APPLIED ECONOMICS

Module Instructor: Maria Emmanouilidou

Module code: GRK4011
Module Level: 4
Student Name:

PESTEL ANALYSIS PRODUCTS OF MILLING INDUSTRY (cn11)

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Abstract

The Milling industry is one of the most profitable and competitive ones at an EU level.
In particular, in some countries like Greece, it is the most active sector in terms of export-
import activities, employment and revenue. Milling products depend on the supply and
demand of raw material- grains and seeds as well, so, as a result, their production,
distribution and export is highly impacted by their availability. Multiple factors can
affect both- Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal it is
not a contingency that PESTLE, the acronym of the above is used systematically as a
tool to explain the external environment in which the countries and firms operate, to be
able to come up with to-the-point conclusions. This paper will attempt exactly such as
task, with an adequate analysis and a presentation of contemporary data for products of
the milling industry.

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Table of contents
........................................................................................................................................ 1
Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 2
Table of contents ............................................................................................................ 3
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4
2. PESTEL analysis ....................................................................................................... 5
2a. Theoretical framework of PESTEL analysis ........................................................ 5
2b. Milling products PESTEL analysis ...................................................................... 6
3. Milling products- analysis: dynamics and challenges ............................................. 10
...................................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 15
References .................................................................................................................... 17

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1. Introduction

The economy of Greece is one of these typical cases where the heavy industry is absent
and the greatest activity occurs in areas such as service provision and commerce. In fact,
most of the main central strategies on behalf of the state with a focus on achieving
sustainable growth is to promote and expand tourism, the Greek heavy industry which
is the sector that has the most significant impact on the boosting of the economy, its GDP
and economic growth (Sigala, 2003, p. 375-401)
This is closely related to the fact that, from 1960s afterwards, Greece has gone through
radical political, economic and social reforms, leaving the economy largely
deindustrialized and the rural areas almost abandoned, as a result of urbanization and
internal migration. However, it is rather unorthodox and irrational for a country to solely
invest on a particular economic goal and to ignore the rest of its productive capabilities.
The primary and secondary sectors, are equally important for the populations well-being
and to secure the countrys self-sufficiency, even though they are rather underdeveloped
and not as profitable as the third. The latter was only recently realized in Greece,
particularly after 2008, when the crisis struck and tourism showed a big decline, leaving
the country in uncertainty and forcing its government to reevaluate the potentials of its
industry and rural parts (Chorianopoulos, 2014, pp. 133-143).
The milling industry in particular, along with the dairy is vital for the economy as it not
only provides with production of goods of necessity, but has an important contribution
to exporting activities. The milling industry, is mainly associated with the production of
goods that derive from the processing of grains, wheat and seeds. Notably, it has
remained important even though after the economic integration, with the European
Union, particularly post-1997, it has significantly deteriorated (Baltas & Baltas, 2003, p.
7).
At EU levels, the milling industry employs 120k people and uses 200 million tones of
raw material from over 1 million farmers (400k farms), generating a total revenue of 70
billion euros. Compared just 165 in the USA, the EU has 3.800 mills. The USA produce
20 million tones of flour annually (120 k tones per mill) while the EU produces 35
million (9.200 tones per mill). Those figures reveal that there is a large disparity between
the EU and the USA, so, there is a pressing need for the Union to increase its effectivity
and productivity to become more competitive in the international market (European

4
Flour Millers Association, 2016, http://www.dsm-fms.ch/wp-
content/uploads/2016/06/europeanflourmillersannualreport2016.pdf).

2. PESTEL analysis

2a. Theoretical framework of PESTEL analysis

When trying to presenting with a thorough analysis on the possibilities and limitations
of enterprises active in a particular sector, an introduction should be made that includes
the developments, risk factors and prevailing conditions in a given environment, internal
and external. The external environment has to do, mostly, with six main axes, which are
the (P)olitical, (E)conomic, (S)ocial, (T)echnological, (E)nvironmental and (L)egal
environment, giving the acronym PESTLE. A PESTLE analysis may not be a panacea,
but is certainly useful to measure and evaluate the factors that affect the macro-
environment in which companies of a given sector operate. (Yksel, 2012, p. 54).
A very effective strategy when it comes to presenting a complete PETLE analysis that
covers all relevant aspects, is to include several factors and subfactors and measure their
impact. Diagrammatically, the analysis can be based on the following step-by-step
process:

political factors (POL)

economic factors (ECO)

social factors (SOC)

technological factors (TEC)

legal factors (LEG)

environmental factors (ENV)

Figure 1, PESTLE

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For each of those categories, different subfactors can be identified and discussed
(Yksel, 2012, p. 52-56). For the milling industry, the following can be noted
(indicatively):

2b. Milling products PESTEL analysis

PESTEL MILLING INDUSTRY:

POL Political relationships
Regional politics
Local politics
Lobbying
EU relations
Political upheavals
Institutional distrust
ECO National GDP
(non) existence of incentives for investments
Monetary policies
External funding
Competition (national-regional-local level)
Raw material cost
SOC Local lifestyle
Civic engagement
Education level and expertise
Democratic culture and ethics
TEC European and national investments on research and development (R &
D)
Patents and hybrids
Adaptability to technological progress
Manufacturing technology
ENV Public safety and health
Urbanization levels and pollution
Risk management (national disasters, accidents etc.)
Green politics and issues

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 LEG EU regulations
International and regional treaties
Consumer and producers rights
Degree of implementation of laws
Figure 2, PESTLE MILLING

The aforementioned factors can be interrelated both between the different categories (i.e.
SOC and LEG ones) as well as within the same category. In general, those factors apply
for all EU countries and for all companies and industries active in manufacturing of
goods (Yksel, 2012, p. 52-56 and European Flour Millers, 2016). This fact is visible
when attempting a discussion on each, as follows:

POLITICAL

Since 2008, the EU is undergoing a crisis that is something much more severe than a
simple situation of economic instability- it is a systemic crisis, one of values, institutional
trust and power. It becomes, then, clear, that this will come to reflect upon the polity, as
the state finds itself incapable of ensuring the respect of human rights, civil rights and
the rule of law. This results to the occurrence of tensions at all societal levels and at
political upheavals that affect the market economy and its proper function. Policy
making is even more difficult due to the existence of variable factors that are, all,
interrelated- for instance, the inefficacy of governments throughout the EU to deal with
the humanitarian crisis can inflict an overall situation of anomy and tension. Such
environments are never stable (political instability) so economic insecurity also occurs-
for instance, the stimuli for investments, funding on research and development etc. are
limited, so the political tensions lead to social, economic, social and technological ones
(Nicoladis, 2013, p. 351-369).
It has to be noted that with the welfare state failing and the institutional capability
challenged, European integration becomes an unreachable target. Since all EU member
states are interconnected and interdependent and whose wellbeing and progress depends
on the success of the monetary union, what really happens is that all member states are,
maybe not equally, but considerably at least, less competitive in the global market and
more vulnerable to market instabilities. Once again, the interrelation between the factors
and subfactors is confirmed (Duke, 2002).

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ECONOMIC

In Greece there are several small and medium size enterprises active in the milling
industry. Most of them produce as well as process wheat, semolina and other grains and
seeds as well as their sub-products such as bran, grouts etc. Most of their production is
used by local customers and markets or larger food-production companies active all over
the country, such as bakeries, factories and fast-food chains (Organization of Greek
Millers, http://www.oae.gr/index.php/genika). When it comes to the EU, with regard to
the manufacturing sector, food and beverage production is one of the most productive,
covering 12% of the activities, contrary to Greece where it reaches a 25%. In Greece, at
the same time, the majority of the workers who work in manufacturing (28%) are also
employed in firms that are active in the food and beverage market, bringing the sector at
the forefront (IOBE, 2015).
Despite that the manufacturing sector still retains some of its dynamics, it is interesting
to discuss the overall problematic situation of the economy as a whole. In the formerly
powerful Eurozone, the member states experience phenomena such as uncontrolled
fluctuation of prices, unemployment, national debt and loss of accountability. As a result,
the European states are now more exposed that ever since the formation of the European
Union, to external hazards and competition (Bengtsson, 2011, p. 567-580). This
interdependency of markets is obvious in all aspects of milling production. For instance,
starting from supply, global instances can dramatically affect the function of the
economy. This is made clearer in the discussion that follows when it comes to the
environmental factors.

SOCIAL

Of course, all the above mentioned factors affect the society at large. If democratic
stability, the rule of law and the protection of citizens are questioned, then, inevitably,
this will affect the social wellbeing too. At the same time, each group has its own culture
and lifestyle, factors that influence the function and success of the market. Globalization
is not yet as complete as thought and many countries demand special approaches when
it comes to the societal challenges they face. The fact that lifestyle, tradition, morality
etc. can affect a whole sector can be realized, for instance, by the existence of certain
trends like veganism or obsession with gluten free products, trends that come and go but,
8
for a certain period of time, affect those active in the sectors that deal with manufacturing
of particular products (Nofsinger, 2005, p. 144-160).

TECHNOLOGICAL

Investment and funding are vital for the progress of technology. The more
underdeveloped or exposed to risk a country is, the less possible it is for it to be able to
overcome the barriers that are related to financing Research and Development (R & D),
the two core aspects that allow technological innovation and advancements. R & D is,
however, crucial for any state that wishes to join the global market as an equal and to
ensure its compatibility and dynamic presence (Laws, Harper & Jones, 2013).
Technology can include from patents to innovations and from adaptability to
application of best practices from around the globe. A crucial aspect that involves both
TEC, SOC, LEG and ENV is the development of antibiotics, medicines, hybrids etc. The
discussions on bioethics and on the impact of interfering to the natural processes
through testing new breeds of grains and seeds and experimentations, can, therefore,
touch upon issues of public health, social security, environmental safety and legal
protection all at the same time (Dove & zdemir, 2014, p. 20-23).
Other areas may include green technologies connecting the POL (as initiative is
necessary), the LEG (green politics are usually regulated through international treaties
etc.) and, of course, the ENV and TEC. Sustainable energy, for instance, will be
beneficiary for the ECO, as there will be a reduction of cost and an increase of profit
which will then act in favor of the society (SOC) and will impact on the POL since it is
proven that in societies with a good level of economic progress, governance is easier,
there are higher degrees of public trust, as well as more economic, social and political
stability (Caselli & Tesei, 2016, p. 573-590).

LEGAL

The legal dimension, LEG, is closely related to both the SOC and the POL and has to do
with regulations, norms and procedures, as well as other relevant issues. In the EU, most
of the framework around milling production is regulated through European law/treaties,
programs, strategic initiatives, regional policies etc. The member states have to follow
strict rules when it comes to agricultural production and manufacturing and in supply of
9
material. This becomes significant in trade activities too, as no member state has full
liberty of choosing upon either upon from whom they will import or to whom they will
export either raw or processed material (goods). Instead, this decision is being made at a
central level based on the overall economic and developmental targets of the EU
monetary union. Factors such as international relations, diplomacy and prospects for a
future cooperation with certain partners are also taken into account. So, trade becomes a
tool for diplomacy and expansion too, as often, too proceed with a tighter cooperation,
the EU demands that the country follows its standards (in technological, social, political
and other areas) and uses it to prepare a country for a future membership in the Union
(Dr, Baccini & 2014, p. 353-375).

3. Milling products- analysis: dynamics and challenges

International competition includes, as mentioned, the USA, South America, Eastern-

European Countries, the largest producer globally, China, and various other countries in
Asia. Russia, one of the most competitive countries in market of milling products and
subproducts has recently decided upon approaching the EU. As a result, since 2015, the
Russian Union of Flours, Mills and Cereal Plants has joined the European Flour Millers
Association. At EU levels, the challenges vary from the maintenance of a good quality-
quantity ration, to increasing food safety to reducing the production cost. In detail, the
key priorities and the proposed measures are (European Flour Millers Association, 2016,
http://www.dsm-fms.ch/wp-
content/uploads/2016/06/europeanflourmillersannualreport2016.pdf). :

1. Safety :
- Protection of consumers rights (LEG)
- Setting a maximum limit for alkaloids (LEG, TEC, ENV)
- Researching and testing alternative cleaning methods (TEC, ENV)
- Decreasing cross-contamination (TEC, ENV)
- Applying EU standards and asking for expert opinions and recommendations
(POL, LEG)

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2. Competitiveness:

- Changes in labeling standards to reduce waste (expiry dates, origin etc.) (LEG)
- Investigating best practices on an EU level (POL, LEG)
- Asking for NGO opinion and support (POL, LEG)
- Expanding transatlantic trade (POL, ECO, LEG)
- Providing with weekly updates of market-related information (POL, ECO)

When it comes to the milling industrys, as said, it is dependent on production and

supply-demand of raw material as well as on import, mostly from the EU. In this section,
it is confirmed that a PESTEL analysis on milling products globally has to take into
consideration a vast majority of factors. Thus, the focus on the international dimension
and the conditions globally that affect both the supply and the production and demand in
Greece is necessary.
A clear example can be presented when studying the data derived by the Hellenic
Ministry of Agriculture, during 2016 2017, on how certain conditions affect the the
global production of crops. In an elaborate report, the Ministry explained that production
of corn has increased by 9 million tones so, especially in the countries of the G20, there
is an estimated increase of demand of cereals and relevant milling products by at least
3% for each case. At the moment, South America, mostly Argentina and Brazil, the USA,
Russia and Ukraine share the largest share of production and export of milling products.
(http://www.minagric.gr/images/stories/docs/agrotis/Dimitriaka/newsletter_dimitriaka1
216.pdf). This is also, then indicative of how environmental factors impact on the
economy and how, on its turn, the economic affects the political etc.
When it comes to the EU, since May 2016, its countries produce more CN11 products
which has led to a decrease of imports from Russia and Ukraine and the overall amount
of import of, i.e. corn suitable for human and animal consumption, went from 11.7
million tones in May 2nd 2015 to 9.7 in May 2nd 2016. Estimations for 2018 are that the
stock in such products will be 13.4 million tones contrary to 12.6 for 2017 due to the
general success in the cultivation of the crops and in exporting, despite the deficiencies
in infrastructure during the same year. The importance that they EU and the rest of the
G20 give on milling production is indicative of the overall significance of the sector for
the economies of the member states.

11
(http://www.minagric.gr/images/stories/docs/agrotis/Dimitriaka/newsletter_dimitriaka1
216.pdf).
Globally, CN11 production is crucial. Data reveals that the consumption of
cereals/milling products is higher than the production, which also leads to price increases
and makes the need for innovation and application of new technologies to increase
productivity more pressing, i.e. for 2013 (CANIMOLT, figures,
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-140408162707-phpapp01/95/what-the-milling-
baking-industries-will-need-from-wheat-in-2025-8-638.jpg?cb=1396974563). :

Figure 3, world situation, wheat

EU-wide, for 2015,

http://www.cairn.info/loadimg.php?FILE=ECOI/ECOI_087/ECOI_087_0089/ECOI_id
PAS_D_ISBN_pu2001-03s_sa05_art05_img004.jpg. :

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Figure 4, EU modified products, report, 2013

The European Starch Industry have estimated that:

The production of starch has reached 10.7 million tones in 2016 compared to 8.7
million in 2004.
The total consumption in the Union is 9.3. million tones: 61% for human
consumption, 1% livestock, 38% industrial use.
Only 26% of the starches are native, 19% are modified and 55% are starch
sweeteners. (Starch Europe, 2016, https://www.starch.eu/european-starch-
industry/).

It is interesting that, for the EU, even there was a rapid increase in the amount of
production, this was not reflected on the value of corps. That fact reveals the degree of
external competition (Trademark, 2017,
http://www.trademap.org/tradestat/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|||||11|||2|1|1|
2|2|1|2|1|):

explain those figures more thoroughly one can also compare them with the data from
the UN Statistics Division on Trade (2016, https://comtrade.un.org/db/).

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 Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported
HS4 Exporters value in value in value in value in value in
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1, World 18,466,071 19,405,084 19,681,971 18,185,775 17,289,293
1. Germany 1,525,123 1,668,351 1,781,493 1,578,743 1,624,415
2. Thailand 1,180,099 1,328,655 1,456,406 1,374,005 1,306,445
3. Turkey 1,020,558 1,113,873 1,126,375 1,176,203 1,283,235
4. Belgium 1,080,226 1,184,609 1,376,580 1,150,829 1,177,989
5. France 1,452,976 1,619,969 1,462,597 1,149,933 1,157,942
6. Canada 835,348 854,488 921,124 906,365 908,311
United States of
7. 955,146 912,462 936,165 886,705 880,174
America
8. Netherlands 829,985 886,336 886,498 736,103 713,617
9. China 602,329 610,519 612,292 589,678 565,431
10. Australia 705,654 743,056 704,326 610,818 544,414
11. Kazakhstan 619,361 587,983 574,904 499,819 518,278
12. Argentina 767,614 426,831 526,663 534,155 480,545
13. United Kingdom 486,322 491,502 478,496 426,194 427,887
14. Italy 310,350 352,384 343,831 322,157 340,403
15. Viet Nam 856,928 790,152 819,933 1,001,369 331,565
16. Spain 295,153 306,742 290,484 274,546 280,638
17. Poland 195,325 227,056 203,916 195,194 252,748
18. Russian Federation 157,829 164,551 182,754 261,679 242,966
19. India 218,119 319,130 305,476 295,931 228,226
20. Denmark 222,435 234,444 254,021 221,576 220,021
21. Austria 208,903 219,624 253,027 208,054 215,154
22. South Africa 221,061 250,362 219,971 183,368 198,752
23. Pakistan 263,190 227,190 212,144 336,018 187,365
24. Uruguay 216,488 228,470 202,526 132,159 162,872

Figure 5, value of CN11 trade, EU, 2012-6

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Conclusion

When it comes to the expectations and calculations of the EU with regard to the milling
industry, several remarks can be made. The European Flour Millers Association, in their
2016 report discuss various priorities of the industry. Using the abbreviations introduced
above, and, to confirm the previous assumptions made in the PESTEL analysis:
1. The main EU goal with regard to the advancement of the European CN11
product sector is to make it more competitive and innovative, while, at the same time,
taking into account food safety, health and nutrition (ECO, TEC, ENV).
2. Quality-wise, the priority is to improve its production through application of
research and development. The process shall be supported through lobbying, strict
monitoring and exchange of know-how between partners (POL, ECO, TEC, LEG).
3. Food safety will be assured by avoiding unnecessary or too excessive regulations
in the sector and by prioritizing the supply and purchase of raw materials that are of
optimal quality in the appropriate quantity at a good price. Focus should be given on
maintaining a minimum stock without ending-up with over-capacity, to ensure a balance
in export-import and supply-demand (POL, LEG, ECO) (European Flour Millers
Association Report, 2016, http://www.dsm-fms.ch/wp-
content/uploads/2016/06/europeanflourmillersannualreport2016.pdf).
Buhler company, in an elaborate strategic marketing plan, have noted the following
factors that should be taken into account when discussing the progress and potentials of
the milling industry (Kull, 2015, http://www.iaom.info/content/wp-
content/uploads/06mbuhler.pdf):

1. Societal trends:
- Based on 2015 estimations, the global demand on grains is increasing by 40 to
50 million tones on an annual basis.
- Energy demands, prices and needs in water supply increase rapidly.
- The global population is ageing and more health-conscious.

2. Sectoral trends:
- Peoples eating patterns (nutrition) change constantly and there is a turn towards
healthy and good quality food in great variety.
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- Increase in cultivations to meet the need for additional crops leads to increased
vulnerability of materials to disease and to decrease in land productivity. At the same
time, the increased energy demand leads to a rise in prices.

3. Quality and safety:

- Finishing of products.
- Less use of additives following legal requirements.
- Cleaning of raw material and equipment.
- Minimization of production cost with respect to safety and health regulations.
- Reduction in number and activity of bacteria.

4. Profitability:
- Maximization of yield.
- Increase of degree of purification.
- Investing on intelligence.
- Stabilization of process and consistency.
-
Summarizing, one can observe that there are great potentials for an expansion and
improvement of quality and performance for the milling products globally.

16
Reference

1) Baltas, N. K., & Baltas, N. C. (2003). Investment in the Processing of Agricultural

Products and Food in Greece. Nova Publishers.
2) Bengtsson, E. (2011). Repoliticalization of accounting standard settingThe IASB,
the EU and the global financial crisis. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 22(6), p.
567-580.
3) CANIMOLT, figures, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-140408162707-
phpapp01/95/what-the-milling-baking-industries-will-need-from-wheat-in-2025-8-
638.jpg?cb=1396974563).
4) Caselli, F., & Tesei, A. (2016). Resource windfalls, political regimes, and political
stability. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(3), 573-590.
5) Chorianopoulos, I., Tsilimigkas, G., Koukoulas, S., & Balatsos, T. (2014). The shift
to competitiveness and a new phase of sprawl in the Mediterranean city: Enterprises
guiding growth in MessoghiaAthens. Cities, 39, 133-143.
6) Dove, E. S., & zdemir, V. (2014). Glocal bioethics: when international IRB
collaboration confronts local politics. The American Journal of Bioethics, 14(5), 20-
23,
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15265161.2014.892178?journalCode
=uajb20.
7) Duke, S. (2002). The EU and crisis management. Development and Prospects,
European Institut of Public Administration, Maastricht,
http://www.eipa.nl/Publications/Summaries/01/2001_08.doc.
8) Dr, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2014). The design of international trade
agreements: Introducing a new dataset. The Review of International Organizations,
9(3), 353-375.
9) European Flour Millers. (2016). Annual report, http://www.dsm-fms.ch/wp-
content/uploads/2016/06/europeanflourmillersannualreport2016.pdf.
10) IOBE. (2015). Facts & Figures.
http://iobe.gr/docs/research/RES_01_7042016_REP_GR.pdf.
11) Kull D. (2015), http://www.iaom.info/content/wp-content/uploads/06mbuhler.pdf.

17
12) Laws, S., Harper, C., Jones, N., & Marcus, R. (2013). Research for development: A
practical guide. Sage.
13) Nicoladis, K. (2013). European demoicracy and its crisis. JCMS: Journal of
Common Market Studies, 51(2), 351-369.
14) Nofsinger, J. R. (2005). Social mood and financial economics. The Journal of
Behavioral Finance, 6(3), 144-160.
15) Sigala, M. (2003). Developing and benchmarking internet marketing strategies in
the hotel sector in Greece. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(4), 375-
401.
16) Starch Europe, (2016), https://www.starch.eu/european-starch-industry/.
17) Trademap, Country data (2017).
http://www.trademap.org/tradestat/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1|||||11|||2|
1|1|2|2|1|2|1|
18) UN Statistics Division on Trade (2016, https://comtrade.un.org/db/).
19) Yksel, . (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL
analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 52-65,
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/download/20058/14433.

18
 GREECE

Regarding, CN11 profitability, the Hellenic Ministry of Agriculture underlined the

importance of cereal and milling production globally. In the national reports, there were
several notes on how the dry spring in the EU or the increase of production in Ukraine
have affected the price and supply of raw material in the country. The last update on the
activities of the Greek milling industry when it comes to raw material (seeds and grains)
is based on data from 2015-6 and can be summarized in the Table below (for all types
of grains) (Figure 6 source:
http://www.minagric.gr/images/stories/docs/agrotis/Dimitriaka/isoz_sitira2015_20
16.pdf):

For the use of cereals and grains in Greece between 2015-6, the main data for the overall
production is presented below
(http://www.minagric.gr/images/stories/docs/agrotis/Dimitriaka/isoz_sitira2015_2016.
pdf):

Figure 6, http://www.minagric.gr/images/stories/docs/agrotis/Dimitriaka/isoz_sitira2015_2016.pdf.

2015-6 Import Import EU Total Export Export Total Existing Available Used Remaining
Third (in tones) import (inImport-export
Figure6, Third EU (inseeds
grains, export
GR stock usable stock (in stock (in
countries tones) countries tones) (in (last stock (in tones) tones)
(in tones) (in tones) tones) crop, in tones)
tones) including
2015-6
crops

Greece 670.292 1.036.063 1.706.355 17.729 226.088 243.817 348.300 3.183.756 4.647.442 347.152

Figure 6, cereal market, GR, 2016

Figure 7 describes the import-export ration in raw material for the milling industry in
Greece for the period 2015-6.

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2015-6 Available Human Planting (in Industrial use Livestock (in Waste (in
stock (in consumption tones) (in tones) tones) tones)
tones) (in tones)
Greece 5.238.411 1.300.100 185.393 0 3.069.000 29.505
Total use 4.891.259
(in tones)

(http://www.minagric.gr/images/stories/docs/agrotis/Dimitriaka/isoz_sitira2015_2016.
pdf)

Partner Title Trade Value

Germany $5,190,695,802

Italy $3,954,977,654

China $3,194,687,236

Russian Federation $3,119,205,290

Iraq $2,617,630,597

Other partners $29,517,838,840

Figure 8, Milling products, trade, GR, 2016

This data illustrates the main trading activities (import and export) between Greece and
other countries and shows that the majority of CN11 products (starches, malt, inulin etc.)
is distributed towards and from the EU (Germany and Italy), followed by China, Russia
and Iraq. This is indicative of how the situation is for the rest of the Mediterranean
counties and confirms the fact that China and Russia are the most competitive partners
in the market.

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