Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Self Inductance
An inductor is a circuit element that stores magnetic field. If the magnetic field is
changing, i.e. the current is changing, it will have an induced EMF across it with a
magnitude proportional to the rate of change of current:
di
=L
dt
As per Lenzs Law, the sign of the EMF is determined such that it opposes the change in
the magnetic flux through the device. When going from point a to point b on each
end of the device, the EMF is given by:
di
= V = Vb Va = L
dt
So it increases in going from one end of the device to the other if the current is decreasing
(and vice versa).
Examples
Inductance of Solenoid
N
For a solenoid, B = 0 ni where n is the number of turns per unit length n = .
A
di
= L
dt
NB
L=
i
L=
( nA )( BA) = ( nA )( 0 ni )( A) = n 2 AA
0
i i
L = 0 n 2V
Inductance of a Toroid
0 Ni
For a toroid, B =
2 r
The magnetic field is perpendicular to the radius vector from the center of the circular
toroid, thus it is parallel to the area vector through any radial slice across the toroid.
B = B dA = BdA
rb
B = Bhdr where h is the thickness of the toroid
ra
0 Ni r dr
2 r r
B =
b
h
a
Ni r
B = 0 h ln b
2 ra
N B 0 N 2 h rb
L= = ln
i 2 ra
Mutual Inductance
(to be filled in)
This work applied by the EMF source is the negative of the work done by the magnetic
field in setting up the EMF, and so this power directly changes the magnetic potential
energy of the setup:
W = U , so
dU
P=
dt
di
For a circuit containing only an inductor, this EMF is given by = L , so
dt
di dU
P = Li =
dt dt
dU = Lidi
U = Lidi
1 2
U= Li
2
This is the magnetic potential energy stored in an inductor. Contrast this to the electric
1 q2
potential energy stored in a capacitor: U = C ( V ) =
2
2 2C
U B2
u= =
V 2 0
This is a general equation beyond just a solenoid and represents the energy density stored
in a magnetic field. When combined with the electric field energy density, we have:
1 B2
u = 0E + 2
2 2 0
Lets compute the total stored energy in the solenoid used for the CMS experiment:
B = 4T, r =3m, l = 13 m
(4 T)
2
This is the most stored energy of any constructed magnet. Note that 1 ton TNT equivalent
is 4.2 109 J , so the energy stored in this magnet is equivalent to ton TNT! One must
be very carefully how this energy is dissipated