DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital

Signal Processing
Reference:
S J.Orfanidis, Introduction to Signal Processing, Prentice Hall , 1996,ISBN 0-13-209172-0
M. D. Lutovac, D. V. Toi, B. L. Evans, Filter Design for Signal Processing Using MATLAB and
Mathematica, Prentice Hall, 2001
J.Proakis,D.Manolakis, Introduction to Digital Signal Processing, Macmillan Publishing Company,
1989, ISBN 0-02-946253-3.
S. Poornachandra, B Sasikala, Digital Signal Processing, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-
067279-6
Lectured by Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien
National Distinguished Lecturer
Tel: 08-38654184; 0903 787 989
Email: ThuongLe@hcmut.edu.vn,
ThuongLe@yahoo.com

Dated on Feb 6th 2017

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1. Define Signals and Systems
A signal is defined as a function of one or more
variables which convey information
A system is an entry that manipulates one or more
input signals to perform a function which results
in a new output signal.

2. Classification of signals based on their properties

* Continuous time (CT) signals and Discrete-time signals
* Periodic and aperiodic signals
* Even and odd signals
* Deterministic signals and random signals
* Energy and power signals
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3. Classification of systems based on
their properties
* Continuous time (CT) systems and
Discrete-time (DT) systems
* Stable and unstable systems
* Memory and memoryless systems
* Invertible and noninvertible systems
* Time-invariant and time-variant systems
* Linear and nonlinear systems
* Causal and noncausal systems
4. Causal and Non-causal Systems
 Observations on Causality
A system is causal if the output does not anticipate future
values of the input, i.e., if the output at any time depends
only on values of the input up to that time.

All real-time physical systems are causal, because time

only moves forward. Effect occurs after cause. (Imagine if
you own a noncausal system whose output depends on
tomorrows stock price.)

Causality does not apply to spatially varying signals. (We

can move both left and right, up and down.)

Causality does not apply to systems processing recorded

signals, e.g. taped sports games vs. live broadcast.
5. LINEARITY (L)
LINEARITY COMBINATION OF THE INPUTS CAN BE
HAPPENNED WITH THE OUTPUTS
6. Time-Invariance (TI)

A CT system is a time-invariant system, if for

any input x[t] and any time shift t0,

If x(t) y(t)
then x(t - to) y(t - to) .

A DT system with x[n] y[n] is a TI system if for

any input x[n] and any time shift n0,
If x[n] y[n]
then x[n - n0] y[n - n0] .
7. Transform a Continuous time signal into
a discrete time signal
8. Differences between discrete time signals and digital signals

DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL (DT signals)

A DT signal is obtained by sampling a CT signal at a uniform or
non-uniform rate
A signal x(n) is said to be DT signal if it defines or represent an
input at discrete instant of time.
The DT signal is discrete in time only and the amplitude varies
at every discrete values of n
DIGITAL SIGNALS
A digital signal is obtained by sampling, quantizing and encoding
a CT signal
A signal is said to be a digital signal if it is represented in term of
digital format
The digital signal is discrete in time and quantized in amplitude
For a digital signal, the amplitude is represented in digital format.
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 9. Difference between Energy signals and Power signals
Energy Signal Power Signal
The energy of CT signal x(t) over a The power of CT signal x(t) over a
period [-T/2, T/2] is given by period [-T/2, T/2] is given by
T / 2 T / 2
E Lt
2
x(t ) dt 1 2
T
T / 2
P Lt
T T x(t ) dt
T / 2
The energy of DT signal x(n) over a The power of DT signal x(n) over a
period [-N, +N] is given by period [-N, +N] is given by
2 N 2
N 1
E Lt
N
x ( n) P Lt
N 2 N 1

n N
x (n)
n N
A signal is referred to as energy A signal is referred to as power
signal if and only if the total energy signal if and only if the total power
of the signal satisfies the condition of the signal satisfies the condition
0E 0P
**Generally deterministic and **Generally random and
aperiodic signals are considered periodic signals are considered
to be energy signals to be power signals
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 10. Difference between Odd signals and Even signals

Odd Signal Even Signal

A signal is said to be odd if x(t)= - A signal is said to be even if x(t)=
x(-t) for CT signals and x(-t) for CT signals and x(n)= x(-n)
x(n)= -x(-n) for DT signals for DT signals
The odd component of any signal The even component of any signal
is is
x(t ) x( t ) x(t ) x(t )
xo for CT signals xe for CT signals
2 2
x ( n) x ( n) x ( n) x ( n)
xo for DT signals xe for DT signals
2 2

Odd signals are anti symmetric Even signals are symmetric about
about the vertical axis the vertical axis
e.g. Sine wave e.g. Cosine wave

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11. Difference between Deterministic signals and Random signals
Deterministic signal
A deterministic signal is one in which
there is a certainty with respect to
its values at any time. Future value
of signals is predictable
E.g. Pulse train, sinusoidal wave, etc
Deterministic signal can be
expressed mathematically
Random signal
A random signal is one in which
there is an uncertainty with respect
to its values at any time. Future
value of signals is unpredictable
E.g. EEG signal, noise, speech, etc.
Random signals are expressed
mathematically in term of
impulses
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 Convolution Sum and Notation

Notation is confusing, should not have [n]

takes two sequences and produces a third
sequence
makes more sense
Convolution Computation Mechanics
DT Convolution Properties
Commutative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property

+
Delay Accumulation
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the signal x(t)=2cos(3t)+7cos(9t) periodic?
2. Draw the waveform x(-t) and x(2-t) of the signal
t , 0 t 3
x (t )
0, t 3 (1/ 2) n , n 0
3. Find the energy of the discrete time signal x (n ) n
3 , n0
4. What is the periodicity of the signal x(t) = sin(100t) + cos(150t) ?
5. Draw the waveforms and write their equations for the four basic
continuous-signals and discrete signals (sinusoidal signal, impulse
signal, step signal, ramp signal)
t
6. Classify the following signals: a. x(t ) e , 1
b. x(t ) e j 2ft
7. Test whether the given signals are an energy or power signal?
x(t)=tu(t) and x(t)=exp(j(2t+/4))
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