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Note : Give complete details of the analysis of your solution. Be very rigorous in providing any
mathematical detail in support of your arguments. Also mention any Lemma/Theorem you use.
1. If hR, +, i is a ring with additive identity 0, then prove that for any a, b R
0 a = a 0 = 0,
a(b) = (a)b = (ab),
(a)(b) = ab
2. Note that the notion of subring is similar to the notion of subgroup. Show that a subset S of a ring
R gives a subring of R if and only if the following holds.
0 S;
(a b) S for all a, b S;
a b S for all a, b S.
3. Consider hS, +, i, where S is a set and + and are binary operations on S such that
hS, +i is a group,
hS , i is a group, where S consists of all elements of S except the additive identity,
a (b + c) = a b + a c and (a + b) c = a c + b c for all a, b, c S.
Show that hS, +, i is a division ring. [Hint: use the distributive law to (1 + 1)(a + b) to prove
commutativity of addition.]
4. Let p be a prime. Consider the ring hZp , +, i where addition and multiplication are modulus p.
Prove that for all a, b Zp ,
(a + b)p = ap + bp
(Observe that the usual binomial expansion for (a + b)n is valid in a commutative ring).
5. A ring hR, +, i is a Boolean ring if a2 = a for all a R. Prove that a + a = 2a = 0 for all a R.
Use it to prove that R is a commutative ring.
6. Let hR, +, i be a ring and a be a fixed element of R. Let Ia = {x R|ax = 0}. Show that Ia is a
subring of R.
1
7. Note that the group isomorphism can be extended naturally to ring isomorphism as follows.
Definition: An isomorphism of a ring hR, +, i with a ring hR0 , , i is a one-to-one and onto
function mapping R onto R0 such that for all a, b R,
(a + b) = (a) (b)
(a b) = (a) (b)
Prove that
8. Let hR, +, i be a ring with multiplicative identity, denoted by 1. Using its elements we introduce
two operations and as follows. a b = a + b + 1 and a b = a b + a + b, where a, b R.
10. If hR, +, i is a commutative ring and a R, then show that aR = {ar|r R} is an ideal of R.
11. For a given integer m, let (m) denote all integers which are multiples of m. Show that every ideal
of the ring hZ, +, i is of the form (m) for some integer m.