A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

Energy Conversion/Creation :
Mechanical to Electrical

B.Tech. (12th Semester, MLEP) in Mechanical Engineering i.e.

Degree Project Work.

Submitted By
RAVINDRA LANJEWAR NABEL KHAN

Guide & Co-ordinate by

Mr. R. K. Lohe

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University-Nashik
Study Center : Nagar Yuwak Shikshan Sanstha (NYSS)
Center Code : 44281
Atre Lay-Out Nagpur
2014
1
 CERTFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. PRN

No. B- has successfully completed a project "Energy
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy in partial
fulfillment of requirement for B.Tech. (12 th Semester,MLEP) in Mechanical
Engineering i.e. Degree Project Work.

Submitted By

RAVINDRA LANJEWAR NABEL KHAN

Signature With Date

Study Center Cordanater

R.K.Lohe

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Acknowledgement

2
 We are very happy for submitting the project report on
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy.
Completing a task is never a one-man effort. It is always a result of
invaluable contribution of a number of individuals in a direct or indirect
manner. The successful culmination of our efforts reminds us of our
debtless towards our venerated guide Prof. R.K.LOHE SIR for his
valuable guidance and thought provoking encouragement throughout the
project. He has given his valuable advice in the hour of need and
provided the requisite facilities for the completion of the project work. We
are grateful to Prof. R.K.LOHE SIR Program Co-coordinator of Y.C.M.O.U
study center NYSS Nagpur, for their valuable advises and facilities
provided by them, which paved the way of successful completion of this
project. We are taking this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to
Prof. R.K.LOHE SIR for providing us with required laboratory facilities and
cooperation offered to us from time to time. Last but not least we salute
with regard and esteem to all our friends and colleagues who directly and
indirectly helped us to complete our project successfully.
Submitted with regards.

***

PROJECTEE

INDEX

3
Sr. No. Chapter Name Page No.

1. Introduction: Introduction of a project 6

2. Objectives of the project: 8

Fabrication-magnetic generator
5. Working Principle 10
Preparing materials 18
Design & Development-1 31
6.
Photographic View 32
Design & Development-2 41
Parts used 42
7. Magnet Terminology 56

8. Advantages & Future Scopes 68

9. Applications 69

10. Results & Conclusion 70

11. Bills of Materials 73

12. References 74

Abstract

4
 Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. In
concept of the project is utilized the abundant mechanical energy available in
magnets, harness it effective work output. I am also need to bring the change
in energy utilization and trying to minimize the load on conventional energy
resources. Here I am trying to use magnets to charge battery and it will be
used in various applications.

This model can utilized in all the seasons there are various drawback in
non-conventional energy i.e. solar, wind which will cannot work all the time, but
my model will work all the time 24X7X365 day non stop. The magnetic energy
is used to rotate the wheels which are connected to permanent magnet
generator the magnetic energy thus trapped and converted to electricity.

5
Introduction

6
 Introduction
Conversion/Creation: Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. In
concept of the project is utilized the abundant mechanical energy available in
magnets. Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his
sustenance and wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years
ago. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted.
Proposal for the utilization of free energy from using magnets is very much
relevant and important for populated country like India. In this project I am
generating electrical energy by using the magnets. By using magnets &
generator we get energy from this method. This method is called magnetic
generator method in this method we get near 12 V voltages. This is more
convenient method to produce energy with no pollution.
Now we are living in a modern world. All the appliances need energy to
run. Without energy we cant do anything. Though our country is a developing
country, there is a shortage in power generation. Normally in most of the
developed country, they are using this type of magnetic generator in big size
for home appliances. But developing country like India it does not reach well.
Power cut is major problem in our country. To eliminate power cut we have to
go for this method. Some of the industries are using this method in large size.
This method plays major role because no use of fuel or energy we can
generate power. India like large country needs more energy when compared to
small country. But our power generation is low. So that our country cant give
24 hours power supply. That is what we are going for new methods to make
free energy.
My project is to design and fabricate the magnetic generator. This is very
cheapest way to make energy. Here magnets are used to drive the wheel. The
wheels are attached to generator which creates the power. This is portable and
small in size.
7
 Objectives of the project
Magnetic Power Generator - Generate Electricity

A magnetic power generator is basically a free energy generator. In

other words, it uses magnets and magnetic force to induce perpetual motion.
It runs by itself indefinitely without stopping, thus creating completely free
electrical energy, which can fully power your home for free. Perpetual motion
device refers to a machine that runs perpetually i.e. indefinitely, and produces
a larger amount of energy than it consumes. Thus, it produces free energy
indefinitely a runs by itself without having to need a third-party device or
resource to power it. The free energy devices have been suppressed by the
corporate world because such devices would allow people to create their own
energy for free, which would ultimately shut down the big energy
corporations. By constructing the magnetic power generator, you will be able
to generate completely free electric energy, i.e. creating energy without
needing any source of renewable or non-renewable energy. The generator
powers itself and creates energy by itself without requiring solar energy, heat,
water, coal or any kind of resource. This generator powers itself and works
indefinitely without stopping, creating a large amount of energy. Here are
some of the benefits that a magnetic power generator installation manual has:
It works in every home and requires only a small amount of space
You can eliminate your power bill by 50% or even completely, depending on
how you implement the magnetic generator
It works in all conditions and can work in extreme hot or cold without any
problem
The material needed to build the magnetic generator is cheap and easily
accessible anywhere in the world
The process has been simplified and the steps are easy to follow, so even a
complete novice would be able to follow them.
8
 The installation package contains a bonus chapter about the backgrounds
and history of this amazing device. A magnetic power generator can be
efficiently used to power your home with almost zero costs on your side. The
generator is eco-friendly and doesn't produce any harmful byproducts. It is
predicted that the technology will rapidly spread,
Generator will be the energy in the future.
Create cheaper and more environment friendly energy. Until that time comes,
you can use this technology at a very reasonable set-up cost.

Safe for use:

The magnetic power generator is a safe system for use and operates
well. It doesn't produce any harmful byproducts or gases, and there isn't any
hazard concerning the generator itself. Even if you have young children, they
may freely walk in the close vicinity of the generator. The magnetic power
generator is also a very eco-friendly solution because it doesn't pollute the
environment. The generator itself isn't flammable or combustible, so it's
completely safe

Saving money:
The amount you can save by building the magnetic power generator
can vary. If you decide to build the generator as a supplement to your current
electrical installation, i.e. partially power your household, you can easily save
anywhere in the range of 30-50%. This means that your power bill will reduce
by 30-50%.If you decide to implement a magnetic power generator on a full-
scale; it will independently power your household meaning that you won't
have to pay anything to the power company. The magnetic power generator
will work by itself perpetually and generate 100% free electric energy.

9
 Working
Principle

10
The Principle : Electricity Generation By Employing Repulsion
Magnetic Technique in Rotating Machines.

Law : Law of Conservation of Energy

i.e. Energy Cannot Be Created Not Destroyed It Can
Be Converted From One Form to Another.
Idea:
Fabrication of a Magnet mounted wheels with Bearing mounted hub. Which will
rotate due to repulsion and this wheel are to be connected to a dynamo which
give 12 v power.
The rotating machines are the heart of industries. This rotational energy along
with driving a load can be used as a source for free energy power generation
as a by- product. This paper proposes a novel technology to convert the
rotational free energy available from rotating machines to electrical energy
using repulsion magnet technique. The proposed technology employs the
theory of magnetic repulsion to utilize the free energy. The system uses
permanent magnets to produce repulsion and this repulsive force produces a
torque which drives a DC generator. The repulsive magnet disc consists of two
magnetic discs of which one is mounted in the rotating machine and the other
is connected to the DC generator. During driving a load, the rotating machine
on rotation rotates disc 1. The repulsion between the two magnets makes the
disc 2 to rotate which forms the mechanical input for DC generator. Thus the
free energy available is used for power generation by repulsion technique. The
power output from the DC generator can be stored in batteries or used to drive
any AC loads through an inverter. Thus the free energy can be effectively
utilized at no cost.

Keywords: Batteries, DC generator, Free energy, Inverter, Machines,

Magnetic repulsion.
11
 A repulsive-type Magnet mounted wheels system has been fabricated in
which the rotor of a horizontal -shaft-type motor is levitated due to the
repulsive force between two sets of permanent magnets. A novel
arrangement of permanent magnets has been reported here, which has made
the rotation of the rotor possible.
The system is planned to be applied for producing power up to 12 V and
10 Amp .

I. INTRODUCTION
The repulsive-type magnetic system has been employed so far in
bearing and levitation systems alone. Due to the scarcity of power generation,
much modern technique must be employed for power production in this world.
This proposed work states the new invention of producing free energy from
repulsive type magnetic system for power generation. The technique is very
effective and cost enough. This generated power can be used in all kind of
applications, specifically in this paper the generated power is fed to UPS. The
UPS is indispensable in the critical loads such as on-line system for banks,
life-supporting system, etc. This proposed work UPS are same. The input
source of the Voltage controlled voltage source inverters are widely used in
power supplies, power quality controllers, renewable energy, marine and
military applications. They are at the heart of applications requiring an AC
supply from a DC source. Therefore it is important that they are designed to
be robust and efficient, especially in remote areas and renewable energy
applications where inverter failure can cause inconvenience and the available
energy is limited. The design of inverters can be improved using software
packages suitable for this application. A repulsive-type magnet, usually the
rotor is levitated by the repulsive forces between stator and rotor permanent

12
magnets. The system is unstable in nature. The controlled Magnet is used to
keep the rotor in the desired position. The repulsive Magnet wheel system

has the advantages of using a smaller number of Magnets and

simplified control scheme compared to an active Magnet wheel system. The
advantages of using this system compared to mechanical in high-speed
motors are long life, frictionless and lubrication free operation, feasible
operation at high speed, etc. Many research papers have been published on
Magnet wheels using permanent magnets but the satisfactory performance of
this type of magnetic system is strongly dependent on the characteristics of
the permanent magnet and its configuration in the bearing system. Two
repulsive magnets in systems using permanent magnets for the levitation
were fabricated a few years back and their levitation and control performance
were compared. Due to aging and or as the magnets are repelling each other,
there will be demagnetization of the permanent magnet, resulting in the field
distribution along the magnets periphery non uniform, and this will affect the
performance of the system.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The repulsive-type Magnet wheel system for the vertical shaft machine is
shown in Fig. 1, and it was fabricated a few years back. The magnet used for
the system was of circular configuration. This type of bearing system is stable
along the radial direction but is unstable along the vertical axis. After around
five years of operation, the flux density distribution of the magnets for this
system became non uniform, which has affected its performance. The
different remedial measures were reported in , but the best option is to
replace the permanent Magnets, which is a costly solution.

III. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

13
 Figure 1. Block diagram The machine drives any load this rotational energy
can be used as a source of free energy for power generation as a by-product.
For the generation of free energy a new technique known as repulsive

magnetic technique is used. In repulsive magnetic disc the permanent

magnet are placed in opposite poles which produce repulsive force. Here two
discs, disc 1 is coupled with rotating machines and disc 2 is coupled with the
DC generator. These two discs are separated by a small distance because;
distance is inversely proportional to the repulsive force. The generated power
from DC generator is fed to UPS system. The block diagram of proposed
system is shown in figure 1.

I. Analysis of force calculation

Figure 2. Model diagram For two cylindrical magnets with radius R, and
height h, with their magnetic dipole aligned and the distance between them
= 32 202 42
greater than a certain limit, the force can be well approximated (even at
distances of the order of h) by,
calculated by using repelling magnet calculator, the results of repelling curve
and also different size of magnet force is shown in below figure 3.
Figure 3. Force analysis of 1 inch and 0.5 inch magnet Power is the rate of
= = = below,
work done per unit time. The expression of mechanical work done derived in
=260 This mechanical power is applied to the

The magnetic circular disc2 coupled with DC generator its generated

electricity. The power output from the DC generator can be stored in batteries
or used to drive any AC loads through an inverter. This modelling of repulsive
magnet technique generated 2kVA power.

REFERENCES Where, x is the distance between them. For small values of x,

the results are erroneous as the force becomes large for close-to-zero
14
distance [7]. The model diagram of proposed system is shown in figure In this
project, we aim to fabricate a repulsive-type Magnet wheel system for a
vertical shaft machine using a novel arrangement of permanent magnets and
also a cheaper option compared to our earlier model. Instead of using big
circular magnets, many small circular permanent magnets are used which are
arranged along the periphery of a circular disk made-up of aluminum. The
schematic arrangement of the permanent magnets in two dimension and the
forces are shown in two such disks are used as shown in Fig., one of which is
Fixed to the stator and the other fixed to the rotor shaft. They form a Magnet
wheel. Two such bearings are used to levitate the rotor of the motor; the top
one is shown in Fig. The thickness, number of magnets, and their
arrangements is a matter of interest from stability consideration. An analytical
Model has been done to characterize the forces along three axes.
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of magnet arrangement and forces.
Fig. 3. Fabricated Magnet wheel.
Fig. 4. Upper Magnet wheel.
The analytical expression of force between two magnet pole of intensity
and is given by in which the intensity is given by ; is the coercive force and is
the pole face area. It is assumed here that the pole intensity of the magnet is
concentrated at the center of the magnet. The unit vector is directed along the
line joining and . There are four forces acting between two magnets as shown
in Fig. 2. and are the attractive forces and are the repulsive forces. The
resultant force is given by the vector sum of all the forces. Table I shows the
specifications of the magnet used to fabricate the system. Fig. 5 shows the
force characteristic as a function of gap distance between the two disks for
different magnet thickness in Variation of repulsive force with gap distance for
different PM thickness. Variation of repulsive force with radial displacement.
which 72 magnets are used in each disk. It is seen that the repulsive force
between the disks appears when the gap between them is becoming larger
than that of a certain value. So the selection of magnet thickness and the gap
15
between the disks to be selected based on some criterion. The distance of the
center of the magnets from the disk center is 120 mm for stator disk and that
of rotor disk is 120 mm. The selection of this parameter is explained in Fig. 6.

If there is a displacement of 1 mm along the radial axis, the rotor will

comeback to the original central position for 47.5 mm while the other cases it
will go to one extreme side. Based on the above studies, a system has been
fabricated in which 72 magnets are arranged in a circular disk separated by15
from each other as shown in Fig.

IV. ROTATIONAL CHARACTERISTIC

The repulsive force varies considerably when the rotor rotates around its axis.
Fig. 7 shows the variation of repulsive force as a function of rotor movement
for two different radii of rotor disk. Even though the radius of rotor permanent
magnet of the fabricated system is 120 mm, it is seen from Fig. that there
Fig. 7. Variation of repulsive force with rotor movement.
Fig. 8. Fabricated bearing with two sets of PMs in stator disk.
Fig. 9. Variation of repulsive force for the system showed in Fig. 8.is a
considerable change of force. This will behave as a ripple torque during the
normal running condition of the rotor. In order to reduce the gravity of this
problem, another set of permanent magnets is decided to be placed on the
stator disk at a radius of 60 mm and is displaced by half pitch (7.5 ) to that of
other. The radius of the rotor disk is changed to 45 mm and the fabricated
system is shown in Fig. 8. The simulated force characteristics are shown in
Fig. 9. It is seen from Fig. 9 that the ripples in the force reduce to a negligible
value.

V. FABRICATION AND EXPERIMENT

Based on the Magnet wheel as shown in Fig. 8, the complete system has
been fabricated and is shown in Fig. 10. The system is unstable along the
16
vertical direction. A controlled Magnet has been used for controlling the rotor
position along this axis. The repulsive force due to one set of magnetic
bearings has been measured using available strain-gauge based force

measurement rig. Fig. 11 shows the experimental repulsive force

characteristics for one set of bearings and it is seen Fig. 10. Fabricated
Magnet wheel system. Fig. 11. Measured repulsive force characteristic. That
a total weight 1.4 kg to be levitated by both the bearings. The Magnet is used
to share a part of the weight of the rotor.

17
 Preparing
Material

18
 Magnets
A magnet is an object made of certain materials which create a magnetic
field. Every magnet has at least one North Pole and one South Pole. By
convention, we say that the magnetic field lines leave the North end of a
magnet and enter the South end of a magnet. This is an example of a
magnetic. If you take a bar magnet and break it into two pieces, each piece will
again have a North Pole and a South Pole. If you take one of those pieces and
break it into two, each of the smaller pieces will have a North Pole and a South
Pole. No matter how small the pieces of the magnet become, each piece will
have a North Pole and a South Pole. It has not been shown to be possible to
end up with a single North Pole or a single South Pole which is a monopole.
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a
magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and
attracts or repels other magnets. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet
used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The Materials that can be
magnetized which are also the one that are strongly attracted to a magnet.
Although for many purposes it is convenient to think of a magnet as having
distinct north and south magnetic poles, the concept of poles should not
betaken literally: it is merely a way of referring to the two different ends of a
magnet.
The magnet does not have distinct north or south particles on opposing
sides. If a bar magnet is broken into two pieces, in an attempt to separate the

19
north and south poles, the result will be two bar magnets, each of which has
both a north and south pole.

HISTORY- MAGNETS

The ancient Greeks and Chinese discovered that certain rare stones,
called lodestones, were naturally magnetized. These stones could attract
small pieces of iron in a magical way, and were found to always point in the
same direction when allowed to swing freely suspended by a piece of string.
The name comes from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece. People
believed that there were whole islands of a magnetic nature that could attract
ships by virtue of the iron nails used in their construction. Ships that thus
disappeared at sea were believed to have been mysteriously pulled by these
islands. Archimedes is purported to have used loadstones to remove nails
from enemy ships thus sinking them.
People soon realized that magnetite not only attracted objects made of
iron, but when made into the shape of a needle and floated on water,
magnetite always pointed in a north-south direction creating a primitive
compass. This led to an alternative name for magnetite, that of lodestone or
"leading stone. For many years following the discovery of lodestone
magnetism was just acurious natural phenomenon. The Chinese developed
the mariner's compass some 4500 years ago. The earliest mariner's
compass comprised a splinter of loadstone carefully floated on the surface
tension of water.

TYPES OF MAGNETISM

The term magnet is typically reserved for objects that produce their
own persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied magnetic
20
field. Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most materials, however,
produce magnetic field in response to an applied magnetic field; a
phenomenon known as magnetism. There are several types of magnetism,
and all materials exhibit at loadstone of them. The overall magnetic behavior

of a material can vary widely, depending on the structure of the

material, particularly on its electron configuration. Several forms of magnetic
behavior have been observed in different materials.
According to the attractive force magnetism is classified in to three types.
They are given below.

1) Ferromagnetism
2) Diamagnetism
3) Para magnetism
There are various other types of magnetism. They are given below,
1) Spin glass
2) Super Para magnetism
3) Super diamagnetism
4) Meta magnetism

FERROMAGNETISM

When a ferromagnetic material is placed near a magnet, it will be attracted

toward the region of greater magnetic field. This is what we are most familiar
with when our magnet picks up a bunch of paperclips. Iron, cobalt, nickel,
gadolinium, dysprosium and alloys containing these elements exhibit
ferromagnetism because of the way the electron spins within one atom
interact with those of nearby atoms. They will align themselves, creating
magnetic domains forming a temporary magnet. If a piece of iron is placed
within a strong magnetic field, the domains inline with the field will grow in size
as the domains perpendicular to the field will shrink in size.

21
 Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials
(such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In
physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished.
Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetisms) is the strongest type; it is the
only type that creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for
the

common phenomena of magnetism encountered in everyday life. Other

substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with two other types of
magnetism, Para magnetism and diamagnetism, but the forces are so weak
that they can only be detected by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An
everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold
notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and
ferromagnetic material is "the quality of magnetism first apparent to the
ancient world, and to us today
Many materials have unpaired electron spins, and the majority of these
materials are paramagnetic. When the spins interact with each other in such a
way that the spins align spontaneously, the materials are called ferromagnetic
(what soften loosely termed as magnetic). Because of the way their regular
crystalline atomic structure causes their spins to interact, some metals are
ferromagnetic when found in their natural states, as ores. These include iron
ore (magnetite or lodestone), cobalt and nickel, as well as the rare earth
metals gadolinium and dysprosium (when at a very low temperature). Such
naturally occurring Ferro magnets were used in the first experiments with
magnetism. Technology has since expanded the availability of magnetic
materials to include various man-made products, all based, however, on
naturally magnetic elements. There are various types of magnets depending
on their properties. Some of the most well-known are listed below.
1. Permanent magnet
a) Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB or NIB)
22
 b) Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
c) Alnico
d) Ceramic or Ferrite
2. Temporary magnet
3. Electro magnet

PERMANENT MAGNET

These magnets are permanent in the sense that once they have been
magnetized they retain a certain degree of magnetism. Permanent magnets
are generally made of ferromagnetic material. Such material consists of atoms
and molecules that each have a magnetic field and are positioned to reinforce
each other.

NEODYMIUM IRON BORON (NdFeB or NIB)

General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals developed the permanent

Neodymium Magnets from an alloy of Boron, iron, and neodymium(NdFeB or
NIB). They are the strongest type of manufactured permanent magnets and
have replaced other types of strong, required, permanent magnets in such
devices as cordless tool motors, fasteners, and computer hard disk drives.

BACKGROUND ON THE PHYSICS OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETS

MAGNETIC FIELD
The magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B field or just
magneticfield, usually denoted B) is a vector field. The magnetic B field vector
at a givenpoint in space is specified by two properties:
i. Its direction which is along the orientation of a compass needle.
ii. Its magnitude (also called strength), which is proportional to how
strongly the
compass needle orients along that direction.
23
 In SI units, the strength of the magnetic B field is given in TESLA.

MAGNETIC MOMENT

A magnet's magnetic moment (also called magnetic dipole moment and

usually denoted ) is a vector that characterizes the magnet's overall
magnetic properties. For a bar magnet, the direction of the magnetic
moment points from the magnets south pole to its north pole, and the
magnitude relates to how strong and how far apart these poles are. In SI
units, the magnetic moment is specified in terms of Am2.
A magnet both produces its own magnetic field and responds to
magnetic fields. The strength of the magnetic field it produces is at any given
point proportional to the magnitude of its magnetic moment. In addition, when
the magnet is put into an external magnetic field, produced by a different
source, it is subject to a torque tending to orient the magnetic moment parallel
to the field. The amount of this torque is proportional both to the magnetic
moment and the external field. A magnet may also be subject to a force
driving it in one direction or another, according to the positions and
orientations of the magnet and source. If the field is uniform in space, the
magnet is subject to no net force, although it is subject to a torque. A wire in
the shape of a circle with area A and carrying current I is a magnet, with a
magnetic moment of magnitude equal to IA.

MAGNETIZATION

The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of

itsmagnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted M, with units A/m. It is
avector field, rather than just a vector (like the magnetic moment), because
differentareas in a magnet can be magnetized with different directions and
strengths (forexample, because of domains, see below). A good bar magnet
may have amagnetic moment of magnitude 0.1 Am2 and a volume of 1 cm3,

24
or 1106 m3,and therefore an average magnetization magnitude is 100,000
A/m. Iron can have amagnetization of around a million amperes per meter.
Such a large value explainswhy iron magnets are so effective at producing
magnetic fields.

DEMAGNETIZING
A. Heating a magnet past its Curie temperature; the molecular motion
destroys the alignment of the magnetic domains. This always removes all
magnetization.

B. Demagnetization progressively occurs if the magnet is subjected to cyclic

fields sufficient to move the magnet away from the linear part on the second
quadrant of the B-H curve of the magnetic material.

N SN

Magnetism Basics

Magnets can be made in a variety of shapes, but all magnets have 2

poles, North and South
Opposite poles attract (notes (optional): demonstrate the field of attraction
using the iron filings, below is INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON
ELECTRIC POWER

Magnetism and Magnetism

Certain materials found in nature exhibit a tendency to attract or repeal
each other. These materials, called magnets, are also called ferromagnetic
because they include the element iron as one of their constituting elements.
Operation and Maintenance of Large Turbo Generators, by Geoff Klempner
and Isidor KerszenbaumISBN 0-471-61447-5 Copyright 2004 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
25
 Magnets always have two poles: one called north; the other called
south. Two north poles always repel each other, as do two south poles.
However, north and south poles always attract each other. A magnetic field is
defined as a physical field established between to poles. Its intensity and
direction determine the forces of attraction or repulsion existing between the
two magnets. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 are typical representations of two
interacting magnetic poles, and the magnetic field established between them.
Magnets are found in nature in all sorts of shapes and chemical constitution.
Magnets used in industry are artificially made. Magnets that sustain their
magnetism for long periods of time are denominated permanent magnets.
These are widely used in several types of electric rotating machines, including
synchronous machines. However, due to mechanical, as well as operational
reasons, permanent magnets in synchronous machines are restricted to those
with ratings much lower than large turbine-driven generators, which is the
subject of this book. Turbine-driven generators (for short: turbo generators)
take advantage of the fact that magnetic fields can be created by the flow of
electric currents in conductors.
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday was a British physicist and chemist
best known for his discoveries of the laws of electrolysis and
Magnetic induction. Faraday was the son of a blacksmith and
was not formally educated. His first apprenticeship was with a
London bookbinder where he loved to read books on
scientific studies and experiments with electricity.
In 1812 Faraday was introduced to the works of a British chemist Sir
Humphry Davy through a lecture series. Afterwards, Faraday reached out to
Davy to request an opportunity for employment to study with him. That same
year, Davy was impressed with Faraday and employed him as an assistant in
his laboratory at the Royal Institution.

26
 A year later, Davy took Faraday with him on an
extended tour of Europe. Just a decade later in 1824,
Faraday had earned the honor of being elected to the
Royal Society and a year later was appointed director
of the laboratory at the Royal Institution and would
eventually succeed Davy as a
professor of Chemistry. In his career, Faraday was the recipient of many
scientific honors such as the Royal and Rumford medals of the Royal Society.
Faraday was most known as the experimental scientist of his day was in
the fields of electricity and magnetism. In 1821, he had plotted the magnetic
field around a conductor carrying an electric current. Ten years later, Faraday
discovered Magnetic induction and demonstrated the induction of one electric
current by another.
In 1831 Faraday followed this accomplishment with the discovery of
Magnetic induction and in the same year demonstrated the induction of one
electric current by another. The famed inventor created the first electric
generator, called the dynamo, as well as the first electric motor. The
importance of these discoveries will be explained in more detail in Chapter 2
when we discuss the connection between Electricity and Magnetism.

Alternative Energy Implications

As the future of our environment remains questionable to its future
stability and political implications of relying on other countries for our energy
supplies, many scientists, developers and individuals are looking into
alternative or renewable energy resources. Many other developers are
attempting to build machines that are capable of creating energy from
magnets and possibly even extract more energy than the amount of power it
takes to run the machines in the first place.

27
 Energy can't be created and it can't be destroyed; it can only be
transferred or converted. Something may be able to run itself for a while but
nothing so far has been able to run by itself forever.
There are a few successful beginning attempts at the ability to create
electricity for free using Magnets. One example is the Perepiteia machine, a
perpetual motion generator developed by the Canadian inventor Thane Heins
which is currently raising some attention as a potential perpetual motion
machine or over-uni-ty generator.

There is however much speculation despite its ability to create a positive

feedback loop causes it to run even faster. Through a motor that spins
magnets and charges a coil with electrical energy, it creates an Magnetic field.
Typical science would tell us that by increasing the current, it should slow the
generator. Instead, the system's rotor and drive shaft are conducting the
magnetic friction back to the motor, somehow boosting its energy. Heins is
currently spreading the word about his discoveries in the hope that it will one
day be seriously considered as an alternative energy resource.

Electricity and Magnetism : What is the Connection?

Magnetism and electricity share a common relationship. Magnetism is
caused by the movement of electrons, and the word "electric" is derived from
the word "electron". Magnetism can produce an electric current, and an
electric current can produce a magnetic field commonly known as an Magnet.
An Magnet is an important part of an electric motor which can power things,
and it is responsible for the transformation of electric energy to mechanical
energy. Now, lets explore in more detail more about magnetism, Magnets and
the basics of electricity.

What is Magnetism?

28
 The term magnetism comes from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly,
Greece. Magnetism occurs when materials attractive or repulse from other
materials. It is also often explained as a physical property of an object that
shows attraction for elements such as iron.

Magnetic Poles
It is important to understand that a magnetic force is not uniform. There is a
great concentration of force on each end of a magnet with a weak force found
in the middle. A simple demonstration to prove this is to dip a magnet into iron

fillings. You will see that these iron fillings will cling to both ends of the magnet
with very few in the middle. Each of these two ends is called the magnetic
poles. Magnets have two magnetic poles and they each have equal magnetic
strength.
Every magnet has one North Pole and South Pole. A great example of the
everyday use of magnetism is in ocean travel. Sailors use the natural magnetic
field of the earth to determine their course of direction by using a compass that
contains a freely rotating magnetized needle that points automatically towards
the North Pole of the earth. The north pole of a magnet will always be attracted
to the south pole of another magnet and will show repulsion to a north pole.
The law for magnetic poles explains that like poles repel while unlike poles
attract.

Magnetic Forces
The magnetic lines of force have many important properties. They attempt to
form closed loops from pole to pole never crossing paths with one another.
Magnetic forces all have the same strength and are considered to have
flowing direction yet no actual movement occurs.

Magnetic Fields
29
A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces
act as a magnetic field that extends from one pole to another creating a loop
around the magnet.
This can be seen through a simple demonstration using a simple
magnet and piece of glass.
1. Place a piece of glass over a bar magnet and sprinkle iron fillings over the
surface of the glass. (The magnetizing force of the magnet can be felt
through the glass, and each of the iron fillings now become a temporary
magnet).

2. Next, tap the glass gently and the iron fillings will align themselves with the
magnetic field of the magnet in a definite pattern.
3. From this simple demonstration, you see that the magnetic fields near the
poles are very strong due to many more iron fillings in those areas from one
pole to the other creating a loop around the magnet.

What is an Magnet?
An Magnet is a magnet that runs on electricity and the strength of it can be
changed by changing the amount of electric current that runs through it.
Therefore, the poles of an Magnet can be reversed simply by reversing the
flow of electricity. An Magnet works because an electric current produces a
magnetic field. By using a few household items, you can create an Magnet.
1. Wrap a copper wire from one end to the other around a nail in tightly
wound circles. Make sure you leave a one each piece of wire on each end
and make sure you cover the entire nail. (You have now created a magnet!)

2. Place each end of the extra wire to the one of the diodes of a battery. This
will send an electric current through the wires and create a magnetic field.

30
 Design &
Development
FABRICATION OF MODULE
31
 Magnet

LED

Dynamo 12V
Wire

32
 Base plate

Frame vertical Frame Base

33
 Welded Frame vertical with Frame Base

Working on Design

Development -1 : Mandrill

34
Development -2 : Wheel Mounting on Mandrill

35
Development -3 : Wheel Assembly Mounting on Frame

Working on Design

36
Development -4 : Assembly on Frame

37
Development -5 : Full Assembly on Frame

Development -5 : Distance Adjustment Attachment

38
Development -6 : Magnet Fixing

39
Development -7 : Dynamo & LED Mounting

40
Development -7 : Multimeter Reading

41
 Design &
Development
SPECIFICATION OF VARIOUS
PARTS USED IN FABRICATION OF MODULE

42
 A. Bearings: 04 Nos
6202Z Single Shield Ball Bearings 15mm x 35mm x 11mm

6202Z Single Shield Ball Bearings, the inner diameter is 15mm,

outer diameter is 35mm and the width is 11mm, Bearings are
made of Chrome Steel, each bearing has Single Shield to protect
the bearing from dust or any possible contamination.
Item: 6202Z Ball Bearings
Model: Deep Groove Ball Bearings
Closures: 1 Metal Shield
Lubrication: Self Lubricated (Grease)
Dimensions: 15mm x 35mm x 11mm/Metric
Bearing Inner Diameter: 15mm
Bearing Outer Diameter: 35mm
Bearing Width: 11mm
Size: 15 x 35 x 11 mm
Dynamic Load Rating Cr: 7,650 N
Static load rating Cor: 3,700 N
Limiting Speed:
o Grease Lubrication: 20,000 RPM
o Oil Lubrication: 24,000 RPM

B. Dynamo : 01 Nos
RS555 DC Hobby Motor Turbine Generator 12 V
5500 RPM High Torque

43
Specifications:

Voltage: 12V DC 7.5A - CONTINUOUS DUTY

RPM: 300RPM 8A - 85 minute run time
Length: 68mm 10A - 43 minute run time
DC generators:
Diameter: 25mm 15A - 21 minute run time
shunt, series, and
Shaft length: 9.5mm Weight: 90g
compounded.
Shaft diameter: 4mm

Objective: to study the properties of DC generators under no-load and full-load

conditions; to learn how to connect these generators; to obtain their armature
voltage vs. armature current load curves.

Theory:
A DC machine can run either as a motor or as a generator. A motor
converts electrical power into mechanical power while a generator converts
mechanical power into electrical power. A generator must, therefore, be
mechanically driven in order that it may produce electricity. Since the field
winding is an Magnet, current must flow through it to produce a magnetic field.
This current is called the excitation current, and can be supplied to the field
winding in one of two-way: it can come from a separate, external dc source, in
which case the generator is called a separately excited generator; or it can
come from the generator's own output, in which case the generator is called a
self-excited generator. Assume that the shunt field is excited by a dc current,
thereby setting up a magnetic flux in the generator. If the rotor (or more
correctly, the armature) is rotated by applying mechanical effort to the shaft,
the armature coils will cut the magnetic flux, and a voltage will be induced in
them. This voltage is ac and in order to get dc out of the generator, a rectifier
must be employed. This role is carried out by the commutator and the brushes.
The voltage induced in the coils (and, therefore, the dc voltage at the brushes)
44
depends only upon two things - the speed of rotation and the strength of the
magnetic field. If the speed is doubled, the voltage doubles. If the field strength
is increased by 20%, the voltage also increases by 20%.
Although separate excitation requires a separate dc power source, it is
useful in cases where a generator must respond quickly and precisely to an
external control source, or when the output voltage must be varied over a wide
range. With no electrical load connected to the generator, no current flows and
only a voltage appears at the output. But if a resistance load is connected

across the output, current will flow and the generator will begin to deliver
electric power to the load.
The machine driving the generator must then furnish additional
mechanical power to the generator. This is often accompanied by increased
Noise and vibration of the motor and the generator, together with a drop
in speed. The separately excited generator has many applications. However,
it does have the disadvantage that a separate direct current power source is
needed to excite the shunt field. This is costly and sometimes inconvenient;
and the self-excited DC generator is often more suitable. In a self-excited
generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may be
connected across the output, in series with the output, or a combination of the
two.
All of the above generators can have identical construction. Self-
excitation is possible because of the residual magnetism in the stator pole
pieces. As the armature rotates a small voltage is induced across its windings.
When the field winding is connected in parallel (shunt)with the armature a
small field current will flow. If this small field current is flowing in the proper
direction, the residual magnetism will be reinforced which further increases the
armature voltage and thus, a rapid voltage buildup occurs. If the field current
flows in the wrong direction, the residual magnetism will be reduced and

45
voltage build-up cannot occur. In this case, interchanging the shunt field leads
will correct the situation.
Self-excited shunt generators have the disadvantage in that changes in their
load current from no-load to full-load cause their output voltage to change also.
Their poor voltage regulation is due to three factors:
a) The magnetic field strength drops as the armature voltage drops, which
further reduces the magnetic field strength, which in turn reduces the
armature voltage etc.
b) The armature voltage drop (I2R losses) from no-load to full-load.

c) The running speed of the driving motor may change with load. (This is
particularly true of internal combustion engines and induction motors).The two
field windings (shunt and series) on the compound generator are connected
so that their magnetic fields aid each other.
Thus, when the load current increases, the current through the shunt
field winding decreases reducing the strength of the magnetic field. However, if
the same increase in load current is made to flow through the series field
winding, it will increase the strength of the magnetic field. With the proper
number of turns in the series winding, the increase in magnetic strength will
compensate for the decrease caused by the shunt winding. The combined
magnetic field strength remains almost unchanged and little change in output
voltage will take place as the load goes from no load to full-load.
If the series field is connected so that the armature current flows in such
a direction as to oppose the shunt field, we obtain a differential compound
generator. This type of generator has poor regulation, but is useful in
applications such as welding and arc lights where maintaining a constant
output current is more important than a constant output voltage. When the field
winding is connected in series with the armature winding, the generator is
called a series generator. The exciting current through the field winding of a
series generator is the same current the generator delivers to the load. If the
46
load has high resistance, only a minimum output voltage can be generated
because of the minimum field current. On an open circuit, the generator will
only have a minimum output voltage due to its residual magnetism. If the load
draws current, the excitation current increases, the magnetic field becomes
stronger and the generator delivers an output voltage. Therefore, in a series
generator, changes in load current greatly affect the generator output voltage.
A series generator has very poor voltage regulation and is not recommended
for use as a power.

47
48
C. Magnets : 18 X 4 = 72 Nos

N
S

Data sheet article Q-12-08-02-N : Technical data and application safety

1. Technical information
9 mm
Article Q-12-08-02-N
04 mm
Shape Block : Rectangular
Side 1 12 mm 12 mm

Side 2 9 mm
Side 3 4 mm
Tolerance in size +/- 0,1 mm
Direction of magnetization parallel to side 3
Pole faces 12 x 9 mm
Material NdFeB (Neodymium Iron Boron)
Type of coating Nickel (Ni-Cu-Ni)
Strength approx. 1,5 kg approx. 14,7 N
Weight 1,4592 g
Manufacturing method sintered
Magnetization (Grade) N50
Max. working temperature 80C (poss. lower) *
Curie temperature 310 C
Residual magnetism Br 14000-14600 G 1.40-1.46 T
Coercive field strength bHc 10.8-12.5 kOe 860-995 kA/m
Coercive field strength iHc 12 kOe 955 kA/m
Energy product (BxH)max 47-51 MGOe 374-406 kJ/m3

49
* Based on the dimensions it is possible that this magnet has a reduced
temperature resistance.

2. Demagnetization curve N50

3. Safety tips

Danger Swallowing : 0 -14, Children could swallow small magnets.

If several magnets are swallowed, they could get stuck in the intestine and
cause perilous complications. Magnets are not toys! Make sure that children
don't play with magnets.

Warning Pacemaker :Magnets could affect the functioning of pacemakers and

implanted heart defibrillators.
A pacemaker could switch into test mode and cause illness.
A heart defibrillator may stop working.
If you wear these devices keep sufficient distance to magnets:
Warn others who wear these devices from getting too close to magnets.

Warning Metal splinters: Neodymium magnets are brittle. Colliding magnets

could crack.Sharp splinters could be catapulted away for several meters and
injure your eyes.
Avoid the collision of magnets.
Wear safety glasses when handling larger magnets.
Make sure that nearby people are also protected or keep their distance.

4. Handling and storing

Caution Magnetic field : Magnets produce a far-reaching, strong magnetic

field. They could damage TVs and laptops, computer hard drives, credit and
ATM cards, data storage media, mechanical watches, hearing aids and
speakers.

50
 Keep magnets away from devices and objects that could be damaged by
strong magnetic fields.

Caution Combustibility
When machining magnets, the drilling dust could easily ignite.
Stay away from machining magnets or use appropriate tools and sufficient
cooling water.

Caution Nickel allergy

Many of our magnets have coatings that contain nickel.
Some people have an allergic reaction when they come into contact with
nickel.
Nickel allergies could develop from constant contact with nickel-plated objects.
Avoid constant skin contact with nickel-plated magnets.
Avoid contact with magnets if you already have a nickel allergy.

Notice Influence on people

According to the current level of knowledge, magnetic fields of permanent
magnets do not have a measurable positive or negative influence on people. It
is unlikely that permanent magnets constitute a health risk, but it cannot be
ruled out entirely.
For your own safety, avoid constant contact with magnets.
Store large magnets at least one meter away from your body.

Notice Splintering of coating

Most of our neodymium magnets have a thin nickel-copper-nickel coating to
protect them from erosion. This coating could splinter or crack due to collision
or large pressure. This makes them vulnerable to environmental influences
like moisture and they could oxidize.
Separate big magnets, especially spheres, with a piece of cardboard.
51
 Avoid collisions of magnets as well as repeated mechanical exposure (e.g.
blows, bashes).

Notice Oxidation, corrosion, rust

Untreated neodymium magnets oxidise quickly and disintegrate.
Most of our magnets have a nickel-copper-nickel coating to protect them from
corrosion. This coating provides some protection against corrosion, but it is not
robust enough for continuous outdoor use.
Use magnets only in the dry indoors or protect them against environmental
influences.
Avoid damages to the coating.

Notice Temperature resistance

Neodymium magnets have a maximum working temperature of 80 to 200 C.
Most neodymium magnets lose part of their adhesive force permanently at a
temperature of 80 C.
Don't use magnets in places where they are exposed to extreme heat.
If you use an adhesive, don't harden it with hot air.

Notice Mechanical treatment

Neodymium magnets are brittle, heat-sensitive and oxidise easily.
When drilling or sawing a magnet with improper tools, the magnet may break.
The emerging heat may demagnetise the magnet.
The magnet will oxidise and disintegrate due to the damaged coating.
Stay away from mechanical treatment of magnets if you do not possess the
necessary equipment and experience.

5. Transportation tips

Caution Airfreight

52
Magnetic fields of improperly packaged magnets could influence airplane
navigation devices In the worst case it could lead to an accident.
Airfreight magnets only in packaging with sufficient magnetic shielding.

Caution Postage
Magnetic fields of improperly packaged magnets could cause disturbances in
sorting machines and damage fragile goods in other packages.
Use a large box and place the magnet in the middle surrounded by lots of
padding material.
Arrange magnets in a package in a way that the magnetic fields neutralise
each other.
If necessary, use sheet iron to shield the magnetic field.
There are stricter rules for airfreight: Refer to the warning notice "Airfreight".

6. Disposal tips
Small amounts of used neodymium magnets can be thrown out with the regular
trash. Larger amounts of magnets need to be recycled as scrap metal.

7. Statutory provisions
Neodymium magnets are not intended for use in or export to the USA, Canada
or Japan. You are strictlyprohibited from directly or indirectly exporting the
neodymium magnets that you received from us or the endproducts that you
produced from those magnets to the countries mentioned above.

D. Belt (mechanical)

53
 A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more
rotating shafts, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion,
to transmit power efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped
over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need
not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys
normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be
crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite
direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor
belt is one application where the belt is adapted to continuously carry a load
between two points.

Power transmission

Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may
not be axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed
belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive transmission system are large
and this has led to many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with
little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with
less strength than gears or chains. However, improvements in belt engineering
allow use of belts in systems that only formerly allowed chains or gears.

Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product of

difference of tension and belt velocity:

where, T1 and T2 are tensions in the tight side and slack

side of the belt respectively. They are related as:

where, is the coefficient of friction, and is the angle subtended by contact

surface at the centre of the pulley.

54
Pros and cons

Belt drive is simple, inexpensive, and does not require axially aligned shafts.
It helps protect the machinery from overload and jam, and damps and isolates
noise and vibration. Load fluctuations are shock-absorbed (cushioned). They
need no lubrication and minimal maintenance. They have high efficiency (90-
98%, usually 95%), high tolerance for misalignment, and are of relatively low
cost if the shafts are far apart. Clutch action is activated by releasing belt
tension. Different speeds can be obtained by step or tapered pulleys.

The angular-velocity ratio may not be constant or equal to that of the pulley
diameters, due to slip and stretch. However, this problem has been largely
solved by the use of toothed belts. Temperatures ranges from 31 F (35 C)
to 185 F (85 C). Adjustment of center distance or addition of an idler pulley
is crucial to compensate for wear and stretch.

Selection criteria

Speed = Circumference based on pitch diameter angular speed in rpm

Belt drives are built under the following required conditions: speeds of and
power transmitted between drive and driven unit; suitable distance between
shafts; and appropriate operating conditions. The equation for power is:

power (kW) = (torque in newton-meters) (rpm) (2 radians)/(60 sec

1000 W) Factors of power adjustment include speed ratio; shaft distance
(long or short); type of drive unit (electric motor, internal combustion engine);
service environment (oily, wet, dusty); driven unit loads (jerky, shock,
reversed); and pulley-belt arrangement (open, crossed, turned). These are
found in engineering handbooks and manufacturer's literature. When
corrected, the horsepower is compared to rated horsepower of the standard

55
belt cross sections at particular belt speeds to find a number of arrays that
perform best. Now the pulley diameters are chosen. It is generally either large
diameters or large cross section that are chosen, since, as stated earlier,
larger belts transmit this same power at low belt speeds as smaller belts do at
high speeds. To keep the driving part at its smallest, minimum-diameter
pulleys are desired. Minimum pulley diameters are limited by the elongation of
the belt's outer fibers as the belt wraps around the pulleys. Small pulleys
increase this elongation, greatly reducing belt life. Minimum pulley diameters
are often listed with each cross section and speed, or listed separately by belt
cross section. After the cheapest diameters and belt section are chosen, the
belt length is computed. If endless belts are used, the desired shaft spacing
may need adjusting to accommodate standard length belts. It is often more
economical to use two or more juxtaposed V-belts, rather than one larger belt.

In large speed ratios or small central distances, the angle of contact between
the belt and pulley may be less than 180. If this is the case, the drive power
must be further increased, according to manufacturer's tables, and the
selection process repeated. This is because power capacities are based on
the standard of a 180 contact angle. Smaller contact angles mean less area
for the belt to obtain traction, and thus the belt carries less power.

Belt and pulley systems

56
E. LED for Illumination (Output)

Technical Details

Brand Tuff LED Lights

Item Weight 1.4 pounds
Product Dimensions 5.7 x 4.6 x 3.9 inches
Manufacturer Part Number 10WS1101-B
Bulb Type LED

Tuff LED Lights 2 X 2" Inch Square 10 Watt Linkable LED Work Light 950
Lumens - Atv, Utv, Off Road Jeep 4x4 E Series Polaris Razor, Yamaha
Rhino - INCLUDES: FREE UNIVERSAL WIREHARNESS WITH INLINE
FUSE, RELAY, AND TUFF LED PILOT TOGGLE SWITCH!!
Very Low Power Consumption
Long life: more than ordinary advanced LED light bulbs, more than
50000 hours + life

IP68 rating - Aluminum casing, shock-proof waterproof better Light

perception: a softer light to prevent glare

Easy to mount comes with hardware - Super Bright with 950 Lumens

Very Low Amp Usage and Very low Heat Output

57
 Magnet
Terminology

58
Glossary of Magnet Terminology
Air Gap - Basically the "external" distance from one pole of the magnet to the
other though a non-magnetic material (usually air).

Anisotropic - Materials that have a "preferred" magnetization direction.

These materials are typically manufactured in the influence of strong
magnetic fields, and can only be magnetized through the preferred axis.
Neodymium (Iron Boron) and Samarium Cobalt magnets are anisotropic.

B/H Curve - The result of plotting the value of the magnetic field (H) that is
applied against the resultant flux density (B) achieved. This curve describes
the qualities of any magnetic material.

BHmax (Maximum Energy Product) - The magnetic field strength at the point
of maximum energy product of a magnetic material. The field strength of fully
saturated magnetic material measured in Mega Gauss Oersteds, MGOe.

Brmax (Residual Induction) - Also called "Residual Flux Density". It is the

magnetic induction remaining in a saturated magnetic material after the
magnetizing field has been removed. This is the point at which the hysteresis
loop crosses the B axis at zero magnetizing force, and represents the
maximum flux output from the given magnet material. By definition, this point
occurs at zero air gap, and therefore cannot be seen in practical use of
magnet materials.

C.G.S. Abbreviation for the "Centimeter, Grams, Second" system of

measurement.

Coercive Force - The demagnetizing force, measured in Oersteds,

necessary to reduce observed induction, B, to zero after the magnet has

59
previously been brought to saturation.

Curie Temperature (Tc) - The temperature at which a magnet loses all of its
magnetic properties.

Demagnetization Curve - The second quadrant of the hysteresis loop,

generally describing the behavior of magnetic characteristics in actual use.
Also known as the B-H Curve.

Demagnetization Force - A magnetizing force, typically in the direction

opposite to the force used to magnetize it in the first place. Shock, vibration
and temperature can also be demagnetizing forces.

Dimensions - The physical size of a magnet including any plating or coating.

Dimensional Tolerance - An allowance, given as a permissible range, in the

nominal dimensions of a finished magnet. The purpose of a tolerance is to
specify the allowed leeway for imperfections in manufacturing.

Magnet - A magnet consisting of a solenoid with an iron core, which has a

magnetic field only during the time of current flow through the solenoid.

Ferromagnetic Material - A material that either is a source of magnetic flux

or a conductor of magnetic flux. Any ferromagnetic material must have some
component of iron, nickel, or cobalt.

Gauss - Unit of magnetic induction, B. Lines of magnetic flux per square

centimeter in the C.G.S. system of measurement. Equivalent to lines per
square inch in the English system, and Webers per square meter or Tesla in
the S.I. system.

60
Gauss meter - An instrument used to measure the instantaneous value of
magnetic induction, B, usually measured in Gauss (C.G.S.).

Gilbert - The unit of magnetomotive force, F, in the C.G.S. system.

Hysteresis Loop - A plot of magnetizing force versus resultant magnetization

(also called a B/H curve) of the material as it is successively magnetized to
saturation, demagnetized, magnetized in the opposite direction and finally
remagnetized. With continued recycles, this plot will be a closed loop which
completely describes the characteristics of the magnetic material. The size
and shape of this "loop" is important for both hard and soft materials. With soft
materials, which are generally used in alternating circuits, the area inside this
"loop" should be as thin as possible (it is a measure of energy loss). But with
hard materials the "fatter" the loop, the stronger the magnet will be. The first
quadrant of the loop (that is +X and +Y) is called the magnetization curve. It is
of interest because it shows how much magnetizing force must be applied to
saturate a magnet. The second quadrant (+X and -Y) is called the
Demagnetization Curve.

Induction, (B) - The magnetic flux per unit area of a section normal to the
direction of flux. Measured in Gauss, in the C.G.S. system of units.

Intrinsic Coercive Force (Hci) - Indicates a materials' resistance to

demagnetization. It is equal to the demagnetizing force which reduces the
intrinsic induction, Bi, in the material to zero after magnetizing to saturation;
measured in oersteds.

Irreversible Losses - Partial demagnetization of the magnet, caused by

exposure to high or low temperatures, external fields, shock, vibration, or
other factors. These losses are only recoverable by remagnetization. Magnets

61
can be stabilized against irreversible losses by partial demagnetization
induced by temperature cycles or by external magnetic fields.

Isotropic Material - A material that can be magnetized along any axis or

direction (a magnetically unoriented material). The opposite of Anisotropic
Magnet.

Keeper - A soft iron piece temporarily added between the poles of a magnetic
circuit to protect it from demagnetizing influences. Also called a shunt. Not
needed for Neodymium and other modern magnets.

Kilogauss - One Kilogauss = 1,000 Gauss = Maxwells per square centimeter.

Magnet - A magnet is an object made of certain materials which create a

magnetic field. Every magnet has at least one north pole and one south pole.
By convention, we say that the magnetic field lines leave the North end of a
magnet and enter the South end of a magnet. This is an example of a
magnetic dipole ("di" means two, thus two poles). If you take a bar magnet
and break it into two pieces, each piece will again have a North pole and a
South pole. If you take one of those pieces and break it into two, each of the
smaller pieces will have a North pole and a South pole. No matter how small
the pieces of the magnet become, each piece will have a North pole and a
South pole. It has not been shown to be possible to end up with a single
North pole or a single South pole which is a monopole ("mono" means one or
single, thus one pole).

Magnetic Circuit - Consists of all elements, including air gaps and non-
magnetic materials that the magnetic flux from a magnet travels on, starting
from the north pole of the magnet to the south pole.

62
Magnetic Field (B) -

When specified on our site, the surface field or magnetic field refers to the
strength in Gauss. For axially magnetized discs and cylinders, it is specified
on the surface of the magnet, along the center axis of magnetization. For
blocks, it is specified on the surface of the magnet, also along the center axis
of magnetization. For rings, you may see two values. By,center specifies the
vertical component of the magnetic field in the air at the center of the ring.
By,ring specifies the vertical component of the magnetic field on the surface of
the magnet, mid-way between the inner and outer diameters. Some
depictions of magnet fields can be found here.

Magnetic Field Strength (H) - Magnetizing or demagnetizing force, is the

measure of the vector magnetic quantity that determines the ability of an
electric current, or a magnetic body, to induce a magnetic field at a given
point; measured in Oersteds.

Magnetic Flux - Is a contrived but measurable concept that has evolved in an

attempt to describe the flow of a magnetic field. When the magnetic
induction, B, is uniformly distributed and is normal to the area, A, the flux, =
BA.

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Magnetic Flux Density - Lines of flux per unit area, usually measured in
Gauss (C.G.S.). One line of flux per square centimeter is one Maxwell.

Magnetic Induction (B) - The magnetic field induced by a field strength, H, at

a given point. It is the vector sum, at each point within the substance, of the
magnetic field strength and the resultant intrinsic induction. Magnetic
induction is the flux per unit area normal to the direction of the magnetic path.

Magnetic Line of Force - An imaginary line in a magnetic field, which, at

every point, has the direction of the magnetic flux at that point.

Magnetic Pole - An area where the lines of flux are concentrated.

Magnetomotive Force (F or mmf) - The magnetic potential difference

between any two points. Analogous to voltage in electrical circuits. That which
tends to produce a magnetic field. Commonly produced by a current flowing
through a coil of wire. Measured in Gilberts (C.G.S.) or Ampere Turns (S.I.).

Material Grade - Neodymium (NdFeB) magnets are graded by the magnetic

material from which they are manufactured. Generally speaking, the higher
the grade of material, the stronger the magnet. Neodymium magnets
currently range in grade from N27 to N52. The theoretical limit for
Neodymium magnets is grade N64. The grade of most of our stock magnets
is N42 because we feel that N42 provides the optimal balance between
strength and cost. We also stock a wide range of sizes in grade N52 for
customers who need the strongest permanent magnets available.

Maximum Energy Product (BHmax) - The magnetic field strength at the point
of maximum energy product of a magnetic material. The field strength of fully
saturated magnetic material measured in Mega Gauss Oersteds, MGOe.

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Maximum Operating Temperature (Tmax) - Also known as maximum service
temperature, is the temperature at which the magnet may be exposed to
continuously with no significant long-range instability or structural changes.

Maxwell - Unit of magnetic flux in the C.G.S. Magnetic system. One maxwell
is one line of magnetic flux.

Magnetization Curve - The first quadrant portion of the hysteresis loop (B/H)
Curve for a magnetic material.

Magnetizing Force (H) - The magnetomotive force per unit of magnet length,
measured in Oersteds (C.G.S.) or ampere-turns per meter (S.I). Maxwell -
The C.G.S. unit for total magnetic flux, measured in flux lines per square
centimeter.

MGOe - Mega (million) Gauss Oersteds. Unit of measure typically used in

stating the maximum energy product for a given material. See Maximum
Energy Product.

North Pole - The north pole of a magnet is the one attracted to the magnetic
north pole of the earth. This north-seeking pole is identified by the letter N. By
accepted convention, the lines of flux travel from the north pole to the south
pole.

Oersted (Oe) - The C.G.S. unit for magnetizing force. The English system
equivalent is Ampere Turns per Inch (1 Oersted equals 79.58 A/m). The S.I.
unit is Ampere Turns per Meter.

65
Orientation - Used to describe the direction of magnetization of a material.
Orientation Direction - The direction in which an anisotropic magnet should be
magnetized in order to achieve optimum magnetic properties.

Paramagnetic Materials - Materials that are not attracted to magnetic fields

(wood, plastic, aluminum, etc.). A material having a permeability slightly
greater than 1.

Permanent Magnet A magnet that retains its magnetism after it is removed

from a magnetic field. A permanent magnet is "always on". Neodymium
magnets are permanent magnets.

Permeance (P) - A measure of relative ease with which flux passes through a
given material or space. It is calculated by dividing magnetic flux by
magnetomotive force. Permeance is the reciprocal of reluctance.

Permeance Coefficient (Pc) - Also called the load-line, B/H or "operating

slope" of a magnet, this is the line on the Demagnetization Curve where a
given magnet operates. The value depends on both the shape of the magnet,
and it's surrounding environment (some would say, how it's used in a circuit).
In practical terms, it's a number that define how hard it is for the field lines to
go from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet. A tall cylindrical magnet
will have a high Pc, while a short, thin disc will have a low Pc.

Permeability () - The ratio of the magnetic induction of a material to the

magnetizing force producing it (B/H). The magnetic permeability of a vacuum
(o) is 410-7 N/Amp2.

Pole - An area where the lines of magnetic flux are concentrated.

Plating/Coating - Most neodymium magnets are plated or coated in order to

protect the magnet material from corrosion. Neodymium magnets are mostly
composed of neodymium, iron, and boron. The iron in the magnet will rust if it
66
is not sealed from the environment by some sort of plating or coating. Most of
the neodymium magnets that we stock are triple plated in nickel-copper-
nickel, but some are plated in gold, silver, or black nickel, while others are
coated in epoxy, plastic or rubber.

Polarity - The characteristic of a particular pole at a particular location of a

permanent magnet. Differentiates the North from the South Pole.

Pull Force - The force required to pull a magnet free from a flat steel plate
using force perpendicular to the surface. The limit of the holding power of a
magnet. The pull force listed is actual data acquired by testing using our
state-of-the-art force test stand. A comprehensive table of the pull force for all
of our stock magnets is available here: Pull Force Table.

We test for two different values of pull force using two different setups. Read
more about these two pull forces here.

Rare Earth Commonly used to describe high energy magnet material such
as NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) and SmCo (Samarium-Cobalt).

Relative Permeability - The ratio of permeability of a medium to that of a

vacuum. In the C.G.S. system, the permeability is equal to 1 in a vacuum by
definition. The permeability of air is also for all practical purposes equal to 1 in
the C.G.S. system.

Reluctance (R)- A measure of the relative resistance of a material to the

passage of flux. It is calculated by dividing magnetomotive force by magnetic
flux. Reluctance is the reciprocal of permeance.

Remanence, (Bd) - The magnetic induction that remains in a magnetic circuit

after the removal of an applied magnetizing force.
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Residual Flux Density (Brmax) - Also called "Residual Induction". It is the
magnetic induction remaining in a saturated magnetic material after the
magnetizing field has been removed. This is the point at which the hysteresis
loop crosses the B axis at zero magnetizing force, and represents the
maximum flux output from the given magnet material. By definition, this point
occurs at zero air gap, and therefore cannot be seen in practical use of
magnet materials.

Residual Induction (Brmax) - Also called "Residual Flux Density". It is the

magnetic induction remaining in a saturated magnetic material after the
magnetizing field has been removed. This is the point at which the hysteresis
loop crosses the B axis at zero magnetizing force, and represents the
maximum flux output from the given magnet material. By definition, this point
occurs at zero air gap, and therefore cannot be seen in practical use of
magnet materials.

Return Path - Conduction elements in a magnetic circuit which provide a low

reluctance path for the magnetic flux.

Reversible Temperature Coefficient - A measure of the reversible changes

in flux caused by temperature variations.

Saturation - The state where an increase in magnetizing force produces no

further increase in magnetic induction in a magnetic material.

Shunt - A soft iron piece temporarily added between the pole of a magnetic
circuit to protect it from demagnetizing influences. Also called a keeper. Not
needed for Neodymium and other modern magnets.

S.I. Abbreviation for Systme International. Refers to the International

Standard System of units. It is also known as the MKS system.
68
South Pole - The south pole of a magnet is the one attracted to the south
pole of the earth. This south-seeking pole is identified by the letter S. By
accepted convention, the lines of flux travel from the north pole to the south
pole.

Stabilization - The process of exposing a magnet or a magnetic assembly to

elevated temperatures or external magnetic fields to demagnetize it to a
predetermined level. Once done the magnet will suffer no future degradation
when exposed to that level of demagnetizing influence.

Surface Field (Surface Gauss) - The magnetic field strength at the surface
of the magnet as measured by a Gauss meter. A comprehensive table of the
surface field for all of our stock magnets is available here: Surface Field
Table.

Temperature Coefficient - A factor that is used to calculate the decrease in

magnetic flux corresponding to an increase in operating temperature. The
loss in magnetic flux is recovered when the operating temperature is
decreased.

Tesla - The S.I. unit for magnetic induction (flux density). One Tesla equals
10,000 Gauss.

Weber - The S.I. unit for total magnetic flux. The practical unit of magnetic
flux. It is the amount of magnetic flux which, when linked at a uniform rate
with a single-turn electric circuit during an interval of 1 second, will induce in
this circuit an electromotive force of 1 volt.

Weight - The weight of a single magnet

69
Advantages
Future
scopes
Application
s

70
ADVANTAGES

1. Compact in size
2. Easy to install.
3. Economics in application
4. The required energy is free of cost.
5. Reduce the demand of conventional energy.
6. Simple supports
7. Occupy fewer places
8. Cost is low
9. Anyone can operate
10. Easy maintenance
11.Safe
12. Eco friendly,
13. Source of clean energy
14. Portable
15. Less noise.

FUTURE SCOPES
71
 1. Large size
2. High power generation
3. Automatically operated
4. High life

APPLICATIONS

1. Mobile charging
2. Inverter battery charging
3. Emergency light charging
4. Household appliances(Radio,Television,Fan,Computer,Video game)
5. PlayStation, IPod charging, Fluorescent lamp

Results
According to FARADAYS LAW of induction the model works properly.

The generation of voltage will vary according to RPM of wheels.

Thus we prove the law of conservation of energy that Energy cannot be

created not destroyed it can be converted from one form of energy to
another.

The magnets cannot loose their magnetism on high RPM also.

The system to be prevented from getting in touch with electronics

instruments.
72
 The energy created can be stored in batteries to use in future.

We will reduce our power bills to a large extent by using this energy.

Thus we learnt to use the magnets in various ways to create energy.

Conclusion
A prototype model of a repulsive-type Magnet wheel system using a
novel arrangement of permanent magnets has-been fabricated. Our aim is to
make this Magnet wheel system useful. By providing Magnet wheel, the plan
to achieve more energy creation implemented in near future. The proposed
technology employs the theory of magnetic repulsion to utilize the free
energy. The system uses permanent magnets to produce repulsion and this
repulsive force produces a torque which drives a DC generator of a single-
phase 2kVA UPS system based Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Inverter
with load voltage control is modeled. The inverter model was developed with
the load voltage controller was developed with the standard. Future scope of
this work is to implement in industry to generated electricity.
Ever since the world has started slipping into an energy crisis, it has
become a very important need for us to be able to reduce our dependency
on the various sources of energy which is not renewable. The clean and
renewable sources of energy keep recurring without you being able to
exhaust the energy source. There are several examples of renewable energy
are solar energy, hydro or water energy, and wind energy. These sources of
energy are freely available in the environment, and are very often overlooked
73
and not used properly. The best thing we can do is to take advantage of
these sources of energy. Therefore, we will make a step towards the
independence of energy.

The magnets energy, is the most abundant energy available on earth.

We should learn to take advantage of this energy. When we implement a
system, which uses this energy to provide power to our homes, we will
reduce our power bills to a large extent and also be able to contribute to a
green planet.

This Energy is a very effective source of clean and renewable energy,

and it is commonly produced on a very large scale, which means a lot of
investment and time gets put into building these systems that produce
energy from magnet. Thus we have learnt how to construct another
alternative source of energy, which has not reached the mainstream media
yet. But with time, this energy will be widely accepted and used.

74
 Bill of Materials
Sr.
Items Qty Rate Total Price
No.
1 Magnets 12X9X4 72 35 2520

2 Hub bolt 4 40 160

3 Cycle wheel 4 50 200

4 Favikick 1- 30ml 75 75

5 CD 4 10 40

6 Hub 2 80 160

7 Favicol tube 4 10 40

8 Hub clamp 4 10 40

9 Base plate plywood 200X300 1 60 60

10 Generator 12 v 1 180 180

11 Frame fabrication 1 350 350

12 Drills 4 100 100

13 Drill machine rent 1 200 200

14 Bolts and nuts 20 5 100

15 PVC connector 2 40 80

75
16 Bearings 6201 4 40 160

17 Adhesive tape 4 10 40

18 Bidding 10 10 100

19 Washers 12 3 36

20 Miscellaneous 350

Total 4991

Bibliography (References)

76
1) Machine Design : R. S. Kurmi & Gupta

2) General Purpose linear device : John Mathew

3) Electronics for u : Magazine Monthly

4) Physics Class XI & XII

5) www.project.com

6) www.howstuffworks.com

7) https://www.kjmagnetics.com

8) http://www.supermagnete.de

9) www.google.com

10) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh5xa3VWdx4

11) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_YmQJc1G8E

12) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TF0ytFafWmg

13) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiIVkp7mMwE

14) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1kJ4ps88aA

15) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHffliC2whk

16) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MYZWADQYDU

17) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVAGPb0fckg

18) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9m58FyZr3w

19) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baEb5Fg5Cvk

20) http://www.practicalaction.org

77