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This part of the module deals with the anatomical differences in ovaries of the following
species.
Cattle
Mare
Ewe
Sow
Bitch
Functions of the Ovary
Cattle
They are usually oval or almond in shape between 1.3 to 5
cm in length, 1.3 to 3.2 cm in width and 0.6 t o 1.9 cm thick
and weigh about 5 to 15 gms. The mature Graafian follicle is
1-2 cm in diameter and smooth, convex, thin walled and
fluctuates on palpation. The corpus luteum is 1.9 - 3.2 cm
in diameter and constitutes nearly three quarters of the size
of the ovary.To view click on figure.
Mare
The ovaries of mare are bean shaped measuring 4 to 8 cm
in length, 3 to 6 cm in width, 3 to 5 cms in thickness and
weigh 40 to 80 gms. The ovarian location is somewhat
variable, but is usually at 10 and 2 'O' clock positions by the
shaft of ileum. The left ovary is more functional than the
right. The three surfaces used to identify the structures on
the ovary are
Sow
The ovaries of the sow are oval in shape but appear like a
bunch of grapes or mulberry like due to multiple follicles/
corpora lutea. They weigh 3.5-10 gm and are situated 2.5-5
cm behind the kidneys near the lateral margin of the pelvic
inlet.The left ovary is more functional. The ovaries are
almost completely covered in the bursa.To view click on
figure.
Bitch
Cow
Mare
Ewe
Sow
Bitch
Functions of Uterus
Cow
Sow
Ovaries
Oviduct
Uterus
The uterus of the adult queen is a Y-shaped organ consisting of a 2-cm-long body
lying between the descending colon dorsally and the urinary bladder ventrally and
two 10-cm uterine tubes (oviducts). The cervix is the thick-walled neck of the uterus,
connecting it to the vagina.
Vagina
The vagina and the vestibule are each about 2 cm long , so that the cervix is located
about 40 to 45 mm cranial to the vulva; in pregnancy the vagina is stretched cranially
by the weight of the uterus.
Vestibule
The vestibule extends from just cranial to the external urethral cranially, to the vulva
caudally, a distance of about 2 cm.
The external urethral orifice in the cat opens into a mucosal groove located on the
floor of the vestibule just caudal to a transverse fold of mucosa that represents the
hymen.
Vulva
The vulva of the adult queen consists of two small, round labia located just below the
anus, which unite at dorsal and ventral commissures
The labia are similar in spayed than in intact cats. During estrus the labia are slightly
edematous and reddened, vulvar discharge is negligible
Mammary Glands
The queen has four pairs of mammary glands, arranged in two bilaterally
symmetrical rows from the ventral thoracic to ventral abdominal region.
They have been designated as
o the right and left axillary
o thoracic
o abdominal
o and inguinal mammary glands
Also designated as right and left mammary glands 1,2,3 and 4 when counting from
cranial to caudal
RECTAL EXAMINATION
External indications
Cessation of estrum
Development and increase in size of udder- 4-5 months more reliable in heifers.
35-45 days
o The palpation of the amniotic vesicle in the free portion of the horn at 35-45
days of pregnancy.
o The uterus is pelvic in position.
60-90 days
o The double membrane slip the uterus in pelvic is posterior.
90-120 days
o Fetal ballotment The uterus in pelvic brim is posterior.
150-180 days
o Palpation of placentomes. The uterus is in abdominal cavity.
180- term
o Palpation of fetal parts.
o Viability of fetus can be observed by fetal pedal reflex and fetal movements.
External sign
Udder examination
o Palpable udder development 71-90 days of more reliable in sheep/goat
which have not given birth.
o In pluriparous ewe enlarged flabby udder indicative of non-pregnancy
Abdominal palpation
Palpation of the abdomen for pregnancy diagnosis is more accurate and reliable from 90
days of gestation. This is done by placing the hand in front of udder lifting and dropping the
abdomen.