeting, April 8-12, 1946. developed.3
X2.1 This appendix gives the derivation of the equations X2.4 These straight lines may also be expressed using the
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
used to compute blend viscosities according to the Wright point-point equation:
Blending Method.
Wij 5 S Wi1 2 Wi0
D
Ti1 2 Ti0 ~Tij 2 Ti0!1 Wi0 (X2.2)
X2.2 The concept of the Wright Blending Method is where (Ti0, Wi0) and (Ti1, Wi1) are two known temperature-
illustrated in Fig. X2.1. For simplicity, a blend comprising only viscosity points for component i, and subscript j indicates the
two components is shown, although the equations will be specific point to be determined (for example, a particular
derived for the general case of n components. The x-axis is temperature or viscosity).
transformed temperature and the y-axis is transformed viscos-
ity. The transformations for temperature and viscosity are given X2.5 The first expression in brackets represents the slope of
by, respectively, Eq 1 and 2 of this practice. Line 1 shows the the line:
viscosity-temperature relationship of component 1, determined
from the two known viscosity-temperature data points, (T10, mi 5 S Wi1 2 Wi0
Ti1 2 Ti0 D (X2.3)
W10) and (T11, W11). Line 2 shows the same data for component
and its reciprocal is designated mi-1:
2. The blend fractions of components 1 and 2 are denoted by,
respectively, f1 and f2; these may be in either mass percent or
volume percent. The Wright Blending Method will determine
S
Ti1 2 Ti0
mi21 5 W 2 W
i1 i0
D (X2.4)
the viscosity-temperature relationship of the blend, Line B, X2.6 The temperature corresponding to a given viscosity
from these data. for a given component is:
X2.3 Each line has the equation: Tij 5 mi21~Wij 2 Wi0! 1 Ti0 (X2.5)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Points (T10,W10), and (T11,W11) are the two known temperature-viscosity points for blend component 1. f1 is the blend fraction of component 1.
Points (T20,W20) and (T21,W21) are the two known temperature-viscosity points for blend component 2. f2 is the blend fraction of component 2.
In general, points (Ti0,Wi0) and (Ti1,Wi1) are the two known temperature-viscosity points for blend component i. fi is the blend fraction of component i.
TB is the (transformed) temperature at which the viscosity of the blend is sought.
WB is the calculated (transformed) viscosity of the blend at temperature TB.
FIG. X2.1 Schematic Illustration of Wright Blending Method
TiL 5 mi21 ~WL 2 Wi0!1 Ti0 (X2.6) and similarly for temperature TU.
and likewise for viscosity WU.
X2.11 Now, two temperature-viscosity points are known
X2.9 The Wright Blending Method combines temperatures for the blend, (TBL, WL) and (TBU, WU). These are substituted
at a given viscosity as a weighted average. The temperature at into Eq X2.2 to determine the viscosity of the blend at the
which the blend has viscosity WL is: required temperature:
n
TBL 5
( ~fiTiL!
i51
n (X2.7)
S
WU 2 W L
BU BL
D
WBj 5 T 2 T ~TBj 2 TBL! 1 WL (X2.9)
( fi
i51 X2.12 A few pages of algebra gives:
where the sum is over all components. There is a similar TB 1 ( fi ~mi21Wi0 2 Ti0!
equation for temperature TU, at which the blend has viscosity WBj 5 (X2.10)
WU.
( ~fimi21!
which is the fundamental equation for the Wright Blending
X2.10 Substituting equations Eq X2.6 into equation Eq Method.
X2.7 gives:
n n
WL ( ~fimi2 1! 2 i51
i51
( fi~mi21Wi0 2 Ti0!
TBL 5 n (X2.8)
( fi
i51
X3.1 This appendix gives a worked example of calculating W21 5 log[log~112 1 0.7 1 exp~21.47 21.84 112 2 0.51 1122!!#
the expected viscosity of a blend of components, using the 5 log[log~112.70!# 5 0.3122 (X3.4)
Wright Blending Method. T10 5 log[80 1 273.15] 5 log[353.15] 5 2.5480
T11 5 log[40 1 273.15] 5 log[313.15] 52.4958 (X3.5)
X3.2 Base stock A has kinematic viscosities at 80C and
40C of, respectively, 5 mm2/s and 30 mm2/s. Base stock B has T20 5 log[100 1 273.15] 5 log[373.15] 5 2.5719 (X3.6)
kinematic viscosities at 100C and 35C of, respectively, 12 T21 5 log[35 1273.15] 5 log[308.15] 5 2.4888 (X3.7)
mm2/s and 112 mm2/s. What is the expected viscosity at 50C TB 5 log[50 1 273.15] 5 log[323.15] 5 2.5094 (X3.8)
of a 60:40 blend of A and B?
X3.4 Calculate the inverse slope for each component:
X3.3 Transform the viscosity-temperature data: ~2.4958 2 2.5480! 2 0.0522
m21
1 5 5 0.2939 5 20.1776 (X3.9)
W10 5 log[log~5 1 0.7 1 exp~21.47 2 1.84 5 2 0.51 5 !!# 2 ~0.1724 2 ~20.1216!!
5 log[log~5.70!# 5 20.1216 (X3.1) 1 ~2.4888 2 2.5719! 20.0831
m2
2 5 5 0.2693 5 20.3087
2 ~0.3122 2 ~20.0429!!
W11 5 log[log~30 1 0.7 1 exp~21.47 2 1.84 30 2 0.51 30 !!#
(X3.10)
5 log[log~30.70!# 5 0.1724 (X3.2)
W20 5 log[log~12 1 0.7 1 exp~21.47 21.84 12 2 0.51 122!!# X3.5 Calculate the transformed viscosity of the blend at
5 log[log~12.70!# 5 0.0429 (X3.3) 50C:
WBj 5
TB 1 ( fi ~m21
i Wi0 2 Ti0 !
(X3.11)
( ~fim21i !
X3.6 Calculate the untransformed viscosity of the blend at 5 30.87 2 exp[2 0.7487 2 101.7288 1 583.2533 2 9396.4553]
50C: 5 30.87 2 exp[2 8916] 5 ~30.87 2 0! 5 30.87
WB 0.1759
Z8B 5 10 5 10 5 1.499 (X3.12) and the predicted viscosity of the blend at 50C is 30.87
ZB 5 10 Z8B
2 0.7 5 10 1.499
2 0.7 5 ~31.57 2 0.7! 5 30.87 mm2/s.
(X3.13)
NOTE X3.1The inverse problem is worked in Appendix X4.
vB 5 30.87 2 exp[2 0.7487 2 3.295~30.87! 1 0.6119~30.87!2
2 0.3193~30.87!3# (X3.14)
target blend viscosity, using the Inverse Wright Blending 2 log[log~5.7!#! 1 log~273.15 1 80! (X4.1)
Method.
X4.2 Base stock A has kinematic viscosities at 80C and
TA,31 5 S ~2.5480 2 2.4958!
~2 0.1216 2 0.1724!D ~0.1764 2 ~2 0.1216!! 1 2.5480
(X4.2)
40C of, respectively, 5 mm2/s and 30 mm2/s. Base stock B has
kinematic viscosities at 100C and 35C of, respectively, 12
mm2/s and 112 mm2/s. What are the relative proportions of A
TA,31 5 S
~0.0522!
~2 0.2939! D
02979 1 2.5480
5 2 0.0529 1 2.5094
and B to make a blend viscosity of 31 mm2/s at 50C? 5 2.4950 (X4.3)
X4.3 Calculate the temperature at which base stock A has a and tA,31= 39.48C, although it is not necessary to untrans-
viscosity of 31 mm2/s: form this temperature.
TA,60 5 S
~0.0831!
~2 0.2693! D
0.1335 1 2.5719 and the blend fraction of base stock A is 60 %. The blend
fraction of base stock B is (1 fA) = 40 %, and this calculation
5 20.0412 1 2.5719
5 2.5307 (X4.6)
agrees, within rounding, with the result in Appendix X3.
X5.1 This appendix gives a worked example of calculating X5.4 Add the transformed viscosities, weighted by the
the expected viscosity of a blend, given the component blend fractions:
properties and blending fractions, using the ASTM Blending WBlend 5 0.25WA 1 0.75WB
Method. 5 0.25~20.0830!10.75~20.0271!
5 8.1220.7
WA 5 log[log~6 10.7!# 5 0.0830 (X5.1) 5 7.42 (X5.4)
WB 5 log[log~8 10.7!# 5 0.0271 (X5.2) NOTE X5.1The inverse problem is worked in Appendix X6.
X6.1 This appendix gives a worked example of calculating WBlend 5 log[log~7.4 1 0.7! 5 20.0417 (X6.3)
the expected blend fractions for two components to meet a
target blend viscosity, using the Inverse ASTM Blending X6.4 Calculate the predicted blend fraction of component
Method. A:
X6.2 Base stock A has kinematic viscosity at 100C of 6 ~WBlend 2 WB!
fA 5 (X6.4)
mm2/s. Base stock B has kinematic viscosity at 100C of 8 ~ WA 2 W B !
mm2/s. What are the blending fractions required to make a ~2 0.0417! 2 ~2 0.0271! 2 0.0146
blend with a viscosity of 7.4 mm2/s at 100C? fA 5 5 5 0.26 (X6.5)
~2 0.0830! 2 ~2 0.0271! 2 0.0559
X6.3 Transform the base stock viscosities, using Eq 3. and the blend fraction of component A is 26 %. By subtrac-
WA 5 log[log~6 1 0.7!# 5 20.0830 (X6.1) tion, the blend fraction of component B is 74 %. This agrees,
WB 5 log[log~8 1 0.7!# 5 20.0271 (X6.2)
within rounding, with the result in Appendix X5.
Subcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D7152051) that may impact the use of this standard.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/
COPYRIGHT/).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---