Parameter Estimation of Single-phase Induction Machines

AdisaA. Jimoh Obasohan Omozusi, Olorunfemi Ojo

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Durban-Westville Tennessee Technological University
Durban 4000, South Africa Cookeville, TN 38505, U.S.A.

Abstract: This paper proposes experimental and analytical
technique, which overcomes the shortcomings of the existing
methods for estimating the parameters of single-phase induction
machines. The parameters estimated with the new technique have
led gemrally to better and qualitative prediction of the steady
state and dynamic behavior of the machine.
I. INTRODUCTION
Without controversy, single-phase induction machines are the
most wi.dely used electric machines in home appliances and in
applications requiring less than 5 kW, thus consuming a
signdcant percentage of electricity generated in the world. The
need to improve motor efficiency through design and improved
control :has spurned renewed interest in the determination of the
parameters of single-phase machines especially considering the
influence of saturation and the non-negligible core loss due to
time-varyingflux linkages and harmonic fields.
Lqrespectively. The stator per phase winding resistances for
the main and auxiliary windings is rqsand r& respectively. Nd is
the effective number of turns of the auxiliary winding and N, is
that corresponding to the main winding. Nd,. which is the ratio
of Nd to N,, is the turns ratio, and Nqd is its reciprocal. Note
that all 'prime' quantities are referred to the stator.
Since the state variables are changing with time even at
steady state, harmonic balance technique is utilized to transform
equations (1-4) to a form that makes the transformed state
variables to be constant at steady-state [SI. After
transformation, the steady-state equations become:

So far most techniques set forth in the literature use the

revolving field concepts and there appears to be problems with
Figure 1 shows the d-q steady-state equivalent circuits for the
account mg for saturation effects and including core loss effects
single-phase machine. Resistances RI"', and R,ndare added to
in the equivalent circuits [ 1-41, The inaccuracy introduces by
the circuits to account for core loss. Consequently,
ignoring these components could be quite significant,
partididy in machmes fed &om power electronics converters.
The experimental and analysis technique proposed in this
paper has produced consistent parameter estimates, which have
proven accurate in the steady-state and dynamic prediction and
in the generation of motor waveforms.

11. MACHINE MODEL

The tl-q electrical equations of a single-phase induction

machine:,in the stationary reference frame, are given as [5]

Figure 1 : The q-d equivalent circuit of single-phase induction machine.

equations (5-8) become

where V,,, Vh are the voltages of the main and auxiliary
windings, respectively. The currents flowing into the main and
auxiliary windings are, respectively, I, and I&. The d-q stator
flux linkages are and h, while hf&and h', are the d-q rotor
flux linkages. The rotor per phase leakage inductance and
resistance are Lfl&and r'& for the d-axis, and Lflqrand rfqrfor the
q-axis. 'The d and q axes magnetizing inductances are k d and

0-78038-5293-9199 $10.00 0 1999 IEEE 326

 equations, which given the measured data, are solved to
determine the turns ratio Nqd and the following parameters: (1)
the d-q magnetizing inductances, (b) the rotor d-q resistances,
(c) the d-q stator and rotor leakage inductances, (d) the core
loss resistances, which vary with air gap flux linkage saturation.

Samples of these non-linear equations, whose full derivation

will be presented in the full paper, are:
111. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE

The main and auxiliary winding resistances are easily

measured using the DC tests while the other parameters are
estimated using the stand-still and synchronous speed tests. For
the experimental machine used the main winding resistance, rqs,
and the auxiliary winding resistance, rd,were obtained to be 1.1
C2 and 4.3 R respectively.

A. Stand-Still Test

With the rotor held down, a single-phase voltage source is

connected to the auxiliaty winding while the main winding is
opened. As the auxiliary winding voltage is incremented, the (27)
auxiliary winding input power, phase voltage and current, as where
well as the voltage across the main winding are measured. The
connections to the two windings are then reversed such that the
voltage source is connected to the main winding while the
auxiliary winding is opened. Main winding input power, phase
voltage and current, and the voltage at the terminals of the
auxiliary winding are measured as the main voltage is
increased. For the ?4 kW, 115 V, 7.8 A and 1725 rpm
experimental single-phase induction motor the results of this
test are as presented in table 1.

TABLE 1: STAND-STILL TEST WITH SUPPLY APPLIED TO (a) THE

AUXILIARY WINDING AND (b) THE MAIN WINDING.

Figure 6 gives some of the measured parameters as a function

of the peak input voltage for the % kW experimental single-
phase induction motor. The influence of input voltage
magnitude (airgap flux linkage saturation) on the parameters
are evidenced. Both the magnetizing inductances and core loss
resistances increase at low flux llnkage level and later decrease
as the machine goes into saturation. The sum of the d-q axis
stator and rotor leakage inductances decreases with increase in
terminal voltage due to redistribution of flux linkage.
B. Synchronous Test
; 0.2, I
I I I I
0 1 8 I I
The above described test is repeated with the rotor running at 0 1 6
/-"t-
I I I
the synchronous speed. The rotor is driven by a PWM inverter
1 :.::
E

to ensure that the rotor slip is zero. The results of this test for
the experimental machine will be presented in the full paper. E 0 1

IV. PARAMETERS

The operating conditions of the tests described above are

such that the equivalent circuit and the model equations (9-12)
are modified accordingly, resulting in sets of nonlinear

327
 E
c 3 5 0I , ,
0
300

250

~ 200
E
3 5 0

1 0 0
I I I I
50 1 0 0 1 5 0 200

I 1 I I I I
5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 20@
v o l t a l e ( V i

(c> I. Simulation 11. Experiment

Figure 2 : Experimentally determined parameters of a % kW single-phase
induction motor. (a) d-q magnetizing inductances, (b) d-q core loss resistances, Figure 4 : Simulated waveforms of a single-phasegenerator feeding an
(c) sum ofd-qaxis leakage inductances. impedance load. (a) Load voltage, (b) main winding current.

V. PERFORMANCE PREDICTION
Figure 7 shows measured steady-state performance
characteristics of a single-phaseinductionmotor for two levels
of input voltages. These measured results are compared in the
figure with calculated results obtained using the model
parametixs determined from the procedure set forth above.
Figure: 8 further shows simulated steady-state waveforms of
the machine acting as a generator with the load connected to the
main winding. It is seen in both figures 7 and 8 that simulation
results based on estimated parameter compare well with
experimental results.
3- 1
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The full paper will detail the derivation of the equivalent
circuit model including core loss resistance and the sets of
nonlinear equations that are numerically solved to determine the
parameters. More experimental results, including those of the
steady-state and transient characteristics of the machine, will be
presented in the full paper to further confrm the integrity of the
techmques proposed.
The parameter estimation technique set forth is generally
applicable, and therefore can be extended to find utility in the
parameter estimation of doubly fed three-phase electric
machines and in others with two or more ports.

REFERENCES

1. F. W. Shur, Towards an accurate evaluation of single-phase induction

motor constants, Trans. on AIEE, part 3, Power Apparatus and Systems,
vol. 71, January 1952, pp. 221-227.
2. C. G. Veinott, Segregation of losses in single-phase induction motors,
Trans.on NEE, vol. 54, December 1935, pp. 1302-1306.
3. M. Poloujadoff and W. R. Perera, A contribution to the 1975-1976
single-phase motor calculation and test project, Trans. on IEEE Power
Apparatus and Systems, vol. 101, March 1982, pp. 592-601.
4. C. Van der Merwe and F. S . Van der Merwe, A study of methods to
measure the parameters of single-phase induction motors, IEEE Trans.
on Energy Conversion,vol. 10, no. 2, June 1995, pp. 248-253.
5. 0. Ojo and I. Bhat, An analysis of single-phase self-excited induction
generator: Model development and steady-state calculations, IEEE
Trans. on Energy Conversion,vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 254-260, June 1995.

Figure 7:Measured and calculated performance characteristics of a single-

phase motor. (a) Output torque, @) input power factor, (c) efficiency, (d) input
main current.

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