F ndS = Fdxdydz

S V

2013
Email: dsourlas@physics.upatras.gr



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19 ,
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,

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. ,

.

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.............................................................................................................1
.....................................................................................1
1.1 .........................................................................................................1
1.2 :..........................................................................3
1.3 ............................................3
1.4 ................................................................................4
1.5 .....................................................4
1.6 .....................................................6
1.7 .7
1.8 ........................................................................................8
1.9 ,...........................10
1.10 ...............................................................................................12
.........................................................................................................20

..........................................................................................................23
..................................................................................23
2.1 .......................................................................................................23
2.2 ............................................................25
2.3 .....................................................26
2.4 .................................................26
2.5 ..............................................30
2.6 ...............................................................................................32
.........................................................................................................39

.........................................................................................................41
.................................41
3.1 .......................................................................................................41
3.2 ...........................................................................42
3.3 .....................................................................43
3.4 ...............................................44
3.5 ..................................................45
3.6 2.................................................................46
3.7 .....................................................................48
3.8 f....................................................................51
3.9 .................................................57
3.10 ...60
3.11 ...............................................................................................64
 .........................................................................................................68

IV.........................................................................................................71
I................................................71
4.1 .......................................................................................................71
4.2 ..............................73
4.3
................................................................................77
4.4 ..........................................................................82
4.5 ................89
4.6 .........................89
4.7 ...............................................................................................90
.........................................................................................................97

V..........................................................................................................99
..............................................................................99
5.1 .......................................................................................................99
5.2 .....................................................100
5.3 .......................101
5.4 ..................104
5.5 .....................................................109
5.6 ................................112
5.7 ....................113
5.8 .......................................115
5.9 .............................................................................................117
.......................................................................................................118

VI........................................................................................................121
.........................................................................................121
6.1 .....................................................................................................121
6.2 .................................................123
6.3 ...123
6.4 ....126
6.5 ..................................133
6.6 .......................................137
6.7 E.............................................................................................139
.............................................................................................................141

VII.......................................................................................................145
.......................................................................................145
7.1 .....................................................................................................145
7.2 ..................................................145
 7.3 .............................................................................................156
.......................................................................................................159

VIII......................................................................................................161
............................................................................161
8.1 .....................................................................................................161
8.2 ........................................................................161
8.3 ...................................................163
8.4 ............................................167
8.5 ..................................................................168
8.6 '..........................169
8.7 .................................................................171
8.8 dS.................................................................172
8.9 ........................175
8.10 ....................180
8.11 .............................................................................................181
8.12 .....................................................183
8.13 ..............................................184
8.14 ........................187
8.15 ..............................189
.......................................................................................................191

IX........................................................................................................195
GREEN,STOKESGAUSS.................................................195
9.1 .....................................................................................................195
9.2 Green..........................................................................195
9.3 Green...........................................202
9.4 Stokes.........................................................................203
9.5 Stokes......................................206
9.6 Gauss...............................................207
9.7 Gauss......................................209
9.8 GaussStokes....................................210
9.9
..............................................................213
9.10
...................................................................................223
9.11 ,
......................................................................................................225
.......................................................................................................230

.........................................................................................................231
............................................................................................231
 10.1 .....................................................................................................231
10.2 ,............................................231
10.3 Lagrange................243
10.4 ...................................................248
.............................................................................................................251

........................................................................................................253
...................................................................253
11.1 .......................................................253
11.2 .....................................253
11.3 ....................254
11.4 ,.....................................256
11.5 grad,divcurl....................258
11.6 .......258
.......................................................................................................262

.......................................................................................................265
....................................................................265
12.1 ................................................................................................265
12.2 ...........................267
12.3 ...........................................................................268
12.4 ......................................................269
12.5 ......................................................270
12.6 ....................................................................271
12.7 .....................................................................272
12.8 ...................................274
12.9 ................................................276
12.10Christoffel...........................................................................279
12.11.........................................................................280
12.12..........................................................281
.......................................................................................................283

.....................................................................................................285
........................................................285
1. ...................................................................................285
2..................288
3.........................................................292
4.....................294
5.........................................................296

B......................................................................................................299
.......................................299
 .............................................................................................................304

......................................................................................................305
.........................................................................................305
.............................................................................................................305
1.()............................................306
2.().........................................................307
3..............................................................................310
4..........................................................................................312
5....................................................................315
6........................................................................317

1.................................................................321

2...............................................................327

3...............................................................335

4.................................................................343

5.................................................................352

6................................................................357

7.................................................................371

8.................................................................379

9.................................................................401

10...............................................................415

11...............................................................435

12...............................................................443

.................................................................................................453
I ...................................................................453
...................................................................454
III ........................................................................................456
IV ................................................................................458
V ...............................................................458
VI ............................................................................460
 V ..........................................................................461
V ...........................................................462
GREEN,STOKES,GAUSS.......................................................463
X ...............................................................................464

...........................................................................466
I ...................................................................466
...................................................................468
III ........................................................................................472
IV ................................................................................479
V ...............................................................482
VI ............................................................................490
V ..........................................................................501
V ...........................................................504
GREEN,STOKES,GAUSS.......................................................509
X ...............................................................................517

MAPLE..............................................................................521

............................................................................................................553

......................................................................................................531

1.1

, , , ,
, , ,
.. 6,28 , 22 0C, 220 Volts ...
, . ..
400
300 ,
700 700
. 400
300 , 700 ,
400 2 + 300 2 = 500
, (. 1.1.1).
, 300
400
.
, ..
, , 300
, -
, . 1.1.1
.


, , ,
,
" ".
-
(1,

(1
,
, , ,
. .
.
2

, , v=OA (2,
(. 1.1.2).
-
.. OXYZ, v=(vx ,vy ,vz ), (. 1.1.2).

.
R3. v |v| (3
.

v = vx2 + vy2 + vz2 (1.1.1)

|v|=1 .

z vz

A A
v
v
vy
O
y
O vx

x
. 1.1.2
. 1.1.2

(2

.. , v,u,w, ...,
.. v, v .
(3
||v||, |v|,
.
, ||, R
C, . |||| norm
.
 3

1.2 :

v w
:
O, ,
v w
, - z
,
v v
w, (. 1.2.1). r,
r A

, - O
v y
w. w

w
v. x
. 1.2.1

v w (vx ,vy ,vz ) (wx ,wy ,wz )
,
v w, :

r=v+w=(vx+wx , vy+wy , vz+wz) (1.2.1)

.

1.3

v+v+v 3v .
3v 3 v
v 3v
v. ,
v ,
v
v v.
, v ,
v. =0,
v=0 0 , (
,
0=(0,0,0) ).
4

v
v,
.


. :
v-w=v+(-1)w (1.3.1)
v
-w, w.

1.4

v w : v-w=0.
v w
,

v=w (vx ,vy ,vz )=(wx ,wy ,wz ) vx = wx , vy = wy , vz = wz (1.4.1)

, (), .

, (..
)
, , :

, .
.
, ,
.
,
.

1.5

v w, (4
vw , :

(4
.. <v,w> , (v,w)
 5

vw=|v||w|cos (1.5.1)
v w.
(1.5.1) :
vw=wv (1.5.2)
(1.5.1)
:

w

v
A B
. 1.5.1
|w|cos== w v ,
:
vw= |v|( w v) vw= |w|( v w)
: |v|=1 vw=
w v
vv=|v|2 (1..5.3)
, ,
, :
(v+w)u=vu+wu (1.5.4)

. v w
vw=0, v w
vw=|v||w|cos=0 cos=0 =/2.
OXYZ
i, j, k OX, OY, OZ,
v w :
v=vxi+vyj+vzk w=wxi+wyj+wzk (1.5.5)
vw
(1.5.4) ij=ik=jk=0 ii=jj=kk=1, (
i, j, k, ),
:

vw=vxwx+vywy+vzwz (1.5.6)
6

(1.5.1), (1.5.6).
: (1.5.1)
v w
, (), v
w , .

. (1.5.6)
,
vx , vy , vz wx , wy , wz .
(1.5.1)

vw vw
= cos 1 1
= cos =
|v||w | vv ww
(1.5.7)
vx wx + v y wy + vz wz
1
= cos
vx2 + v y2 + vz2 wx2 + wy2 + wz2

(1.5.7) ,
,
.
:
(1.5.1) (1.5.6)
:

1) vv0 v vv=0 v=0 (1.5.8)

2) vw =wv v,w (1.5.9)
3) (v+u)w=(vw)+(uw) v, u, w , R (1.5.10)

:
, ( ),
, .

1.6

v w,
vw, , |v||w|sin, ,
v w
 7

:

, vw
( ).
vw.
w
vw
v, w, vw
, (.1.6.1).

, v
wv
.
:
vw=-wv (1.6.1)

. vw=0, =0, v w
.
.

,
v(w+u)=vw+vu (1.6.2)

v w :
vw=(vxi+vyj+vzk)(wxi+wyj+wz k) (vywz -vzwy)i+(vzwx-vxwz)j+(vxwy-vywx)k

i j k
vy vz v vx vx vy
vw = i+ z j+ k = vx vy vz (1.6.3)
wy wz wz wx wx wy
wx wy wz

(1.6.3)
.

1.7

,

8

.
,
. " ", (
), "
", ( ),
. :
v w
vw= (1.7.1)
, ,
.
, (),
w
v, v.w=.
, v* = v+u u
w, u.w=0 (1.7.1). :
v*w=(v+u )w=vw+uw=+0=

.
.

1.8

,

. .
) v, w, u
:
v(wu) (1.8.1)
: v, w,
u, , (. 1.8.1).
|wu| , |wu|=|w||u|sin,
w u .
|v|cos. V
:
V=|w||u|sin|v|cos=|wu||v|cos= v(wu)
 9

>/2, v(wu) .
:
V = |v(wu)| (1.8.2)

wu

v u


w
. 1.8.1

vx vy vz
v ( w u ) = wx wy wz (1.8.3)
ux uy uz

, ( ).
) v, w, u
:

v(wu) (1.8.4)
:

v(wu)=(vu)w-(vw)u (1.8.5)

(
:

a(bc)=b(ac)-c(ab) (1.8.6)

back up).

: =r,
r .
10

1.9 ,

,
.
,
.
. '
.

,
, . rF
F , r
rF F
. ' r
.
.
rF
F .
F. '
F .

.
:



..
u3
u2

.
..
1 u1
3 .

2
.

u,
. 1.9.1
 11

, |u|=. u ,
, u1, u2 ,

u1, u2. :
1
1 2, (. 1.9.1).
u1 |u1|=1.

2 2 3
u2 |u2|=2.
u1 u2 ,
1 3
u1+u2.
u3 13.
u3 ,
u1 u2. 1=2=/2,
u3 u1
u2.

.
, .
-
,
, .
: (u1, 1), (u2, 2), (u3, 3)
, 1, 2, 3 .
:
2=1+12=1+(u11) (1.9.1)
|u11|=1|1|=12=|12|
u11 -
12 .
3=2+23=2+(u22) (1.9.2)
(1.9.1) (1.9.2)
3=1+(u11)+u2[1+(u11)]=
= 1+(u1+u2) 1+u2(u11) (1.9.3)
1, 2 , -
:
12

3= 1+(u1+u2) 1 (1.9.4)
(u3,3), :
3= 1+u3 1 (1.9.5)
(1.9.4) (1.9.5) :
u3=u1+u2

.

.

1.10

1) )

.
) .
: ) A , (.
1) :
A
+==+=-+=
=1/2(-)=1/2()
)


, (. 2). 1
2
B
. 1 . :

2=+2=+1/2=

=+1/2(-)=1/2(+)
(1)
1
2 1=1/2=1/2(+)=
=1/2(+)=2 (2)
. 2
(1), (2)
1=AP2. 1
2
 13

2)
, ,
2 1.
: ,
. =1/3, =1/3.
= (1).
= (2).
:
=+=+ (1)

:
=+ (2)

(1) (2):
+=+ (3)
(3) -
:
=1/2, =1/2, =-1/2+, =-1/2+ (4)
(4) (3) :
1/2+(-1/2+)=1/2+(-1/2+)
(1/2--1/2)=(1/2--1/2)
B, BA , :
--1/2=0, --1/2=0 ==1/3.
=1/3, =1/3
=1/3.

3) ,
/.
:
. , ,

, , .
:

A B
= (1)

14

: =-, =- (2)
O OA OB O
(2) (1): = (3)

(3) :
OB + OA
= (4)
+
(4) .
4) .

.

: :


=1/2+1/2=1/2(+)
=1/2(+)
=1/2(+) (1)
=1/2(+)

+++=0
+=-(+) (2)
(2) (1) :
=1/2(+)=-1/2(+)=- (3)
=-1/2(+)=-1/2(+)=-=
(3)
.
5) 20km/h.
20km/h .

;

;
20Km/h :
,
20Km/h

202km/h. 450

 15

20
20 202
20
45o 20
20 20

.
,
,
. ,

20 20.

6) 250miles/h
. 80miles/h .
;
: v ,
v1 B
v2
.
: v1=v2+v v2
v1
:
1350
(v2)2=(v1)2 +(v)2-2v1vcos(1350)= A
=311.7miles/h v

:
v2 v 0
= 1 sin=0.567 =34.55 .
sin 135 0
sin
, 311.7miles/h
34.550 .
7) ,
, ||=3 ||=2.
) .
) ,
||=3 ||=2.
16

)
.
: )
||=3, 3.
,
2.
1 5.
)
||=2.
2

3
2.
5
(5, .
)
.
1 5.


1 5.

8)
r

r
.
cos2 +cos2+cos2=1.
: r=(x,y,z)
, ,
, , .
,
cos=x/r (1)
r=|r| r.
:
cos=y/r (2)

(5
.
8.3.
 17

:
cos=z/r (3)
:
x2+y2+z2=r2 (4)
:
cos2+cos2+cos2=
=x2/r2+y2/r2+z2/r2=r2/r2=1

9) ) v(2,4,-5)
, , . ) v(2,5,1)
u(1,1,3).
: ) , , v
, , . :
2
vi=|v||i|cos 2= 4 + 16 + 25 cos cos= =0.298 =730
45
:
4
vj=|v||j|cos 4= 4 + 16 + 25 cos cos= =0.596 =530
45
5
vk=|v||k|cos -5= 4 + 16 + 25 cos cos= =-0.745 =1380
45
) v u
v u.
v u
.

v

u.
:
u 1 u
u0 = = (1,1,3)
|u| 11
:
18

1 1 3 1
( v u0 ) u0 = ( 2,5,1) , , (1,1,3) =
11 11 11 11
1 1 10
= ( 2 + 5 + 3) (1,1,3) = (1,1,3)
11 11 11

10) u1, u2 ,
, .

j
:
u2 cos(-)=coscos+sinsin (1)

u1 cos(+)=coscos-sinsin (2)
: 1 :
u1=cosi+sinj

i u2=cosi+sinj
. 1
u1 u2:

u1u2=|u1| |u2|cos(-)

coscos+sinsin=cos(-)
j
u2
2. :
u1=cosi-sinj
u2=cosi+sinj

u1 u2 :
u1u2=|u1| |u2|cos(+)
i
coscos-sinsin=cos(+)
(2)
(1)
.
. 2

11) ,

. .
 19

,
(6.
S1+ S2+ S3+ S4=0
S1, S2, S3, S4,
.
: ,
a,
b, S3
a c

, S1 b S2
1 c-a
a b , ( 4).
2 S4
b-a
:
S1 a, b
S2 b, c
S3 c, a
S4 c-a, b-a
:
1 1 1 1
S1= a b , S2= b c , S3= c a , S4= ( c a ) ( b a )
2 2 2 2
:
1 1 1 1
S1+ S2+ S3+ S4= a b + b c + c a + ( c a ) ( b a ) =
2 2 2 2
1
= [a b + b c + c a + c b c a a b + a a ] = 0
2

.

(6

VIII
20

1. :
(v+w )u =vu+wu
2. : |v+u| |v|+|u|
3. Cauchy-Schwarz: |vu||v||u|
4.
:
S=1/2||=1/2sin
,
, .
5. :

) :
= =
sin sin sin
) :
2=2+2-2cos , 2=2+2-2cos , 2=2+2-2cos
' , , .
6. :
) |v+u|2 -|v-u|2=4 v.u
) |v+u|2+|v-u|2=2|v|2+2|u|2
7. :
) v(uw) = u(vw)-w(vu)
) (vu)w = u(vw)-v(uw)
) (vu)(wr) = (vw)(u.r)-(vr)(uw)
8. Jacobi:
v(uw) + u(wv) + w(vu) = 0
9. v0 : vu=vw vu = vw
u=w. , uw.
10. a, b, c
.
v a, b, c
:
 21

v bc v ac v ba
v= a + b + c
a b c b ac cba
11. n e1, e2,
, en . ri ei (i=1,2, , n)
. :
n
p = ei ri
i =1

:
n

p e r i i
R= n
= i =1
n

e
i =1
i e
i =1
i

n n
e
i =1
i 0 . e
i =1
i =0

)
.

)
.


2.1

,
, :
r=rxi+ryj+rzk
rx ,ry, rz ,
.. r=3i-2j+6k.

,
.. ,
.
,

.
, t,
r :
r=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k (2.1.1)

.
-
:

r: IR AR3 r: tI r(t) (2.1.2)

.
,
, . x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t) -
(2.1.1)
.
24

: :
1. r(t) = Rcosti + Rsintj t[0,2)
XY
R.
, x=Rcost y=Rsint : x2+y2=R2.
2. r(t) = costi + sintj t[0,2)
XY .
2 2
, x=cost y=sint : x 2 + y 2 = 1.

3. r(t) = costi + sintj + tk t[t1 ,t2]R
OXYZ.
4. r(t) = coshti + sinhtj tR
x2-y2=1.
cosh2t-sinh2t=1 x=cosht, y=sinht
. x=cosht>0,
.
: r(t) = -coshti + sinhtj.


.


t ,

.

:
 25

1. 2.
r ( t ) = R cos ti + R sin t t [0,2 ), r ( t ) = a cos ti + sin t t [0,2 )

3. 4. ( )
r(t) = costi + 2sintj + t/2k t[0 ,4] r(t) = coshti + sinhtj tR

2.2

r=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k
l=lxi+lyj+lzk t t0, :
26

lim t t0 x (t ) = l x , lim t t0 y (t ) = l y , lim t t0 z (t ) = l z (2.2.1)

t t
: lim t t0 r (t ) = l r(t )
0
l

1: :

limt t0 r (t ) = l limt t0 | r(t ) l |= 0

(>0)((,t0)>0)[|t-t0|< |r(t)-l|<] (2.2.2)

2: limt t0 r (t ) = l limt t0 | r(t ) |=| l |

;
3: l .

2.3

r(t)=rx(t)i+ry(t)j+rz(t)k
t0
t=t0,

limt t0 r(t ) = r(t0 ) (2.3.1)

t0 :
lim t t0 x(t ) = x(t0 ) , lim t t0 y (t ) = y (t0 ) , lim t t0 z (t ) = z (t0 )
t t 0
: r(t ) r(t 0 )

2.4

r(t) t0
:
dr (t0 ) r (t + h) r (t0 )
= r(t0 ) = lim h 0 0 =
dt h
x(t0 + h ) x (t0 ) y (t0 + h ) y (t0 )
lim h 0 i + lim h 0 j+
h h
 27

z (t0 + h ) z(t0 )
lim h 0 k = x ( t0 ) i + y ( t0 ) j + z ( t0 ) k
h
:

dr ( t )
r ( t ) = = x ( t ) i + y ( t ) j + z ( t ) k (2.4.1)
dt

.
2.4.1,

r(t0)
, z r(t0+h)-r(t0)
r(t).
:
(x,y,z) r(t0+h) r(t0)
,
t, y
x,y,z
t:
x
. 2.4.1
x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t).
: r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k
:
dr (t ) dx(t ) dy (t ) dz (t )
v (t ) = = i+ j+ k
dt dt dt dt
:

d v (t ) d 2 r (t ) d 2 x (t ) d 2 y (t ) d 2 z (t )
a (t ) = = = i + j + k
dt dt 2 dt 2 dt 2 dt 2
1:
(t)r(t),
r(t)v(t)
r(t)w(t)
:
. :
28

d d (t) dr (t)
[(t)r(t)] = r (t) + (t) (2.4.2)
dt dt dt
d dr(t ) dv(t )
[r(t ) v(t )] = v(t ) + r(t ) (2.4.2)
dt dt dt
d dr(t ) dv(t )
[r(t ) v(t )] = v(t ) + r(t ) (2.4.2)
dt dt dt

C r(t)
dr/dt .
,
.
1:
r(t) , :
dr (t )
r (t ) = 0 tI (2.4.3)
dt
: . |r(t)|=r(t)=.
d dr (t ) dr (t )
r2(t)=r.r=. [r(t ) r (t )] = 0 r (t ) + r (t ) =0
dt dt dt
d r (t ) dr (t )
2r (t ) = 0 r (t ) =0
dt dt
dr (t )
: r (t ) = 0 . : r2(t) =rr
dt
d 2 dr (t )
r (t ) = 2r (t ) =0
dt dt
r2(t)=. r(t)=|r(t)|=.
2:
r(t) ,
:
dr (t )
r(t ) =0 tI (2.4.4)
dt
: : :
 29

r (t ) r (t )
r0(t)= =
| r (t ) | r (t )
|r0(t)|=1 ,
r0(t) r0(t)=0.
: r(t)=r(t)r0(t) r(t)=r(t)r0(t)+r(t)r0(t)=r(t)r0(t)
r ( t ) r ( t )
r(t)r(t)=r(t)r(t)r0(t)= =r(t)r(t) = r(t)r(t)=0
r (t ) r (t )
r(t)r(t)=0
dr (t )
: r(t) =0. :
dt
d r0 (t ) d r (t ) r ( t ) 1
= = 2 r (t ) + r ( t ) =
dt dt r (t ) r (t ) r (t )

r(t)r(t )r(t ) + r 2 (t )r(t )

= (2.4.5)
r3 (t )
r2(t)=r(t)r(t) 2r(t)r(t)=2r(t)r(t)
r(t)r(t)=r(t)r(t) (2.4.6)
(2.4.5) (2.4.6) :

dr0 (t ) [r(t ) r(t )] r(t ) + [r(t ) r(t )] r(t )

= =
dt r 3 (t )
1
{r (t ) r (t )} r (t ) {r (t ) r (t )} r (t ) =
r (t )
3

1
= 3 r (t ) {r (t ) r (t )}
r (t )
dr0 (t )
r(t)r(t)=0 = 0 r0(t)=.
dt
r(t) .
:
r v. :
r2=rr=, v2=vv=
, (2.4.3),
:
30

dr
2 r =0 rv=0 (2.4.7)
dt
dv
2v = 0 v=0 (2.4.8)
dt
rv=0 :
dr dv
v+r = 0 vv+r=0 r=-v2 (2.4.9)
dt dt
(2.4.7) v
r. (2.4.8)
v .
r
r 0 180 . (2.4.9)
:
r=|r|||cos=-v2 cos<0 =1800
|r|||(-1)=-v2 =v2/r


,
, v2/r v
.

2.5

:
r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k (2.5.1)
r(t)
u(t) :
du(t )
= r(t ) (2.5.2)
dt
:

u(t ) = r(t ) dt + c (2.5.3)

c .
 31

1:

r(t)=(t2+1)i+2j-t3k.

: u (t) = r (t) dt = (( t 2
)
+ 1) i + 2 j t 3k dt =

t3 t4
= + t + c1 i + ( 2t + c 2 ) j c3 k =
3 4

t3 t4
= + t i + ( 2t ) j k + c c=c1i+c2j+c3k.
3 4
1:
,

. :

u(t ) = r(t ) dt + c = x(t ) dti + y(t ) dtj + z(t ) dtz +c (2.5.4)

,
,

, :

[ x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k ] dt
t2 t2
t1
r (t ) dt =
t1
(2.5.5)

((t )
+ 1) i + 2 j t 3k dt
2
2: :
2

3
3
t3 t4
( ( )+ + = )
+ ( ) k =
+
2 3
: t 1 i 2 j t k dt t i 2t j
2 3 4 2

8 81 22 65
= [9 + 3] + 2 i + ( 6 4) j 4 k = i + 2 j
3 4 3 4

,
:
32

t2
t1
r(t ) v(t ) dt (2.5.6)

t2
t1
r(t ) v(t ) dt (2.5.7)

3: :
3 2
) 0
r(t ) v(t ) dt )
0
r(t ) v(t ) dt

r(t)=t2i+(t+1)j-t3k, v(t)=2i-tj+t2k
: ) r(t)v(t)=2t2-t2-t-t5=-t5=t2-t.

3
t6 t3 t 2
( )
3 3
0 0 = + = 117
5 2
r (t ) v (t ) dt = -t +t -t dt
6 3 20
) r(t)v(t)=(t3+t2-t4)i+(-2t2-t4)j+(-t-2t-2)k.

0 r(t ) v(t ) dt = 0 ( t + t + t ) i + ( t 2t ) j + ( t 2t 2) k dt =
2 2
4 3 2 4 3 3

2
t 5 t 4 t 3 t 5 t 4 t 4 4 72
= + + i + j + t 2 2t k = i j 12k
5 4 3 5 2 4 0 15 5

2.6

1) a(t)=t2i+sintj-t3k.
t.
t=0
.
dv
: a = :
dt
t3 t4
v = adt = t 2i + sin tj t 3k dt = i cos tj k + c1
3 4
 33

c1 ,
:
t=0 v(0)=0 -j+c1=0 c1=j.

t3 t4
v= i + (1 cos t ) j k
3 4
r(t)
:

t3 t4
r (t ) = v(t )dt = i + (1 cos t ) j k dt =
3 4

t4 t5
= i + (t sin t ) j k + c 2
12 20
r(0)=0 : c2=0.

t4 t5
r (t ) = i + (t sin t ) j k
12 20
2)
. (
r
).
r
: Fc = f ( r )
r
: L = r mv (1)

1
: h = rv. (2)
2

.
f(r)>0 f(r)<0.
: Newton: ma=Fc :

d 2r r
m 2
= f (r ) (3)
dt r
(3) r:
34

d 2r r
r m 2 = r f (r ) = 0
dt r

d 2r d dr dr
mr 2
= 0 r m = 0 r m = c
dt dt dt dt
L = r mv =c
m , :
1 11
h= (r v ) = c =
2 2m
f(r)<0 a(t)
r(t)
, .
f(r)>0 a(t)
r(t) .
f(r)<0.

3)
,
, .
.
: ,
. 2.6.1 r(t),
r(t) t t.
z
r(t)
r(t) .
h
r=r-r t=t-t.
O t r

r , , :
r y
1
r = r r
2
,
x . 2.6.1
r ,
:
 35

1 r
= r
t 2 t
, :

dE 1 dr 1
= lim t 0 = r = rv
dt t 2 dt 2
v .
1
h = r v .
2
r :
hr=0
h, r
.
h
,


h.


m
:
mM
F = G r
r3

m
.
.
: . 2.6.2
d 2r mM d 2r M
m 2
= G 3 r 2
= G 3 r
dt r dt r
,
.
Kepler
.
tAB
36

t, tAB=t
, :
()=(BAO)
4) ,
:
d 2r M
2
= G 3 r (1)
dt r
1 dr
r = h = (2)
2 dt
.
.
: r0 , r,

r=r r0 (3)
dr dr dr
(3): = v = r 0 + r0 (4)
dt dt dt
:

dr0 dr dr
L=2mh=mrv= mrr0 r + r0 = mr 2r0 0 (5)
dt dt dt
(1) (5):

d 2r dv M
2
L = L = G 2 r0 L
dt dt r
d 2r dv Mm
2
L = L = G 2 r0 L (6)
dt dt r
(5) (6):
dv Mm dr
L = G 2 r0 r 2r0 0 =
dt r dt
(7)
dr dr dr
= GmM r0 0 r0 ( r0 r0 ) 0 = GmM 0
dt dt dt
( :
v(uw) = u(vw)-w(vu) 1).
 37

L , :
dv d
L = ( v L) (8)
dt dt
(7), (8) :
d dr
( v L ) = GmM 0 (9)
dt dt
(9):
vL=GmMr0+c (10)
c .
(10) r :
r(vL)=GmMrr0+rc=GmMr+rr0c= GmMr+rc cos (11)
r0 c.
r(vL)=(rv)L=(L/m)L=L2/m
(11) :
L2=GmMr+rc cos (12)
L2
2
L GmM
r= = (13)
GmM + cm cos 1 + c
GmM cos

:
b
r= (14)
1 + e cos
b e . (13)
c
e = .
GmM
e=1
e>1 . , ,
e<1.
, .

5)
38

r=costi+sintj , , , .
: : h=1/2rv.
: v=dr/dt=-sinti+costj . :
h=1/2rv=1/2(costi+sintj)(-sinti+costj)=1/2k.

6) ,
: x=cost, y=sint, z=0 0t2 .
.
: :
r=r(t), t1tt2 :
) dr/dt
t1tt2
) tatb r(ta)r(tb) ( )
) dr/dt0 t, t1tt2
:
r(t)=costi+sintj dr/dt=-sinti+costj
dr/dt
. )
). 0t2 dr/dt0. .
r(0)=r(2). r(0)=i r(2)=i.
.
,
t ,
:
dr/dt=-sinti+costj

, ( ).
 39

1. :
d d (t ) dr (t )
[ (t )r (t )] = r (t ) + (t )
dt dt dt
d dr (t ) dv (t )
[r (t ) v(t )] = v (t ) + r (t )
dt dt dt
d dr (t ) dv(t )
[r(t ) v(t )] = v(t ) + r (t )
dt dt dt
2. r(t)
t r(t), (
, r(t) t
), :
) (x-5)2+(y-3)2=9 (7
) 4x2+9y2=36
) y=x2 '
3
) y=x '
3. :
r1(t)=(et-1)i+2sintj+ln(t+1)k r2(u)=(u+1)i+(u2-1)j+(u3+1)k
. .
4. r(t)
[0,2], r(0)=i
x2 y2
r(t) : + = 1 :
2 2
)
)
)
)

(7

.
.
40

5.
x(t)=e-t, y(t)=2cos3t, z(t)=2sin3t, t . )
t. )
t=0.

6.
x(t)=2t2, y(t)=t2-4t, z(t)=3t-5, t .

u=i-3j+2k t=1.

7. C x=x(s),
y=y(s), z=z(s), s C
C. r o
C, dr/ds
C.

8. )
x(t)=t2+1, y(t)=4t-3, z(t)=2t2-6t. )
t=2.

9. :

1
r(t)=2costi+sintk, v(t)= e t i + j t 3k
t
:
/2 /2 /2
)
0
r(t ) dt , )
0
v(t ) dt , )
0
r(t ) v(t ) dt

4
d 2 r (t )
10.
r (t ) dt :
dt 2
2

r(2)=3i+1j+1k,

r(4)=6i+7j+3k,

dr(t ) dr(t )
= 0, = i + j+k
dt t =2 dt t =4


3.1

. .. '
. ' '
.

(x,y,z) r=xi+yj+zk ,
:

=(x,y,z)=T(r)

f :
f: ARn BR
f: (x1 ,x2 ,...,xn )A f(x1 ,x2 ,...,xn)B (3.1.1)

n .

: z=f(x,y),
R3, ..
z = R x y
2 2 2

R.
: w=f(x,y,z),
R4
.
f(x1,x2,...,xn) n
' n+1-.
42

(x,y,z),
(8.

.

3.2

f=f(r) , r r0 ,
:
(>0)(>0)[|r-r0|< |f(r)- |<] (3.2.1)
:
r r0
lim r r0 f (r ) = f (r ) (3.2.2)

(3.2.1) f(r)
f(x) .
1. f(r)
r0 .
, ,
f(r) .
xy + y3
. f ( x, y ) =
x2 + y 2
(0,0). : (0,0)
y=x, 0, :

x 2 + 3 x3 3
f ( x, y ) = f ( x, x ) = = + x 0
x
x + x
2 2 2
1+ 1+
2 2
1+ 2
,
y=x f (0,0),
.

2.

(8
, t,
f=f(x,y,x,t). .
 43

3.3

f=f(r) r0 :
lim r r0 f (r ) = f (r0 ) (3.3.1)

,

. ..

xy yz 2
) f ( r ) = 2 R3
x +y +z
2 2

(0,0,0)

x4
) f ( r ) = R2
x y
y=x

x2 + yz 2
) f ( r ) = 2 R2
x y
y=x2

x5 y
) f ( r ) = R3
x + y + z
x+y+z=0.

xz 2
) f ( r ) = tan 1
x+ y
-1
xz 2
tan
x+ y
x+y=0.
R3 s x+y=0.
44

3.4

f=f(x,y), (
, , ). f
(x0, y0)
x :
limxx0 f (x, y0 ) = f (x0 , y0 ) (3.4.1)

f
(x0, y0) y :
lim y y0 f ( x0 , y) = f ( x0 , y0 ) (3.4.2)

.
, .
.

2 xy
( x, y ) (0,0)
. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0 ( x, y )=(0,0)

f(x,0)=0 x f(0,y)=0 y
lim x0 f ( x,0) = 0 = f (0,0)
lim y 0 f (0, y ) = 0 = f (0, 0)
(0,0) f
x y. , (0,0),
(0,0) y=x :

2 x2
f ( x, y) y = x = =1
x2 + x2
lim( x,y )(0,0) f ( x,y) = 1 0
y=x
 45

3.5

f=f(x,y,z). :
) x f :
f ( x + h, y , z ) f ( x , y , z ) f ( x, y , z )
lim h0 = f x ( x, y , z ) = (3.5.1)
h x
) y f :
f ( x, y + h, z ) f ( x, y, z ) f ( x, y, z )
limh0 = f y ( x, y, z ) = (3.5.2)
h y
) z f :
f ( x, y , z + h ) f ( x, y , z ) f ( x, y , z )
lim h0 = f z ( x, y , z ) = (3.5.3)
h z

,
.
. f=f(x,y)=exy +ln(x2+y). :
f ( x, y ) 2x f ( x, y ) 1
= ye xy + 2 = xe xy + 2
x x +y y x +y

f (2,1) 4 4
= e2 + = e2 +
x 4 +1 5
f x (2,1).
f (2,1) 1 1
= 2e2 + = 2e2 +
y 4 +1 5
f y (2,1)
. , , f(x),
.
, ,
, .. :

2 xy
( x, y) (0,0)
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0 ( x, y) = (0, 0)

46

f ( x, y ) 2 y ( y x )
2 2

: = (x,y)(0,0)
x ( x2 + y2 )
2

f ( x, y ) 2 x ( x y )
2 2

= (x,y)(0,0)
y ( x2 + y2 )
2

: f(x,0)=0 f(0,y)=0,

f ( x, 0) f (0, y )
= 0 =0
x x = 0 y y =0

(x,y)
(0,0).
(0,0). :

f (x0 , y0 )

x
f (x0+h,y0).

f (x0 , y0 )

y
f (x0 ,y0+k).

f (x0,y0)
f (x0+h,y0+k).

f , f
f .

:
, .

:
.

3.6 2

f=f(x,y).
 47

f f
x y,
x y
:

f 2 f f 2 f
= =
x x x2 y x y x
f 2 f f 2 f
= = (3.6.1)
y y y 2 x y x y
2 f.
1: f=sin(x2y) :
f f 2
=2xycosx2y =x cosx y
x y
2 :

2f
= 4 x 2 y 2 sin x 2 y + 2 y cos x 2 y
x 2

2f
= 2 x3 y sin x2 y + 2 x cos x2 y
y x
2f
= 2 x3 y sin x2 y + 2 x cos x2 y
x y
2f
= x4 sin x2 y
y 2

2: f=ln(x2+y3) :

f 2x f 3y2
= 2 3 =
x x +y y x 2 + y3
2 :
2 f ( x 2 + y 2 )2 2 x(2 x) 2( y 3 x 2 )
= =
x2 ( )
3 2
( x2 + y3 )
2
x 2
+ y
2f 2 x (3 y 2 ) 6 xy 2
= =
y x ( x 2 + y 3 )2 ( x 2 + y 3 )2
48

2f 3 y 2 (2 x ) 6 xy 2
= =
x y ( x 2 + y 3 )2 ( x 2 + y 3 )2

2f (x 2 + y 2 )6y 3y 2 (3y 2 ) 3y(2x 2 y 3 )

= =
y 2 ( ) ( )
2 2
x2 + y3 x2 + y3

2f 2f
=
y x x y

, x
y, . , ( Schwartz),
f :

f f 2f 2f
, , ,
x y x y y x
, :

2f 2f
= (3.6.2)
y x x y
x y
y x, .

3.7
T(x,y,z)
, T0(x0,y0,z0)
r0=x0i+y0j+z0k.
:
(x0,y0,z0)
' (x,y,z)(9.

.

(9
(x,y,z) (x0,y0,z0) x=x0+x, y=y0+y,
z=z0+z x, y, z , .
 49

' .

.
,
.
,

u
/s,
s P0
s

P
r0
. r
r
dT/ds :
dT
= lim s 0 (3.7.1)
ds s

. 3.7.1
f=f(x,y,z)
df/ds P0(x0,y0,z0)
(10 u=i+j+k 2+2+2=1,
(. 3.7.1). ,
P0(x0,y0,z0) u :
x=x0+s y=y0+s z=z0+s (3.7.2)
s
P(x,y,z) P0(x0,y0,z0). (3.7.2)
:

( x x0 )2 + ( y y0 )2 + ( z z0 )2 = ( s)2 + ( s)2 + ( s)2 = 2 + 2 + 2 s = s

f
(3.7.2), f
, s.
f = f(x,y,z) = f(x0+s, y0+s, z0+s) = f(s)
, ( 1 . 3.10), :

(10
u u
.
50

df ( P0 ) f ( P0 ) dx f ( P0 ) dy f ( P0 ) dz
= + + =
ds x ds y ds z ds
f ( P0 ) f ( P0 ) f ( P0 )
= + + (3.7.3)
x y z
(3.7.3)
: u=i+j+k , :
f (P0 ) f (P0 ) f (P0 )
, ,
x y z
f (P0) gradf(P0) :
f (P0 ) f (P0 ) f (P0 )
f (P0 ) =gradf (P0 ) = i+ j+ k (3.7.4)
x y z

f 0.
(x,y,z) :
f f f
f =gradf= i+ j+ k (3.7.4)
x y z
, f 0
:
df (P0 )
=f(0)u (3.7.5)
ds

:
f (r )
f(r: u) (11
u
r .
(3.7.3) f(x,y,z)
:

(11
f(r: u) : f
r u.
 51

f f f
df = dx + dy + dz (3.7.6)
x y z

(3.7.5) : df=(fu)ds

1:
. :
df f (r )
) u=i = f(r: i)=f(r)i=
ds x
df f (r )
) u=j = f(r: j)=f(r)j=
ds y
df f (r )
) u=k = f(r: k)=f(r)k=
ds z
2: (3.7.5).
fu : , -
u, ,
f. ,
f,
f. f
f.
3:
3.10.

3.8 f

) (3.7.5) : z
f
df
= f u = f u cos = f cos
ds (3.8.1)
r u
df/ds
df/ds
f u,
(.3.8.1). |df/ds||f| O y
=0 180 ,
x . 3.8.1
52

u f .
=0, u=f/|f| df/ds ,
|f|.
: f
, df/ds, (
f ),
.
1: f=x2y+xz u=2i-
2j+k. f
r=i+2j-k u.

.
: u . '
:
u u 1
u0 = = = (2i 2j + k )
| u| 4+4+1 3
f:
f f f
f = i+ j+ k = ( 2xy + z ) i + x 2 j + xk
x y z
r=i+2j-k, x=1, y=2, z=-1,
:
f(r) = 3i+j+k
:
df 1 2 1 5
=fu0 =(3i+j+k) (2i-2j+k)=2- + =
ds 3 3 3 3

f(r), f(r)=3i+j+k :
df
= f ( r ) = 9 +1+1 = 11
ds max
:
f (x, y)
.
z=f(x,y)
(x, y). '
 53

f f
f = i+ j .
x y
.
,

z .
, dz
ds: dz/ds . ,
u=f/|f| dz/ds=fu=|f|. (3.8.1)
,
z, =180
. 90
,
(12 .

.

z = f ( x, y ) = z = f ( x, y ) = R 2 x 2 y 2
:
x y r
f = i j=
R x y
2 2 2
R x y
2 2 2
R r2
2

.
,

,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
f
.

(12

, .
z=f(x,y) z .
54

, .
E , (
f), f
, c.
, -
, c Lc .
:
Lc={(x,y,z)AR3 / f(x,y,z)=c} (3.8.2)
1 1
2: f(r)=f(x,y,z)= =
r x + y2 + z2
2

. , f=c =. c>0,

1 1
= c x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 c2

1/c.
f=1/r, -
Coulomb
.
. f
, .
f f
:
) f ' Lc
.
, , (
, ),
,
,
. , -
Lc , (. 3.8.2).
:
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k
 55

f, ,
, t, :
f=f(x(t),y(t),z(t))=g(t)=c (3.8.3)
c Lc.
(3.8.3) t, :

dg (t ) f dx(t ) f dy(t ) f dz (t ) dr (t )
0= = + + = f (3.8.4)
dt x dt y dt z dt dt
z

f d r (t )
dt

r(t)

y
O

. 3.8.2
x
dr (t )
f =0 t, tP
dt
, :

dr(t )
f ( r(tP ) ) =0
dt t =tP

, f
dr(t )
-
dt t =tP
. , (
56

r(t)), f
,
Lc . f
Lc .
dr (t )
(3.8.4),
dt
:
dr (t )
df
u = dt = f ( r (t P ) : u ) = 0
dr (t ) ds
dt
,
Lc,
, , .
,
,
,

c, .
) L c1 L c2
c2-c1=c<<1 1 L c1 , (. 3.8.3). :

1, ,
L c2
;
:
2. r1 r2
1 2 :
s=|r|=|r2-r1|
:

f (r1 ) f (r1 ) f (r1 )

c=c2-c1 =f(r2)-f(r1)=f= x + y + z =
x y z
=f(r1).(xi+yj+zk)=f(r1).r=|f(r1)||r|cos=|f(r1)|scos (3.8.5)
f(r1) r.
(3.8.5) :
 57

c
s= (3.8.6)
| f (r1 ) | cos

L c2
f(r1)
P2

r
s
r2
P1 r2
r1

O L c1 y

3.8.4
x

s, 1 2 cos ,
( c |f(r1)| ),
=0, r, ( s),
f(r1). f(r1)
1
L c 1 L c2
.

3.9
: f=f(x,y).
f z, z=f(x,y)
,
f.
1: : f=f(x,y)=x2+y2
z=x2+y2, :
58

.
: x2+y2=c c>0
c:

:
 59

, z
.
Oxy
.
2: f=x2-y2.
:

(13 .
:

(13

, ( ).
60

: f=f(x,y,z) -
, , -
. . .
f=x2+y2+z2,
.

3.10

f(r) (14
R3 r.
, ( ' ), u0.
f
r u , ( ):

(14
R -
(,) ,
, (,) , :
(pA)(>0)[(,)A]
 61

f (r + hu) f (r ) f (r )
lim h0 = f (r : u) = (3.10.1)
h u

1. f(r) ,
,
r u.
2. f(r) ,
f'(r:u), (
), r
u,
(>0)(r,r1A)(uR3)(>0)[0|r-r1|<|f(r:u)-f(r: u)|<] (3.10.2)
1 . ( ). f(r) ,
' R3, r r1
, r+tr1A t[0,1], (.3.10.1).
(0,1) :

f (r +r1) f (r) = f (w: r1) w = r +r1 (3.10.3)

:
g(t), : z
g(t)=f(r+tr1) 0t1 r1
r+r1
g(t)
r+tr1

r
r1

g (t + h) g (t )
g ( t ) = lim h0 = lim h O
h y
= f (r + tr1 : r1 )
x .3.10.1

g(t)
[0,1], :
g(1)-g(0)=g() 0<<1
: f(r+r1)-f(r)=f(r+r1:r2)=f(w: r1)
62

2. ( ). f(r)
, :
f(r: cu)=cf(r: u) cR (3.10.4)
: c=0 ,
(3.10.4) . :
f (r ) f (r )
f(r: 0)= lim h 0 =0
h
c0 :
f (r + hcu) f (r ) f (r + hcu) f (r ) f (r + tu) f (r )
=c =c , t=hc
h ch t
h 0, t 0 cf(r: u).
3. ( ). f(r)
,
r, u, w ,
f'(r:u) f'(r:w), :
f(r:u+w)=f(r:u)+f(r:w) (3.10.5)
: :
f (r + hu + hw ) f (r )
h
f(r+hu) :
1
h
{[ f (r + hu) f (r)] + [ f (r + hu + hw ) f (r + hu)]}
,
:
f(r+hu+hw)-f(r+hu) = f'(r+hu+hw:hw)
0<<1. ( h).
:
f(r+hu+hw: hw) = hf(r+hu+hw: w)
:
f (r + hu + hw ) f (r ) f (r + hu) f (r )
= + f (r + hu + hw : w )
h h
 63

h 0, :
f(r: u+w) = f(r: u)+f(r: w)
: f'(r:w)
r, :
lim h 0 f(r+hu+hw: w)=f(r:w)

2 3,
,
, .
4. ( ). f(r)
. :
f(r:u+w+v)=f(r:u)+ f(r:w)+ f(r:v) (3.10.6)
(3.14)
:
f(r:u)=f(r:i+j+k)=f(r:i)+f(r:j)+f(r:k)=
f (r ) f (r ) f (r )
= + + =f(r).u
x y z
1: f(r) '
CR3 r(s), s[s1, s2], .
g f(r) r(s),
g(s) = f(r(s)) = f(x(s), y(s), z(s)) (3.10.7)
dr ( s )
r(s), -
ds
f(r(s))=g(s)
dr ( s )
:
ds
dg ( s) dr ( s )
= f (r ( s )) =
ds ds
f (r( s)) f (r( s)) f (r( s)) dx( s) dy( s) dz ( s)
= i+ j+ k i+ j+ k =
x y z ds ds ds
f dx f dy f dz df ( s)
= + + =
x ds y ds z ds ds
(3.7.3).
64

3.11

1) f=f(x,y) x=x(t), y=y(t).

:

df d 2 f
,
dt dt 2
: :
df f dx f dy
= + (1)
dt x dt y dt
d2 f
(1)
dt 2
.

d 2 f d df d f dx f d 2 x d f dy f d 2 y
= = + + + (2)
dt 2 dt dt dt x dt x dt 2 dt y dt y dt 2

d f d f
: ,
dt x dt y
(1):

d f 2 f dx 2 f dy
= + (3)
dt x x2 dt xy dt
d f 2 f dx 2 f dy
= + (4)
dt y xy dt y 2 dt
(3), (4) (2):
2 2
d 2 f f d 2 x 2 f dx 2 f dx dy 2 f dy f d 2 y
= + + 2 + +
dt 2 x dt 2 x 2 dt xy dt dt y 2 dt y dt 2
2) f x, y, z, t,
f=f(x,y,z,t). x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t)
t,
df f dr
= + f
dt t dt
 65

r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k
: f:
f f f f
df = dx + dy + dz + dt
x y z t
df f dx f dy f dz f dr f
= + + + = f +
dt x dt y dt z dt t dt t
3) f(x,y,z) 5 (2,1,3),
f(2,1,3)=5. :
f ( 2,1,3) f ( 2,1,3) f ( 2,1,3)
= 2, = 2, =3
x y z
:
) f(2.1, 0.8, 3.1) ) f(1.9, 0.9, 3).
: :
f f f
f = x + y + z (1)
x y z
) f(2.1, 0.8, 3.1) f(2,1,3)
.
x=0.1, y=-0.2, z=0.1 (2)
(2) (1) :

f ( 2,1,3) f ( 2,1,3) f ( 2,1,3)

f = x + y + z =
x y z
= 2(0.1) + (2)(0.2) + 3(0.1) = 0.9
f :
f(2.1, 0.8, 3.1)= f(2,1,3)+f=5+0.9=5.9
) (1.9, 0.9, 3) :
x=-0.1, y=-0.1, z=0
f=2(-0.1)+(-2)(-0.1)+3(0)=0 . f(1.9, 0.9, 3)=5.

4) ,
(2,1,4). : f(x,y,z)=x3+y2+z.
66

;
: f f.

. -f
.
:
f f f
f ( 2,1, 4 ) = i + j + k =
x y z (2,1,4)
= 3x 2 i + 2 yj + k = 12i 2 j k
( 2,1,4 )

5)
: V-, T-, P-, U- .
.

.
:
U P
T +P =0 (1)
V T
V, T . (1)
:
T P T
+T P =0 V, U (2)
V U U
U V V
+T +P =0 P, T (3)
P T P
( P, V ) V
T P 1 = 0 T, U (4)
( T, U ) U

T V ( V, T )
T +P =0 U, P (5)
P U ( U, P )

T ( T, U )
TP +T =0 V, P (6)
P ( V, P )
: (1) U, P
V, T:
 67

U=U(V,T), P=P(V,T) (7)

dU=AdV+BdT, dP=CdV+DdT (8)
U U P P
A= , B= , C= , D= (9)
V T V T
(1) :
-TD+P=0 (10)
(2), V, U
T, P V, U:
T=T(V,U), P=P(V,U) (11)
(11):
dT=dV+dU, dP=dV+dU (12)
dU=(1/)d-(/)dV, dP=(-/)dV+(/)dT (13)
(8) (13) :
=-/, D=/, (14)
(10) , , ,
:

+ = 0 (15)

T
= (15) :
V
+-=0
T P T
+T P =0 (16)
V U U
(3) .
(4) T U
. P=P(T,U), V=V(T,U) :

dP=dT+dU, dV=dT+dU (17)

(17) dP dU:
dP=(/)dV+(-/)dT dU=(1/)dV-(/)dT (18)
(8) (18) :
68

=1/, D=-/ (19)

(19) (10) :
1/-(-/)+=0
(-)--1=0 (20)
P P
T U
P V P V ( P, V )
= = = (21)
T U U T ( T, U )
V V
T U
( P, V )
P, V T, U.
( T, U )
H (20) :
( P, V ) V
T P 1 = 0
( T, U ) U
(5) (6).

1. f(r) = 3x2y-y3z2 f =(1,-2,-1)

2. f ) f(r)=ln|r|=lnr ) f(r)=1/r, r=xi+yj+zk
3. rn =nrn-2r, r=xi+yj+zk
4. , :
x2y+2xz=4 =(2,-2,3).
5. f(r)=x2yz+4xz2
=(1,-2,-1) u=2i-j-2k.
6.
f=x2yz3 =(2,1,-1) .
.
 69

7. : f1=x2+y2+z2-9=0 f2=x2+y2-z-3=0.
=(2,-1,2) ,
.

8.
f(x,y)=3x2+y2
, (x,y)
x2+y2 =R2 .

9. ,,,
f(x,y,z) = xy2+yz+z2x3
(1,2,-1) 64
.

10. f(x,y) ) 2
(1,2) 1(2,2) )
-2 (1,2)
2(1,1). f
(1,2) 3(4,6) f.

11. R P(x,y,z)
(,,). R
R=.

12. .
, ( ), ,
.

13. f(x,y,z)=xey+yz
P(x,y,z) 0(2,0,0) 1(4,1,-2)
, s=0.1 .

14. f(x,y,z)
v=i+j-k.
23. ) f . )
f
i+j.

15.
: T=T(x,y)=eysinx. ,
""
.
 IV

4.1

, ..
, '

..
, , (
t).
.
, -
F, :
F: W V (4.1.1)
W, V , R R , W=R2
2 3

R3 V=R2 R3. :

F : r = xi + yj + zk
F(r) = F(x, y, z) R3 (4.1.2)

r r
: F = = 3
r3
(x 2
+ y2 + z2 )2

, , (-
), Coulomb
.
F

F(r) = F(x, y, z) = F1(x, y, z)i + F2 (x, y, z)j + F3(x, y, z)k (4.1.3)

72 IV

F1, F2, F3 x,
y, z, .

:

"" .

.
.
F=xi+yj

.
4.1.1

.

,

. 4.1.1
.

F=-yi+xj.
,
.


.
' , (.
4.1.2).


,

M,
m,
. 4.1.2
m (x,y,z).
:

Mm
F = G r
r3
 - 73

, (. 4.1.3),
F
.

F
0
(x0,y0,z0)
(x,y,z)

.
,
:
x=x0+s y=y0+s z=z0+s (4.1.4)
, ,
u, . 4.1.3
, ( u=i+j+k
2+2+2=1). s
0 . (4.1.4)
(4.1.3),
F , 0 , :
F=F(s)=F1(x+s,y+s,z+s)i+F2(x+s,y+s,z+s)j+F3(x+s,y+s,z+s)k
(4.1.5)
F
, s.

4.2

F
(x,y,z) u, :
dF dF1 dF dF
F ( r : u ) = = i+ 2 j 3 k (4.2.1)
ds ds ds ds
F
,
F1 , F2 , F3 F .
dF1 dF2 dF3
=F1u, =F2u, =F3u
ds ds ds
(4.2.1) :
74 IV

dF
= ( F1 u) i + ( F2 u) j + ( F3 u) k (4.2.2)
ds
(4.2.2)
, :

F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1
x + y + z
x
y z



F1 u F2 F2 F2 F2 F2
F2
dF + +
= F2 u = x y z = x y z
ds
F3 u
F3 F F F F3 F3
+ 3+ 3 3
x y z x y z


(4.2.3)
F
:

F1 F1 F1

x
y z


F2 F2 F2
D (F) = x y z (4.2.4)


F3 F3 F3

x y z


F, (
F), :

u, :
 - 75

F(r: u)=D(F)u (4.2.5)

1:
f(x,y,z),
:
(4.2.5) .
u,
. ,
D(F),
F,
, F. :
)
n, ij
:
n
tr = ij (4.2.6)
i =1

.
.
D(F), :
F1 F2 F3
+ + (4.2.7)
x y z
F.
(4.2.7)
, , "" .
(4.2.7)
"" , ( ,
), F,

F1 F2 F3
+ + = i+ j+ k ( F1i + F2 j + F3k ) (4.2.8)
x y z x y z
T "" : F divF , ( div
diverge=),
F. :
F1 F2 F3
divF=F= + + (4.2.9)
x y z
76 IV

, :

( v) + =0 (4.2.10)
t
:

E = (4.2.11)
0
Maxwell.
) D(F) ,
( ),
:

F3 F2 F1 F3 F2 F1
i + j+ k (4.2.12)
y z z x x y
F
: curlF rotF. ( curl curlation=
rot rotation=).
F :

i j k

F= (4.2.13)
x y z
F1 F2 F3

T :

i j k

curlF=rotF=F=
x y z
F1 F2 F3
F F F F F F
= 3 2 i + 1 3 j+ 2 1 k (4.2.14)
y z z x x y
 - 77

2: , , (
), :

= i+ j+ k (4.2.15)
x y z
,
.
, ( i, j, k,),
, (
(/x, /y, /z ).
:
) f f,
.
) F
, F.
) F
, F.

4.3

) : '
F , () ' .
F=xi+yj 4.1.1
F=2>0 .
F=-xi-yj F=-2<0
.

, . (x,y,z)
v(x,y,z)
(x,y,z). F(x,y,z)=(x,y,z)v(x,y,z)
:

[F] = (4.3.1)
[ ] [ ]

v (x,y,z).
F, F,
(x,y,z).
78 IV

:
x,
y, z, (. 4.3.1). x, y, z ,
' F (15.
(x,y,z). :
F(x,y,z)j(xz) ,
j
.
, F(x,y+y,z)j(xz)

j .
z

z
B

x
A
y
O y

. 4.3.1
x
(16
[F(x,y+y,z)-F(x,y,z)]j(xz)
,
j.
:
[F(x+x,y,z)-F(x,y,z)]i(yz)
[F(x,y,z+z)-F(x,y,z)]k(xy)

(15
F .
F .
(16
[F(x,y+y,z)-F(x,y,z)]j(xz) ,

j . [F(x,y+y,z)-
F(x,y,z)]j(xz) ,
j
.
 - 79

.
xyz
,
:

[F( x + x, y, z ) F( x, y, z ] i (yz )
lim x0 +
y 0 xyz
z 0

[F( x, y + y, z ) F( x, y, z ] j(xz )
+ +
xyz

[F( x, y, z + z ) F( x, y, z ] k (xy )
+ =
xyz
[F ( x + x, y , z ) F ( x, y , z )] i
= lim x 0 +
x
[F( x, y + y, z ) F( x, y, z )] j
+ limy0 +
y
[F ( x, y , z + z ) F ( x, y , z )] k
+ lim z 0 =
z
[ F1 ( x + x, y , z ) F1 ( x, y , z )]
= lim x 0 +
x
[ F2 ( x, y + y, z) F2 ( x, y, z)]
+ limy0 +
y
[ F3 ( x, y , z + z ) F3 ( x, y , z )]
+ lim z 0 =
z

= F1 ( x, y, z) + F2 ( x, y, z ) + F ( x, y, z ) =F(x,y,z) (4.3.2)
x y z 3
, F
(x,y,z)
B(x,y,z).
:
F(x,y,z)>0 :
) (x,y,z) ""
80 IV

)
(x,y,z) .
F(x,y,z)<0 :
) (x,y,z) ""
)
(x,y,z) .

, , , ,
v
. :
v=0 .

+(v)=0,
t
= v=0.
F , F

, ,
, ( ), :
1
V
F= lim V 0 F dS (4.3.3)
S

V S
, dS=dSn, n
dS S

.
) :
F , ,


, , =k. R
, (x,y,z) , (.
4.3.2). :
r = Rcosti+Rsintj+zk
dr
v= =(-Rsinti+Rcostj)=-yi+xj
dt
 - 81

i j k


v= =2k=2
x y z

y x 0

, ,
v 2=,

. R
z

v
.


F , (
), r
:
1
S C
(F).n= limS 0 F dr (4.3.5)

t y
S

C, n
S . 4.3.2
x

,

.
F , F
.
F :

1
F = limV 0
V n FdS
S
(4.3.6)

-
:
.
,

82 IV

, v ' ,
. ,
,
.
,
'
. .

4.4

1
f = . ,
r
,
1 Q
. .. f =
4 0 r
, Q,
M
. f = G
r
, ,
. :

1 Q Q r
E = f = = ,
4 r 4 r
3

M r
E = f = G = GM 3
r r
.
,
q m,
q m :
Qq r Mm
F= , F=G r
4 r 3 r3

, :
: F
;
;
:
 - 83

F f
f=F;
: , F=0.
f,
F f f
.
F=F1i+F2j+F3k f=F :
f f f
i+ j+ k =F1i+F2j+F3k
x y z
f f f
= F1 = F2 = F3 (4.4.1)
x y z
(4.4.1) :

2 f F1 2 f F2
= =
y x y x y x
2 f F1 2 f F3
= = (4.4.2)
z x z x z x
2 f F2 2 f F3
= =
z y y y z y
:
F3 F2 F1 F3
=0 =0
y z z x
F2 F1
=0
x y
F=0 (4.4.3)
(4.4.3)
f f=F.
: f=F F =
(f)=0.
, ,
(4.4.3)
f, f=F .
84 IV

f1 , :
f1
= F1 (4.4.4)
x
f1
, :

f1 f1
= F2 , = F3
y z
(4.4.4) :
x

f1(x,y,z)= F1 (t , y, z)dt
x0
(4.4.5)

(x0,y0,z0) (x,y,z)
x. f1 (4.4.5) f1 /x=F1
f1 /y=F2 f1 /z=F3 .
f1+f2 , f2 y z. f1+f2
:
( f1 + f 2 )
= F1
x
:

( f1 + f 2 ) f2 f
= F2 = F2 1
y y y

f1 F2 2 f1 F2 f1 F2 F1
F = = = =0
x 2 y x x y x y x x y
f1
F2 - =g(y,z)
y
y

f 2 ( y, z ) = g ( t , z ) dt (4.4.6)
y0

f1+f2
(4.4.1), :
 - 85

( f1 + f 2 ) ( f1 + f 2 )
= F1 = F2
x y
f3(z) :
( f1 + f 2 + f 3 ) ( f1 + f 2 )
= F3 f3(z)=F3-
z z
( f1 + f 2 ) F3 F3 F1
F3 - = [ f1 + f 2 ] = =0
x z x z x x z

( f1 + f 2 )
F - = F F3 F2
y 3 z 3
[ f1 + f 2 ] = =0
y z y y z
( f1 + f 2 )
F3 - z. :
z
( f1 + f 2 )
h(z)=F3-
z
z
: f 3 ( z ) = h ( t ) dt (4.4.7)
z0

: F F=0,
f=f1+f2+f3 f=F :
x
f1 ( x, y, z ) = F1 ( x, y, z )dx ,
x0

y
f
f2 ( y, z ) = F2 1 dy ,
y
y0

z
f f
f3 ( z ) = F3 1 2 dz (4.4.8)
z z
z0

, f :
86 IV

x y z
f ( x, y , z ) = F1 ( t , y, z ) dt + F2 ( x0 , t , z ) dt + F3 ( x0 , y0 , t ) dt + c
x0 y0 z0

( x0 , y0 , z0 ) F.
( x0 , y0 , z0 ) .

1: :

F(x, y, z) = (x3 + xy2 )i + ( x2 y + y3 )j + 2zk

F=0.
f = f ( x, y, z )
F.
.

(t + ty 2 ) dt + (x t + t 3 ) dt +
x y z
f ( x, y , z ) = 3
0
2
( 2t ) dt + c
x0 y0 z0

x y
t4 t2 t2 t4 z
= + y 2 + x0 2 + + t 2 + c =
4 2 x0 2 4 y z0
0

x 4 x 2 2 x0 4 x0 2 2
= + y + y +
4 2 4 2
2 y 2 y 4 2 y0 2 y0 4
+ x0 + x0 + + z z0 + c
2 2

2 4 2 4

x4 x2 y 2 y 4 x 4 x 2y 2 y 4
= + + + z 2 + 0 0 0 0 z0 + c =
4 2 4 4 2 4
x4 x2 y 2 y 4
= + + + z2 + k
4 2 4
x0 4 x0 2 y0 2 y0 4
k = z0 + c
4 2 4
:
F=xyz(2z+3x)i+z(x2z-3y2+x3)j+y(2x2z-y2+x3)k.
F=0. f
f=F. :
 - 87

f
=F1 =xyz(2z+3x) (4.4.9)
x
f
=F2 = z(x2z-3y2+x3) (4.4.10)
y

f
=F3 = y(2x2z-y2+x3) (4.4.11)
z
(4.4.9) x y z :

f= Fdx
1
+c1(y,z)= xyz (2 z + 3 x)dx +c1(y,z)=x2yz2+x3yz+c1(y,z)
(4.4.12)
c1
y z.
(4.4.12) (4.4.10) :
f 2 2 3
= x yz + x yz + c1 ( y, z) =F2 = z(x2z-3y2+x3)
y y

x2z2+x3z+ c1 ( y, z) =x2z2-3y2z+x3z c1 ( y, z) =-3y2z
y y
c1(y,z)= 3y 2zdy +c2(z)=-y3z+c2(z) (4.4.13)

c2 ,
z.
(4.4.12) (4.4.13) :
f=x2yz2+x3yz-y3z+c2(z) (4.4.14)
(4.4.14) (4.4.11) :
f d
=2x2yz+x3y-y3+ c2(z)= F3 =y(2x2z-y2+x3)
z dz
d
c2(z)=0 c2(z)=c=.
dz
: f=x2yz2+x3yz-y3z+c
1: F ,
F=0, , ,
F=0, .
88 IV

: F=x3yi+yx2j+xzk.
F, F
.
: F ,
f F=f. -
:
f f f
= F1 = x 3 y (1) = F2 = yx 2 (2) = F3 = xz (3)
x y z
f , ,
, .
F ,
F1, F2, F3 x, y,
z .
:

2 f 2 f
=
xy yx
(1) y :

2 f
= x3 (4)
yx
(2) x :

2 f
= 2 xy (5)
xy
2 f 2 f
f
yx xy
F=f. F .


. . . F=yk,
,
curlF=i0.
 - 89

4.5

: F=F1i+F2j+F3k ,
G=G1i+G2j+G3k :
F=G (4.5.1)
: F=0 (4.5.2)
F=G
F=(G)=0.
, ,
(4.5.1) G.
(4.5.1) :
G3 G2 G1 G3 G2 G1
= F1 , = F2 , = F3 (4.5.3)
y z z x x y

G1, G2, G3. (4.5.1)
:
G = G1i+G2j+G3k
x z x

G1 =0
x0

G2= F3 (t , y, z )dt F1 ( x0 , y, u )du
z0

G3=- F2 (t , y, z )dt
x0

1: G, (4.5.1),
G+,
, (4.5.1). :
(G+)=G+()=F+0=F

4.6

f F G
.
1.(f+)=f+ grad(f+)=gradf+grad
2. (F+G)=F+G div(F+G) = divF + divG
3. (F+G)= F+G curl(F+G)=curlF+curlG
90 IV

4. (fF)=(f)F+f(F)
5. (fF)=(f) F+f(F)
6. (FG)=G(F)-F(G)
7. (FG)=(G)F-G(F)-(F)G+F(G)
8. (FG)=(G)F+(F)G+G(F)+F(G)
div(fF)=gradf.F+fdivF
curl(fF)=gradfF+fcurlF
div(FxG)=GcurlF-FcurlG

2 f 2 f 2 f
9. (f)= f= 2 +
2
+ (17
x y 2 z 2
2 2 2
= 2
+ + o Laplace.
x2 y 2 z 2
10. (f)=0 curlgradf=0
11. (F)=0 divcurlF = 0
12. (F) = (F) - 2F

4.7

1) ,
:

+(v)=0 (1)
t
=(x,y,z,t) v=v(x,y,z,t)
. :

+()v+v=0 (2)
t
D
+v=0 (3)
Dt
D dx dy dz
= + + + (4)
Dt x dt y dt z dt t

(17
f(x,y,z) 2f(x,y,z)=0
.
 - 91

Stokes.
: :
(fF)=(f)F+f(F) f=, F=v
(v)=()v+(v).
(1) :

+(v)= +()v+v=0
t t
(2).
(3), v :
v=dx/dti+dy/dtj+dz/dtk, (2) :

dx dy dz
+()v+v= + i+ j + k i + j + k + v=
t t x y z dt dt dt

dx dy dz D
= + + + + v= +v=0
t x dt y dt z dt Dt
D

Dt
.
2) :
v=(y,0,0).
y
.
.
t=1/3,


t=0
x
x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1.
: . 4.7.1
, z
,


+(v)=0
t
 92 IV

v=0. v v=0
. .
.
y t=1/3 4.7.1.

t=0 1






.
1 x t=0 ,
().
1

()
z . 4.7.2
. t=1/3
()
(),
, . 4.7.2.

3) :
v=(x,0,0). .
. t=1,
t=0
x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0,
z=1.

: . 4.7.3.

y x=0,
,

,

OX |x|.
v=10
x
.

z v(x,0,0)
.4.7.3
. :
 - 93

dr dx dx
v= = ,0,0 = ( x,0,0 ) = x x = cet
dt dt dt
c -
, t=0.

,
x=cet c=0 x=0.
,
..
CKLH, x=1
t=0.
t=0 1=ce0
c=1 x(t)=et.
t=1 x=et=e
MCKL
. 4.7.4
ABOMGDEF,
GDEF
x=e, . 4.7.4. V=e11=e.
4) o
,
T=T(x,y,z). (1)
:

T T ( x + x, y + y, z + z ) T ( x, y, z )
=
s s (2)
s0. :
dT dr
= T (3)
ds ds
:
. -
.

.
f, F,
, , : f=F.
f .

94 IV

,
. ,
, ,

,
. :

T(x,y,z) (x,y,z), T(x+x

y+y, z+z) (x+x y+y, z+z).
s

.
s

(x,y,z) (x+x y+y,
z+z). (x,y,z):
T T T
d = dx + dy + dz
x y z
:
dT T dx T dy T dz
lims 0 = = + + =
s ds x ds y ds z ds
T T T dx dy dz dr
= i+ j+ k i + j + k = T
x y z ds ds ds ds
 - 95

5) . .

. ,
v(r)
r . ,
.
. ,


.


. ,

.
:

.
.
, .

:
v=v(r)=-yi+xj. ,
.
dr ( t )
: = v ( x, y )
dt

dx ( t ) dy ( t )
= v1 ( x, y ) = y, = v2 ( x, y ) = x
dt dt

dy x 1 1
= ydy + xdx = 0 ydy + xdx = 0 y 2 + x 2 = c1
dx y 2 2
x2 + y2 = c2 c2 = 2c1

.
:
96 IV

. , ,
:

r ( t ) = R cos (t ) i + R sin (t ) j

x ( t ) = R cos (t ) , y ( t ) = R sin (t )
, ,
dr ( t )
v (t ) = = R sin (t ) i + R cos (t ) j = yi + xj
dt
.

F ( r ) = F ( x, y, z ) = F1 ( x, y, z ) i + F2 ( x, y, z ) j + F3 ( x, y, z ) k

r = r ( t )
:
dr ( t ) dx dy dz
= F ( x, y , z ) = =
dt F1 ( x, y , z ) F2 ( x, y , z ) F2 ( x, y , z )
 - 97

1. :

r r 1
) 3
=0 ) 3
=0 ) 2 = 0
r r r
2. r=xi+yj+zk r=|r| n
div[rnr]=0.
3. f(r),
f(r)r .
df 2 df
4. ) 2f(r)= 2
+
dr r dr
) f(r) 2 f(r)=0
5. :
) 2[lnr]=1/r2 ) 2rn=n(n+1)rn-2 ) [r3r]=6r3
6. =(x,y,z),
d/dz=0 (0,0,z)=0. :
F(x,y,z)=(x3+3y2z)i+6xyzj+k
f. f.
u2
7. F=4u. e -i , u=yj+zk,

.
8. F=F1i+F2j+F3k
.
(x,y,z), F
. , F
. ,

F1(x,y)dx+F2(x,y)dy=0 .
9. F G , FG
.
10. Mxwell
:
98 IV

B
E=- E=0
t
E
B= B=0
t
.
:

2u
2u= : (F)=-2F+(F)
t2
11. ;
1) culr divF 2) curl curlF 3) grad gradf 4) div divF 5) div gradf
6) grad divf 7) grad divF 8) grad curlF 9) div curlF 10)curl gradf

( 1) OXI 2) NAI 3) OXI 4) OXI

5) NAI 6) OXI 7) NAI 8) OXI

9) NAI 10) NAI

 V

5.1

, ,

.

R. ,
, (
).
:
) ,
,
) ,
.
,
:
1) ,
2) ,
3) ,
, .
,

.
 100 V

5.2

AB C, . 5.2.1, :
r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1 , t2] (5.2.1)
f(x,y,z),
AB C. AB n
P0=A, P1, . . . , Pn=B. k(xk,yk,zk)
Pk Pk+1 k=0, 1, 2, , n-1. :
n1
I = f (k )sk (5.2.2)
k =1

sk
z Pk Pk+1 .
Pk+1 Pn=B n

Pk k sk
P2 . ,
,
P1
y
O
P0=A f
AB C.
(
x
.5.2.1 C,
AB ).
: I = f ( x, y, z)ds (5.2.3)
C

n 1
I = f ( x, y, z ) ds = lim n f ( k )sk (5.2.4)
C max( sk ) 0 k =0
To
C :
) " ":
r=r(s)=x(s)i+y(s)j+z(s)k
s[s1 , s2]
 101

( s
r(s) ), (5.2.3) :
s2

I = f [ x( s ), y ( s ), z ( s )]ds (5.2.5)
s1

) " ":
r=r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1 ,t2]
:
2 2 2
dx dy dz
( dx ) + ( dy ) + ( dz ) = + + dt = r ( t ) dt
2 2 2
ds =
dt dt dt

(5.2.6)
(5.2.3) :
t2
2 2
dx dy dz
2

I = f [ x(t ), y (t ), z (t )] + + dt (5.2.7)
dt dt dt
t1

(5.2.5) (5.2.7)

.
1: ) f(x,y,z)=1 (5.2.3)
C. ,
XY, z(s)=0 z(t)=0.
) C , ( -
,
:
C
fds .

5.3

.
) f1 , f2 k1 , k2 , :

[k f
C
1 1 + k2 f 2 ]ds = k1 f1ds + k2 f 2 ds
C C
(5.3.1)
102 V

) AB f , :

fds = fds + fds (5.3.2)

AB A

) fds | f | ds
C C
(5.3.3)

)
, ( ), , :

fds = fds (5.3.4)

AB BA

ds
. :
2 2 2
dx dy dz
ds = + + dt ,
dt dt dt
dt>0 t1 t2 (5.2.7)
t1<t2 .
t1>t2 , , ( -
4).
:
1)
f(x,y,z)=x-z : r(t)=costi+sintj+tk t[0,/2]
: (5.2.7) :
x(t)=cost dx(t)/dt=-sint, y(t)=sint dy(t)/dt=cost, z(t)=t dz(t)/dt=1
:
/ 2 /2
I=


[cos t t ] sin 2 t + cos 2 t + 1dt = 2 [cos t t ] dt =
0 0

t2 2 2
= 2 sin t = 2 1
2 0 8
2)
f(x,y)=x+y2 , =(0,0)
=(1,1) :
) x=t, y=t, t[0,1]
 103

) x=sint, y=sint, t[0,/2]

) x=t2, y=t2, t[0,1]

: ) :
t2
2 2
dx dy
I = f ( x, y )ds =
f [ x(t ), y (t )] + dt =
C

dt dt
t1

1
1
t2 t3 5 2
= (t + t 2
) 1 + 1 dt = 2 + =
0 2 3 0 6

) :

2 2
I = sin t + sin 2 t 2cos2 tdt = 2 sin t + sin 2 t d (sin t ) =
0 0

sin 2 t sin 3 t 2 5 2
= 2 + =
2 3 0 6

) :
1 1
I = t + t ( 2t ) + ( 2t ) dt = t 2 + t 4 8t 2 dt =
2 4 2 2

0 0
1
5
= 2 2 t 2 + t 4 tdt = 2
0
6

3)
x=f(t), y=f(t) f(0)=0, f(1)=1. f(t)
[0,1]
52/6
f(t).

:
1 1

f (t) + f (t) 2 f ( t ) dt = 2 f (t) + f (t) 2 f ( t ) dt =

2 2

0 0
104 V

1
1 f ( t ) 2 f ( t )3 1 1 5
= 2 f ( t ) + f ( t ) df ( t ) = 2
2
+ = 2 + = 2
0 2 3
0
2 3 6

1: 2, ( 3),
,
.
4) :

I= (x + y 2 + z 2 ) ds
2

AB

: r(t)=Rcosti+Rsintj+tk
(-R,0,) (R,0,0).
: :
2 2 2
dx dy dz
ds = + + dt =
dt dt dt
( R sin t ) + ( R cos t ) + 2 dt = R 2 + 2 dt
2 2
=

(-R,0,) t1= (R,0,0)

t2=0. ds0, ( ), dt .
t .

. ,
. : t1=>t2=0
:
t =
1
(R )
1
t1 =
I = 2
+ t 2 2
R + dt = R + R 2t + 2t 3 =
2 2 2 2
t2 = 0
3 t2 = 0

= R 2 + 2 ( 3R 2 + 2 2 )
3

5.4

1)
C p=p(x,y,z).
:
 105

M = p ( x, y, z )ds (5.4.1)
C

r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k t[t1, t2]

, :
t2
2 2
dx dy dz
2

M = p[ x(t ), y (t ), z (t )] + + dt (5.4.2)
dt dt dt
t1

2)

Pk(xk ,yk zk), k=1,2,...,n

n mk,
rk = ( xk , yk , zk ) ,
n
n
R ( x , y , z ) , : R

mk =1
k = rk mk .
k =1
( x , y , z ) :

n n n

xk mk yk mk z m k k
x= k =1
n
y= k =1
n
z= k =1
n
(5.4.3)
m
k =1
k m
k =1
k m
k =1
k

1 1 1
M C M C M C
xk = xp( x, y, z )ds, yk = yp( x, y, z ) ds, zk = zp( x, y, z)ds

(5.4.4)

p ( x , y , z )

M = p ( x, y, z )ds (5.4.5)
C

.
3)
, .
106 V

m , md2,
d .
0
OXYZ, OX, IOY, IOZ
X, Y, Z
OXY, IOXZ, IOYZ
OXY, OXZ, OYZ .
:

IO = ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) p( x, y, z)ds (5.4.6)
C

IOX = ( y 2 + z 2 ) p( x, y, z )ds (5.4.7)

C

IOY = ( x2 + z 2 ) p( x, y, z)ds (5.4.8)

C

IOZ = ( x 2 + y 2 ) p( x, y, z )ds (5.4.9)

C

IOXY = z 2 p( x, y, z )ds (5.4.10)

C

IOXZ = y 2 p( x, y, z )ds (5.4.11)

C

IOYZ = x 2 p( x, y, z )ds (5.4.12)

C

I = d 2 p( x, y, z )ds (5.4.13)
C

,
, ' d (x,y,z)
, .
1: ,
:
r(t)=costi+sintj+btk 0t<2
p(x,y,z)=x2+y2+z2 ,
,
Z.
 107

) M = p ( x, y , z ) ds = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds =
C C

2
= (a cos 2 t + a 2 sin 2 t + b 2t 2 ) s(t )dt
2

s(t)=| r(t)|=|-sinti+costj+bk|= a 2 + b 2

2
8 3 b2
M = a 2 + b 2t 2 a 2 + b 2 dt = a 2 + b 2 2 a 2
+
3
0

1 1
) xk = xp( x, y, z)ds = x ( x2 + y2 + z 2 ) ds =
MC MC

2 2
1 a a 2 + b2
= a cos t a + b t a + b dt = a cos t + b 2t 2 cos t dt
2 2 2 2 2 2

M 0
M 0
2

cos tdt = sin t |

2
: I1 = 0 =0
0

2 2
2 2
I 2 = t 2 cos tdt = t 2 d sin t = t 2 sin t |02 2t sin tdt = 2 td cos t =
0 0
0 0
2
2
= 2t cos t | 2 cos tdt = 4 2sint 0 = 4
2
0
0

a a 2 + b2 2 4 ab 2 6ab 2
xk = b 4 = = 2
2 a 2 + 3 b 2 3a + 4 b
M 8 2 2

1 1
yk = yp( x, y, z)ds = y ( x2 + y2 + z 2 ) ds =
MC MC
108 V

2
1
= a sin t a + b 2t 2 a 2 + b 2 dt =
2

M 0
2
a a 2 + b2
= a sin t + b 2t 2 sin t dt
2

M 0

: I1 = sin tdt = cos t |02 = 1 (1) = 0

0

2 2
2
I2 = t sin tdt = t d cos t = t cos t |0 + 2t cos tdt =
2 2 2 2
0
0 0

= 4 2 + 2 td sin t == 4 2 + 2 [t sin t ]0 2 sin tdt

2 2 2

0 0
2 2
= 4 2 + 2 c o s t | 02 = -4 +(2-2)=-4

a a 2 + b2 4 2 ab 2 6 ab 2
yk = 4 2 b 2 = = 2
M 8
2 a 2 + 3 b2 3a + 4 2b 2
3
1 1
zk = zp( x, y, z)ds = z ( x2 + y2 + z 2 ) ds =
MC MC
2 2
1 a2 + b2
= bt a + b t a + b dt =
2 2 2 2 2
a bt + b t dt =
2 3 3

M 0 M 0

2
a 2 + b 2 a 2b 2 b 3 4 1
= t + t = 2a 2b 2 + 4b 3 4 =
M 2 4 0 8
2 a 2 + 3 b2
3
3 b ( 2 b + a )
2 2 2

=
3a 2 + 4 2b 2
) d2=x2+y2=2.

Iz= d p( x, y, z )ds = a p( x, y, z )ds = a p( x, y, z)ds = a M
2 2 2 2

C C C
 109

5.5

W, F
r, (. 5.5.1), :
W=Fr=|F||r|cos
F
,
.
, r
, (
),
C. . 5.5.1

AB
C, (. 5.5.2), : r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)j+z(t)k
t[t1 ,t2] r(t1)=rA r(t2)=rB
F(x,y,z)=F1(x,y,z)i+F2(x,y,z)j+F3(x,y,z)k
F. C

Pn=B
z
Pk+1

rk rk+1
Pk
rk

rA y
O
P0=A
x . 5.5.2
k k+1 rk rk+1
rk=rk+1-rk. F
k k+1 F
, ( k k+1
F ),
Fk, Fk F '
kk+1. W :
Wk=Fk rk (5.5.1)
:
110 V

n
W= F r
k =1
k k (5.5.2)

(5.5.2) n max|rk|0

n
W = limn Fk rk (5.5.3)
max|rk |0 k =1
:

n
F dr = limn Fk rk (5.5.4)
C max|rk | 0 k =1

F C.
:

dr
F dr = F dt dt =
C C

t2
dx(t) dy(t) dz(t )
= F1 [ x(t), y(t), z(t )] + F2 [ x(t), y(t), z(t)] + F3 [ x(t), y(t ), z(t)] dt
dt dt dt
t1

(5.5.5)

1: F=(3x2+6y)i-14yzj+20xz2k.
: F d r
C

0=(0,0,0) 1(1,1,1) ,
:
) x=t, y=t2 , z=t3
) , (0,0,0) (1,1,1).
) (0,0,0) (1,0,0)
(1,1,0) (1,1,1).
:
) x=t, y=t2 , z=t3 r(t)=ti+t2j+t3k r(t)=i+2tj+3t2k
 111

t2
dr
P0 F dr = F dt dt = 0 ( 3t + 6t ) i 14t j + 20t k i + 2tj + 3t k dt =
P1 1
2 2 5 7 2

t1
1
= 9 t 28t 6 + 60 t 9 dt = 3t 3 4 t 7 + 6 t 10 |10 = 5
2
0

[ F1i + F2 j + F3k ] [ dxi + dyj + dzk ] =

P1 P1
P0
F dr =
P
P1 P1
= F1dx + F2 dy + F3dz = (3x 2 + 6 y )dx + (14 yz )dy + 20 xz 2 dz
P0 P0

x=t dx=dt, y=t2 dy=2tdt, z=t3 dz=3t2dt

(3t 2 + 6t 2 )dt 14t 5 (2tdt) + 20t (3t )dt=3t -4t +6t |0 = 5

1 1

7 2 3 7 10

0

) (0,0,0) (1,1,1) : x=t, y=t, z=t

( 3t + 6 t ) dt 14 t 2 dt + 20 t 3 dt =
1
F dr = 2
C 0

13
( 3t + 6t 14t 2 + 20t 3 ) dt = ( 6t 11t 2 + 20t 3 ) dt =
1 1
2
=
0 0 8
) (0,0,0) (1,0,0) :
y=0, z=0 dy=0 dz=0 0x1

:
x =1 x =1
I1 = x =0
F1 dx =
x=0
(3 x 2 + 6 0 ) dx = x 3 |10 = 1

(1,0,0) (1,1,0) :
x=1 dx=0, 0y1, z=0 dz=0
y =1 y =1
I2 = y=0
F2 d y =
y=0
1 4 yzd y = 0

(1,1,0) (1,1,1) : x=1 dx=0, y=1 dy=0,

0z1
z =1 z =1 z =1 20 3 1 20
I3 = F3dz = 20 xz 2 dz = 20 z 2 dz = z |0 =
z =0 z =0 z =0 3 3
112 V

P1 20 23
: P0
F dr = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 1 +
3
=
3
2:
(-1,0) (1,0) F=yi+xj :

2) y = 1 x ,
2
1) ,

3) y = 1 x
2

: 1) y=0 dy=0

C
F dr = ( y i + x j ) ( dx i + dyj ) =
C C
ydx + xdy = 0

2) :
x=rcost, y=rsint dx=-rsintdt, dy=rcostdt.
r=1 t0. :
0 0

F dr = ydx + xdy = sin 2 tdt + cos 2 tdt = ( cos 2 t sin 2 t ) dt =

C C

0 0
sin 2t
= cos 2tdt = =0
2
3) 2 t 2.
2 2

F dr = ydx + xdy = sin tdt + cos tdt = ( cos t sin 2 t ) dt =

2 2 2
C C

2 2
sin 2t
= cos 2tdt =
2
=0

,
(-1, 0), (1, 0). . 5.7
F = 0 .

5.6

C , r=r(s),
:
 113

dr
C
F dr = F
C ds
ds = F Tds = F Ts(t )dt
C C
(5.6.1)

F , F.T(18

:

C
F dr (5.6.2)

F C.
C ,

F dr
C
(5.6.3)

F C.

5.7

) F ,
f: F=f.
C, :

f f f
F dr = f dr = x dx + y dy + z dz =
C C C
df (5.7.1)
C

1, 2 C,
:
P2
F dr = df = f |PP12 = f ( P2 ) f ( P1 ) (5.7.2)
C P1

C,
1 2. C
, :

F dr
C
(5.7.3)

, ( ).

(18
=dr/ds |dr|=|ds|
114 V

) F C r=r(t). A
Newton:

dv d 2r
F (r ) = m =m 2 (5.7.4)
dt dt
F C
:
t2
1 m d v(t ) v(t ) dt =
C F dr = C F (r (t )) r (t ) dt = C mv(t ) v (t ) dt = [ ]
2 dt
t1

t2

=
1 m d v 2 (t )dt = 1 m v2 (t ) v2 (t ) (5.7.5)
2
2 1
2 dt
t1

F ,
f: F=f, :
t2 t2
C
F dr = f (r (t )) dr = df (r (t )) = f (r (t )) |tt12 = f (r (t2 )) f (r (t1 )) (5.7.6)
t1 t1

(5.7.5) (5.7.6) :

1 2 1
mv (t2 ) mv 2 (t1 ) =f(r(t2))-f(r(t1))
2 2
1 2 1
mv (t1 ) - f(r(t1))= mv 2 (t 2 ) - f(r(t2)) (5.7.8)
2 2
-f
,
, ( ),
. ,
.

1: F ,
:

) F f.
 115

)
C1
F dr1 = F dr2
C2
C1 C2

r1(t) r2(t) .

) F dr =0 C .
C

) F=0
:
Fdr
F dr .
C

, ,
:
2: F ,
:
) F=0 F.

) F dS
S

) F dS = 0
S

.
) F
G, F=G.
To G F
, 4.5.
VIII.

5.8

,
:
116 V

1) C
F ( r ( s )) ds , 2) C
f ( r ( t )) d r , 3)
C
F (r ) d r (5.8.1)

.
1:
z m0
C . (.
5.8.1).
F,
dm=pds
r(t)
C,
dF :
y
m0 x=x(s), y=y(s), z=z(s)

p=p(x,y,z).
x . 5.8.1

: :
m0 dm
dF = G r
r3
m ( dm ) r
F=
G 0 3 r = Gm0 3 p ( x, y , z ) ds =
r r
C C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
3 [
= Gm0 x ( s )i + y ( s ) j + z ( s )k ] ds =
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s ) 2
2 2
C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
3 [
= Gm0 x ( s ) ] dsi +
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s )
2 2 2
C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
3 [
+Gm0 y ( s ) ] dsj +
2
x ( s ) + y 2 ( s ) + z 2 ( s ) 2
C

p ( x ( s ), y ( s ), z ( s ))
3 [
+ Gm0 z ( s ) ] dsk
2
x ( s ) + y ( s ) + z ( s )
2 2 2
C
 117

5.9

1) m
M
, : V = G .
r
Mm r
F = G 2
r r

r .

:
M
. : V = G
z
Mm
F = G k . :
r2

r r r
GMm GMm Mm
C F dr = z= F3dz = z= z 2 dz = z z= = G r = Vm

yi + xj
2) F = .
x2 + y2
.

:
. F=0.
.
.
1 . 5.7
.
,
.
F dr
C

r.
: x=rcost, y=rsint dx=-sintdt, dy=costdt :
118 V

y x
F dr = x
C
2
+ y2
dx + 2
x + y2
dy =
C
2
r sin t r cos t 2
=
r 2 r sin t + r 2 r cos t dt = 0 dt = 2
t =0

,

,
,

(x0,y0) .
y0
r
,
,

x0
F dr =0
C
. ..
(x0,y0)
r r < x02 + y02 , (
), :

F dr =0.
C

r2
1. F = e r .
z=ysin(zy) (0,0,0)

0, , .
2 2

2. C ,
x2+y2+z2=2 x2+y2+z2=2 .
F=5r3r
5 5
F d r = - .
C

3. OXY
:
 119

F(x,y)=(2xey+y)i+(x2ey+x-2y)j

r(t) = cos3ti+sin2tj 0t/2

4. F=(x+z)i-(y+z)j+(x-y)k.
F
1(0,0,1) 2(1/2,-1,1) r(t) = sin2ti-
tantj+k

x2 y2
5. + = 1
2 2
1
: F = [ yi xj ] .
2
.