1.

Define Artificial Intelligence

Systems that think like humans: the automation of activities we associate with human
thinking such as decision-making, problem solving, learning
The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when
performed by people (Kurtzweil): eg. Passing the turing test.
The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act (Winston): view
grounded in logic how can knowledge be represented logically, how can a system draw
deductions
The branch of computer science that is concerned with automation of intelligent behaviour
(luger and stubblefield): The Intelligent agent approach the agent perceives, acts,
emphasis on rational behaviours e.g. shake someones hand.

2. What are the main applications of Artificial Intelligence

To allow rational agents to act autonomously in a situation to maximise progress toward
goals

3. What is an agent in Artificial Intelligence

Anything that can perceive and act, including a human, a program, a robot

4. How many types of agents are there in artificial intelligence and what are they
Five types:
Simple reflex agents
Model based reflex agents
Goal based agents
Utility based agents
Learning agents

5. What actions will an agent take to achieve its goal

6. Initial state, actions or successor functions S(x) set of action-state pairs, mapping possible
actions, goal test, path cost (sums of distances, numbers of actions executed etc, tracked to
maximise or minimise values.
7. Is there something as an omniscient agent
No. Rationality is not the same as perfection
8. What is the meaning of the Task Environment of an Agent
The tast environment includes the performance measure, the external environment,
actuators and sensors. These may be fully or partially observable, single agent or multi
agent, deterministic or stochastic, episodic/sequential, static/dynamic, discrete or
continuious, known or unknown
9. What is an exploration problem
An extreme version of a partially observable environment where the states and actions of
the environment are unknown and the agent must act to discover them
10. How do you describe an agent that interleaves computation and action
Non-deterministic/partially observable. Used when the environment is partially observable
and carrying out actions and observing results is favourable to waiting for meaningful
observations. When the uncertainty is caused by another agent this is called adversarial
problem
11. What is a problem generator. Where can it be applied?
 Problem generator is a component of a learning system that suggests actions that will lead
to new and informative experiences.
12. What can we say about the state space of a problem
State space is where successive configurations (states) of an instance are considered with
the result of finding a goal state with a desired property.
13. Describe how a problem solving agent will arrive at its solution
14. Initial state, actions or successor functions S(x) set of action-state pairs, mapping possible
actions, goal test, path cost (sums of distances, numbers of actions executed etc, tracked to
maximise or minimise values.
15. E.g. a tile puzzle.
16. Why is abstraction useful in problem solving
Abstraction: the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. Related to state-space.
Allows us to capture the essence of a problem and represent this computationally to return
relevant useful real-world solutions,.
17. What do we mean by the knowledge based approach to agents intelligence?
Agent uses a knowledge base a set of statements and rules (if-then pairs) to do induction
and then arrive at a conclusion based on facts/knowledge and the rules
18. What are the main differences between an axiom and a normal sentence in a Knowledge
Base?
Axioms are phrases which are assumed to be universally true the equivalent of common
sense that other assumptions may be made from. Axioms do not need to be derived from
other sentences
19. What are the main actions taken by a knowledge based agent program when it is executed
Tells the knowledge base what it perceives, asks what action to perform, Tells the KB what
action was chosen
20. What approach will a knowledge-based agent take to build a system
Will attempt to draw logical conclusions from available information
21. How do you describe a sentence with correct syntax in logic?
X + Y = 4 follow the rules of the specified language
22. What do you call an inference algorithm that can derive any sentence that it is entailed?
Complete
23. What is the mechanism that bridges the real environment and the logical reasoning
processes of an agent?
grounding